~gumara/ubuntu-desktop-course/ubuntu-desktop-course-th-gumara : revision 158

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<title>Introducing Ubuntu</title>

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<para><emphasis role="strong">Objectives</emphasis></para>

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<para>In this lesson, you will learn:

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<listitem><para>About the fundamentals and concept of open source</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>The link between the Free Software Movement, open source and Linux</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>How Ubuntu ties in with open source</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>How Ubuntu is developed</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>About Ubuntu versions</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>The key differences between Ubuntu and Microsoft Windows</para></listitem>

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</itemizedlist>

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</para>

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<sect1>

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<title>About Open Source</title>

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<instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">The focus of this topic is to help students

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understand the concept of open source, which is the underlying

20

foundation of Ubuntu. Briefly explain the dictionary meaning of 'open

21

source' in general and move on to establishing how the open source

22

ideology developed in the context of Linux. Present this as a story

23

spread over different phases: Free Software Movement, Open Source

24

Movement initiation and its formal launch. Explain the Ubuntu release schedule, naming

25

convention and Ubuntu promise in detail.</emphasis></para>

26

</instructornote>

27

<para>Ubuntu is a Linux-based open source operating system. The term 'open

28

source' can be defined as a set of principles and practices that promotes

29

access to the design and production of goods and knowledge. Open

30

source is generally applied to the source code of software and is

31

available to users with relaxed or no intellectual property restrictions.

32

This enables users to distribute, create and modify software content,

33

either individually to meet their specific requirement or collaboratively

34

to improve the software. Both open source and Linux have transitioned through

35

various phases to reach their present form.</para>

36

<para>The idea behind openly distributed source code is to encourage

37

the voluntary, collaborative development of software. Users

38

continuously enhance the software, fix bugs, develop new features

39

and share it with others.</para>

40

<para>As a result of collaborative software development which involves

41

a large number of programmers, users receive software that is often better in

42

quality and performance than proprietary alternatives. Users are encouraged to

43

customise the software to their own personal requirements, which in

44

itself is a huge step away from the 'one size fits all' philosophy.</para>

45

<para>Open source projects call on the talents of many people with

46

skills other than programming. Many projects involve artists, musicians,

47

user-interface designers and documentation authors to create a complete

48

product.</para>

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</sect1>

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<sect1>

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<title>Free Software Movement, Open Source and Linux</title>

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<para>There is often confusion between open source, free software and Linux. While

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all three are inter-linked, there are distinct differences which are made clearer

54

when looking at their evolution.</para>

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<sect2>

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<title>The Free Software Movement</title>

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<para>In the 1960s, it was typical for software to be distributed freely

58

by companies such as IBM and shared amongst users. Software was then

59

considered an enabler for the hardware, around which the business model of

60

these corporations was built. Software was provided with source code that could be

61

improved and modified; this was therefore the very early seeds of open source

62

software. However, as hardware became cheaper and profit margins eroded in the

63

1970s, manufacturers looked to software to provide additional revenue

64

streams.</para>

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<para>In September 1983, Richard Matthew Stallman, former

66

programmer at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab launched the GNU project

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to create a free UNIX-like operating system (OS).

68

He was concerned with growth in proprietary software and users' inability

69

to access and modify programmes on their computers. Developer constraint,

70

as opposed to freedom was prevalent. With the launch of the GNU project, Stallman

71

started the Free Software Movement and in October 1985, set up the Free Software

72

Foundation.</para>

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<para>Stallman pioneered the definition and characteristics of open source

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software and the concept of copyleft. He is the main author of several copyleft

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licenses, including the GNU General Public License (GPL), which is the most

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widely used free software license.</para>

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<para>For more information on Richard Stallman and

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the GNU project, refer to the following URL:

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<ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_stallman">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_stallman</ulink></para></tip>

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<para>By 1991, a number of GNU tools, including the powerful GNU

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compiler collection (GCC), had been created. However, a

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free kernel was not yet available to build a free OS that would use these

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tools.</para>

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</sect2>

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<sect2>

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<title>The Open Source Movement and Linux</title>

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<para>The difference between free software and open source can be defined

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as the difference between a social movement (free software) and a development

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methodology (open source). Linux refers to the kernel, or the backbones of the

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open source architecture.</para>

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<para>In August 1991, Linus Benedict Torvalds, a Finnish second-year student of computer

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science at the University of Helsinki, started working on Minix.</para>

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<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Linus Benedict Torvalds</emphasis></title>

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</imageobject></mediaobject>

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</figure>

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<para>Minix is a UNIX-like OS built with open source code that Prof.

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Andrew S. Tanenbaum created with the intention to teach his students

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the internal processes of an OS.</para></tip>

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<para>Linux was initially designed to be a Minix-like operating system

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that Linus Torvalds could use on his home computer. By mid-September, Torvalds

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released the first Linux kernel version 0.01. In 1994, Linux kernel version

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1.0 was released under the GNU GPL.

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The free kernel and GNU tools provided a fertile environment

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for enthusiasts. By staying close to its UNIX roots, Linux provided a Command

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Line Interface (CLI)first; the adaptation of the X Window System made

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a graphical user interface (GUI) available at a later stage.</para>

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<para>Linux is not owned by any individual or company, not even Linus Torvalds

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who started Linux. However, Torvalds is heavily involved in the main kernel

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development process and owns the trademark, Linux.</para></tip>

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<para>Linux open source code:

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<listitem><para>Is available and accessible to everyone</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>Can be customised according to an individual's

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requirements and the platforms used</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>Can be freely redistributed in its current or a modified

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form</para></listitem>

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</itemizedlist>

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</para>

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<para>Initially, Linux was a very technical, hard core open source programming tool. Thousands of

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developers contributed to its evolution as it become more user friendly. This has resulted in the launch of hundreds of commercial and

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non-commercial distribution versions, designed for everyday application use which are now available.</para>

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<para>In 1998, Jon "maddog" Hall, Larry Augustin, Eric S. Raymond,

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Bruce Perens et al formally launched the Open Source Movement. They

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promoted open source software exclusively on the basis of technical

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excellence.</para>

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<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Founders of the Open Source Movement</emphasis></title>

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</imageobject></mediaobject>

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</figure>

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<para>The open source movement and the dot.com boom of the late 1990s

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coincided, resulting in the popularity of Linux and the

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evolution of many open source friendly companies such as Corel (Corel

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Linux), Sun Microsystems (OpenOffice.org) and IBM (OpenAFS). In the

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early 21st century when the dot.com crash was at its peak,

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open source was in a prime position as a viable alternative to expensive

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proprietary software. Its momentum has strengthened since with the availability

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of many easy to use applications.</para>

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<para>As such, what started off as an idea became a passion to revolutionise a

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patent and license intense industry. With a significantly cheaper return on investment

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and enhanced usability features, Linux is now rooted as a viable option for

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enterprises and home users.</para>

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</sect2>

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</sect1>

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<sect1>

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<title>About Ubuntu</title>

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<instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">The focus of this topic is to make the students

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understand the origins of Ubuntu, the development cycle, version releases

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and the importance of community contributions towards its development.</emphasis></para>

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</instructornote>

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<para>Ubuntu is a community developed, Linux-based operating system

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that is perfect for laptops, desktops and servers. It contains all the

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applications you need - including a Web browser, presentation, document and

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spreadsheet software, instant messaging and much more.</para>

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<para>Ubuntu is an African word meaning 'Humanity to others', or 'I am what I am because of who we all are'.</para></tip>

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<para>The history of Ubuntu dates back to April 2004 when Mark Shuttleworth

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formed a group of open source developers to create a new Linux OS.

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<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Mark Shuttleworth</emphasis></title>

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</imageobject></mediaobject>

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</figure>

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Based on the principles of time-based releases, a strong Debian foundation, the GNOME desktop, and a commitment

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to freedom, this group operated initially under the auspices of http://no-name-yet.com.</para>

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<para>In a little over three years, Ubuntu has grown to a community of over 12,000 members and an estimated user base of over 8 million

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(as at June 2007). Canonical is the commercial sponsor of Ubuntu.</para>

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<instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">If the students are interested to know more

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about Mark Shuttleworth, present the following content as a story.</emphasis></para>

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<para><emphasis role="italic">Mark Shuttleworth is an African entrepreneur

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with a love for technology, innovation, change and space flight. Shuttleworth

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studied finance and information technology at the University of Cape Town and

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went on to found Thawte, a company specialising in digital certificates and

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cryptography. He sold Thawte to the U.S. company VeriSign in 1999 and founded

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HBD Venture Capital and the Shuttleworth Foundation. He moved to London in 2001

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and began preparing for the First African in Space mission, training in Star

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City, Russia and Khazakstan. In April 2002, he became a space traveller as a

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member of the cosmonaut crew of Soyuz Mission TM34 to the International Space

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Station. In early 2004, he founded the Ubuntu project, which aims to produce a

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free, high-quality, user friendly OS available for everybody.</emphasis></para>

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</instructornote>

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<sect2>

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<title>The Ubuntu Promise</title>

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<instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">Stress on the Ubuntu promise because it holds

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the very essence of the spirit and success of the software.</emphasis></para>

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</instructornote>

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<listitem><para>Ubuntu will always be free of charge, including enterprise

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releases and security updates.</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>Ubuntu comes with full commercial support from Canonical

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and hundreds of companies around the world.</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>Ubuntu includes the best translations and accessibility

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infrastructure that the free software community has to offer.</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>Ubuntu CDs contain only free software applications; Ubuntu

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encourages you to use free and open source software, improve it

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and pass it on.</para></listitem>

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</itemizedlist>

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</sect2>

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<sect2>

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<title>Ubuntu Versions</title>

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<para>In October 2004, Ubuntu released its first version. A new version of

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Ubuntu is released every six months and upgrades to new releases are

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free of charge. Users are encouraged to upgrade with each new release in

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order to enjoy the latest features and applications. Its versions are named using the Y.MM (name) scheme,

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where Y indicates the year and MM refers to the month of release. The

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name in brackets is a code name given to the version pre-release.</para>

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<para>Each release is supported for 18 months; Long Term Support

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releases (LTS) are supported for 3 years on the desktop and 5 years on

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the server.</para>

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<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Ubuntu Versions</emphasis></title>

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</imageobject></mediaobject>

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</figure>

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<para>A brief history of releases:</para>

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<para><emphasis role="strong">Ubuntu 4.10 (Warty Warthog)</emphasis></para>

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<para>Ubuntu 4.10 was the first release of Ubuntu in October 2004; supported until April 2006.</para>

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<para>The early testing community of version 4.10 was called the Sounder,

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named after the collective noun for warthogs. The Sounder mailing list

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continues today as an open discussion forum for the community. </para></tip>

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</listitem>

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<para><emphasis role="strong">Ubuntu 5.04 (Hoary Hedgehog)</emphasis></para>

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<para>Released in April 2005; supported until October 2006.</para>

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</listitem>

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<para><emphasis role="strong">Ubuntu 5.10 (Breezy Badger)</emphasis></para>

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<para>Released in October 2005; supported until April 2007.</para>

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</listitem>

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<para><emphasis role="strong">Ubuntu 6.06 LTS (Dapper Drake)</emphasis></para>

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<para>The first release with Long Term Support (LTS); it was released in June 2006.

