~gumara/ubuntu-desktop-course/ubuntu-desktop-course-th-gumara

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<!DOCTYPE chapter PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.3//EN" "http://docbook.org/xml/4.3/docbookx.dtd">
<chapter>
  <title>Customising the Desktop and Applications</title>

  <formalpara>
    <title>Objectives</title>

    <para>In this lesson, you will learn how to:</para>
  </formalpara>

  <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para>Customise the look and feel of the Ubuntu desktop</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>Work with the Nautilus file manager</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>Add and remove applications</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>Identify the types of single package files and their use</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>Install and uninstall Debian packages</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>Identify the categories of software repositories</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>Add extra repositories</para>
    </listitem>
  </itemizedlist>

  <sect1>
    <title>Introduction</title>

    <para>The Ubuntu desktop comes completely clean and free of pre-determined
    icons and buttons. Customising your desktop allows you to add icons to
    suit your work style.</para>

    <para>In this lesson, you will learn about various ways to set up your
    Ubuntu desktop to suit your requirements. You will also learn how to
    install and uninstall various software applications.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1>
    <title>Customising the Desktop</title>

    <para>Ubuntu and its derivatives can be customised through a Graphical
    User Interface or a Command Line Interface.</para>

    <para>The graphical tools to customize the desktop are available as menu
    options in the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis> menu. Point to
    <emphasis role="strong">Preference s</emphasis> on the <emphasis role="strong">System menu</emphasis> to view the tools.</para>

    <note>
      <title>Note:</title>

      <para>The System - Preferences menu enables users to customise their own
      desktop environment but not that of other users on the same computer. In
      contrast, applications on the System - Administration menu will make
      changes to the computer that will affect all users.</para>
    </note>

    <sect2>
      <title>Changing the Background</title>

      <para>The desktop background is the image or colour applied to your
      desktop.</para>

      <procedure>
        <title>To change the default Simple Ubuntu background select:</title>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>On the <emphasis role="strong">System </emphasis> menu, point
          to <emphasis role="strong">Preferences</emphasis> and then click
          <emphasis role="strong">Appearance</emphasis>. The <emphasis role="strong">Appearance Preferences</emphasis> dialogue box
          opens.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title>Launching Appearance Preferences Dialogue Box</title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_001.png" width="11cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>

          <tip>
            <title>Nice to Know:</title>

            <para>You can also right-click the desktop and select <emphasis role="strong">Change Desktop Background</emphasis> to open the
            <emphasis role="strong">Appearance Preferences</emphasis> dialogue
            box.</para>
          </tip>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>In the <emphasis role="strong">Appearance
          Preferences</emphasis> dialogue box, select a desktop wallpaper from
          the available wallpapers. The background changes immediately.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title>Changing the Desktop Wallpaper</title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_002.png" width="11cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>

          <tip>
            <title>Nice to Know:</title>

            <para>To view the name of the wallpaper, move the pointer over its
            name.</para>
          </tip>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>Click <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis> in the <emphasis role="strong">Appearance Preferences</emphasis> dialogue box to apply
          the changes.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title>Applying Preference Change</title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_003.png" width="11cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>
        </step>
      </procedure>

      <procedure>
        <title>Adding a New Wallpaper</title>

        <para>In addition to the wallpapers available with Ubuntu, you can
        download wallpapers from other sources and add them to the available
        wallpapers list in the <emphasis role="strong">Appearance
        Preferences</emphasis> dialogue box. To do this:</para>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>Open the Web site <ulink url="http://art.gnome.org/">http://art.gnome.org/</ulink>
          and click <emphasis role="strong">Backgrounds</emphasis>.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title><emphasis role="italic">Opening Wallpaper
            Source</emphasis></title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_004.png" width="11cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>Download the wallpaper of your choice. During the download,
          you can view the screen resolutions available for the selected
          wallpaper. You should download and save the version of your chosen
          wallpaper that matches the screen resolution of your
          computer.</para>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>On the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis> menu, point to
          <emphasis role="strong">Preferences</emphasis> and then click
          <emphasis role="strong">Appearance</emphasis>. The <emphasis role="strong">Appearance Preferences</emphasis> dialogue box
          opens.</para>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>Click the <emphasis role="strong">Background</emphasis> tab and
          then click <emphasis role="strong">Add</emphasis>. The <emphasis role="strong">Add Wallpaper</emphasis> dialogue box opens.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title><emphasis role="italic">Adding a New
            Wallpaper</emphasis></title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_005.png" width="8cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>In the <emphasis role="strong">Add
          Wallpaper</emphasis> dialogue box, select the downloaded image and
          click <emphasis role="strong">Open</emphasis>.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title><emphasis role="italic">Selecting Downloaded
            Wallpaper</emphasis></title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_006.png" width="8cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>

