~gumara/ubuntu-desktop-course/ubuntu-desktop-course-th-gumara

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<chapter>
	<title>Introducing Ubuntu</title>
		<para><emphasis role="strong">Objectives</emphasis></para>
		<para>In this lesson, you will learn:
			<itemizedlist>
				<listitem><para>About the fundamentals and concept of open source</para></listitem>
				<listitem><para>The link between the Free Software Movement, Open source and Linux</para></listitem>
				<listitem><para>How Ubuntu ties in with open source</para></listitem>
				<listitem><para>How Ubuntu is developed</para></listitem>
				<listitem><para>About Ubuntu versions</para></listitem>
				<listitem><para>The key differences between Ubuntu and Microsoft Windows</para></listitem>
				</itemizedlist>
		</para>
		<sect1>
			<title>About Open Source</title>
			<note><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">The focus of this topic is to help students
			understand the concept of open source, which is the underlying
			foundation of Ubuntu. Briefly explain the dictionary meaning of 'open
			source' in general and move on to establishing how the open source
			ideology developed in the context of Linux. Present this as a story
			spread over different phases: Free Software Movement, Open Source
			Movement initiation and its formal launch. Explain the Ubuntu release schedule, naming 
			convention and Ubuntu promise in detail.</emphasis></para>
			</note>
			<para>Ubuntu is a Linux-based open source operating system. The term 'open
			source' can be defined as a set of principles and practices that promotes
			access to the design and production of goods and knowledge. Open
			source is generally applied to the source code of software and is
			available to users with relaxed or no intellectual property restrictions. 
			This enables users to distribute, create and modify software content, 
			either individually to meet their specific requirement or collaboratively
			to improve the software. Both open source and Linux have transitioned through
			various phases to reach their present form.</para>
			<para>The idea behind openly distributed source code is to encourage
			the voluntary, collaborative development of software. Users
			continuously enhance the software, fix bugs, develop new features
			and share it with others.</para>
			<para>As a result of collaborative software development which involves
			a large number of programmers, users receive software that is often better in
			quality and performance than proprietary alternatives. Users are encouraged to
			customise the software to their own personal requirements, which in
			itself is a huge step away from the 'one size fits all' philosophy.</para>
			<para>Open source projects call on the talents of many people with
			skills other than programming. Many projects involve artists, musicians,
			user-interface designers and documentation authors to create a complete
			product.</para>
			</sect1>
			<sect1>
			<title>Free Software Movement, Open Source and Linux</title>
			<para>There is often confusion between open source, free software and Linux. While
			all three are inter-linked, there are distinct differences which are made clearer
			when looking at their evolution.</para>
			<sect2>
				<title>The Free Software Movement</title>
				<para>In the 1960s, it was typical for software to be distributed freely
				by companies such as IBM and shared amongst users. Software was then
				considered an enabler for the hardware, around which the business model of
				these corporations was built. Software was provided with source code that could be
				improved and modified; this was therefore the very early seeds of open source
				software. However, as hardware became cheaper and profit margins eroded in the
				1970s, manufacturers looked to software to provide additional revenue
				streams.</para>
				<para>In September 1983, Richard Matthew Stallman, former
				programmer at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab launched the GNU project
				to create a free UNIX-like operating system (OS).
				He was concerned with growth in proprietary software and users' inability
				to access and modify programmes on their computers. Developer constraint, 
				as opposed to freedom was prevalent. With the launch of the GNU project, Stallman
				started the Free Software Movement and in October 1985, set up the Free Software
				Foundation.</para>
				<para>Stallman pioneered the definition and characteristics of open source
				software and the concept of copyleft. He is the main author of several copyleft
				licenses, including the GNU General Public License (GPL), which is the most
				widely used free software license.</para>
				<tip><title><emphasis role="strong">Nice to Know:</emphasis></title>
				<para>For more information on Richard Stallman and
				the GNU project, refer to the following URL:
				<ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_stallman">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_stallman</ulink></para></tip>
				<para>By 1991, a number of GNU tools, including the powerful GNU
				compiler collection (GCC), had been created. However, a 
				free kernel was yet unavailable to build a free OS that would use these
				tools.</para>
			</sect2>
			<pdfpagebreak></pdfpagebreak>
			<sect2>
				<title>The Open Source Movement and Linux</title>
				<para>The difference between free software and open source can be defined
				as the difference between a social movement (free software) and a development
				methodology (open source). Linux refers to the kernel, or the backbones of the
				open source architecture.</para>
				<para>In August 1991, Linus Benedict Torvalds, a second-year Finnish
				student of computer science at the University of Helsinki, started
				working on Minix.</para>
				<figure float="0"><title><emphasis role="italic">Linus Benedict Torvalds</emphasis></title>
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				</figure>
				<tip><title><emphasis role="strong">Nice to Know:</emphasis></title>
				<para>Minix is a UNIX-like OS with open source code that Professor
				Andrew S. Tanenbaum created with the intention to teach his students
				the internal processes of an OS.</para></tip>
				<para>Linux was initially designed to be a Minix-like operating system
				that Linus Torvalds could use on his home computer. By mid-September, Torvalds
				released the first Linux kernel version 0.01. In 1994, the Linux kernel version
				1.0 was released under the GNU GPL. 
