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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE chapter PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.3//EN" "http://docbook.org/xml/4.3/docbookx.dtd">
<chapter>
<title>Introducing Ubuntu</title>
<formalpara>
<title>Objectives</title>
<para>In this lesson, you will learn:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>About the fundamentals and concept of open
source</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The link between the Free Software Movement, open
source and Linux</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>How Ubuntu ties in with open source</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>How Ubuntu is developed</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>About Ubuntu versions</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The key differences between Ubuntu and Microsoft
Windows</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist></para>
</formalpara>
<sect1>
<title>About Open Source</title>
<note userlevel="instructor">
<title>Instructor Notes:</title>
<para>The focus of this topic is to help students understand
the concept of open source, which is the underlying
foundation of Ubuntu. Briefly explain the dictionary meaning
of 'open source' in general and move on to establishing how
the open source ideology developed in the context of Linux.
Present this as a story spread over different phases: Free
Software Movement, Open Source Movement initiation and its
formal launch. Explain the Ubuntu release schedule, naming
convention and Ubuntu promise in detail.</para>
</note>
<para>Ubuntu is a Linux-based open source operating system. The
term 'open source' can be defined as a set of principles and
practices that promotes access to the design and production of
goods and knowledge. Open source is generally applied to the
source code of software and is available to users with relaxed
or no intellectual property restrictions. This enables users to
distribute, create and modify software content, either
individually to meet their specific requirement or
collaboratively to improve the software. Both open source and
Linux have transitioned through various phases to reach their
present form.</para>
<para>The idea behind openly distributed source code is to
encourage the voluntary, collaborative development of software.
Users continuously enhance the software, fix bugs, develop new
features and share it with others.</para>
<para>As a result of collaborative software development which
involves a large number of programmers, users receive software
that is often better in quality and performance than
proprietary alternatives. Users are encouraged to customise the
software to their own personal requirements, which in itself is
a huge step away from the 'one size fits all'
philosophy.</para>
<para>Open source projects call on the talents of many people
with skills other than programming. Many projects involve
artists, musicians, user-interface designers and documentation
authors to create a complete product.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>Free Software Movement, Open Source and Linux</title>
<para>There is often confusion between open source, free
software and Linux. While all three are inter-linked, there are
distinct differences which are made clearer when looking at
their evolution.</para>
<sect2>
<title>The Free Software Movement</title>
<para>In the 1960s, it was typical for software to be
distributed freely by companies such as IBM and shared
amongst users. Software was then considered an enabler for
the hardware, around which the business model of these
corporations was built. Software was provided with source
code that could be improved and modified; this was therefore
the very early seeds of open source software. However, as
hardware became cheaper and profit margins eroded in the
1970s, manufacturers looked to software to provide additional
revenue streams.</para>
<para>In September 1983, Richard Matthew Stallman, former
programmer at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab launched
the GNU project to create a free UNIX-like operating system
(OS). He was concerned with growth in proprietary software
and users' inability to access and modify programmes on their
computers. Developer constraint, as opposed to freedom was
prevalent. With the launch of the GNU project, Stallman
started the Free Software Movement and in October 1985, set
up the Free Software Foundation.</para>
<para>Stallman pioneered the definition and characteristics
of open source software and the concept of copyleft. He is
the main author of several copyleft licenses, including the
GNU General Public License (GPL), which is the most widely
used free software license.</para>
<tip>
<title>Nice to Know:</title>
<para>For more information on Richard Stallman and the GNU
project, refer to the following URL:
<ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_stallman">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_stallman</ulink>.</para>
</tip>
<para>By 1991, a number of GNU tools, including the powerful
GNU compiler collection (GCC), had been created. However, a
free kernel was not yet available to build a free OS that
would use these tools.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>The Open Source Movement and Linux</title>
<para>The difference between free software and open source
can be defined as the difference between a social movement
(free software) and a development methodology (open source).