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Long-term support version refers to guaranteed three years of support on the

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desktop and five years on the server. All other releases are provided with 18

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month support for desktops and servers. The extended support period provides reassurance and makes it easier

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and more practical for large deployments of Ubuntu. Desktops supported until June 2009; servers supported until June 2011.</para>

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</listitem>

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<para><emphasis role="strong">Ubuntu 6.10 (Edgy Eft)</emphasis></para>

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<para>Released in October 2006. This version guarantees a robust boot process; supported until April 2007.</para>

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</listitem>

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<para><emphasis role="strong">Ubuntu 7.04 (Feisty Fawn)</emphasis></para>

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<para>Released in April 2007. This version introduced significant improvements to network roaming; supported

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until October 2008.</para>

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</listitem>

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<para><emphasis role="strong">Ubuntu 7.10 (Gutsy Gibbon)</emphasis></para>

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<para>Released in October 2007. Key features include spectacular visual effects

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by default, fast user switching, printer auto-detection and easier desktop file searching and tracking; supported until April 2009.</para>

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</listitem>

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<para><emphasis role="strong">Ubuntu 8.04 LTS (Hardy Heron)</emphasis></para>

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<para>Scheduled for release in April 2008 and will form the second Long Term Support release of Ubuntu. Desktops will be supported until April 2011; servers supported

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until April 2013.</para>

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</listitem>

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</itemizedlist>

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</sect2>

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<sect2>

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<title>Ubuntu Derivatives</title>

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<para>Ubuntu is also available in several editions such as Ubuntu, Edubuntu, Kubuntu and Xubuntu.

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Edubuntu is Ubuntu customised for the school environment. Kubuntu is an official derivative of Ubuntu using the KDE environment instead of GNOME.

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Xubuntu is intended for users with less-powerful computers or those who seek a highly efficient desktop environment on faster systems.</para>

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</sect2>

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<sect2>

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<title>Ubuntu Development and the Community</title>

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<para>Ubuntu is a joint collaboration project comprised of Ubuntu community members

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all around the world. Since its inception in 2004, thousands of contributors have joined the Ubuntu community. These users

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contribute towards Ubuntu development through writing code, advocacy,

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artwork, translations, testing and documentation (to name just a few).

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The development process of Ubuntu is open and transparent to all,

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whether you are a novice Ubuntu user or an experienced Ubuntu developer

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- everyone is welcome to get involved with and improve Ubuntu. Canonical also employs

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developers to contribute to Ubuntu.

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</para>

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<para><emphasis role="strong">How you can get involved:</emphasis></para>

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<para>The Ubuntu community comprises of many individuals and teams who work on

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different aspects of Ubuntu. If you are a developer, you can participate

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in the core development, write new applications, package additional

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software and fix bugs. If you are an artist, you can add value to the

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look and feel and functionality of Ubuntu. You can also provide online

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support, write documentation, assist with training material, join Web

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forums and the mailing lists of Ubuntu. There are lots of ways to get

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involved!</para>

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<para><emphasis role="strong">Developer Zone:</emphasis></para>

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<para>The developer zone is comprised of developers who create and package software,

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fix bugs and maintain Ubuntu. They are responsible for ensuring that

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Ubuntu has a wide catalogue of software and it operates reliably and

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smoothly. A great way to get started as a packager is to join MOTU - see

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https://wiki.ubuntu.com/MOTU/GettingStarted.</para>

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<para>If you have ideas for projects, proposals and enhancements but do not

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necessarily want to implement them, you can add the ideas into the idea

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pool available at https://wiki.ubuntu.com/IdeaPool.</para>

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<para><emphasis role="strong">Technical Users:</emphasis></para>

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<para>If you have the requisite technical skills, you can contribute to

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the Ubuntu community in the following ways:

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<listitem><para>Test the pre-release versions of Ubuntu to help find

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bugs before the final release.</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>Report bugs and help the development team analyse

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them.</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>Triage (edit and categorise) bugs to read, assess and sort them before they

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can be fixed.</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>Join an e-mail support list or discussion list on the

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Ubuntu mailing lists.</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>Join Web forums and respond to requests.</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>Join the Ubuntu support and discussion Internet Relay

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Chat (IRC) channel, which is a form of real-time Internet

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chat.</para></listitem>

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</itemizedlist>

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</para>

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<para><emphasis role="strong">Non-Technical Users</emphasis></para>

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<para>Even if you do not have technical knowledge of Ubuntu, you can help

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Ubuntu users through the following projects:

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<listitem><para>Artwork and design</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>Translation and localisation</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>Writing and updating documentation</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>Advocacy</para></listitem>

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</itemizedlist>

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</para>

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<para><emphasis role="strong">Ubuntu Desktop Course Development</emphasis></para>

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<para>Part of Canonical's mission is to enable the widest deployment of Ubuntu on as many computers and servers, in

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as many corners of the world as possible. Training is seen as a core

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enabler for the adoption of Ubuntu and as such courses are designed to

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certify Ubuntu professionals, assist partners to deploy Ubuntu and show desktop

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users (such as yourselves) how to use and get the most out of it. For

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more information on Ubuntu course availability and certifications, please

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refer to http://www.ubuntu.com/training.</para>

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<para>As with software development, the community contributes

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towards the development and enhancement of this desktop course. As

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Ubuntu experts, the community defines the scope and structure of the

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training by identifying requirements from the users' perspective; they

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also assist the Canonical and third-party content writers in developing

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content and reviewing it. More information on the Ubuntu Training community

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effort can be found at http://wiki.ubuntu.com/Training.</para>

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<para>The entire content development process is in the true spirit of

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Ubuntu's philosophy and the open source tradition.</para>

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</sect2>

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</sect1>

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<!-- <sect1>

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<title>Software Repository and Categories</title>

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<para>A software repository is a library of software from where you can download

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and install packages (applications) over the Internet. The Ubuntu software

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repository contains thousands of packages that are freely available for

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installation over the Internet. It is easy to install these packages because

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they are specially built for Ubuntu. Ubuntu repositories are categorised into

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four groups based on the level of support provided for their content /

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applications and their source code components. These will be covered in more detail in lessons 3, 6 and 7.</para>

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<instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic"> While explaining the software repository categories, demonstrate where the repositories can be found. These repositories can be accessed by clicking System > Administration > Software Sources.</emphasis></para>

4

<title>แนะนำ Ubuntu</title>

5

6

<title>เป้าหมาย</title>

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<para>ในบทนี้ คุณจะได้เรียนรู้:

8

9

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<para>พื้นฐานของโอเพนซอร์ส</para>

11

</listitem>

12

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<para>ความสัมพันธ์กัน ระหว่าง ฟรีซอฟต์แวร์, โอเพนซอร์ส และลินุกซ์</para>

14

</listitem>

15

16

<para>ทำไม Ubuntu ถึงกำหนดตัวเองให้เป็นโอเพนซอร์ส</para>

17

</listitem>

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19

<para>Ubuntu พัฒนาขึ้นมาอย่างไร</para>

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</listitem>

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<para>เวอร์ชั่นของ Ubuntu</para>

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</listitem>

24

25

<para>ความแตกต่างของ Ubuntu และ Microsoft Windows</para>

26

</listitem>

27

</itemizedlist></para>

28

</formalpara>

29

30

<sect1>

31

<title>เกี่ยวกับโอเพนซอร์ส</title>

32

33

<title>บันทึกผู้สอน:</title>

34

<para>สิ่งที่เน้นสำหรับหัวเรื่องนี้ คือช่วยให้ผู้อบรมเข้าใจแนวคิดของโอเพนซอร์ส The focus of this topic is to help students understand

35

the concept of open source, which is the underlying

36

foundation of Ubuntu. Briefly explain the dictionary meaning

37

of 'open source' in general and move on to establishing how

38

the open source ideology developed in the context of Linux.

39

Present this as a story spread over different phases: Free

40

Software Movement, Open Source Movement initiation and its

41

formal launch. Explain the Ubuntu release schedule, naming

42

convention and Ubuntu promise in detail.</para>

43

</note>

44

<para>Ubuntu is a Linux-based open source operating system. The

45

term 'open source' can be defined as a set of principles and

46

practices that promotes access to the design and production of

47

goods and knowledge. Open source is generally applied to the

48

source code of software and is available to users with relaxed

49

or no intellectual property restrictions. This enables users to

50

distribute, create and modify software content, either

51

individually to meet their specific requirement or

52

collaboratively to improve the software. Both open source and

53

Linux have transitioned through various phases to reach their

54

present form.</para>

55

<para>The idea behind openly distributed source code is to

56

encourage the voluntary, collaborative development of software.

57

Users continuously enhance the software, fix bugs, develop new

58

features and share it with others.</para>

59

<para>As a result of collaborative software development which

60

involves a large number of programmers, users receive software

61

that is often better in quality and performance than

62

proprietary alternatives. Users are encouraged to customise the

63

software to their own personal requirements, which in itself is

64

a huge step away from the 'one size fits all'

65

philosophy.</para>

66

<para>Open source projects call on the talents of many people

67

with skills other than programming. Many projects involve

68

artists, musicians, user-interface designers and documentation

69

authors to create a complete product.</para>

70

</sect1>

71

<sect1>

72

<title>Free Software Movement, Open Source and Linux</title>

73

<para>There is often confusion between open source, free

74

software and Linux. While all three are inter-linked, there are

75

distinct differences which are made clearer when looking at

76

their evolution.</para>

77

<sect2>

78

<title>The Free Software Movement</title>

79

<para>In the 1960s, it was typical for software to be

80

distributed freely by companies such as IBM and shared

81

amongst users. Software was then considered an enabler for

82

the hardware, around which the business model of these

83

corporations was built. Software was provided with source

84

code that could be improved and modified; this was therefore

85

the very early seeds of open source software. However, as

86

hardware became cheaper and profit margins eroded in the

87

1970s, manufacturers looked to software to provide additional

88

revenue streams.</para>

89

<para>In September 1983, Richard Matthew Stallman, former

90

programmer at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab launched

91

the GNU project to create a free UNIX-like operating system

92

(OS). He was concerned with growth in proprietary software

93

and users' inability to access and modify programmes on their

94

computers. Developer constraint, as opposed to freedom was

95

prevalent. With the launch of the GNU project, Stallman

96

started the Free Software Movement and in October 1985, set

97

up the Free Software Foundation.</para>

98

<para>Stallman pioneered the definition and characteristics

99

of open source software and the concept of copyleft. He is

100

the main author of several copyleft licenses, including the

101

GNU General Public License (GPL), which is the most widely

102

used free software license.</para>

103

<tip>

104

105

<para>For more information on Richard Stallman and the GNU

106

project, refer to the following URL:

107

<ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_stallman">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_stallman</ulink>.</para>

108

</tip>

109

<para>By 1991, a number of GNU tools, including the powerful

110

GNU compiler collection (GCC), had been created. However, a

111

free kernel was not yet available to build a free OS that

112

would use these tools.</para>

113

</sect2>

114

<sect2>

115

<title>The Open Source Movement and Linux</title>

116

<para>The difference between free software and open source

117

can be defined as the difference between a social movement

118

(free software) and a development methodology (open source).