          <para>This step adds the image as new wallpaper.</para>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>Click <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis> in the <emphasis role="strong">Appearance Preferences</emphasis> dialogue box to
          accept the changes. You can now view the new desktop
          background.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title><emphasis role="italic">Added Wallpaper</emphasis></title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_007.png" width="11cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>
        </step>
      </procedure>

      <tip>
        <title>Nice to know:</title>

        <para>You can, of course, use a picture from any other source to use
        as your desktop background. Many popular online photo collaboration
        sites allow visitors to download and use their content for personal
        use. Many people also use their own digital photographs as
        backgrounds.</para>
      </tip>

      <procedure>
        <title>Changing the Colour of the Background</title>

        <para>To change the colour of the background:</para>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>On the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis> menu, point to
          <emphasis role="strong">Preferences</emphasis> and then click
          <emphasis role="strong">Appearance</emphasis> to open the <emphasis role="strong">Appearance Preferences</emphasis> dialogue box.</para>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>Click the <emphasis role="strong">Background</emphasis> tab and
          select the wallpaper <emphasis role="strong">No
          Wallpaper</emphasis>. You can only view colours if you have not set
          any desktop wallpaper.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title><emphasis role="italic">Changing Background
            Colour</emphasis></title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_008.png" width="8cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>The <emphasis role="strong">Colours</emphasis> box provides
          three types of background: <emphasis role="strong">Solid colour,
          Horizontal gradient</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">Vertical
          gradient</emphasis>. Select the desktop colour of your choice and
          then click the colour chip next to the <emphasis role="strong">Colours</emphasis> box. The <emphasis role="strong">Pick a Colour</emphasis> dialogue box opens.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title><emphasis role="italic">Selecting a colour
            Option</emphasis></title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_009.png" width="8cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>Select a colour or the attributes of a colour such as hue and
          saturation to create a colour of your choice. Click <emphasis role="strong">OK</emphasis>. The desktop reflects the new settings
          immediately.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title><emphasis role="italic">Specifying
            Colour</emphasis></title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_010.png" width="7cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>Click <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis> to close the
          <emphasis role="strong">Appearance Preferences</emphasis> dialogue
          box.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title><emphasis role="italic">Changed Background
            Colour</emphasis></title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_011.png" width="11cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>
        </step>
      </procedure>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>Customising the Theme (Buttons &amp; icons etc)</title>

      <para>The desktop theme controls the visual appearance of the buttons,
      scroll bars, icons, panels, borders etc. A number of themes are provided
      with Ubuntu.</para>

      <procedure>
        <title>To select a theme for your desktop:</title>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>On the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis> menu, point to
          <emphasis role="strong">Preferences</emphasis> and click <emphasis role="strong">Appearance</emphasis>. The <emphasis role="strong">Appearance Preferences</emphasis> dialogue box
          opens.</para>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>On the <emphasis role="strong">Theme</emphasis> tab, select the
          theme of your choice. The desktop reflects the theme automatically.
          To customise your theme further, click <emphasis role="strong">Customise</emphasis>. The <emphasis role="strong">Customise Theme</emphasis> dialogue box opens.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title>Customising Desktop Theme</title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_012.png" width="8cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>The default selection is <emphasis role="strong">Controls</emphasis> tab. The setting on the <emphasis role="strong">Controls</emphasis> tabbed page defines the visual
          appearance of windows, panels and applets. Select a control from the
          <emphasis role="strong">Controls</emphasis> list. You will see an
          immediate change in the appearance of the open windows.</para>