Linux refers to the kernel, or the backbones of the open
source architecture.</para>
<para>In August 1991, Linus Benedict Torvalds, a Finnish
second-year student of computer science at the University of
Helsinki, started working on Minix.</para>
<figure float="0">
<title>Linus Benedict Torvalds</title>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="images/chapter1_img_02.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
</figure>
<tip>
<title>
<emphasis role="strong">Nice to Know:</emphasis>
</title>
<para>Minix is a UNIX-like OS built with open source code
that Prof. Andrew S. Tanenbaum created with the intention
to teach his students the internal processes of an
OS.</para>
</tip>
<para>Linux was initially designed to be a Minix-like
operating system that Linus Torvalds could use on his home
computer. By mid-September, Torvalds released the first Linux
kernel version 0.01. In 1994, Linux kernel version 1.0 was
released under the GNU GPL. The free kernel and GNU tools
provided a fertile environment for enthusiasts. By staying
close to its UNIX roots, Linux provided a Command Line
Interface (CLI) first; the adaptation of the X Window System
made a graphical user interface (GUI) available at a later
stage.</para>
<tip>
<title>Nice to Know:</title>
<para>Linux is not owned by any individual or company, not
even Linus Torvalds who started Linux. However, Torvalds is
heavily involved in the main kernel development process and
owns the trademark, Linux.</para>
</tip>
<para>Linux open source code:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Is available and accessible to everyone</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Can be customised according to an individual's
requirements and the platforms used</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Can be freely redistributed in its current or a
modified form</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist></para>
<para>Initially, Linux was a very technical, hard core open
source programming tool. Thousands of developers contributed
to its evolution as it became more user friendly. This has
resulted in the launch of hundreds of commercial and
non-commercial distribution versions, designed for everyday
application use which are now available.</para>
<para>In 1998, Jon "maddog" Hall, Larry Augustin, Eric S.
Raymond, Bruce Perens et al formally launched the Open Source
Movement. They promoted open source software exclusively on
the basis of technical excellence.</para>
<figure float="0">
<title>Founders of the Open Source Movement</title>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="images/chapter1_img_03.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
</figure>
<para>The open source movement and the dot.com boom of the
late 1990s coincided, resulting in the popularity of Linux
and the evolution of many open source friendly companies such
as Corel (Corel Linux), Sun Microsystems (OpenOffice.org) and
IBM (OpenAFS). In the early 21st century when the dot.com
crash was at its peak, open source was in a prime position as
a viable alternative to expensive proprietary software. Its
momentum has strengthened since with the availability of many
easy to use applications.</para>
<para>As such, what started off as an idea became a passion
to revolutionise a patent and license intense industry. With
a significantly cheaper return on investment and enhanced
usability features, Linux is now rooted as a viable option
for enterprises and home users.</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>About Ubuntu</title>
<note userlevel="instructor">
<title>Instructor Notes:</title>
<para>The focus of this topic is to make the students
understand the origins of Ubuntu, the development cycle,
version releases and the importance of community
contributions towards its development.</para>
</note>
<para>Ubuntu is a community developed, Linux-based operating
system that is perfect for laptops, desktops and servers. It
contains all the applications you need - including a Web
browser, presentation, document and spreadsheet software,
instant messaging and much more.</para>
<tip>
<title>Nice to Know:</title>
<para>Ubuntu is an African word meaning 'Humanity to others',
or 'I am what I am because of who we all are'.</para>
</tip>
<para>The history of Ubuntu dates back to April 2004 when Mark
Shuttleworth formed a group of open source developers to create
a new Linux OS.
<figure float="0">
<title>Mark Shuttleworth</title>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="images/chapter1_img_04.png" width="100%" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
</figure>Based on the principles of time-based releases, a
strong Debian foundation, the GNOME desktop, and a commitment
to freedom, this group operated initially under the auspices of
http://no-name-yet.com.</para>
<para>In a little over three years, Ubuntu has grown to a
community of over 12,000 members and an estimated user base of
over 8 million (as at June 2007). Canonical is the commercial
sponsor of Ubuntu.</para>
<note userlevel="instructor">
<title>Instructor Notes:</title>
<para>If the students are interested to know more about Mark
Shuttleworth, present the following content as a
story.</para>
<para>Mark Shuttleworth is an African entrepreneur with a
love for technology, innovation, change and space flight.