119

Linux refers to the kernel, or the backbones of the open

120

source architecture.</para>

121

<para>In August 1991, Linus Benedict Torvalds, a Finnish

122

second-year student of computer science at the University of

123

Helsinki, started working on Minix.</para>

124

125

<title>Linus Benedict Torvalds</title>

126

127

128

129

</imageobject>

130

</mediaobject>

131

</figure>

132

<tip>

133

<title>

134

135

</title>

136

<para>Minix is a UNIX-like OS built with open source code

137

that Prof. Andrew S. Tanenbaum created with the intention

138

to teach his students the internal processes of an

139

OS.</para>

140

</tip>

141

<para>Linux was initially designed to be a Minix-like

142

operating system that Linus Torvalds could use on his home

143

computer. By mid-September, Torvalds released the first Linux

144

kernel version 0.01. In 1994, Linux kernel version 1.0 was

145

released under the GNU GPL. The free kernel and GNU tools

146

provided a fertile environment for enthusiasts. By staying

147

close to its UNIX roots, Linux provided a Command Line

148

Interface (CLI) first; the adaptation of the X Window System

149

made a graphical user interface (GUI) available at a later

150

stage.</para>

151

<tip>

152

153

<para>Linux is not owned by any individual or company, not

154

even Linus Torvalds who started Linux. However, Torvalds is

155

heavily involved in the main kernel development process and

156

owns the trademark, Linux.</para>

157

</tip>

158

<para>Linux open source code:

159

160

161

<para>Is available and accessible to everyone</para>

162

</listitem>

163

164

<para>Can be customised according to an individual's

165

requirements and the platforms used</para>

166

</listitem>

167

168

<para>Can be freely redistributed in its current or a

169

modified form</para>

170

</listitem>

171

</itemizedlist></para>

172

<para>Initially, Linux was a very technical, hard core open

173

source programming tool. Thousands of developers contributed

174

to its evolution as it became more user friendly. This has

175

resulted in the launch of hundreds of commercial and

176

non-commercial distribution versions, designed for everyday

177

application use which are now available.</para>

178

<para>In 1998, Jon "maddog" Hall, Larry Augustin, Eric S.

179

Raymond, Bruce Perens et al formally launched the Open Source

180

Movement. They promoted open source software exclusively on

181

the basis of technical excellence.</para>

182

183

<title>Founders of the Open Source Movement</title>

184

185

186

187

</imageobject>

188

</mediaobject>

189

</figure>

190

<para>The open source movement and the dot.com boom of the

191

late 1990s coincided, resulting in the popularity of Linux

192

and the evolution of many open source friendly companies such

193

as Corel (Corel Linux), Sun Microsystems (OpenOffice.org) and

194

IBM (OpenAFS). In the early 21st century when the dot.com

195

crash was at its peak, open source was in a prime position as

196

a viable alternative to expensive proprietary software. Its

197

momentum has strengthened since with the availability of many

198

easy to use applications.</para>

199

<para>As such, what started off as an idea became a passion

200

to revolutionise a patent and license intense industry. With

201

a significantly cheaper return on investment and enhanced

202

usability features, Linux is now rooted as a viable option

203

for enterprises and home users.</para>

204

</sect2>

205

</sect1>

206

<sect1>

207

<title>About Ubuntu</title>

208

209

<title>Instructor Notes:</title>

210

<para>The focus of this topic is to make the students

211

understand the origins of Ubuntu, the development cycle,

212

version releases and the importance of community

213

contributions towards its development.</para>

214

</note>

215

<para>Ubuntu is a community developed, Linux-based operating

216

system that is perfect for laptops, desktops and servers. It

217

contains all the applications you need - including a Web

218

browser, presentation, document and spreadsheet software,

219

instant messaging and much more.</para>

220

<tip>

221

222

<para>Ubuntu is an African word meaning 'Humanity to others',

223

or 'I am what I am because of who we all are'.</para>

224

</tip>

225

<para>The history of Ubuntu dates back to April 2004 when Mark

226

Shuttleworth formed a group of open source developers to create

227

a new Linux OS.

228

229

<title>Mark Shuttleworth</title>

230

231

232

233

</imageobject>

234

</mediaobject>

235

</figure>Based on the principles of time-based releases, a

236

strong Debian foundation, the GNOME desktop, and a commitment

237

to freedom, this group operated initially under the auspices of

238

http://no-name-yet.com.</para>

239

<para>In a little over three years, Ubuntu has grown to a

240

community of over 12,000 members and an estimated user base of

241

over 8 million (as at June 2007). Canonical is the commercial

242

sponsor of Ubuntu.</para>

243

244

245

<title>Instructor Notes:</title>

246

<para>If the students are interested to know more about Mark

247

Shuttleworth, present the following content as a

248

story.</para>

249

<para>Mark Shuttleworth is an African entrepreneur with a

250

love for technology, innovation, change and space flight.

251

Shuttleworth studied finance and information technology at

252

the University of Cape Town and went on to found Thawte, a

253

company specialising in digital certificates and

254

cryptography. He sold Thawte to the U.S. company VeriSign in

255

1999 and founded HBD Venture Capital and the Shuttleworth

256

Foundation. He moved to London in 2001 and began preparing

257

for the First African in Space mission, training in Star

258

City, Russia and Khazakstan. In April 2002, he became a space

259

traveller as a member of the cosmonaut crew of Soyuz Mission

260

TM34 to the International Space Station. In early 2004, he

261

founded the Ubuntu project, which aims to produce a free,

262

high-quality, user friendly OS available for

263

everybody.</para>

264

</note>

265

<sect2>

266

<title>The Ubuntu Promise</title>

267

268

<title>Instructor Notes:</title>

269

<para>Stress on the Ubuntu promise because it holds the

270

very essence of the spirit and success of the

271

software.</para>

272

</note>

273

274

275

<para>Ubuntu will always be free of charge, including

276

enterprise releases and security updates.</para>

277

</listitem>

278

279

<para>Ubuntu comes with full commercial support from

280

Canonical and hundreds of companies around the

281

world.</para>

282

</listitem>

283

284

<para>Ubuntu includes the best translations and

285

accessibility infrastructure that the free software

286

community has to offer.</para>

287

</listitem>

288

289

<para>Ubuntu CDs contain only free software applications;

290

Ubuntu encourages you to use free and open source

291

software, improve it and pass it on.</para>

292

</listitem>

293

</itemizedlist>

294

</sect2>

295

<sect2>

296

<title>Ubuntu Versions</title>

297

<para>In October 2004, Ubuntu released its first version. A

298

new version of Ubuntu is released every six months and

299

upgrades to new releases are free of charge. Users are

300

encouraged to upgrade with each new release in order to enjoy

301

the latest features and applications. Its versions are named

302

using the Y.MM (name) scheme, where Y indicates the year and

303

MM refers to the month of release. The name in brackets is a

304

code name given to the version pre-release.</para>

305

<para>Each release is supported for 18 months; Long Term

306

Support releases (LTS) are supported for 3 years on the

307

desktop and 5 years on the server.</para>

308

309

<title>Ubuntu Versions</title>

310

311

312

313

</imageobject>

314

</mediaobject>

315

</figure>

316

<para>A brief history of releases:</para>

317

318

319

320

<title>Ubuntu 4.10 (Warty Warthog)</title>

321

<para>Ubuntu 4.10 was the first release of Ubuntu in

322

October 2004; supported until April 2006.</para>

323

</formalpara>

324

325

<tip>

326

327

<para>The early testing community of version 4.10 was

328

called the Sounder, named after the collective noun for

329

warthogs. The Sounder mailing list continues today as

330

an open discussion forum for the community.</para>

331

</tip>

332

</listitem>

333

334

335

336

<title>Ubuntu 5.04 (Hoary Hedgehog)</title>

337

<para>Released in April 2005; supported until October

338

2006.</para>

339

</formalpara>

340

</listitem>

341

342

343

<title>Ubuntu 5.10 (Breezy Badger)</title>

344

<para>Released in October 2005; supported until April

345

2007.</para>

346

</formalpara>

347

</listitem>

348

349

350

<title>Ubuntu 6.06 LTS (Dapper Drake)</title>

351

<para>The first release with Long Term Support (LTS); it

352

was released in June 2006. Long-term support version

353

refers to guaranteed three years of support on the

354

desktop and five years on the server. All other releases

355

are provided with 18 month support for desktops and

356

servers. The extended support period provides reassurance

357

and makes it easier and more practical for large

358

deployments of Ubuntu. Desktops supported until June

359

2009; servers supported until June 2011.</para>

360

</formalpara>

361

</listitem>

362

363

364

<title>Ubuntu 6.10 (Edgy Eft)</title>

365

<para>Released in October 2006. This version guarantees a

366

robust boot process; supported until April 2007.</para>

367

</formalpara>

368

</listitem>

369

370

371

<title>Ubuntu 7.04 (Feisty Fawn)</title>

372

<para>Released in April 2007. This version introduced

373

significant improvements to network roaming; supported

374

until October 2008.</para>

375

</formalpara>

376

</listitem>

377

378

379

<title>Ubuntu 7.10 (Gutsy Gibbon)</title>

380

<para>Released in October 2007. Key features include

381

spectacular visual effects by default, fast user

382

switching, printer auto-detection and easier desktop file

383

searching and tracking; supported until April

384

2009.</para>

385

</formalpara>

386

</listitem>

387

388

389

<title>Ubuntu 8.04 LTS (Hardy Heron)</title>

390

<para>Scheduled for release in April 2008 and will form

391

the second Long Term Support release of Ubuntu. Desktops

392

will be supported until April 2011; servers supported

393

until April 2013.</para>

394

</formalpara>

395

</listitem>

396

</itemizedlist>

397

</sect2>

398

<sect2>

399

<title>Ubuntu Derivatives</title>

400

<para>Ubuntu is also available in several editions such as

401

Ubuntu, Edubuntu, Kubuntu and Xubuntu. Edubuntu is Ubuntu

402

customised for the school environment. Kubuntu is an official

403

derivative of Ubuntu using the KDE environment instead of

404

GNOME. Xubuntu is intended for users with less-powerful

405

computers or those who seek a highly efficient desktop

406

environment on faster systems.</para>

407

</sect2>

408

<sect2>

409

<title>Ubuntu Development and the Community</title>

410

411

<para>Ubuntu is a joint collaboration project comprised of

412

Ubuntu community members all around the world. Since its

413

inception in 2004, thousands of contributors have joined the

414

Ubuntu community. These users contribute towards Ubuntu

415

development through writing code, advocacy, artwork,

416

translations, testing and documentation (to name just a few).