          <note>
            <title>Note:</title>

            <para>You can customise the following objects on the
            screen:</para>

            <formalpara>
              <title>Window:</title>

              <para>A rectangular area of the screen with a border and a title
              bar at the top. All graphical applications run inside
              windows.</para>
            </formalpara>

            <formalpara>
              <title>Panel:</title>

              <para>An area on the desktop from where you can access
              information such as date and time. You can also launch
              applications and add or remove objects from panels. The Ubuntu
              desktop contains two panels, the top edge panel at the top of
              the screen and the bottom edge panel at the bottom of the
              screen.</para>
            </formalpara>

            <formalpara>
              <title>Applet:</title>

              <para>A small application whose user interface resides within a
              panel.</para>
            </formalpara>

            <formalpara>
              <title>Window Border:</title>

              <para>The border that appears around windows. It has a frame at
              the top of the window that contains the name of the application
              and the edges that allow you to resize the window.</para>
            </formalpara>

            <formalpara>
              <title>Icon:</title>

              <para>A graphical symbol for the applications and options on the
              panels and windows.</para>
            </formalpara>
          </note>

          <para>Similarly, you can customise the background and text colour of
          your windows, input boxes and selected items by configuring the
          settings on the <emphasis role="strong">Colours</emphasis> tab.</para>

          <para>If you want to customise your window borders and icons, click
          the <emphasis role="strong">Window Border</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">Icons</emphasis> tabs in the <emphasis role="strong">Customise Theme</emphasis> dialogue box.</para>

          <note>
            <title>Note:</title>

            <para>Ubuntu provides additional options to customise your
            themes.  You can download more controls, window borders
            and icons from the Web site <ulink url="http://art.gnome.org">http://art.gnome.org</ulink>
            and save it at any location on your computer. While
            customising the theme, click <emphasis role="strong">Install</emphasis> in the <emphasis role="strong">Appearance Preferences</emphasis> dialogue
            box. The <emphasis role="strong">Select Theme</emphasis>
            dialogue box opens, and you can select the downloaded
            objects.</para>
          </note>

          <figure float="0">
            <title>Selecting Theme Controls</title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_013.png" width="5cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>Click <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis> in the <emphasis role="strong">Customise Theme</emphasis> dialogue box. To save the
          theme, click <emphasis role="strong">Save As</emphasis> in the
          <emphasis role="strong">Appearance Preferences</emphasis> dialogue
          box. The <emphasis role="strong">Save Theme As</emphasis> dialogue
          box opens.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title>Saving a Modified Theme</title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_014.png" width="8cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>Provide a name for the theme in the <emphasis role="strong">Name </emphasis> box and a description, if you want, in
          the <emphasis role="strong">Description </emphasis> box. Click
          <emphasis role="strong">Save</emphasis>.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title>Specifying Theme Name and Description</title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_015.png" width="6cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>In the <emphasis role="strong">Appearance
          Preferences</emphasis> dialogue box, click <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis>.</para>
        </step>
      </procedure>

      <para>If you open a menu or window, you can see the changes in their
      appearance.</para>

      <figure float="0">
        <title>Viewing an Application in a Modified Theme</title>

        <mediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_016.png" width="6cm" format="PNG"/>
          </imageobject>
        </mediaobject>
      </figure>

      <procedure>
        <title>Installing New Themes</title>

        <para>You can also download other Ubuntu-compatible themes from
        Ubuntu's recommended source. To install these themes:</para>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>Open the Web site(<ulink url="http://art.gnome.org/">http://art.gnome.org/</ulink>) and click
          <emphasis role="strong">DesktopThemes</emphasis>.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title><emphasis role="italic">Opening Theme
            Source</emphasis></title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_017.png" width="11cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>Download a theme of your choice. Select any theme and follow
          the instructions as they appear.</para>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>On the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis> menu, point to
          <emphasis role="strong">Preferences </emphasis> and click <emphasis role="strong">Appearance</emphasis>. The <emphasis role="strong">Appearance Preferences</emphasis> dialogue box
          opens.</para>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>On the <emphasis role="strong">Theme</emphasis> tab, click
          <emphasis role="strong">Install</emphasis>. The <emphasis role="strong">Select Theme</emphasis> dialogue box opens.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title><emphasis role="italic">Installing a New
            Theme</emphasis></title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_018.png" width="8cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>Select the downloaded theme and click <emphasis role="strong">Open</emphasis>.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title><emphasis role="italic">Selecting the Downloaded
            Theme</emphasis></title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_019.png" width="8cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>You can apply a new theme or retain the current theme. Click
          <emphasis role="strong">Apply New Theme</emphasis> to apply the new
          theme. The screen will reflect the new theme immediately.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title><emphasis role="italic">Applying New
            Theme</emphasis></title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_020.png" width="6cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>Click <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis> in the <emphasis role="strong">Appearance Preferences</emphasis> dialogue box.</para>