Shuttleworth studied finance and information technology at
the University of Cape Town and went on to found Thawte, a
company specialising in digital certificates and
cryptography. He sold Thawte to the U.S. company VeriSign in
1999 and founded HBD Venture Capital and the Shuttleworth
Foundation. He moved to London in 2001 and began preparing
for the First African in Space mission, training in Star
City, Russia and Khazakstan. In April 2002, he became a space
traveller as a member of the cosmonaut crew of Soyuz Mission
TM34 to the International Space Station. In early 2004, he
founded the Ubuntu project, which aims to produce a free,
high-quality, user friendly OS available for
everybody.</para>
</note>
<sect2>
<title>The Ubuntu Promise</title>
<note userlevel="instructor">
<title>Instructor Notes:</title>
<para>Stress on the Ubuntu promise because it holds the
very essence of the spirit and success of the
software.</para>
</note>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Ubuntu will always be free of charge, including
enterprise releases and security updates.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ubuntu comes with full commercial support from
Canonical and hundreds of companies around the
world.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ubuntu includes the best translations and
accessibility infrastructure that the free software
community has to offer.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ubuntu CDs contain only free software applications;
Ubuntu encourages you to use free and open source
software, improve it and pass it on.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Ubuntu Versions</title>
<para>In October 2004, Ubuntu released its first version. A
new version of Ubuntu is released every six months and
upgrades to new releases are free of charge. Users are
encouraged to upgrade with each new release in order to enjoy
the latest features and applications. Its versions are named
using the Y.MM (name) scheme, where Y indicates the year and
MM refers to the month of release. The name in brackets is a
code name given to the version pre-release.</para>
<para>Each release is supported for 18 months; Long Term
Support releases (LTS) are supported for 3 years on the
desktop and 5 years on the server.</para>
<figure float="0">
<title>Ubuntu Versions</title>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="images/chapter1_img_05.png" width="100%" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
</figure>
<para>A brief history of releases:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<formalpara>
<title>Ubuntu 4.10 (Warty Warthog)</title>
<para>Ubuntu 4.10 was the first release of Ubuntu in
October 2004; supported until April 2006.</para>
</formalpara>
<tip>
<title>Nice to Know:</title>
<para>The early testing community of version 4.10 was
called the Sounder, named after the collective noun for
warthogs. The Sounder mailing list continues today as
an open discussion forum for the community.</para>
</tip>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<formalpara>
<title>Ubuntu 5.04 (Hoary Hedgehog)</title>
<para>Released in April 2005; supported until October
2006.</para>
</formalpara>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<formalpara>
<title>Ubuntu 5.10 (Breezy Badger)</title>
<para>Released in October 2005; supported until April
2007.</para>
</formalpara>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<formalpara>
<title>Ubuntu 6.06 LTS (Dapper Drake)</title>
<para>The first release with Long Term Support (LTS); it
was released in June 2006. Long-term support version
refers to guaranteed three years of support on the
desktop and five years on the server. All other releases
are provided with 18 month support for desktops and
servers. The extended support period provides reassurance
and makes it easier and more practical for large
deployments of Ubuntu. Desktops supported until June
2009; servers supported until June 2011.</para>
</formalpara>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<formalpara>
<title>Ubuntu 6.10 (Edgy Eft)</title>
<para>Released in October 2006. This version guarantees a
robust boot process; supported until April 2007.</para>
</formalpara>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<formalpara>
<title>Ubuntu 7.04 (Feisty Fawn)</title>
<para>Released in April 2007. This version introduced
significant improvements to network roaming; supported
until October 2008.</para>
</formalpara>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<formalpara>
<title>Ubuntu 7.10 (Gutsy Gibbon)</title>
<para>Released in October 2007. Key features include
spectacular visual effects by default, fast user
switching, printer auto-detection and easier desktop file
searching and tracking; supported until April
2009.</para>
</formalpara>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<formalpara>
<title>Ubuntu 8.04 LTS (Hardy Heron)</title>
<para>Scheduled for release in April 2008 and will form
the second Long Term Support release of Ubuntu. Desktops
will be supported until April 2011; servers supported
until April 2013.</para>
</formalpara>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Ubuntu Derivatives</title>
<para>Ubuntu is also available in several editions such as
Ubuntu, Edubuntu, Kubuntu and Xubuntu. Edubuntu is Ubuntu
customised for the school environment. Kubuntu is an official
derivative of Ubuntu using the KDE environment instead of
GNOME. Xubuntu is intended for users with less-powerful
computers or those who seek a highly efficient desktop
environment on faster systems.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Ubuntu Development and the Community</title>
<para>Ubuntu is a joint collaboration project comprised of
Ubuntu community members all around the world. Since its
inception in 2004, thousands of contributors have joined the
Ubuntu community. These users contribute towards Ubuntu
development through writing code, advocacy, artwork,
translations, testing and documentation (to name just a few).