				The free kernel and GNU tools provided a fertile environment
				for enthusiasts. By staying close to its UNIX roots, Linux provided a command
				line interface first; the adaptation of the X Window System made
				a graphical user interface (GUI) available at a later stage.</para>
				<tip><title><emphasis role="strong">Nice to Know:</emphasis></title>
				<para>Linux is not owned by any individual or company, not even Linus Torvalds
				who started Linux. However, Torvalds is heavily involved in the main kernel
				development process and owns the trademark, Linux.</para></tip>
				<para>The Linux open source code:
					<itemizedlist>
						<listitem><para>Is available and accessible to everyone</para></listitem>
						<listitem><para>Can be customised according to an individual's
						requirements and the platforms used</para></listitem>
						<listitem><para>Can be freely redistributed in its current or a modified
						form</para></listitem>
					</itemizedlist>
				</para>
				<para>Initially, Linux was seen as (and indeed used by) a very technical, hard
				core open source programming tool. Thousands of developers contributed to its
				success as it evolved to become more user friendly commercial and non-commercial
				distribution versions designed for everyday application use.</para>
				<para>In 1998, Jon "maddog" Hall, Larry Augustin, Eric S. Raymond,
				Bruce Perens et al formally launched the Open Source Movement. They
				promoted open source software exclusively on the basis of technical
				excellence.</para>
				<figure float="0"><title><emphasis role="italic">Founders of the Open Source Movement</emphasis></title>
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				</figure>
				<para>The open source movement and the dot.com boom of the late 1990s
				coincided, resulting in the popularity of Linux and the
				evolution of many open source friendly companies such as Corel (Corel
				Linux), Sun Microsystems (OpenOffice.org) and IBM (OpenAFS). In the
				early 21st century when the dot.com crash was at its peak,
				open source was in a prime position as a viable alternative to expensive
				proprietary software. Its momentum has strengthened since with the availability
				of many easy to use applications.</para>
				<para>As such, what started off as an idea became a passion to revolutionise a
				patent and license intense industry. With a significantly cheaper return on investment 
				and enhanced usability features, Linux is now rooted as viable option for
				enterprises and home users.</para>
			</sect2>
			</sect1>
			<sect1>		
			<title>About Ubuntu</title>
			<note><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">The focus of this topic is to make the students
			understand the origins of Ubuntu, the development cycle, version releases
			and the importance of community contributions towards its development.</emphasis></para>
			</note>
			<para>Ubuntu is a community developed, Linux-based operating system
			that is perfect for laptops, desktops and servers. It contains all the
			applications you need - including a Web browser, presentation, document and
			spreadsheet software, instant messaging and much more.</para>
			<tip><title><emphasis role="strong">Nice to Know:</emphasis></title>
			<para>Ubuntu is an African word meaning 'Humanity to others', or 'I am what I am because of who we all are'.</para></tip>
			<para>The history of Ubuntu dates back to April 2004 when Mark Shuttleworth
			formed a group of open source developers to create a new Linux OS.
			<figure float="0"><title><emphasis role="italic">Mark Shuttleworth</emphasis></title>
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			</figure>
			Based on the principles of time-based releases, a strong Debian foundation, the GNOME desktop, and a strong commitment 
			to freedom, this group operated initially under the auspices of http://no-name-yet.com.</para>
			<para>In a little over three years, Ubuntu has grown to a community of over 12,000 members and an estimated user base of over 8 million
			(as at June 2007).</para>
			<note><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">If the students are interested to know more
			about Mark Shuttleworth, present the following content as a story.</emphasis></para>
			<para><emphasis role="italic">Mark Shuttleworth is an African entrepreneur
			with a love for technology, innovation, change and space flight. Shuttleworth
			studied finance and information technology at the University of Cape Town and
			went on to found Thawte, a company specialising in digital certificates and
			cryptography. He sold Thawte to the U.S. company VeriSign in 1999 and founded
			HBD Venture Capital and the Shuttleworth Foundation. He moved to London in 2001
			and began preparing for the First African in Space mission, training in Star
			City, Russia and Khazakstan. In April 2002, he became a space traveller as a
			member of the cosmonaut crew of Soyuz Mission TM34 to the International Space
			Station. In early 2004, he founded the Ubuntu project, which aims to produce a
			free, high-quality, user friendly OS available for everybody.</emphasis></para>
			</note>
			<sect2>
				<title>The Ubuntu Promise</title>
				<note><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">Stress on the Ubuntu promise because it holds
				the very essence of the spirit and success of the software.</emphasis></para>
				</note>
				<itemizedlist>
					<listitem><para>Ubuntu will always be free of charge, including enterprise
					releases and security updates.</para></listitem>
					<listitem><para>Ubuntu comes with full commercial support from Canonical