          <para>If you open any menu or window, it will reflect the selected
          theme.</para>

          <figure float="0" id="fig-chess-blueheart">
            <title><emphasis role="italic">Chess in Blue Heart
            Theme</emphasis></title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_021.png" width="8cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>
        </step>
      </procedure>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>Customising a Screensaver</title>

      <para>A screensaver displays (often moving) images on the screen when
      your computer is switched on but not in use. To go back to the
      workspace, you can move the mouse or press any key on the
      keyboard.</para>

      <procedure>
        <title>You can choose a screensaver and customise it. To customise a
        screensaver:</title>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>On the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis> menu, point to
          <emphasis role="strong">Preferences</emphasis> and click <emphasis role="strong">Screensaver</emphasis>. The <emphasis role="strong">Screensaver Preferences </emphasis> dialogue box
          opens.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title>Launching Screensaver Preferences Dialogue Box</title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_022.png" width="11cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>Select a screensaver from the list. You can preview the
          screensaver in the right pane.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title>Customising Screensaver Settings</title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_023.png" width="9cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>The <emphasis role="strong">Regard the computer as idle
          after</emphasis> slider specifies when a screensaver starts to work
          if the computer is not in use. The default time is set to 10
          minutes. You can use this slider to select how long the computer
          needs to be idle before the screensaver activates.</para>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>To prevent any tampering of your computer in your absence, you
          can automatically lock your screen the moment the screensaver
          activates. Locking requires users to type their password to
          reactivate the desktop. Select the <emphasis role="strong">Lock
          screen when screensaver is active</emphasis> check box to lock the
          screen when the screensaver starts.</para>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>Click <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis>.</para>
        </step>
      </procedure>

      <para>The selected screensaver displays when the computer is idle for
      the specified period.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>Customising the Screen Resolution</title>

      <para>The screen resolution determines how large or small an item looks
      on the screen.</para>

      <procedure>
        <title>To modify the desktop screen resolution:</title>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>On the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis> menu, point to
          <emphasis role="strong">Preferences</emphasis> and then click
          <emphasis role="strong">Screen Resolution</emphasis>. The <emphasis role="strong">Screen Resolution Preferences</emphasis> dialogue box
          opens.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title>Launching Screen Resolution Preferences Dialogue
            Box</title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_024.png" width="11cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>The default resolution is <emphasis role="strong">1280x1024</emphasis>. You can change the resolution in
          the <emphasis role="strong">Resolution</emphasis> box.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title>Customising Screen Resolution</title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_025.png" width="6cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>Click <emphasis role="strong">Apply</emphasis>. The <emphasis role="strong">Keep Resolution</emphasis> dialogue box opens,
          prompting you to confirm settings or use the previous resolution and
          revert to the original settings. Click <emphasis role="strong">Keep
          resolution</emphasis> to apply new changes.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title>Resolution Confirmation Dialogue Box</title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_026.png" width="5cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>
        </step>
      </procedure>

      <para>The screen resolution will change.</para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1>
    <title>3D Effects</title>

    <para>A computer screen is two-dimensional (2D) and until recently most
    applications were developed in a 2D layout.</para>

    <para>However, advancements in technology fuelled the demand for more
    life-like on screen visuals, as in three-dimensional (3D) modelling and
    games. The operating system needs to perform complex calculations to
    display 3D images in 2D. Consequently, to reduce the burden on the
    operating system and increase the speed of applications, 3D accelerator
    cards were developed, which use the graphics processor on the graphics
    card instead of consuming valuable CPU resources. Almost all modern
    graphics cards have a built-in acceleration to display 3D.</para>