417

The development process of Ubuntu is open and transparent to

418

all, whether you are a novice Ubuntu user or an experienced

419

Ubuntu developer - everyone is welcome to get involved with

420

and improve Ubuntu. Canonical also employs developers to

421

contribute to Ubuntu.</para>

422

423

<title>How you can get involved</title>

424

<para>The Ubuntu community comprises of many individuals and

425

teams who work on different aspects of Ubuntu. If you are a

426

developer, you can participate in the core development, write

427

new applications, package additional software and fix bugs.

428

If you are an artist, you can add value to the look and feel

429

and functionality of Ubuntu. You can also provide online

430

support, write documentation, assist with training material,

431

join Web forums and the mailing lists of Ubuntu. There are

432

lots of ways to get involved!</para>

433

</formalpara>

434

435

<title>Developer Zone</title>

436

<para>The developer zone is comprised of developers who

437

create and package software, fix bugs and maintain Ubuntu.

438

They are responsible for ensuring that Ubuntu has a wide

439

catalogue of software and it operates reliably and smoothly.

440

A great way to get started as a packager is to join MOTU -

441

see https://wiki.ubuntu.com/MOTU/GettingStarted.</para>

442

</formalpara>

443

444

445

<para>If you have ideas for projects, proposals and

446

enhancements but do not necessarily want to implement them,

447

you can add the ideas into the idea pool available at

448

https://wiki.ubuntu.com/IdeaPool.</para>

449

</formalpara>

450

451

<title>Technical Users</title>

452

<para>If you have the requisite technical skills, you can

453

contribute to the Ubuntu community in the following ways:

454

455

456

<para>Test the pre-release versions of Ubuntu to help

457

find bugs before the final release.</para>

458

</listitem>

459

460

<para>Report bugs and help the development team analyse

461

them.</para>

462

</listitem>

463

464

<para>Triage (edit and categorise) bugs to read, assess

465

and sort them before they can be fixed.</para>

466

</listitem>

467

468

<para>Join an e-mail support list or discussion list on

469

the Ubuntu mailing lists.</para>

470

</listitem>

471

472

<para>Join Web forums and respond to requests.</para>

473

</listitem>

474

475

<para>Join the Ubuntu support and discussion Internet

476

Relay Chat (IRC) channel, which is a form of real-time

477

Internet chat.</para>

478

</listitem>

479

</itemizedlist></para>

480

</formalpara>

481

482

<title>Non-Technical Users</title>

483

<para>Even if you do not have technical knowledge of Ubuntu,

484

you can help Ubuntu users through the following projects:

485

486

487

<para>Artwork and design</para>

488

</listitem>

489

490

<para>Translation and localisation</para>

491

</listitem>

492

493

<para>Writing and updating documentation</para>

494

</listitem>

495

496

<para>Advocacy</para>

497

</listitem>

498

</itemizedlist></para>

499

</formalpara>

500

501

<title>Ubuntu Desktop Course Development</title>

502

<para>Part of Canonical's mission is to enable the widest

503

deployment of Ubuntu on as many computers and servers, in as

504

many corners of the world as possible. Training is seen as a

505

core enabler for the adoption of Ubuntu and as such courses

506

are designed to certify Ubuntu professionals, assist partners

507

to deploy Ubuntu and show desktop users (such as yourselves)

508

how to use and get the most out of it. For more information

509

on Ubuntu course availability and certifications, please

510

refer to http://www.ubuntu.com/training.</para>

511

</formalpara>

512

513

<para>As with software development, the community contributes

514

towards the development and enhancement of this desktop

515

course. As Ubuntu experts, the community defines the scope

516

and structure of the training by identifying requirements

517

from the users' perspective; they also assist the Canonical

518

and third-party content writers in developing content and

519

reviewing it. More information on the Ubuntu Training

520

community effort can be found at

521

http://wiki.ubuntu.com/Training.</para>

522

<para>The entire content development process is in the true

523

spirit of Ubuntu's philosophy and the open source

524

tradition.</para>

525

</sect2>

526

</sect1>

527

<!-- <sect1>

528

<title>Software Repository and Categories</title>

529

<para>A software repository is a library of software from where you can download

530

and install packages (applications) over the Internet. The Ubuntu software

531

repository contains thousands of packages that are freely available for

532

installation over the Internet. It is easy to install these packages because

533

they are specially built for Ubuntu. Ubuntu repositories are categorised into

534

four groups based on the level of support provided for their content /

535

applications and their source code components. These will be covered in more detail in lessons 3, 6 and 7.</para>

536

<instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic"> While explaining the software repository categories, demonstrate where the repositories can be found. These repositories can be accessed by clicking System > Administration > Software Sources.</emphasis></para>

360

537

</instructornote>

361

362

<para>This course is primarily based on applications available in the Main repository, which is the default repository in Ubuntu.

363

Applications derived from other components will be highlighted.</para></note>

364

<para><emphasis role="strong">The Main Component</emphasis></para>

365

<para>The main component contains software packages that are free

366

and fully supported by the Canonical team. These packages comply

367

with the free software philosophy. The packages in the main

368

component are available by default while installing Ubuntu. For all

369

packages in the main component, security updates and technical

370

support are available free of cost. OpenOffice.org, Abiword and the

371

Apache web server are some of the packages found in the main

372

component.</para>

373

<para><emphasis role="strong">The Restricted Component</emphasis></para>

374

<para>The restricted component consists of packages for commonly

375

used software that is supported by the Ubuntu team but not available

376

under a completely free license. Binary drivers produced by some

377

video card vendors are example of packages in the restricted

378

component. Packages in this component are also available on the

379

standard Ubuntu installation CD, but they can be easily removed.</para>

380

<para><emphasis role="strong">The Universe Component</emphasis></para>

381

<para>The universe component includes thousands of

382

packages for software that are not officially supported by Canonical. The

383

software here is available under a variety of licenses from a number of public sources.</para>

384

<para>All the packages in this component are expected to be Ubuntu compatible,

385

however, there is no guarantee of security fixes and support for them. Packages in this component are

386

maintained by the community.</para>

387

<instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">It could be considered risky to use packages from

388

the universe component, especially because the availability of security

389

updates is not guaranteed.</emphasis></para>

390

</instructornote>

391

<para><emphasis role="strong">The Multiverse Component</emphasis></para>

392

<para>The multiverse component contains packages of non-free

393

software, which means that the licensing requirements of these

394

software does not meet the license policy of Ubuntu's main component.

395

It is the user's responsibility to verify their rights to use the software

396

and comply with stated licensing terms. The packages in this component

397

do not come with any support or security updates. Examples of these

398

packages include VLC and the Adobe Flash plugin.</para>

399

<instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">Software from the multiverse

400

component could be restricted by patents or other forms of regulation on usage and distribution.

401

It is the responsibility of the user to determine if the software of question

402

can be used in its jurisdiction and to comply with local laws.</emphasis></para>

403

</instructornote>

538

539

<para>This course is primarily based on applications available in the Main repository, which is the default repository in Ubuntu.

540

Applications derived from other components will be highlighted.</para></note>

541

<para><emphasis role="strong">The Main Component</emphasis></para>

542

<para>The main component contains software packages that are free

543

and fully supported by the Canonical team. These packages comply

544

with the free software philosophy. The packages in the main

545

component are available by default while installing Ubuntu. For all

546

packages in the main component, security updates and technical

547

support are available free of cost. OpenOffice.org, Abiword and the

548

Apache web server are some of the packages found in the main

549

component.</para>

550

<para><emphasis role="strong">The Restricted Component</emphasis></para>

551

<para>The restricted component consists of packages for commonly

552

used software that is supported by the Ubuntu team but not available

553

under a completely free license. Binary drivers produced by some

554

video card vendors are example of packages in the restricted

555

component. Packages in this component are also available on the

556

standard Ubuntu installation CD, but they can be easily removed.</para>

557

<para><emphasis role="strong">The Universe Component</emphasis></para>

558

<para>The universe component includes thousands of

559

packages for software that are not officially supported by Canonical. The

560

software here is available under a variety of licenses from a number of public sources.</para>

561

<para>All the packages in this component are expected to be Ubuntu compatible,

562

however, there is no guarantee of security fixes and support for them. Packages in this component are

563

maintained by the community.</para>

564

<instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">It could be considered risky to use packages from

565

the universe component, especially because the availability of security

566

updates is not guaranteed.</emphasis></para>

567

</instructornote>

568

<para><emphasis role="strong">The Multiverse Component</emphasis></para>

569

<para>The multiverse component contains packages of non-free

570

software, which means that the licensing requirements of these

571

software does not meet the license policy of Ubuntu's main component.

572

It is the user's responsibility to verify their rights to use the software

573

and comply with stated licensing terms. The packages in this component

574

do not come with any support or security updates. Examples of these

575

packages include VLC and the Adobe Flash plugin.</para>

576

<instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">Software from the multiverse

577

component could be restricted by patents or other forms of regulation on usage and distribution.