					and hundreds of companies around the world.</para></listitem>
					<listitem><para>Ubuntu includes the best translations and accessibility
					infrastructure that the free software community has to offer.</para></listitem>
					<listitem><para>Ubuntu CDs contain only free software applications; Ubuntu
					encourages you to use free and open source software, improve it
					and pass it on.</para></listitem>
				</itemizedlist>
			</sect2>
			<sect2>
				<title>Ubuntu Versions</title>
				<para>In October 2004, Ubuntu released its first version. A new version of
				Ubuntu is released every six months and upgrades to new releases are
				free of charge. Users are encouraged to upgrade with each new release in 
				order to enjoy the latest features and applications. Its versions are named using the Y.MM (name) scheme,
				where Y indicates the year and MM refers to the month of release. The
				name in brackets is a code name given to the version pre-release.</para>
				<para>Each release is supported for 18 months; Long Term Support
				releases (LTS) are supported for 3 years on the desktop and 5 years on
				the server.</para>
				<figure float="0"><title><emphasis role="italic">Ubuntu Versions</emphasis></title>
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				</figure>
				<para>A brief history of releases:</para>
				<itemizedlist>
					<listitem>
				<para><emphasis role="strong">Ubuntu 4.10 (Warty Warthog)</emphasis></para>
				<para>Ubuntu 4.10 was the first release of Ubuntu in October 2004.</para>
				<tip><title><emphasis role="strong">Nice to Know:</emphasis></title>
				<para>The early testing community of version 4.10 was called the Sounder,
				named after the collective noun for warthogs. The Sounder mailing list
				continues today as an open discussion forum for the community. Supported until April 2006.</para></tip>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
				<para><emphasis role="strong">Ubuntu 5.04 (Hoary Hedgehog)</emphasis></para>
				<para>Ubuntu 5.04 was the second release of Ubuntu in April 2005. Supported until October 2006.</para>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
				<para><emphasis role="strong">Ubuntu 5.10 (Breezy Badger)</emphasis></para>
				<para>Ubuntu 5.10 was the third release of Ubuntu in October 2005. Supported until April 2007.</para>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
				<para><emphasis role="strong">Ubuntu 6.06 LTS (Dapper Drake)</emphasis></para>
				<para>Ubuntu 6.06 LTS was the fourth release of Ubuntu and the first
				one with Long Term Support (LTS); it was released in June 2006.
				Long-term support version refers to guaranteed three years of support on the
				desktop and five years on the server. All other releases are provided with 18
				month support for desktops and servers. The extended support period provides reassurance and makes it easier
				and more practical for large deployments of Ubuntu. for Desktops supported until June 2009; servers supported until June 2011.</para>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
				<para><emphasis role="strong">Ubuntu 6.10 (Edgy Eft)</emphasis></para>
				<para>Ubuntu 6.10 was the fifth release of Ubuntu in October 2006. This version guarantees a robust boot process.
				Supported until April 2007.</para>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
				<para><emphasis role="strong">Ubuntu 7.04 (Feisty Fawn)</emphasis></para>
				<para>Ubuntu 7.04 was released in April 2007.  This version introduced dramatic improvements to network roaming. Supported
				until October 2008.</para>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
				<para><emphasis role="strong">Ubuntu 7.10 (Gutsy Gibbon)</emphasis></para>
				<para>The seventh iteration of Ubuntu was released in October
				2007. The key features of this version are spectacular visual effects
				by default, fast user switching for people using shared machines,
				printer auto-detection and easier desktop file searching and tracking. Supported until April 2009.</para>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
				<para><emphasis role="strong">Ubuntu 8.04 LTS (Hardy Heron)</emphasis></para>
				<para>The eighth release of Ubuntu is planned for
				April 2008 and will form the second Long Term Support release of Ubuntu. Desktops will be supported until April 2011; Servers supported
				until April 2013.</para>
					</listitem>
				</itemizedlist>
			</sect2>
			<sect2>
				<title>Ubuntu Derivatives</title>
				<para>Ubuntu is also available in several editions such as Ubuntu, Edubuntu, Kubuntu and Xubuntu. 		
			 Edubuntu is the Linux-based distribution of Ubuntu that is customised for school environment.
			 Kubuntu is an official derivative of Ubuntu using the KDE environment instead of GNOME. 
			 Xubuntu is intended for users with less-powerful computers or those who seek a highly efficient desktop environment on faster systems.</para>
			</sect2>
				<sect2>
				<title>Ubuntu Development and the Community</title>
				<para>Ubuntu is a joint collaboration project between Ubuntu community members
				all around the world, and in addition to this community, Canonical pays
				developers to contribute to Ubuntu too. Since its inception in 2004,
				thousands of contributors have joined the Ubuntu community. These users
				contribute towards Ubuntu development through writing code, advocacy,
				artwork, translations, testing and documentation (to name just a few).
				The development process of Ubuntu is open and transparent to all,
				whether you are a novice Ubuntu user or an experienced Ubuntu developer
				- everyone is welcome to get involved in Ubuntu and improve it.