The development process of Ubuntu is open and transparent to
all, whether you are a novice Ubuntu user or an experienced
Ubuntu developer - everyone is welcome to get involved with
and improve Ubuntu. Canonical also employs developers to
contribute to Ubuntu.</para>
<formalpara>
<title>How you can get involved</title>
<para>The Ubuntu community comprises of many individuals and
teams who work on different aspects of Ubuntu. If you are a
developer, you can participate in the core development, write
new applications, package additional software and fix bugs.
If you are an artist, you can add value to the look and feel
and functionality of Ubuntu. You can also provide online
support, write documentation, assist with training material,
join Web forums and the mailing lists of Ubuntu. There are
lots of ways to get involved!</para>
</formalpara>
<formalpara>
<title>Developer Zone</title>
<para>The developer zone is comprised of developers who
create and package software, fix bugs and maintain Ubuntu.
They are responsible for ensuring that Ubuntu has a wide
catalogue of software and it operates reliably and smoothly.
A great way to get started as a packager is to join MOTU -
see https://wiki.ubuntu.com/MOTU/GettingStarted.</para>
</formalpara>
<formalpara>
<title>Idea Pool</title>
<para>If you have ideas for projects, proposals and
enhancements but do not necessarily want to implement them,
you can add the ideas into the idea pool available at
https://wiki.ubuntu.com/IdeaPool.</para>
</formalpara>
<formalpara>
<title>Technical Users</title>
<para>If you have the requisite technical skills, you can
contribute to the Ubuntu community in the following ways:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Test the pre-release versions of Ubuntu to help
find bugs before the final release.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Report bugs and help the development team analyse
them.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Triage (edit and categorise) bugs to read, assess
and sort them before they can be fixed.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Join an e-mail support list or discussion list on
the Ubuntu mailing lists.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Join Web forums and respond to requests.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Join the Ubuntu support and discussion Internet
Relay Chat (IRC) channel, which is a form of real-time
Internet chat.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist></para>
</formalpara>
<formalpara>
<title>Non-Technical Users</title>
<para>Even if you do not have technical knowledge of Ubuntu,
you can help Ubuntu users through the following projects:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Artwork and design</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Translation and localisation</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Writing and updating documentation</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Advocacy</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist></para>
</formalpara>
<formalpara>
<title>Ubuntu Desktop Course Development</title>
<para>Part of Canonical's mission is to enable the widest
deployment of Ubuntu on as many computers and servers, in as
many corners of the world as possible. Training is seen as a
core enabler for the adoption of Ubuntu and as such courses
are designed to certify Ubuntu professionals, assist partners
to deploy Ubuntu and show desktop users (such as yourselves)
how to use and get the most out of it. For more information
on Ubuntu course availability and certifications, please
refer to http://www.ubuntu.com/training.</para>
</formalpara>
<para>As with software development, the community contributes
towards the development and enhancement of this desktop
course. As Ubuntu experts, the community defines the scope
and structure of the training by identifying requirements
from the users' perspective; they also assist the Canonical
and third-party content writers in developing content and
reviewing it. More information on the Ubuntu Training
community effort can be found at
http://wiki.ubuntu.com/Training.</para>
<para>The entire content development process is in the true
spirit of Ubuntu's philosophy and the open source
tradition.</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<!-- <sect1>
<title>Software Repository and Categories</title>
<para>A software repository is a library of software from where you can download
and install packages (applications) over the Internet. The Ubuntu software
repository contains thousands of packages that are freely available for
installation over the Internet. It is easy to install these packages because
they are specially built for Ubuntu. Ubuntu repositories are categorised into
four groups based on the level of support provided for their content /
applications and their source code components. These will be covered in more detail in lessons 3, 6 and 7.</para>
<instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic"> While explaining the software repository categories, demonstrate where the repositories can be found. These repositories can be accessed by clicking System > Administration > Software Sources.</emphasis></para>
</instructornote>
<note><title><emphasis role="strong">Note:</emphasis></title>
<para>This course is primarily based on applications available in the Main repository, which is the default repository in Ubuntu.