578

It is the responsibility of the user to determine if the software of question

579

can be used in its jurisdiction and to comply with local laws.</emphasis></para>

580

</instructornote>

404

581

</sect1> -->

405

406

<sect1>

407

<title>Ubuntu and Microsoft Windows: Key Differences</title>

408

<para>Open source differs from the proprietary software model in that it:</para>

409

410

<listitem><para>Encourages customisation and variation as opposed to a one size fits many approach.</para></listitem>

411

<listitem><para>Relies on a 'services attached' business model rather than per license and seat basis.</para></listitem>

412

<listitem><para>Believes that the benefits of collaboration and multi-developer contribution outweigh those of

413

controlled project work of smaller, paid developer teams.</para></listitem>

414

</itemizedlist>

415

<para>Ubuntu and Microsoft Windows can be differentiated by many characteristics. Elements of cost, release cycle, security, customisation and mobility are presented here.</para>

416

<table>

417

<title>Key Attributes</title>

418

419

<thead>

420

<row>

421

<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Attribute</emphasis></para></entry>

422

<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Ubuntu</emphasis></para></entry>

423

<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Microsoft Windows</emphasis></para></entry>

424

</row>

425

</thead>

426

<tbody>

427

<row>

428

<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Costs</emphasis></para></entry>

429

430

431

<listitem><para>Free of licensing charges</para></listitem>

432

</itemizedlist>

433

</para></entry>

434

435

436

<listitem><para>Charges per user license and/or for a fixed term</para></listitem>

437

</itemizedlist>

438

</para></entry>

439

</row>

440

<row>

441

<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Versions Released</emphasis></para></entry>

442

443

444

<listitem><para>Same version and features for home and professional users</para></listitem>

445

<listitem><para>Six-monthly fully supported free release</para></listitem>

446

</itemizedlist>

447

</para></entry>

448

449

450

<listitem><para>Separate Professional and Home editions</para></listitem>

451

<listitem><para>Less frequent and less visible release schedule</para></listitem>

452

</itemizedlist>

453

</para></entry>

454

</row>

455

<row>

456

<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Security</emphasis></para></entry>

457

458

459

<listitem><para>Locked administrative user root</para></listitem>

460

<listitem><para>Rarely targeted by malware and viruses</para></listitem>

461

</itemizedlist>

462

</para></entry>

463

464

465

<listitem><para>Enables easy access to administrative

466

user</para></listitem>

467

<listitem><para>Regularly targeted by malware and viruses</para></listitem>

468

</itemizedlist>

469

</para></entry>

470

</row>

471

<row>

472

<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Customisation</emphasis></para></entry>

473

474

475

<listitem><para>Easy to design and personalise</para></listitem>

476

<listitem><para>Can run different flavours of Ubuntu in

477

parallel</para></listitem>

478

</itemizedlist>

479

</para></entry>

480

481

482

<listitem><para>Standard OS with limited options to

483

personalise</para></listitem>

484

<listitem><para>Paid for additional applications</para></listitem>

485

</itemizedlist>

486

</para></entry>

487

</row>

488

<row>

489

<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Data Storage</emphasis></para></entry>

490

491

492

<listitem><para>Easy to upgrade and downgrade</para></listitem>

493

<listitem><para>User data stored in home directory</para></listitem>

494

<listitem><para>Easy to migrate and replicate user data and

495

configuration to another computer</para></listitem>

496

</itemizedlist>

497

</para></entry>

498

499

500

<listitem><para>User data saved in multiple

501

locations</para></listitem>

502

<listitem><para>Difficult to backup and migrate

503

to computer</para></listitem>

504

</itemizedlist>

505

</para></entry>

506

</row>

507

</tbody>

508

</tgroup>

509

</table>

510

<para>Looking at each element outlined in the table in greater detail:</para>

511

<para><emphasis role="strong">Associated Costs:</emphasis>

512

The Microsoft Windows OS is proprietary and the overall price increases with added functionality and applications. The

513

associated price is sometimes a factor of using third party applications and not just a Microsoft decision. With Ubuntu

514

new release versions and applications are free.</para>

515

516

<para><emphasis role="strong">New version releases:</emphasis>

517

There is only one released version of Ubuntu and therefore features available

518

to home and professional users are the same. The Home and Professional editions of

519

Microsoft Windows are not the same. For example, Microsoft Windows Professional editions have

520

more security features than Home editions.</para>

521

<para>Ubuntu's 6 monthly release cycle also makes it very easy for users to have access to all the latest

522

applications. An upgrade from one release to the next is free and fully supported. Microsoft scheduled releases

523

are less frequent and less visible to the public.</para>

524

525

<para><emphasis role="strong">Security aspects:</emphasis>

526

Ubuntu is rarely targeted by malware and viruses. The administrative

527

user root is locked by default in Ubuntu and only certain tasks are run with administrative

528

privileges. Microsoft Windows provides an environment where people can

529

access administrative user directly.</para>

530

<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Ubuntu Security</emphasis></title>

531

532

533

</imageobject></mediaobject>

534

</figure>

535

<para><emphasis role="strong">Customisation:</emphasis>

536

As you will discover throughout this course, Ubuntu is yours to design

537

and personalise. You can have different flavours of Ubuntu running parallel; for

538

example, you can install the Kubuntu (KDE) desktop together with Ubuntu (GNOME) and then

539

select the desktop environment you want to use. More than 17,000 packages are available and easily accessible through the Internet.

540

As a result, you are not stuck with using one version because it was the first you installed.</para>

541

<para>Microsoft Windows is a standard OS with some options

542

for customization. While many applications are available, most are proprietary software which incur a license fee.</para>

543

<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Desktop Customisation</emphasis></title>

544

545

546

</imageobject></mediaobject>

547

</figure>

548

549

<para><emphasis role="strong">Data Storage:</emphasis>

550

User data is often located in multiple locations in Microsoft Windows,

551

which can make backing up and migrating from one computer to another tricky.

552

Ubuntu saves your user information in one place - the home directory. This makes the migration of data from an old computer to a new

553

one easy, as well as keeping user specific backup data separate.</para>

554

<sect2>

555

<title>Installation</title>

556

<table>

557

<title>Installation Differences</title>

558

559

<thead>

560

<row>

561

<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Installation</emphasis></para></entry>

562

<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Ubuntu</emphasis></para></entry>

563

<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Microsoft Windows</emphasis></para></entry>

564

</row>

565

</thead>

566

<tbody>

567

<row>

568

<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">OS Installation</emphasis></para></entry>

569

570

571

<listitem><para>Freely downloadable from the Internet or using

572

a free CD</para></listitem>

573

<listitem><para>Can be used directly from the

574

live-CD</para></listitem>

575

</itemizedlist>

576

</para></entry>

577

578

579

<listitem><para>Purchase required</para></listitem>

580

<listitem><para>OS must be installed on computer hard drive</para></listitem>

581

</itemizedlist>

582

</para></entry>

583

</row>

584

<row>

585

<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Software Installation</emphasis></para></entry>

586

587

588

<listitem><para>Huge variety of applications available by

589

default</para></listitem>

590

<listitem><para>All freely downloadable from the Internet</para></listitem>

591

</itemizedlist>

592

</para></entry>

593

594

595

<listitem><para>Limited selection of software available

596

by default</para></listitem>

597

<listitem><para>Users can purchase and download

598

some software online, others can only be manually installed</para></listitem>

599

</itemizedlist>

600

</para></entry>

601

</row>

602

</tbody>

603

</tgroup>

604

</table>

605

606

<listitem><para><emphasis role="strong">OS Installation:</emphasis>

607

Both Microsoft Windows and Ubuntu come as pre-installed OSs on computers.

608

However, to install post-purchase, Ubuntu can be freely downloaded from the

609

Internet or a free CD can be requested. Any Microsoft Windows version

610

will need to be purchased.</para>

611

<para>Ubuntu comes in live-CD mode which means you can use the OS directly from

612

the CD without installing it on a host computer. If you like what you see, install it. If you don't,

613

pass it on to a friend. The live-CD option is also useful for system recovery.</para>

614

<para>The installation of Microsoft Windows and Ubuntu is easy and conducted by running

615

the installation CD and booting the computer. Both installations vary in length according to

616

how powerful your computer is, with an average install taking 20 - 30 minutes.

617

</para></listitem>

618

<listitem><para><emphasis role="strong">Software Installation:</emphasis>

619

You can add software on Ubuntu by using the Add/Remove Applications and

620

Synaptic Package Manager. The Add/Remove Applications allows you to search the

621

entire directory of free applications recommended for Ubuntu and install the ones you want.

622

In Microsoft Windows, each programme supplies its own installation method. Microsoft Vista has a

623

Digital Locker feature enables users to purchase software online and download

624

it in a protected manner.</para>

625

<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Installing Software Applications</emphasis></title>

626

627

628

</imageobject></mediaobject>

629

</figure>

630

</listitem>

631

</itemizedlist>

632

</sect2>

633

<sect2>

634

<title>Applications</title>

635

<para>The table below displays a comparison between Ubuntu and Microsoft Windows applications:</para>

636

<table>

637

<title>Application Based Differences</title>

638

639

<thead>

640

<row>

641

<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Applications</emphasis></para></entry>

642

<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Ubuntu</emphasis></para></entry>

643

<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Microsoft Windows</emphasis></para></entry>

644

</row>

645

</thead>

646

<tbody>

647

<row>

648

<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Web browsing and E-mail</emphasis></para></entry>

649

650

651

<listitem><para>Firefox Web browser by default</para></listitem>

652

<listitem><para>Evolution e-mail client by default</para></listitem>

653

</itemizedlist>

654

</para></entry>

655

656

657

<listitem><para>Internet Explorer Web browser by default</para></listitem>

658

<listitem><para>Outlook e-mail client by default</para></listitem>

659

</itemizedlist>

660

</para></entry>

661

</row>

662

<row>

663

<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Word Processing</emphasis></para></entry>

664

665

666

<listitem><para>OpenOffice.org suite</para></listitem>

667

668

</itemizedlist>

669

</para></entry>

670

671

672

<listitem><para>WordPad by default</para></listitem>

673

674

</itemizedlist>

675

</para></entry>

676

</row>

677

<row>

678

<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Multimedia</emphasis></para></entry>

679

680

681

<listitem><para>Includes several default multimedia programmes,

682

such as Sound Juicer, Rythmbox, Serpentine, Movie Player and

683

Sound Recorder</para></listitem>

684

</itemizedlist>

685

</para></entry>

686

687

688

<listitem><para>Includes Microsoft Windows Media Player

689

11 (WMP) and Microsoft Windows Media Center (WMC)</para></listitem>

690

</itemizedlist>

691

</para></entry>

692

</row>

693

<row>

694

<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Image Editing and Picture

695

Management</emphasis></para></entry>

696

697

698

<listitem><para>F-Spot photo manager</para></listitem>

699

<listitem><para>Gimp for image editing</para></listitem>

700

</itemizedlist>

701

</para></entry>

702

703

704

<listitem><para>Picture Gallery application </para></listitem>

705

<listitem><para>Paint</para></listitem>

706

</itemizedlist>

707

</para></entry>

708

</row>

709

</tbody>

710

</tgroup>

711

</table>

712

713

<para>Looking at each element outlined in the table in greater detail:</para>

714

<para><emphasis role="strong">Networking, Web browsing and

715

E-mail</emphasis></para>

716

<para>Network setup on both Ubuntu and Microsoft Windows is easy. Web

717

browsing features are more or less the same on both OSs.</para>

718

<para>Mozilla Firefox is loaded as the default browser on Ubuntu, and

719

Internet Explorer is the default browser on Vista. You can also install Firefox on

720

Microsoft Windows.</para>

721

<para>Evolution is the default e-mail client on Ubuntu. It connects

722

to POP accounts, conventional UNIX mailboxes and Exchange servers

723

via Outlook Web Access. Evolution also has a built-in Personal

724

Information Manager (PIM) and a calendaring and appointment system.