				</para>
				<para><emphasis role="strong">How you can get involved</emphasis></para>
				<para>The Ubuntu community comprises of many individuals and teams who work on
				different aspects of Ubuntu. If you are a developer, you can participate
				in the core development, write new applications, package additional
				software and fix bugs. If you are an artist, you can add value to the
				look and feel and functionality of Ubuntu. You can also provide online
				support, write documentation, assist with training material, join Web
				forums and the mailing lists of Ubuntu. There are lots of ways to get
				involved!</para>
				<para><emphasis role="strong">Developer Zone</emphasis></para>
				<para>The developer zone is comprised of developers who create and package software,
				fix bugs and maintain Ubuntu. They are responsible for ensuring that
				Ubuntu has a wide catalogue of software and it operates reliably and
				smoothly. A great way to get started as a packager is to join MOTU - see
				<ulink url="https://wiki.ubuntu.com/MOTU/GettingStarted"> https://wiki.ubuntu.com/MOTU/GettingStarted</ulink> for how to get started.</para>
				<para><emphasis role="strong">Idea Pool</emphasis></para>
				<para>If you have ideas for projects, proposals and enhancements but do not
				necessarily want to implement them, you can add the ideas into the idea
				pool available at <ulink url="https://wiki.ubuntu.com/IdeaPool">
				https://wiki.ubuntu.com/IdeaPool</ulink>.</para>
				<para><emphasis role="strong">Technical Users</emphasis></para>
				<para>If you have the requisite technical skills, you can contribute to
				the Ubuntu community in the following ways:
					<itemizedlist>
						<listitem><para>Test the pre-release versions of Ubuntu to help find
						bugs before the final release.</para></listitem>
						<listitem><para>Report bugs and help the development team analyse
						them.</para></listitem>
						<listitem><para>Triage (edit and categorise) bugs to read, assess and sort them before they
						can be fixed.</para></listitem>
						<listitem><para>Join an e-mail support list or discussion list on the
						Ubuntu mailing lists.</para></listitem>
						<listitem><para>Join Web forums and respond to requests.</para></listitem>
						<listitem><para>Join the Ubuntu support and discussion Internet Relay
						Chat (IRC) channel, which is a form of real-time Internet
						chat.</para></listitem>
					</itemizedlist>
				</para>
				<para><emphasis role="strong">Non-Technical Users</emphasis></para>
				<para>Even if you do not have technical knowledge of Ubuntu, you can help
				Ubuntu users through the following skills:
					<itemizedlist>
						<listitem><para>Artwork</para></listitem>
						<listitem><para>Translation and localisation</para></listitem>
						<listitem><para>Document solutions</para></listitem>
						<listitem><para>Advocacy</para></listitem>
					</itemizedlist>
				</para>
				<para><emphasis role="strong">Ubuntu Desktop Course Development</emphasis></para>
				<para>Part of Canonical's mission (Canonical sponsors Ubuntu) is to enable the
				widest deployment of Ubuntu on as many computers and servers, in
				as many corners of the world as possible. Training is seen as a core
				enabler for the adoption of Ubuntu and as such courses are designed to
				certify Ubuntu professionals, assist partners to deploy Ubuntu and show desktop
				users (such as yourselves) how to use and get the most out of it. For
				more information on Ubuntu course availability and certifications, please
				refer to <ulink url="http://www.ubuntu.com/training"> http://www.ubuntu.com/training</ulink>.</para>
				<para>As with software development, the community contributes
				towards the development and enhancement of this desktop course. As
				Ubuntu experts, the community defines the scope and structure of the
				training by identifying requirements from the users' perspective; they
				also assist the Canonical and third-party content writers in developing
				content and reviewing it. More information on the Ubuntu Training community
				effort can be found at
				<ulink url="http://wiki.ubuntu.com/Training">http://wiki.ubuntu.com/Training</ulink>.</para>
				<para>The entire content development process is in the true spirit of
				Ubuntu's philosophy and the open source tradition.</para>
			</sect2>
		</sect1>
		<!--		<sect1>
				<title>Software Repository and Categories</title>
				<para>A software repository is a library of software from where you can download
				and install packages (applications) over the Internet. The Ubuntu software
				repository contains thousands of packages that are freely available for
				installation over the Internet. It is easy to install these packages because
				they are specially built for Ubuntu. Ubuntu repositories are categorised into
				four groups based on the level of support provided for their content /
				applications and their source code components. These will be covered in more detail in lessons 3, 6 and 7.</para>
			<instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic"> While explaining the software repository categories, demonstrate where the repositories can be found. These repositories can be accessed by clicking System &gt; Administration &gt; Software Sources.</emphasis></para>
</instructornote>
				<note><title><emphasis role="strong">Note:</emphasis></title>
			<para>This course is primarily based on applications available in the Main repository, which is the default repository in Ubuntu.
			 Applications derived from other components will be highlighted.</para></note>
				<para><emphasis role="strong">The Main Component</emphasis></para>
				<para>The main component contains software packages that are free
				and fully supported by the Canonical team. These packages comply
				with the free software philosophy. The packages in the main
				component are available by default while installing Ubuntu. For all
				packages in the main component, security updates and technical
				support are available free of cost. OpenOffice.org, Abiword and the 
				Apache web server are some of the packages found in the main
				component.</para>
				<para><emphasis role="strong">The Restricted Component</emphasis></para>
				<para>The restricted component consists of packages for commonly
				used software that is supported by the Ubuntu team but not available
				under a completely free license. Binary drivers produced by some
				video card vendors are example of packages in the restricted
				component. Packages in this component are also available on the
				standard Ubuntu installation CD, but they can be easily removed.</para>
				<para><emphasis role="strong">The Universe Component</emphasis></para>
				<para>The universe component includes thousands of 
				packages for software that are not officially supported by Canonical. The
				software here is available under a variety of licenses from a number of public sources.</para>
				<para>All the packages in this component are expected to be Ubuntu compatible,
				however, there is no guarantee of security fixes and support for them. Packages in this component are 
				maintained by the community.</para>
				<instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">It could be considered risky to use packages from
				the universe component, especially because the availability of security
				updates is not guaranteed.</emphasis></para>
				</instructornote>
				<para><emphasis role="strong">The Multiverse Component</emphasis></para>
				<para>The multiverse component contains packages of non-free
				software, which means that the licensing requirements of these
				software does not meet the license policy of Ubuntu's main component.