Applications derived from other components will be highlighted.</para></note>
<para><emphasis role="strong">The Main Component</emphasis></para>
<para>The main component contains software packages that are free
and fully supported by the Canonical team. These packages comply
with the free software philosophy. The packages in the main
component are available by default while installing Ubuntu. For all
packages in the main component, security updates and technical
support are available free of cost. OpenOffice.org, Abiword and the
Apache web server are some of the packages found in the main
component.</para>
<para><emphasis role="strong">The Restricted Component</emphasis></para>
<para>The restricted component consists of packages for commonly
used software that is supported by the Ubuntu team but not available
under a completely free license. Binary drivers produced by some
video card vendors are example of packages in the restricted
component. Packages in this component are also available on the
standard Ubuntu installation CD, but they can be easily removed.</para>
<para><emphasis role="strong">The Universe Component</emphasis></para>
<para>The universe component includes thousands of
packages for software that are not officially supported by Canonical. The
software here is available under a variety of licenses from a number of public sources.</para>
<para>All the packages in this component are expected to be Ubuntu compatible,
however, there is no guarantee of security fixes and support for them. Packages in this component are
maintained by the community.</para>
<instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">It could be considered risky to use packages from
the universe component, especially because the availability of security
updates is not guaranteed.</emphasis></para>
</instructornote>
<para><emphasis role="strong">The Multiverse Component</emphasis></para>
<para>The multiverse component contains packages of non-free
software, which means that the licensing requirements of these
software does not meet the license policy of Ubuntu's main component.
It is the user's responsibility to verify their rights to use the software
and comply with stated licensing terms. The packages in this component
do not come with any support or security updates. Examples of these
packages include VLC and the Adobe Flash plugin.</para>
<instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">Software from the multiverse
component could be restricted by patents or other forms of regulation on usage and distribution.
It is the responsibility of the user to determine if the software of question
can be used in its jurisdiction and to comply with local laws.</emphasis></para>
</instructornote>
</sect1> -->
<sect1>
<title>Ubuntu and Microsoft Windows: Key Differences</title>
<para>Open source differs from the proprietary software model
in that it:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Encourages customisation and variation as opposed to
a one size fits many approach.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Relies on a 'services attached' business model rather
than per license and seat basis.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Believes that the benefits of collaboration and
multi-developer contribution outweigh those of controlled
project work of smaller, paid developer teams.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<table>
<blockinfo>
<abstract>
<para>Ubuntu and Microsoft Windows can be differentiated
by many characteristics. Elements of cost, release cycle,
security, customisation and mobility are presented
here.</para>
</abstract>
</blockinfo>
<title>Key Attributes</title>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec align="left" colname="col1" colwidth="3cm"/>
<colspec align="left" colname="col2" colwidth="6cm"/>
<colspec align="left" colname="col3" colwidth="6cm"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry>
<para>
<emphasis role="strong">Attribute</emphasis>
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
<emphasis role="strong">Ubuntu</emphasis>
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
<emphasis role="strong">Microsoft
Windows</emphasis>
</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>
<para>
<emphasis role="strong">Costs</emphasis>
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Free of licensing charges</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Charges per user license and/or for a
fixed term</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<para>
<emphasis role="strong">Versions
Released</emphasis>
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Same version and features for home and
professional users</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Six-monthly fully supported free
release</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Separate Professional and Home
editions</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Less frequent and less visible release
schedule</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<para>
<emphasis role="strong">Security</emphasis>
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Locked administrative user root</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Rarely targeted by malware and
viruses</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Enables easy access to administrative
user</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Regularly targeted by malware and
viruses</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<para>
<emphasis role="strong">Customisation</emphasis>
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Easy to design and personalise</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Can run different flavours of Ubuntu in
parallel</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Standard OS with limited options to
personalise</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Paid for additional applications</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<para>
<emphasis role="strong">Data Storage</emphasis>
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Easy to upgrade and downgrade</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>User data stored in home directory</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Easy to migrate and replicate user data
and configuration to another computer</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>User data saved in multiple
locations</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Difficult to backup and migrate to
computer</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<para>Looking at each element outlined in the table in greater
detail:</para>
<formalpara>
<title>Associated Costs:</title>
<para>The Microsoft Windows OS is proprietary and the overall
price increases with added functionality and applications.