    <para>Ubuntu can utilize the 3D capabilities of a graphics card for
    desktop effects. An example of these can be seen with Compiz Fusion –
    spinning cubes, floating windows etc. Compiz Fusion is a fun application
    used to liven up your desktop experience and make it 3D in
    appearance.</para>

    <para>The effects are enabled by default and can be controlled from the
    <emphasis role="strong">Appearance</emphasis> menu. From here the desktop
    effects can either be completely disabled or enabled. The number of
    effects can be controlled via the <emphasis role="strong">normal
    effects</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">extra
    effects</emphasis> setting.</para>

    <para>If a graphics card does not have 3D capabilities or support for 3D
    is missing from the Linux drivers for the card, you will be notified that
    <emphasis role="strong">Desktop effects could not be
    enabled</emphasis>.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1>
    <title>Working with Files Using Nautilus</title>

    <para>The Nautilus file manager in Ubuntu provides a simple and integrated
    way to manage files and applications.</para>

    <sect2>
      <title>Features of Nautilus</title>

      <para>The Nautilus file manager enables you to organise files into
      folders and perform tasks such as:</para>

      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>Create and display folders and documents: Create new files,
          organise them into folders and save them.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Search and manage your files: Classify files and search them
          as per their classification.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Open special locations on your computer: Access the local
          network and save your files.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Write data to a CD or DVD</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Navigate using two modes:</para>

          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>Spatial mode: Allows you to open each folder in a separate
              window, which then helps open your files as physical objects in
              different locations. You can view the content of various folders
              simultaneously.</para>
            </listitem>

            <listitem>
              <para>Browser mode: Opens your folders in a single window. Only
              one file manager opens in browser mode, and it is updated when
              you click another folder in the file manager.</para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>

      <note userlevel="instructor">
        <title>Instructor Notes:</title>

        <para>Compare browser mode with Firefox to help students appreciate
        the similarity.</para>
      </note>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>Nautilus</title>

      <procedure>
        <title>To choose the required mode:</title>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>Click the <emphasis role="strong">Places</emphasis> menu. A
          list of items appears: <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <formalpara>
                  <title>Home Folder:</title>

                  <para>This is a personal folder created by default for every
                  user to create and work on files. It takes the user name by
                  default.</para>
                </formalpara>
              </listitem>

              <listitem>
                <formalpara>
                  <title>Desktop:</title>

                  <para>An active component that lies behind all the screens
                  on your computer and provides easy and quick access to the
                  files saved on it.</para>
                </formalpara>
              </listitem>

              <listitem>
                <formalpara>
                  <title>Computer:</title>

                  <para>Contains all drives and file systems; makes document
                  backup onto CD and DVD really simple.</para>
                </formalpara>
              </listitem>

              <listitem>
                <formalpara>
                  <title>CD/DVD Creator:</title>

                  <para>It consists of folders that you can write to a CD or a
                  DVD. You can also back up your documents on a CD or a
                  DVD.</para>
                </formalpara>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist></para>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>Click any of the above items on the <emphasis role="strong">Places </emphasis> menu.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title>Using File Browser</title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_027.png" width="11cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>

          <para>The Nautilus file manager opens files in browser mode by
          default. If you open a folder in this mode, the folder will open in
          the same window. The location bar shows the current location of the
          opened folder in the hierarchy of folders, and the sidebar shows
          other folders saved on your computer.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title>Files Display</title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_028.png" width="13cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>

          <para>While in browser mode, you can move to the parent folder that
          contains the currently open folder. To move to the parent folder,
          click <emphasis role="strong">Open Parent</emphasis> on the <emphasis role="strong">Go</emphasis> menu in the window.</para>

          <note>
            <title>Note:</title>

            <para>You can also click <emphasis role="strong">Up</emphasis> on
            the navigation toolbar or press the BACKSPACE key to move to the
            parent folder.</para>
          </note>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>On the <emphasis role="strong">Edit</emphasis> menu, click
          <emphasis role="strong">Preferences</emphasis>. The <emphasis role="strong">File Management Preferences</emphasis> dialogue box
          opens.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title>Launching File Management Preferences</title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_029.png" width="11cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>Click the <emphasis role="strong">Behaviour</emphasis> tab in
          the dialogue box. To change the mode to spatial mode, clear the
          <emphasis role="strong">Always open in browser
          windows</emphasis> check box and then click <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis>.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title>Changing File Management Behaviour</title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_030.png" width="8cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>Close the file manager window and open it again. Your files
          will now open in spatial mode. If you open another folder, it will
          open in a different file manager window.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title>Confirming File Management Behaviour Changes</title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_031.png" width="7cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>