				It is the user's responsibility to verify their rights to use the software
				and comply with stated licensing terms. The packages in this component
				do not come with any support or security updates. Examples of these
				packages include VLC and the Adobe Flash plugin.</para>
				<instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">Software from the multiverse 
				component could be restricted by patents or other forms of regulation on usage and distribution.
				It is the responsibility of the user to determine if the software of question
				can be used in its jurisdiction and to comply with local laws.</emphasis></para>
		</instructornote>
</sect1>  -->
				
					<sect1>
			<title>Ubuntu and Microsoft Windows: Key Differences</title>
			<para>Open source differs from the proprietary software model in that it:</para>
				<itemizedlist>
						<listitem><para>Encourages customisation and variation as opposed to a one size fits many approach.</para></listitem>
						<listitem><para>Relies on a 'services attached' business model rather than per license and seat basis.</para></listitem>
						<listitem><para>Believes that the benefits of collaboration and multi-developer contribution outweigh those of 
						controlled project work of smaller paid developer teams.</para></listitem>
				</itemizedlist>
			<para>Ubuntu and Microsoft Windows can be differentiated by many characteristics. Elements of cost, release cycle, security, customisation and mobility are presented here.</para>
			<table>
				<title>Key Attributes</title>
				<tgroup cols="3">
				<thead>
					<row>
						<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Attribute</emphasis></para></entry>
						<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Ubuntu</emphasis></para></entry>
						<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Microsoft Windows</emphasis></para></entry>
					</row>
				</thead>
				<tbody>
					<row>
						<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Costs</emphasis></para></entry>
						<entry><para>
						<itemizedlist>
							<listitem><para>Free of licensing charges</para></listitem>
							</itemizedlist>
						</para></entry>
						<entry><para>
							<itemizedlist>
							<listitem><para>Charges per user license and (optionally) for a fixed term</para></listitem>
							</itemizedlist>
						</para></entry>
					</row>
					<row>
						<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Versions Released</emphasis></para></entry>
						<entry><para>
						<itemizedlist>
							<listitem><para>Same version and features for home and professional users</para></listitem>
							<listitem><para>Six-monthly fully supported free release</para></listitem>
						</itemizedlist>
						</para></entry>
						<entry><para>
						<itemizedlist>
							<listitem><para>Increased security for Professional editions Vs. Home editions</para></listitem>
							<listitem><para>Unpredictable release schedule</para></listitem>
						</itemizedlist>
						</para></entry>
					</row>
					<row>
						<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Security</emphasis></para></entry>
							<entry><para>
							<itemizedlist>
								<listitem><para>Locked administrative user root</para></listitem>
								<listitem><para>Rarely targeted by malware and viruses</para></listitem>
							</itemizedlist>
						</para></entry>
						<entry><para>
							<itemizedlist>
								<listitem><para>Enables easy access to administrative
								user</para></listitem>
								<listitem><para>Regularly targeted by malware and viruses</para></listitem>
							</itemizedlist>
						</para></entry>
					</row>
					<row>
						<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Customisation</emphasis></para></entry>
						<entry><para>
							<itemizedlist>
								<listitem><para>Easy to design and personalise</para></listitem>
								<listitem><para>Runs different flavours of Ubuntu in
								parallel</para></listitem>
							</itemizedlist>
						</para></entry>
						<entry><para>
							<itemizedlist>
								<listitem><para>Standard OS with limited options to
								personalise</para></listitem>
								<listitem><para>Paid for additional applications</para></listitem>
							</itemizedlist>
						</para></entry>
					</row>
					<row>
						<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Data Storage</emphasis></para></entry>
						<entry><para>
							<itemizedlist>
								<listitem><para>Easy to upgrade and downgrade</para></listitem>
								<listitem><para>User data stored in home directory</para></listitem>
								<listitem><para>Easy to migrate and replicate user data and
								configuration to another computer</para></listitem>
								</itemizedlist>
						</para></entry>
						<entry><para>
							<itemizedlist>
								<listitem><para>User data saved in multiple
								locations</para></listitem>
								<listitem><para>Difficult to backup and migrate
								to computer</para></listitem>
							</itemizedlist>
						</para></entry>
					</row>
				</tbody>
				</tgroup>
		</table>
			<para>Looking at each element outlined in the table in greater detail:</para>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Associated Costs:</emphasis>
			The Microsoft Windows OS is proprietary and the overall price increases with added functionality and applications. The 
			associated price is sometimes a factor of using third party applications and not just a Microsoft decision. With Ubuntu 
			new release versions and applications are free.</para>
			
			<para><emphasis role="strong">New version releases:</emphasis>
			There is only one released version of Ubuntu and therefore features available
			to home and professional users are the same. The Home and Professional editions of
			Microsoft Windows are not the same. For example, Microsoft Windows Professional editions have
			more security features than Home editions.</para>
			<para>Ubuntu's 6 monthly release cycle also makes it very easy for users to have access to all the latest
			applications. An upgrade from one release to the next is free and fully supported. Plans around Microsoft releases
			are less frequent and less visible to the public.</para>
				
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Security aspects:</emphasis>
			Ubuntu is rarely targeted by malware and viruses. By default the administrative
			user root is locked in Ubuntu and only certain tasks are run with administrative
			privileges. Microsoft Windows provides an environment where people
			access administrative user directly.</para>
			<figure float="0"><title><emphasis role="italic">Ubuntu Security</emphasis></title>
				<mediaobject><imageobject>
					<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson02_images_003.png" format="PNG"></imagedata>
				</imageobject></mediaobject>
			</figure>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Customisation:</emphasis>
			As you will discover throughout this course, Ubuntu is yours to design
			and personalise. You can have different flavours of Ubuntu running parallel; for
			example, you can install the Kubuntu (KDE) desktop together with Ubuntu (GNOME) and then
			select the desktop environment you want to use. More than 17000 packages are available and easily accessible through the Internet. 