The associated price is sometimes a factor of using third
party applications and not just a Microsoft decision. With
Ubuntu new release versions and applications are free.</para>
</formalpara>
<formalpara>
<title>New version releases:</title>
<para>There is only one released version of Ubuntu and
therefore features available to home and professional users
are the same. The Home and Professional editions of Microsoft
Windows are not the same. For example, Microsoft Windows
Professional editions have more security features than Home
editions.</para>
</formalpara>
<para>Ubuntu's 6 monthly release cycle also makes it very easy
for users to have access to all the latest applications. An
upgrade from one release to the next is free and fully
supported. Microsoft scheduled releases are less frequent and
less visible to the public.</para>
<formalpara>
<title>Security aspects:</title>
<para>Ubuntu is
rarely targeted by malware and viruses. The administrative user
root is locked by default in Ubuntu and only certain tasks are
run with administrative privileges. Microsoft Windows provides
an environment where people can access administrative user
directly.</para>
</formalpara>
<figure float="0">
<title>Ubuntu Security</title>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson02_images_003.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
</figure>
<formalpara>
<title>Customisation:</title>
<para>As you will
discover throughout this course, Ubuntu is yours to design and
personalise. You can have different flavours of Ubuntu running
parallel; for example, you can install the Kubuntu (KDE)
desktop together with Ubuntu (GNOME) and then select the
desktop environment you want to use. More than 17,000 packages
are available and easily accessible through the Internet. As a
result, you are not stuck with using one version because it was
the first you installed.</para>
</formalpara>
<para>Microsoft Windows is a standard OS with some options for
customization. While many applications are available, most are
proprietary software which incur a license fee.</para>
<figure float="0">
<title>Desktop Customisation</title>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson02_images_004.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
</figure>
<formalpara>
<title>Data Storage:</title>
<para>User data is often located in multiple locations in
Microsoft Windows, which can make backing up and migrating
from one computer to another tricky. Ubuntu saves your user
information in one place - the home directory. This makes the
migration of data from an old computer to a new one easy, as
well as keeping user specific backup data separate.</para>
</formalpara>
<sect2>
<title>Installation</title>
<table>
<title>Installation Differences</title>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec align="left" colname="col1" colwidth="3cm"/>
<colspec align="left" colname="col2" colwidth="6cm"/>
<colspec align="left" colname="col3" colwidth="6cm"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry>
<para>
<emphasis role="strong">Installation</emphasis>
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
<emphasis role="strong">Ubuntu</emphasis>
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
<emphasis role="strong">Microsoft
Windows</emphasis>
</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>
<para>
<emphasis role="strong">OS
Installation</emphasis>
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Freely downloadable from the Internet
or using a free CD</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Can be used directly from the
live-CD</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Purchase required</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>OS must be installed on com­puter hard
drive</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<para>
<emphasis role="strong">Software
Installation</emphasis>
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Huge variety of applications available
by default</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>All freely downloadable from the
Internet</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Limited selection of software available
by default</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Users can purchase and download some
software online, others can only be manually
installed</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<formalpara>
<title>OS Installation:</title>
<para>Both
Microsoft Windows and Ubuntu come as pre-installed OSs on
computers. However, to install post-purchase, Ubuntu can
be freely downloaded from the Internet or a free CD can
be requested. Any Microsoft Windows version will need to
be purchased.</para>
</formalpara>
<para>Ubuntu comes in live-CD mode which means you can
use the OS directly from the CD without installing it on
a host computer. If you like what you see, install it. If
you don't, pass it on to a friend. The live-CD option is
also useful for system recovery.</para>
<para>The installation of Microsoft Windows and Ubuntu is
easy and conducted by running the installation CD and
booting the computer. Both installations vary in length
according to how powerful your computer is, with an
average install taking 20 - 30 minutes.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<formalpara>
<title>Software Installation:</title>
<para>You can add software on Ubuntu by using the
Add/Remove Applications and Synaptic Package Manager.