725

The Microsoft Windows Mail application in Vista is a rewritten

726

version of Outlook Express, with a stripped down calendar or appointment

727

application, Microsoft Windows Calendar. An upgrade to Outlook is suggested if you

728

use the calendar often or if you have a full PIM. Ubuntu users enjoy the out-of-the-box mail client setup facility.</para>

729

<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Evolution E-mail Client</emphasis></title>

730

731

732

</imageobject></mediaobject>

733

</figure>

734

735

<para><emphasis role="strong">Word Processing:</emphasis>

736

The OpenOffice.org suite is installed on Ubuntu by default and

737

provides many features of Microsoft Office.

738

Vista comes with WordPad by default; the full version of Microsoft Word (or Office) for Microsoft Windows,

739

is available at an additional cost.

740

<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">OpenOffice.org Writer</emphasis></title>

741

742

743

</imageobject></mediaobject>

744

</figure></para>

745

746

<para><emphasis role="strong">Multimedia:</emphasis>

747

Several multimedia programmes are configured by default on Ubuntu,

748

such as Sound Juicer, Rythmbox, Serpentine, Movie Player and Sound

749

Recorder. Sound Juicer is the default application for playing audio

750

CDs. If you plug-in an iPod on Ubuntu, Rhythmbox organises music and creates

751

playlists for you. This is similar to Microsoft Windows Media Player. You can use

752

Serpentine to author audio CDs. </para>

753

<para>To play the mp3 format on Ubuntu, you need to install a codec pack. This is because

754

Ubuntu is not distributed with mp3 codecs due to licensing restrictions. Playback of mp3

755

files is enabled by default on some versions of Microsoft Windows.</para>

756

<para>Vista has two multimedia programmes, Windows Media Player 11 (WMP for short) and Windows Media Center (WMC for short).

757

WMP is best for playing music, and WMC is useful if you are using the computer as

758

your core entertainment system. WMP can contain a large music

759

library. With the index search system of WMP, you can search music

760

numbers by a particular artist or search for specific numbers.</para>

761

<para><emphasis role="strong">Image Editing and Picture Management:</emphasis>

762

With the Picture Gallery application of Microsoft Vista, you can

763

upload thousands of images and add tags. You can also organise the images

764

quickly and work on them easily because you can tag them with one click.

765

F-Spot photo manager organises your personal photos on Ubuntu.

766

It integrates seamlessly with popular Web based image databases, such as

767

Flickr and Picasa Web.</para>

768

<para>Ubuntu provides GIMP for image editing which is a powerful Photoshop-like application.

769

Microsoft Windows Vista provides 'Paint' for basic image editing.</para>

770

771

772

773

</imageobject></mediaobject>

774

</figure>

775

776

777

</sect2>

778

</sect1>

779

<sect1>

780

<title>Lesson Summary</title>

781

<para>In this lesson, you learned about:</para>

782

783

<listitem><para>The fundamentals and concept of open source</para></listitem>

784

<listitem><para>The link between the Free Software Movement, Open source and

785

Linux</para></listitem>

786

<listitem><para>How Ubuntu is developed</para></listitem>

787

<listitem><para>Ubuntu versions</para></listitem>

788

<listitem><para>Key differences between Ubuntu and Microsoft Windows</para></listitem>

789

</itemizedlist>

790

</sect1>

791

792

<sect1>

793

<title>Review Exercise</title>

794

<instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">If you are running short of time, administer this

795

exercise when Exploring the Ubuntu Desktop in Lesson 3.</emphasis></para>

796

</instructornote>

797

<para><emphasis role="strong">Question 1</emphasis></para>

798

<para>What is meant by the term free software?</para>

799

800

<para><emphasis role="strong">Answer 1</emphasis></para>

801

<para>Quoting the Free Software Foundation's 'What is Free Software', the freedoms at the core of free software are defined as:</para>

802

803

<listitem><para>The freedom to run the programme, for any purpose.</para></listitem>

804

<listitem><para>The freedom to study how the programme works and adapt it to your needs.</para></listitem>

805

<listitem><para>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help others.</para></listitem>

806

<listitem><para>The freedom to improve the programme and release your improvements to the public, so that everyone benefits.</para></listitem>

807

</itemizedlist>

808

</answer>

809

<para><emphasis role="strong">Question 2</emphasis></para>

810

<para>What is the Ubuntu promise?</para>

811

812

<para><emphasis role="strong">Answer 2</emphasis></para>

813

<para>The Ubuntu promise is:

814

815

<listitem><para>Ubuntu will always be free of charge, including enterprise

816

releases and security updates.</para></listitem>

817

818

<para>Ubuntu comes with full commercial support from

819

Canonical and hundreds of companies around the world.</para></listitem>

820

<listitem><para>Ubuntu includes the best translations and accessibility

821

infrastructure that the open source community has to offer.</para></listitem>

822

<listitem><para>Ubuntu CDs contain only open source applications;

823

Ubuntu encourages you to use free and open source software,

824

improve it and pass it on.</para></listitem>

825

</itemizedlist>

826

</para>

827

</answer>

828

<para><emphasis role="strong">Question 3</emphasis></para>

829

<para>Match the Ubuntu versions with the years in which they were

830

released.</para>

831

<table>

832

833

834

835

<tbody>

836

<row>

837

838

839

</row>

840

<row>

841

842

<entry><para>b) October 2007</para></entry>

843

</row>

844

<row>

845

846

<entry><para>c) April 2007</para></entry>

847

</row>

848

<row>

849

850

<entry><para>d) October 2004</para></entry>

851

</row>

852

</tbody>

853

</tgroup>

854

</table>

855

856

<para><emphasis role="strong">Answer 3</emphasis></para>

857

<table>

858

859

860

861

<tbody>

862

<row>

863

864

<entry><para>c) April 2007</para></entry>

865

</row>

866

<row>

867

868

<entry><para>d) October 2004</para></entry>

869

</row>

870

<row>

871

872

873

</row>

874

<row>

875

876

<entry><para>b) October 2007</para></entry>

877

</row>

878

</tbody>

879

</tgroup>

880

</table>

881

</answer>

882

<para><emphasis role="strong">Question 4</emphasis></para>

883

<para>List three ways in which non-technical users can contribute

884

towards the development of Ubuntu.</para>

885

<answer><para><emphasis role="strong">Answer 4</emphasis></para>

886

<para>The three ways in which non-technical users can contribute

887

towards Ubuntu development are artwork, translation and localisation and

888

document solutions.</para></answer>

889

<para><emphasis role="strong">Question 5</emphasis></para>

890

<para>The default web browser on Ubuntu is _________________.</para>

891

<answer><para><emphasis role="strong">Answer 5</emphasis></para>

892

<para>The default web browser on Ubuntu is Mozilla Firefox.</para></answer>

893

<para><emphasis role="strong">Question 6</emphasis></para>

894

<para>The default e-mail client on Ubuntu is __________________.</para>

895

<answer><para><emphasis role="strong">Answer 6</emphasis></para>

896

<para>The default e-mail client on Ubuntu is Evolution.</para></answer>

897

<para><emphasis role="strong">Question 7</emphasis></para>

898

<para>What are the advantages of Ubuntu 6 monthly releases?</para>

899

<answer><para><emphasis role="strong">Answer 7</emphasis></para>

900

<para>Quicker upgrade and availability of new applications, as well as improved functionality.</para></answer>