			As a result, you are not stuck with using one version because it was the first you installed.</para>
			<para>Microsoft Windows is a standard OS with some options
			for customization. While many applications are available, most are proprietary software which incur a license fee.</para>
			<figure float="0"><title><emphasis role="italic">Desktop Customisation</emphasis></title>
				<mediaobject><imageobject>
					<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson02_images_004.png" format="PNG"></imagedata>
				</imageobject></mediaobject>
			</figure>
			
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Data Storage:</emphasis>
			User data is often located in multiple locations in Microsoft Windows,
			which can make backing up and migrating from one computer to another tricky.
			Ubuntu saves your user information in one place - the home directory. This makes the migration of data from an old computer to a new
			one easy, as well as keeping user specific backup data separate.</para>
			<sect2>
				<title>Installation</title>
				<table>
				<title>Installation Differences</title>
					<tgroup cols="3">
						<thead>
							<row>
								<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Installation</emphasis></para></entry>
								<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Ubuntu</emphasis></para></entry>
								<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Microsoft Windows</emphasis></para></entry>
							</row>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<row>
								<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">OS Installation</emphasis></para></entry>
								<entry><para>
									<itemizedlist>
										<listitem><para>Freely downloadable from the Internet or using
										a free CD</para></listitem>
										<listitem><para>Can be used directly from the
										live-CD</para></listitem>
									</itemizedlist>
								</para></entry>
								<entry><para>
									<itemizedlist>
										<listitem><para>Purchase required</para></listitem>
										<listitem><para>OS must be installed on computer hard drive</para></listitem>
									</itemizedlist>
								</para></entry>
							</row>
							<row>
								<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Software Installation</emphasis></para></entry>
								<entry><para>
									<itemizedlist>
										<listitem><para>Huge variety of applications available by
										default</para></listitem>
										<listitem><para>All freely downloadable from the Internet.</para></listitem>
									</itemizedlist>
								</para></entry>
								<entry><para>
									<itemizedlist>
										<listitem><para>Limited selection of software available
										by default</para></listitem>
										<listitem><para>Users can purchase and download
										some software online, others can only be manually installed.</para></listitem>
									</itemizedlist>
								</para></entry>
							</row>
						</tbody>
					</tgroup>
				</table>
				<itemizedlist>
					<listitem><para><emphasis role="strong">Installation:</emphasis>
					   Both Microsoft Windows and Ubuntu come as pre-installed OSs on computers.
					   However, to install post-purchase, Ubuntu can be freely downloaded from the 
					   Internet or a free CD can be requested. Any Microsoft Windows version
					   will need to be purchased.</para>
					<para>Ubuntu comes in live-CD mode which means you can use the OS directly from
					the CD without installing it on a host computer. If you like what you see, install it. If you don't,
					pass it on to a friend. The live-CD option is also useful for system recovery.</para>
					<para>The installation of Microsoft Windows and Ubuntu is easy and conducted by running
						the installation CD and booting the computer. Both installations vary in length according to 
						how powerful your computer is, with an average install taking 20 - 30 minutes.
					</para></listitem>
					<listitem><para><emphasis role="strong">Software Installation:</emphasis>
					You can add software on Ubuntu by using the Add/Remove Applications and
					Synaptic Package Manager. The Add/Remove Applications allows you to search the
					entire directory of free applications recommended for Ubuntu and install the ones you want.