The Add/Remove Applications allows you to search the
entire directory of free applications recommended for
Ubuntu and install the ones you want. In Microsoft
Windows, each programme supplies its own installation
method. Microsoft Vista has a Digital Locker feature
enables users to purchase software online and download
it in a protected manner.</para>
</formalpara>
<figure float="0">
<title>Installing Software Applications</title>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson02_images_006.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
</figure>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Applications</title>
<para>The table below displays a comparison between Ubuntu
and Microsoft Windows applications:</para>
<table>
<title>Application Based Differences</title>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec align="left" colname="col1" colwidth="3cm"/>
<colspec align="left" colname="col2" colwidth="6cm"/>
<colspec align="left" colname="col3" colwidth="6cm"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry>
<para>
<emphasis role="strong">Applications</emphasis>
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
<emphasis role="strong">Ubuntu</emphasis>
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
<emphasis role="strong">Microsoft
Windows</emphasis>
</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>
<para>
<emphasis role="strong">Web browsing and
E-mail</emphasis>
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Firefox Web browser by default</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Evolution e-mail client by
default</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Internet Explorer Web browser by
default</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Outlook e-mail client by default</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<para>
<emphasis role="strong">Word
Processing</emphasis>
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>OpenOffice.org suite</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>WordPad by default</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<para>
<emphasis role="strong">Multimedia</emphasis>
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Includes several default multimedia
programmes, such as Sound Juicer, Rythmbox,
Serpentine, Movie Player and Sound
Recorder</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Includes Microsoft Windows Media Player
11 (WMP) and Microsoft Windows Media Center
(WMC)</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<para>
<emphasis role="strong">Image Editing and Picture
Management</emphasis>
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>F-Spot photo manager</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Gimp for image editing</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Picture Gallery application</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Paint</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<para>Looking at each element outlined in the table in
greater detail:</para>
<formalpara>
<title>Networking, Web browsing and E-mail</title>
<para>Network setup on both Ubuntu and Microsoft Windows is
easy. Web browsing features are more or less the same on both
OSs.</para>
</formalpara>
<para>Mozilla Firefox is loaded as the default browser on
Ubuntu, and Internet Explorer is the default browser on
Vista. You can also install Firefox on Microsoft
Windows.</para>
<para>Evolution is the default e-mail client on Ubuntu. It
connects to POP accounts, conventional UNIX mailboxes and
Exchange servers via Outlook Web Access. Evolution also has a
built-in Personal Information Manager (PIM) and a calendaring
and appointment system. The Microsoft Windows Mail
application in Vista is a rewritten version of Outlook
Express, with a stripped down calendar or appointment
application, Microsoft Windows Calendar. An upgrade to
Outlook is suggested if you use the calendar often or if you
have a full PIM. Ubuntu users enjoy the out-of-the-box mail
client setup facility.</para>
<figure float="0">
<title>Evolution E-mail Client</title>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson02_images_008.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
</figure>
<formalpara>
<title>Word Processing:</title>
<para>The OpenOffice.org suite is installed on Ubuntu by
default and provides many features of Microsoft Office.
Vista comes with WordPad by default; the full version of
Microsoft Word (or Office) for Microsoft Windows, is
available at an additional cost.
<figure float="0">
<title>
<emphasis role="italic">OpenOffice.org
Writer</emphasis>
</title>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson02_images_009.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
</figure></para>
</formalpara>
<formalpara>
<title>Multimedia:</title>
<para>Several multimedia programmes are configured by
default on Ubuntu, such as Sound Juicer, Rythmbox,
Serpentine, Movie Player and Sound Recorder. Sound Juicer
is the default application for playing audio CDs. If you
plug-in an iPod on Ubuntu, Rhythmbox organises music and
creates playlists for you. This is similar to Microsoft
Windows Media Player. You can use Serpentine to author
audio CDs.</para>
</formalpara>
<para>To play the mp3 format on Ubuntu, you need to install a
codec pack. This is because Ubuntu is not distributed with
mp3 codecs due to licensing restrictions. Playback of mp3
files is enabled by default on some versions of Microsoft
Windows.</para>
<para>Vista has two multimedia programmes, Windows Media
Player 11 (WMP for short) and Windows Media Center (WMC for
short). WMP is best for playing music, and WMC is useful if
you are using the computer as your core entertainment system.