          <note>
            <title>Note:</title>

            <para>Each time you open a particular folder in spatial mode, you
            will find its window displayed in the same place on the screen and
            of the same size as during the last view. For this reason, this
            mode is referred to as spatial mode.</para>
          </note>

          <para>To move to the parent folder in spatial mode, click <emphasis role="strong">Open Parent</emphasis> on the <emphasis role="strong">File</emphasis> menu. Alternatively, you can press the
          ALT+UP arrow key.</para>

          <tip>
            <title>Nice to Know:</title>

            <para>Konqueror is KDE equivalent of Nautilus file manager, which
            is used in the Kubuntu derivative of Ubuntu. It is a multi-purpose
            application that can act as a file manager, Web browser and
            universal viewer. As well as allowing you to browse Web sites,
            this application provides basic file management and can many view
            different file types.</para>
          </tip>
        </step>
      </procedure>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1>
    <title>Package Managers</title>

    <para>One of the biggest differences between Ubuntu and other operating
    systems is how you install and uninstall applications. In Microsoft
    Windows, most applications provide their own installation and removal
    methods. Some applications provide a method to keep themselves up to date,
    but others do not and there is no easy way to ensure that everything on
    your computer is up to date. Keeping track of all the programmes that have
    been installed and keeping all those programmes updated is largely up to
    you.</para>

    <para>Ubuntu has a sophisticated <emphasis role="strong">package
    management framework </emphasis> that keeps track of all the software
    installed, automates the process of installing and removing applications,
    and ensures that all the software is kept up to date with the latest
    enhancements and fixes. All you have to do is decide what applications you
    want installed, and then use a <emphasis role="strong">package
    manager</emphasis> to tell Ubuntu to install them.</para>

    <sect2>
      <title>Types of Package Managers</title>

      <para>Ubuntu includes a few package managers by default and which one
      you use depends on how advanced the package management tasks are that
      you want to achieve. This course covers Add/Remove applications utility
      and the Synaptic Package Manager.</para>

      <note>
        <title>Note:</title>

        <para>If you open more than one package manager at the same time, they
        may not work. Close all the package managers and open just one.</para>
      </note>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1>
    <title>Using Add/Remove Applications</title>

    <para>The Add/Remove tool is the easiest to use and will enable you to
    install and uninstall many popular packages. You can search for the
    package or packages you want to install by simply searching a keyword such
    as 'email' or by looking through the given categories, selecting
    applications and choosing "Apply" to start the installation.</para>

    <note>
      <title>Note:</title>

      <para>You need administrative access to use any package manager. Type
      the password for your user name at the prompt. This means that
      applications can not be added / removed from your computer without your
      knowledge (and password).</para>
    </note>

    <procedure>
      <title>The procedure to add or remove software by using Add/Remove
      Applications is:</title>

      <step performance="required">
        <para>On the <emphasis role="strong">Applications</emphasis> menu,
        click <emphasis role="strong">Add/Remove</emphasis>.</para>

        <figure float="0">
          <title>Launching Add/Remove Applications</title>

          <mediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_032.png" width="11cm" format="PNG"/>
            </imageobject>
          </mediaobject>
        </figure>
      </step>

      <step performance="required">
        <para>The <emphasis role="strong">Add/Remove
        Applications</emphasis> dialogue box displays a list of applications.
        The check boxes against the applications that are already installed
        are pre-selected.</para>

        <note>
          <title>Note:</title>

          <para>Many package names in Ubuntu are quite obscure, so the package
          manager will also look at the package description when
          searching.</para>
        </note>

        <figure float="0">
          <title>Add/Remove Applications Window</title>

          <mediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_033.png" width="10cm" format="PNG"/>
            </imageobject>
          </mediaobject>
        </figure>
      </step>