				   In Microsoft Windows, each programme supplies its own installation method. Microsoft Vista has a
					Digital Locker feature enables users to purchase software online and download
					it in a protected manner.</para>
					<figure float="0"><title><emphasis role="italic">Installing Software Applications</emphasis></title>
						<mediaobject><imageobject>
							<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson02_images_006.png" format="PNG"></imagedata>
						</imageobject></mediaobject>
					</figure>
				 	</listitem>
				</itemizedlist>
			</sect2>
			<sect2>
				<title>Applications</title>
				<para>The table below displays a comparison between Ubuntu and Microsoft Windows applications:</para>
				<table>
				<title>Application Based Differences</title>
					<tgroup cols="3">
						<thead>
							<row>
								<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Applications</emphasis></para></entry>
								<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Ubuntu</emphasis></para></entry>
								<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Microsoft Windows</emphasis></para></entry>
							</row>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<row>
								<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Web browsing and E-mail</emphasis></para></entry>
								<entry><para>
									<itemizedlist>
										<listitem><para>Firefox Web browser by default</para></listitem>
										<listitem><para>Evolution e-mail client by default</para></listitem>
									</itemizedlist>
								</para></entry>
								<entry><para>
									<itemizedlist>
										<listitem><para>Internet Explorer Web browser by default</para></listitem>
										<listitem><para>Outlook e-mail client by default</para></listitem>
									</itemizedlist>
								</para></entry>
							</row>
							<row>
								<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Word Processing</emphasis></para></entry>
								<entry><para>
									<itemizedlist>
										<listitem><para>OpenOffice.org suite</para></listitem>
										
									</itemizedlist>
								</para></entry>
								<entry><para>
									<itemizedlist>
										<listitem><para>WordPad by default</para></listitem>
								
									</itemizedlist>
								</para></entry>
							</row>
							<row>
								<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Multimedia</emphasis></para></entry>
								<entry><para>
									<itemizedlist>
										<listitem><para>Includes several default multimedia programmes,
										such as Sound Juicer, Rythmbox, Serpentine, Movie Player and
										Sound Recorder</para></listitem>
									</itemizedlist>
								</para></entry>
								<entry><para>
									<itemizedlist>
										<listitem><para>Includes Microsoft Windows Media Player
										11 (WMP) and Microsoft Windows Media Center (WMC)</para></listitem>
									</itemizedlist>
								</para></entry>
							</row>
							<row>
								<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Image Editing and Picture
								Management</emphasis></para></entry>
								<entry><para>
									<itemizedlist>
										<listitem><para>F-Spot photo manager</para></listitem>
										<listitem><para>Gimp for image editing</para></listitem>
									</itemizedlist>
								</para></entry>
								<entry><para>
									<itemizedlist>
										<listitem><para>Picture Gallery application </para></listitem>
										<listitem><para>Paint</para></listitem>
									</itemizedlist>
								</para></entry>
							</row>
						</tbody>
					</tgroup>
				</table>

				<para>Looking at each element outlined in the table in greater detail:</para>
					<para><emphasis role="strong">Networking, Web browsing and
					E-mail</emphasis></para>
					<para>Network setup on both Ubuntu and Microsoft Windows is easy. Web
					browsing features are relatively the same on both OSs.</para>
					<para>Mozilla Firefox is loaded as the default browser on Ubuntu, and
					Internet Explorer is the default browser on Vista. You can also install Firefox on
					Microsoft Windows.</para>
					<para>Evolution is the default e-mail client on Ubuntu. It connects
					to POP accounts, conventional UNIX mailboxes and Exchange servers
					via Outlook Web Access. Evolution also has a built-in Personal
					Information Manager (PIM) and a calendaring and appointment system.
					The Microsoft Windows Mail application in Vista is a rewritten
					version of Outlook Express, with a stripped down calendar or appointment
					application, Microsoft Windows Calendar. An upgrade to Outlook is suggested if you
					use the calendar often or if you have a full PIM. Ubuntu users enjoy the out-of-the-box mail client setup facility.</para>
					<figure float="0"><title><emphasis role="italic">Evolution E-mail Client</emphasis></title>
						<mediaobject><imageobject>
							<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson02_images_008.png" format="PNG"></imagedata>
						</imageobject></mediaobject>
					</figure>
								
					<para><emphasis role="strong">Word Processing:</emphasis>
					The OpenOffice.org suite is installed on Ubuntu by default and
					provides many features of Microsoft Office. 
					Vista comes with WordPad by default; the full version of Microsoft Word (or Office) for Microsoft Windows,
					is available at an additional cost.
					<figure float="0"><title><emphasis role="italic">OpenOffice.org Writer</emphasis></title>
						<mediaobject><imageobject>
							<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson02_images_009.png" format="PNG"></imagedata>
						</imageobject></mediaobject>
					</figure></para>
					
					<para><emphasis role="strong">Multimedia:</emphasis>
					Several multimedia programmes are configured by default on Ubuntu,
					such as Sound Juicer, Rythmbox, Serpentine, Movie Player and Sound
					Recorder. Sound Juicer is the default application for playing audio
					CDs. If you plug-in an iPod on Ubuntu, Rhythmbox organises music and creates
					playlists for you.  This is similar to Microsoft Windows Media Player. You can use
					Serpentine to author audio CDs. </para>
					<para>To play the mp3 format on Ubuntu, you need to install a codec pack. This is because 
					Ubuntu is not distributed with mp3 codecs due to licensing restrictions. Playback of mp3 
					files is enabled by default on some versions of Microsoft Windows.</para>
				<para>Vista has two multimedia programmes, Windows Media Player 11 (WMP for short) and Windows Media Center (WMC for short). 
					WMP is best for playing music, and WMC is useful if you are using the computer as
					your core entertainment system. WMP can contain a large music
					library. With the index search system of WMP, you can search music
					numbers by a particular artist or search for specific numbers.</para>
					<pdfpagebreak></pdfpagebreak>	
					<para><emphasis role="strong">Image Editing and Picture Management:</emphasis>
					With the Picture Gallery application of Microsoft Vista, you can
					upload thousands of images and add tags. You can also organise the images
					quickly and work on them easily because you can tag them with one click.
					F-Spot photo manager organises your personal photos on Ubuntu.
					It integrates seamlessly with popular Web based image databases, such as
					Flickr and Picasa Web.</para>
					<para>Ubuntu provides Gimp for image editing which is a powerful Photoshop-like application. 