901

</sect1>

902

</questions>

582

<sect1>

583

<title>Ubuntu and Microsoft Windows: Key Differences</title>

584

<para>Open source differs from the proprietary software model

585

in that it:</para>

586

587

588

<para>Encourages customisation and variation as opposed to

589

a one size fits many approach.</para>

590

</listitem>

591

592

<para>Relies on a 'services attached' business model rather

593

than per license and seat basis.</para>

594

</listitem>

595

596

<para>Believes that the benefits of collaboration and

597

multi-developer contribution outweigh those of controlled

598

project work of smaller, paid developer teams.</para>

599

</listitem>

600

</itemizedlist>

601

<table>

602

603

604

<para>Ubuntu and Microsoft Windows can be differentiated

605

by many characteristics. Elements of cost, release cycle,

606

security, customisation and mobility are presented

607

here.</para>

608

</abstract>

609

</blockinfo>

610

<title>Key Attributes</title>

611

612

613

614

615

<thead>

616

<row>

617

<entry>

618

<para>

619

<emphasis role="strong">Attribute</emphasis>

620

</para>

621

</entry>

622

<entry>

623

<para>

624

<emphasis role="strong">Ubuntu</emphasis>

625

</para>

626

</entry>

627

<entry>

628

<para>

629

<emphasis role="strong">Microsoft

630

Windows</emphasis>

631

</para>

632

</entry>

633

</row>

634

</thead>

635

<tbody>

636

<row>

637

<entry>

638

<para>

639

<emphasis role="strong">Costs</emphasis>

640

</para>

641

</entry>

642

<entry>

643

<para>

644

645

646

<para>Free of licensing charges</para>

647

</listitem>

648

</itemizedlist>

649

</para>

650

</entry>

651

<entry>

652

<para>

653

654

655

<para>Charges per user license and/or for a

656

fixed term</para>

657

</listitem>

658

</itemizedlist>

659

</para>

660

</entry>

661

</row>

662

<row>

663

<entry>

664

<para>

665

<emphasis role="strong">Versions

666

Released</emphasis>

667

</para>

668

</entry>

669

<entry>

670

<para>

671

672

673

<para>Same version and features for home and

674

professional users</para>

675

</listitem>

676

677

<para>Six-monthly fully supported free

678

release</para>

679

</listitem>

680

</itemizedlist>

681

</para>

682

</entry>

683

<entry>

684

<para>

685

686

687

<para>Separate Professional and Home

688

editions</para>

689

</listitem>

690

691

<para>Less frequent and less visible release

692

schedule</para>

693

</listitem>

694

</itemizedlist>

695

</para>

696

</entry>

697

</row>

698

<row>

699

<entry>

700

<para>

701

<emphasis role="strong">Security</emphasis>

702

</para>

703

</entry>

704

<entry>

705

<para>

706

707

708

<para>Locked administrative user root</para>

709

</listitem>

710

711

<para>Rarely targeted by malware and

712

viruses</para>

713

</listitem>

714

</itemizedlist>

715

</para>

716

</entry>

717

<entry>

718

<para>

719

720

721

<para>Enables easy access to administrative

722

user</para>

723

</listitem>

724

725

<para>Regularly targeted by malware and

726

viruses</para>

727

</listitem>

728

</itemizedlist>

729

</para>

730

</entry>

731

</row>

732

<row>

733

<entry>

734

<para>

735

<emphasis role="strong">Customisation</emphasis>

736

</para>

737

</entry>

738

<entry>

739

<para>

740

741

742

<para>Easy to design and personalise</para>

743

</listitem>

744

745

<para>Can run different flavours of Ubuntu in

746

parallel</para>

747

</listitem>

748

</itemizedlist>

749

</para>

750

</entry>

751

<entry>

752

<para>

753

754

755

<para>Standard OS with limited options to

756

personalise</para>

757

</listitem>

758

759

<para>Paid for additional applications</para>

760

</listitem>

761

</itemizedlist>

762

</para>

763

</entry>

764

</row>

765

<row>

766

<entry>

767

<para>

768

<emphasis role="strong">Data Storage</emphasis>

769

</para>

770

</entry>

771

<entry>

772

<para>

773

774

775

<para>Easy to upgrade and downgrade</para>

776

</listitem>

777

778

<para>User data stored in home directory</para>

779

</listitem>

780

781

<para>Easy to migrate and replicate user data

782

and configuration to another computer</para>

783

</listitem>

784

</itemizedlist>

785

</para>

786

</entry>

787

<entry>

788

<para>

789

790

791

<para>User data saved in multiple

792

locations</para>

793

</listitem>

794

795

<para>Difficult to backup and migrate to

796

computer</para>

797

</listitem>

798

</itemizedlist>

799

</para>

800

</entry>

801

</row>

802

</tbody>

803

</tgroup>

804

</table>

805

<para>Looking at each element outlined in the table in greater

806

detail:</para>

807

808

<title>Associated Costs:</title>

809

<para>The Microsoft Windows OS is proprietary and the overall

810

price increases with added functionality and applications.

811

The associated price is sometimes a factor of using third

812

party applications and not just a Microsoft decision. With

813

Ubuntu new release versions and applications are free.</para>

814

</formalpara>

815

816

<title>New version releases:</title>

817

<para>There is only one released version of Ubuntu and

818

therefore features available to home and professional users

819

are the same. The Home and Professional editions of Microsoft

820

Windows are not the same. For example, Microsoft Windows

821

Professional editions have more security features than Home

822

editions.</para>

823

</formalpara>

824

<para>Ubuntu's 6 monthly release cycle also makes it very easy

825

for users to have access to all the latest applications. An

826

upgrade from one release to the next is free and fully

827

828

supported. Microsoft scheduled releases are less frequent and

829

less visible to the public.</para>

830

831

<title>Security aspects:</title>

832

<para>Ubuntu is

833

rarely targeted by malware and viruses. The administrative user

834

root is locked by default in Ubuntu and only certain tasks are

835

run with administrative privileges. Microsoft Windows provides

836

an environment where people can access administrative user

837

directly.</para>

838

</formalpara>

839

840

<title>Ubuntu Security</title>

841

842

843

844

</imageobject>

845

</mediaobject>

846

</figure>

847

848

849

<title>Customisation:</title>

850

<para>As you will

851

discover throughout this course, Ubuntu is yours to design and

852

personalise. You can have different flavours of Ubuntu running

853

parallel; for example, you can install the Kubuntu (KDE)

854

desktop together with Ubuntu (GNOME) and then select the

855

desktop environment you want to use. More than 17,000 packages

856

are available and easily accessible through the Internet. As a

857

result, you are not stuck with using one version because it was

858

the first you installed.</para>

859

</formalpara>

860

861

862

<para>Microsoft Windows is a standard OS with some options for

863

customization. While many applications are available, most are

864

proprietary software which incur a license fee.</para>

865

866

<title>Desktop Customisation</title>

867

868

869

870

</imageobject>

871

</mediaobject>

872

</figure>

873

874

<title>Data Storage:</title>

875

<para>User data is often located in multiple locations in

876

Microsoft Windows, which can make backing up and migrating

877

from one computer to another tricky. Ubuntu saves your user

878

information in one place - the home directory. This makes the

879

migration of data from an old computer to a new one easy, as

880

well as keeping user specific backup data separate.</para>

881

</formalpara>

882

<sect2>

883

<title>Installation</title>

884

<table>

885

<title>Installation Differences</title>

886

887

888

889

890

<thead>

891

<row>

892

<entry>

893

<para>

894

<emphasis role="strong">Installation</emphasis>

895

</para>

896

</entry>

897

<entry>

898

<para>

899

<emphasis role="strong">Ubuntu</emphasis>

900

</para>

901

</entry>

902

<entry>

903

<para>

904

<emphasis role="strong">Microsoft

905

Windows</emphasis>

906

</para>

907

</entry>

908

</row>

909

</thead>

910

<tbody>

911

<row>

912

<entry>

913

<para>

914

<emphasis role="strong">OS

915

Installation</emphasis>

916

</para>

917

</entry>

918

<entry>

919

<para>

920

921

922

<para>Freely downloadable from the Internet

923

or using a free CD</para>

924

</listitem>

925

926

<para>Can be used directly from the

927

live-CD</para>

928

</listitem>

929

</itemizedlist>

930

</para>

931

</entry>

932

<entry>

933

<para>

934

935

936

<para>Purchase required</para>

937

</listitem>

938

939

<para>OS must be installed on computer hard

940

drive</para>

941

</listitem>

942

</itemizedlist>

943

</para>

944

</entry>

945

</row>

946

<row>

947

<entry>

948

<para>

949

<emphasis role="strong">Software

950

Installation</emphasis>

951

</para>

952

</entry>

953

<entry>

954

<para>

955

956

957

<para>Huge variety of applications available

958

by default</para>

959

</listitem>

960

961

<para>All freely downloadable from the

962

Internet</para>

963

</listitem>

964

</itemizedlist>

965

</para>

966

</entry>

967

<entry>

968

<para>

969

970

971

<para>Limited selection of software available

972

by default</para>

973

</listitem>

974

975

<para>Users can purchase and download some

976

software online, others can only be manually

977

installed</para>

978

</listitem>

979

</itemizedlist>

980

</para>

981

</entry>

982

</row>

983

</tbody>

984

</tgroup>

985

</table>

986

987

988

989

990

<title>OS Installation:</title>

991

<para>Both

992

Microsoft Windows and Ubuntu come as pre-installed OSs on

993

computers. However, to install post-purchase, Ubuntu can

994

be freely downloaded from the Internet or a free CD can

995

be requested. Any Microsoft Windows version will need to

996

be purchased.</para>

997

</formalpara>

998

999

<para>Ubuntu comes in live-CD mode which means you can

1000

use the OS directly from the CD without installing it on

1001

a host computer. If you like what you see, install it. If

1002

you don't, pass it on to a friend. The live-CD option is

1003

also useful for system recovery.</para>

1004

<para>The installation of Microsoft Windows and Ubuntu is

1005

easy and conducted by running the installation CD and

1006

booting the computer. Both installations vary in length

1007

according to how powerful your computer is, with an

1008

average install taking 20 - 30 minutes.</para>

1009

</listitem>

1010

1011

1012

<title>Software Installation:</title>

1013

<para>You can add software on Ubuntu by using the

1014

Add/Remove Applications and Synaptic Package Manager.