WMP can contain a large music library. With the index search
system of WMP, you can search music numbers by a particular
artist or search for specific numbers.</para>
<formalpara>
<title>Image Editing and Picture Management:</title>
<para>With the Picture Gallery application of
Microsoft Vista, you can upload thousands of images and add
tags. You can also organise the images quickly and work on
them easily because you can tag them with one click. F-Spot
photo manager organises your personal photos on Ubuntu. It
integrates seamlessly with popular Web based image databases,
such as Flickr and Picasa Web.</para>
</formalpara>
<para>Ubuntu provides GIMP for image editing which is a
powerful Photoshop-like application. Microsoft Windows Vista
provides 'Paint' for basic image editing.</para>
<figure float="0">
<title>GIMP</title>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson02_images_010.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
</figure>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>Lesson Summary</title>
<para>In this lesson, you learned about:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>The fundamentals and concept of open source</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The link between the Free Software Movement, open
source and Linux</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>How Ubuntu is developed</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ubuntu versions</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Key differences between Ubuntu and Microsoft
Windows</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect1>
<sect1 role="questions">
<title>Review Exercise</title>
<note userlevel="instructor">
<title>Instructor Notes:</title>
<para>If you are running short of time, administer this
exercise when Exploring the Ubuntu Desktop in Lesson
3.</para>
</note>
<qandaset>
<qandaentry>
<question>
<para>What is meant by the term free software?</para>
</question>
<answer>
<para>Quoting the Free Software Foundation's 'What is
Free Software', the freedoms at the core of free software
are defined as:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>The freedom to run the programme, for any
purpose.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The freedom to study how the programme works
and adapt it to your needs.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can
help others.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The freedom to improve the programme and
release your improvements to the public, so that
everyone benefits.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</answer>
</qandaentry>
<qandaentry>
<question>
<para>What is the Ubuntu promise?</para>
</question>
<answer>
<para>The Ubuntu promise is:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Ubuntu will always be free of charge, including
enterprise releases and security updates.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ubuntu comes with full commercial support from
Canonical and hundreds of companies around the
world.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ubuntu includes the best translations and
accessibility infrastructure that the open source
community has to offer.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ubuntu CDs contain only open source
applications; Ubuntu encourages you to use free and
open source software, improve it and pass it
on.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist></para>
</answer>
</qandaentry>
<qandaentry>
<question>
<para>Match the Ubuntu versions with the years in which
they were released.</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec align="left" colname="col1" colwidth="3cm"/>
<colspec align="left" colname="col2" colwidth="3cm"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>
<para>1) 7.04</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>a) June 2006</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<para>2) 4.10</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>b) October 2007</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<para>3) 6.06</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>c) April 2007</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<para>4) 7.10</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>d) October 2004</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</question>
<answer>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec align="left" colname="col1" colwidth="3cm"/>
<colspec align="left" colname="col2" colwidth="3cm"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>
<para>1) 7.04</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>c) April 2007</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<para>2) 4.10</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>d) October 2004</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<para>3) 6.06</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>a) June 2006</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<para>4) 7.10</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>b) October 2007</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</answer>
</qandaentry>
<qandaentry>
<question>
<para>List 3 ways in which non-technical users can
contribute towards the development of Ubuntu.</para>
</question>
<answer>
<para>The three ways in which non-technical users can
contribute towards Ubuntu development are artwork,
translation and localisation and document
solutions.</para>
</answer>
</qandaentry>
<qandaentry>
<question>
<para>The default web browser on Ubuntu is
_________________.</para>
</question>
<answer>
<para>The default web browser on Ubuntu is Mozilla
Firefox.</para>
</answer>
</qandaentry>
<qandaentry>
<question>
<para>The default e-mail client on Ubuntu is
__________________.</para>
</question>
<answer>
<para>The default e-mail client on Ubuntu is
Evolution.</para>
</answer>
</qandaentry>
<qandaentry>
<question>
<para>What are the advantages of Ubuntu 6 monthly
releases?</para>
</question>
<answer>
<para>Quicker upgrade and availability of new
applications, as well as improved functionality.</para>
</answer>
</qandaentry>
</qandaset>
</sect1>
</chapter>
|