					Microsoft Windows Vista provides 'Paint' for basic image editing.</para>
					<figure float="0"><title><emphasis role="italic">GIMP</emphasis></title>
						<mediaobject><imageobject>
							<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson02_images_010.png" format="PNG"></imagedata>
						</imageobject></mediaobject>
					</figure>
					
										
			</sect2>
		</sect1>	
		<sect1>
			<title>Lesson Summary</title>
			<para>In this lesson, you learned:</para>
				<itemizedlist>
				<listitem><para>About the fundamentals and concept of open source</para></listitem>
				<listitem><para>The link between the Free Software Movement, Open source and
				Linux</para></listitem>
				<listitem><para>How Ubuntu ties in with open source</para></listitem>
				<listitem><para>How Ubuntu is developed</para></listitem>
				<listitem><para>About Ubuntu versions</para></listitem>
				<listitem><para>Key differences between Ubuntu and Microsoft Windows</para></listitem>
			</itemizedlist>
		</sect1>
		   
		<sect1>
			<title>Review Exercise</title>
			<note><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">If you are running short of time, administer this
			exercise when Exploring the GNOME Desktop in Lesson 3.</emphasis></para>
			</note>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Question 1</emphasis></para>
			<para>What is meant by the term free software?</para>
			<para>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Answer 1</emphasis></para>
			<para>Quoting the Free Software Foundation's 'What is Free Software', the freedoms at the core of free software are defined as:</para>
			<itemizedlist>
			<listitem><para>The freedom to run the programme, for any purpose.</para></listitem>  
			<listitem><para>The freedom to study how the programme works and adapt it to your needs.</para></listitem>    
    	   <listitem><para>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help others.</para></listitem>    
			<listitem><para>The freedom to improve the programme and release your improvements to the public, so that everyone benefits.</para></listitem>
			</itemizedlist>
			</para>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Question 2</emphasis></para>
			<para>What is the Ubuntu promise?</para>
			<para>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Answer 2</emphasis></para>
			<para>The Ubuntu promise is:
				<itemizedlist>
					<listitem><para>Ubuntu will always be free of charge, including enterprise
					releases and security updates.</para></listitem>
					<listitem>
					<para>Ubuntu comes with full commercial support from
					Canonical and hundreds of companies around the world.</para></listitem>
					<listitem><para>Ubuntu includes the best translations and accessibility
					infrastructure that the open source community has to offer.</para></listitem>
					<listitem><para>Ubuntu CDs contain only open source applications;
					Ubuntu encourages you to use free and open source software,
					improve it and pass it on.</para></listitem>
				</itemizedlist>
			</para>
			</para>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Question 3</emphasis></para>
			<para>Match the Ubuntu versions with the years in which they were
			released.</para>
			<table>
			<tgroup cols="2">
				<colspec align="left" colname="col1"></colspec>
				<colspec align="left" colname="col2"></colspec>
				<tbody>
					<row>
						<entry><para>1) 7.04</para></entry>
						<entry><para>a) June 2006</para></entry>
					</row>
					<row>
						<entry><para>2) 4.10</para></entry>
						<entry><para>b) October 2007</para></entry>
					</row>
					<row>
						<entry><para>3) 6.06</para></entry>
						<entry><para>c) April 2007</para></entry>
					</row>
					<row>
						<entry><para>4) 7.10</para></entry>
						<entry><para>d) October 2004</para></entry>
					</row>
				</tbody>
			</tgroup>
			</table>
			<para>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Answer 3</emphasis></para>
			<table>
			<tgroup cols="2">
				<colspec align="left" colname="col1"></colspec>
				<colspec align="left" colname="col2"></colspec>
				<tbody>
					<row>
						<entry><para>1) 7.04</para></entry>
						<entry><para>c) April 2007</para></entry>
					</row>
					<row>
						<entry><para>2) 4.10</para></entry>
						<entry><para>d) October 2004</para></entry>
						</row>
					<row>
						<entry><para>3) 6.06</para></entry>
						<entry><para>a) June 2006</para></entry>
						</row>
					<row>
						<entry><para>4) 7.10</para></entry>
						<entry><para>b) October 2007</para></entry>
					</row>
				</tbody>
			</tgroup>
			</table>
			</para>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Question 4</emphasis></para>
			<para>List three ways in which non-technical users can contribute
			towards the development of Ubuntu.</para>
			<para><para><emphasis role="strong">Answer 4</emphasis></para>
			<para>The three ways in which non-technical users can contribute
			towards Ubuntu development are artwork, translation and localisation and
			document solutions.</para></para>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Question 5</emphasis></para>
			<para>The default web browser on Ubuntu is _________________.</para>
			<para><para><emphasis role="strong">Answer 5</emphasis></para>
			<para>The default web browser on Ubuntu is Mozilla Firefox.</para></para>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Question 6</emphasis></para>
			<para>The default e-mail client on Ubuntu is __________________.</para>
			<para><para><emphasis role="strong">Answer 6</emphasis></para>
			<para>The default e-mail client on Ubuntu is Evolution.</para></para>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Question 7</emphasis></para>
			<para>What are the advantages of Ubuntu 6 monthly releases?</para>
			<para><para><emphasis role="strong">Answer 7</emphasis></para>
			<para>Quicker upgrade and availability of new applications, as well as improved functionality.</para></para>
		</sect1>
			
</chapter>