      <step performance="required">
        <para>If you know the name of the package to be installed, you can
        type the name in the <emphasis role="strong">Search</emphasis> box.
        Otherwise, you can click the appropriate software category in the left
        pane and select the check box next to the required package in the
        right pane.</para>

        <tip>
          <title>Nice to Know:</title>

          <para>For more details about a package, click the package and view
          the bottom pane.</para>
        </tip>

        <figure float="0">
          <title>Searching for a Package in All Available Applications</title>

          <mediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_034.png" width="10cm" format="PNG"/>
            </imageobject>
          </mediaobject>
        </figure>
      </step>

      <step performance="required">
        <para>When you have finished selecting the packages to be installed or
        removed, click <emphasis role="strong">Apply
        Changes</emphasis>.</para>

        <figure float="0">
          <title>Applying Changes to the Package List</title>

          <mediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_035.png" width="10cm" format="PNG"/>
            </imageobject>
          </mediaobject>
        </figure>
      </step>

      <step performance="required">
        <para>You are prompted to confirm your selection. Click <emphasis role="strong">Apply</emphasis> to proceed.</para>

        <figure float="0">
          <title>Confirming Changes</title>

          <mediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_036.png" width="10cm" format="PNG"/>
            </imageobject>
          </mediaobject>
        </figure>
      </step>

      <step performance="required">
        <para>The progress indicator shows the status of the package being
        installed or removed.</para>

        <figure float="0">
          <title>Installing Selected Package from Repositories</title>

          <mediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_037.png" width="10cm" format="PNG"/>
            </imageobject>
          </mediaobject>
        </figure>
      </step>

      <step performance="required">
        <para>After the changes are applied successfully, the package is
        installed.</para>

        <figure float="0">
          <title>Installation Confirmation</title>

          <mediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_038.png" width="10cm" format="PNG"/>
            </imageobject>
          </mediaobject>
        </figure>
      </step>

      <step performance="required">
        <para>Double-click the package to launch it. If you want to add or
        remove more applications, click <emphasis role="strong">Add/Remove
        More Applications</emphasis> or else click <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis> in the <emphasis role="strong">New
        application has been installed</emphasis> dialogue box. The following
        figure shows <emphasis role="strong">Atomix</emphasis>, which has been
        installed by performing this procedure.</para>

        <figure float="0">
          <title>Launching the Installed Application - Atomix</title>

          <mediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_039.png" width="9cm" format="PNG"/>
            </imageobject>
          </mediaobject>
        </figure>

        <note>
          <title>Note:</title>

          <para>After installing a package, you can open it by using a
          particular menu based on its category.</para>
        </note>
      </step>
    </procedure>
  </sect1>

  <sect1>
    <title>Using Synaptic Package Manager</title>

    <para>Add/Remove Applications does not enable you to install and remove
    some more advanced packages, such as the Apache web server, the PHP
    programming language or Scribe. In such cases, use Synaptic Package
    Manager.</para>

    <para>You can install, remove, configure or upgrade software packages,
    browse, sort and search the list of available software packages, manage
    repositories or upgrade the whole system. You can queue up a number of
    actions before you execute them. Synaptic informs you about the additional
    packages required by the software package you have chosen as well as
    conflicts with other packages that are already installed on your system.
    In addition, it presents more information such as package status, origin
    and filters.</para>

    <procedure>
      <title>To add and remove any package using Synaptic Packager
      Manager:</title>

      <step performance="required">
        <para>On the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis> menu, point to
        <emphasis role="strong">Administration</emphasis> and then click
        <emphasis role="strong">Synaptic Package Manager</emphasis>.</para>

        <figure float="0">
          <title>Launching Synaptic Package Manager</title>

          <mediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_040.png" width="11cm" format="PNG"/>
            </imageobject>
          </mediaobject>
        </figure>
      </step>

      <step performance="required">
        <para>In the <emphasis role="strong">Synaptic Package
        Manager</emphasis> dialogue box, you can select the package you need.
        The left pane lists the categories, and the right pane lists the
        packages. If you do not know the name of the package, select the
        category in the left pane to filter the list of packages. You can then
        select the check box next to the required package in the right
        pane.</para>