1015

The Add/Remove Applications allows you to search the

1016

entire directory of free applications recommended for

1017

Ubuntu and install the ones you want. In Microsoft

1018

Windows, each programme supplies its own installation

1019

method. Microsoft Vista has a Digital Locker feature

1020

enables users to purchase software online and download

1021

it in a protected manner.</para>

1022

</formalpara>

1023

1024

<title>Installing Software Applications</title>

1025

1026

1027

1028

</imageobject>

1029

</mediaobject>

1030

</figure>

1031

</listitem>

1032

</itemizedlist>

1033

</sect2>

1034

<sect2>

1035

<title>Applications</title>

1036

<para>The table below displays a comparison between Ubuntu

1037

and Microsoft Windows applications:</para>

1038

<table>

1039

<title>Application Based Differences</title>

1040

1041

1042

1043

1044

<thead>

1045

<row>

1046

<entry>

1047

<para>

1048

<emphasis role="strong">Applications</emphasis>

1049

</para>

1050

</entry>

1051

<entry>

1052

<para>

1053

<emphasis role="strong">Ubuntu</emphasis>

1054

</para>

1055

</entry>

1056

<entry>

1057

<para>

1058

<emphasis role="strong">Microsoft

1059

Windows</emphasis>

1060

</para>

1061

</entry>

1062

</row>

1063

</thead>

1064

<tbody>

1065

<row>

1066

<entry>

1067

<para>

1068

<emphasis role="strong">Web browsing and

1069

E-mail</emphasis>

1070

</para>

1071

</entry>

1072

<entry>

1073

<para>

1074

1075

1076

<para>Firefox Web browser by default</para>

1077

</listitem>

1078

1079

<para>Evolution e-mail client by

1080

default</para>

1081

</listitem>

1082

</itemizedlist>

1083

</para>

1084

</entry>

1085

<entry>

1086

<para>

1087

1088

1089

<para>Internet Explorer Web browser by

1090

default</para>

1091

</listitem>

1092

1093

<para>Outlook e-mail client by default</para>

1094

</listitem>

1095

</itemizedlist>

1096

</para>

1097

</entry>

1098

</row>

1099

<row>

1100

<entry>

1101

<para>

1102

<emphasis role="strong">Word

1103

Processing</emphasis>

1104

</para>

1105

</entry>

1106

<entry>

1107

<para>

1108

1109

1110

<para>OpenOffice.org suite</para>

1111

</listitem>

1112

</itemizedlist>

1113

</para>

1114

</entry>

1115

<entry>

1116

<para>

1117

1118

1119

<para>WordPad by default</para>

1120

</listitem>

1121

</itemizedlist>

1122

</para>

1123

</entry>

1124

</row>

1125

<row>

1126

<entry>

1127

<para>

1128

<emphasis role="strong">Multimedia</emphasis>

1129

</para>

1130

</entry>

1131

<entry>

1132

<para>

1133

1134

1135

<para>Includes several default multimedia

1136

programmes, such as Sound Juicer, Rythmbox,

1137

Serpentine, Movie Player and Sound

1138

Recorder</para>

1139

</listitem>

1140

</itemizedlist>

1141

</para>

1142

</entry>

1143

<entry>

1144

<para>

1145

1146

1147

<para>Includes Microsoft Windows Media Player

1148

11 (WMP) and Microsoft Windows Media Center

1149

(WMC)</para>

1150

</listitem>

1151

</itemizedlist>

1152

</para>

1153

</entry>

1154

</row>

1155

<row>

1156

<entry>

1157

<para>

1158

<emphasis role="strong">Image Editing and Picture

1159

Management</emphasis>

1160

</para>

1161

</entry>

1162

<entry>

1163

<para>

1164

1165

1166

<para>F-Spot photo manager</para>

1167

</listitem>

1168

1169

<para>Gimp for image editing</para>

1170

</listitem>

1171

</itemizedlist>

1172

</para>

1173

</entry>

1174

<entry>

1175

<para>

1176

1177

1178

<para>Picture Gallery application</para>

1179

</listitem>

1180

1181

<para>Paint</para>

1182

</listitem>

1183

</itemizedlist>

1184

</para>

1185

</entry>

1186

</row>

1187

</tbody>

1188

</tgroup>

1189

</table>

1190

<para>Looking at each element outlined in the table in

1191

greater detail:</para>

1192

1193

1194

<title>Networking, Web browsing and E-mail</title>

1195

<para>Network setup on both Ubuntu and Microsoft Windows is

1196

easy. Web browsing features are more or less the same on both

1197

OSs.</para>

1198

</formalpara>

1199

1200

<para>Mozilla Firefox is loaded as the default browser on

1201

Ubuntu, and Internet Explorer is the default browser on

1202

Vista. You can also install Firefox on Microsoft

1203

Windows.</para>

1204

<para>Evolution is the default e-mail client on Ubuntu. It

1205

connects to POP accounts, conventional UNIX mailboxes and

1206

Exchange servers via Outlook Web Access. Evolution also has a

1207

built-in Personal Information Manager (PIM) and a calendaring

1208

and appointment system. The Microsoft Windows Mail

1209

application in Vista is a rewritten version of Outlook

1210

Express, with a stripped down calendar or appointment

1211

application, Microsoft Windows Calendar. An upgrade to

1212

Outlook is suggested if you use the calendar often or if you

1213

have a full PIM. Ubuntu users enjoy the out-of-the-box mail

1214

client setup facility.</para>

1215

1216

<title>Evolution E-mail Client</title>

1217

1218

1219

1220

</imageobject>

1221

</mediaobject>

1222

</figure>

1223

1224

<title>Word Processing:</title>

1225

<para>The OpenOffice.org suite is installed on Ubuntu by

1226

default and provides many features of Microsoft Office.

1227

Vista comes with WordPad by default; the full version of

1228

Microsoft Word (or Office) for Microsoft Windows, is

1229

available at an additional cost.

1230

1231

<title>

1232

<emphasis role="italic">OpenOffice.org

1233

Writer</emphasis>

1234

</title>

1235

1236

1237

1238

</imageobject>

1239

</mediaobject>

1240

</figure></para>

1241

</formalpara>

1242

1243

<title>Multimedia:</title>

1244

<para>Several multimedia programmes are configured by

1245

default on Ubuntu, such as Sound Juicer, Rythmbox,

1246

Serpentine, Movie Player and Sound Recorder. Sound Juicer

1247

is the default application for playing audio CDs. If you

1248

plug-in an iPod on Ubuntu, Rhythmbox organises music and

1249

creates playlists for you. This is similar to Microsoft

1250

Windows Media Player. You can use Serpentine to author

1251

audio CDs.</para>

1252

</formalpara>

1253

<para>To play the mp3 format on Ubuntu, you need to install a

1254

codec pack. This is because Ubuntu is not distributed with

1255

mp3 codecs due to licensing restrictions. Playback of mp3

1256

files is enabled by default on some versions of Microsoft

1257

Windows.</para>

1258

<para>Vista has two multimedia programmes, Windows Media

1259

Player 11 (WMP for short) and Windows Media Center (WMC for

1260

short). WMP is best for playing music, and WMC is useful if

1261

you are using the computer as your core entertainment system.

1262

WMP can contain a large music library. With the index search

1263

system of WMP, you can search music numbers by a particular

1264

artist or search for specific numbers.</para>

1265

1266

1267

<title>Image Editing and Picture Management:</title>

1268

<para>With the Picture Gallery application of

1269

Microsoft Vista, you can upload thousands of images and add

1270

tags. You can also organise the images quickly and work on

1271

them easily because you can tag them with one click. F-Spot

1272

photo manager organises your personal photos on Ubuntu. It

1273

integrates seamlessly with popular Web based image databases,

1274

such as Flickr and Picasa Web.</para>

1275

</formalpara>

1276

<para>Ubuntu provides GIMP for image editing which is a

1277

powerful Photoshop-like application. Microsoft Windows Vista

1278

provides 'Paint' for basic image editing.</para>

1279

1280

1281

1282

1283

1284

</imageobject>

1285

</mediaobject>

1286

</figure>

1287

</sect2>

1288

</sect1>

1289

<sect1>

1290

<title>Lesson Summary</title>

1291

<para>In this lesson, you learned about:</para>

1292

1293

1294

<para>The fundamentals and concept of open source</para>

1295

</listitem>

1296

1297

<para>The link between the Free Software Movement, open

1298

source and Linux</para>

1299

</listitem>

1300

1301

<para>How Ubuntu is developed</para>

1302

</listitem>

1303

1304

<para>Ubuntu versions</para>

1305

</listitem>

1306

1307

<para>Key differences between Ubuntu and Microsoft

1308

Windows</para>

1309

</listitem>

1310

</itemizedlist>

1311

</sect1>

1312

1313

<title>Review Exercise</title>

1314

1315

<title>Instructor Notes:</title>

1316

<para>If you are running short of time, administer this

1317

exercise when Exploring the Ubuntu Desktop in <xref linkend="lesson2"/>.</para>

1318

</note>

1319

1320

1321

1322

<para>What is meant by the term free software?</para>

1323

</question>

1324

1325

<para>Quoting the Free Software Foundation's 'What is

1326

Free Software', the freedoms at the core of free software

1327

are defined as:</para>

1328

1329

1330

<para>The freedom to run the programme, for any

1331

purpose.</para>

1332

</listitem>

1333

1334

<para>The freedom to study how the programme works

1335

and adapt it to your needs.</para>

1336

</listitem>

1337

1338

<para>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can

1339

help others.</para>

1340

</listitem>

1341

1342

<para>The freedom to improve the programme and

1343

release your improvements to the public, so that

1344

everyone benefits.</para>

1345

</listitem>

1346

</itemizedlist>

1347

</answer>

1348

</qandaentry>

1349

1350

1351

<para>What is the Ubuntu promise?</para>

1352

</question>

1353

1354

<para>The Ubuntu promise is:

1355

1356

1357

<para>Ubuntu will always be free of charge, including

1358

enterprise releases and security updates.</para>

1359

</listitem>

1360

1361

<para>Ubuntu comes with full commercial support from

1362

Canonical and hundreds of companies around the

1363

world.</para>

1364

</listitem>

1365

1366

<para>Ubuntu includes the best translations and

1367

accessibility infrastructure that the open source

1368

community has to offer.</para>

1369

</listitem>

1370

1371

<para>Ubuntu CDs contain only open source

1372

applications; Ubuntu encourages you to use free and

1373

open source software, improve it and pass it

1374

on.</para>

1375

</listitem>

1376

</itemizedlist></para>

1377

</answer>

1378

</qandaentry>

1379

1380

1381

<para>Match the Ubuntu versions with the years in which

1382

they were released.</para>

1383

1384

1385

1386

1387

<tbody>

1388

<row>

1389

<entry>

1390

1391

</entry>

1392

<entry>

1393

1394

</entry>

1395

</row>

1396

<row>

1397

<entry>

1398

1399

</entry>

1400

<entry>

1401

<para>b) October 2007</para>

1402

</entry>

1403

</row>

1404

<row>

1405

<entry>

1406

1407

</entry>

1408

<entry>

1409

<para>c) April 2007</para>

1410

</entry>

1411

</row>

1412

<row>

1413

<entry>

1414

1415

</entry>

1416

<entry>

1417

<para>d) October 2004</para>

1418

</entry>

1419

</row>

1420

</tbody>

1421

</tgroup>

1422

</informaltable>

1423

</question>

1424

1425

1426

1427

1428

1429

<tbody>

1430

<row>

1431

<entry>

1432

1433

</entry>

1434

<entry>

1435

<para>c) April 2007</para>

1436

</entry>

1437

</row>

1438

<row>

1439

<entry>

1440

1441

</entry>

1442

<entry>

1443

<para>d) October 2004</para>

1444

</entry>

1445

</row>

1446

<row>

1447

<entry>

1448

1449

</entry>

1450

<entry>

1451

1452

</entry>

1453

</row>

1454

<row>

1455

<entry>

1456

1457

</entry>

1458

<entry>

1459

<para>b) October 2007</para>

1460

</entry>

1461

</row>

1462

</tbody>

1463

</tgroup>

1464

</informaltable>

1465

</answer>

1466

</qandaentry>

1467

1468

1469

<para>List 3 ways in which non-technical users can

1470

contribute towards the development of Ubuntu.</para>

1471

</question>

1472

1473

<para>The three ways in which non-technical users can

1474

contribute towards Ubuntu development are artwork,

1475

translation and localisation and document

1476

solutions.</para>

1477

</answer>

1478

</qandaentry>

1479

1480

1481

<para>The default web browser on Ubuntu is

1482

_________________.</para>

1483

</question>

1484

1485

<para>The default web browser on Ubuntu is Mozilla

1486

Firefox.</para>

1487

</answer>

1488

</qandaentry>

1489

1490

1491

<para>The default e-mail client on Ubuntu is

1492

__________________.</para>

1493

</question>

1494

1495

<para>The default e-mail client on Ubuntu is

1496

Evolution.</para>

1497

</answer>

1498

</qandaentry>

1499

1500

1501

<para>What are the advantages of Ubuntu 6 monthly

1502

releases?</para>

1503

</question>

1504

1505

<para>Quicker upgrade and availability of new

1506

applications, as well as improved functionality.</para>

1507

</answer>

1508

</qandaentry>

1509

</qandaset>

1510

</sect1>

903

1511

</chapter>

904