        <note>
          <title>Note:</title>

          <para>If you want to view the installed and uninstalled packages,
          click <emphasis role="strong">Status</emphasis>. To know the source
          repository of the package, click <emphasis role="strong">Origin</emphasis>. Click <emphasis role="strong">Custom Filters</emphasis> if you want to know the
          whether a package is broken or can be upgraded.</para>
        </note>

        <figure float="0">
          <title>Synaptic Package Manager Window</title>

          <mediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_041.png" width="9cm" format="PNG"/>
            </imageobject>
          </mediaobject>
        </figure>
      </step>

      <step performance="required">
        <para>If you know the name of the package, click <emphasis role="strong">Search</emphasis>. The <emphasis role="strong">Find</emphasis> dialogue box opens. Type the name of the
        package in the <emphasis role="strong">Search</emphasis> field and
        click <emphasis role="strong">Search</emphasis>.</para>

        <note>
          <title>Note:</title>

          <para>To return to the list of categories after searching the
          packages using <emphasis role="strong">Search</emphasis>, click
          <emphasis role="strong">Sections</emphasis>.</para>
        </note>

        <figure float="0">
          <title>Searching a Package to Install</title>

          <mediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_042.png" width="9cm" format="PNG"/>
            </imageobject>
          </mediaobject>
        </figure>
      </step>

      <step performance="required">
        <para>Choose the action to be performed on the selected package.
        Select the <emphasis role="strong">Mark for
        Installation</emphasis> check box to install the package or select the
        <emphasis role="strong">Mark for Removal</emphasis> check box to remove
        it. If you change your mind, select the <emphasis role="strong">Unmark</emphasis> check box.</para>

        <figure float="0">
          <title>Marking the Package for Installation</title>

          <mediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_043.png" width="9cm" format="PNG"/>
            </imageobject>
          </mediaobject>
        </figure>
      </step>

      <step performance="required">
        <para>If the package that you choose to remove or install depends on
        other packages, you will be notified about the dependencies. To
        continue making changes, click <emphasis role="strong">Mark</emphasis>.</para>

        <figure float="0">
          <title>Confirming Additional Changes</title>

          <mediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_044.png" width="9cm" format="PNG"/>
            </imageobject>
          </mediaobject>
        </figure>
      </step>

      <step performance="required">
        <para>To confirm that you want to make the marked changes, click
        <emphasis role="strong">Apply</emphasis>.</para>

        <figure float="0">
          <title>Applying Changes to Update Software Information</title>

          <mediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_045.png" width="9cm" format="PNG"/>
            </imageobject>
          </mediaobject>
        </figure>
      </step>

      <step performance="required">
        <para>The <emphasis role="strong">Summary</emphasis> dialogue box
        opens, prompting you for a final check before making the marked
        changes. Click <emphasis role="strong">Apply</emphasis> to continue
        with the changes.</para>

        <figure float="0">
          <title>Final Confirmation to Install the Package</title>

          <mediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_046.png" width="9cm" format="PNG"/>
            </imageobject>
          </mediaobject>
        </figure>
      </step>

      <step performance="required">
        <para>When all the marked changes are made, you are notified about the
        changes applied. Click <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis> to
        close Synaptic Package Manager.</para>

        <figure float="0">
          <title>Installation Confirmation</title>

          <mediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_047.png" width="9cm" format="PNG"/>
            </imageobject>
          </mediaobject>
        </figure>

        <para>This step completes the procedure of installing packages by
        using Synaptic Package Manager. You can access the installed package
        by selecting a particular menu, depending on the category of the
        package. The following figure shows Abiword, which has been installed
        using this procedure.</para>

        <figure float="0">
          <title>Launching the Installed Application - Abiword</title>

          <mediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_048.png" width="9cm" format="PNG"/>
            </imageobject>
          </mediaobject>
        </figure>
      </step>
    </procedure>
  </sect1>

  <sect1>
    <title>Installing a Single Package File</title>

    <para>The preferred method of installing programmes is by using package
    managers. If some packages or files are not available, you can download
    and install them from Web sites. These files are associated with the
    package managers of specific Linux distributions and are referred to as
    single package files. Examples are Debian package files-.deb files and
    tarballs-.tar files.</para>

    <note>
      <title>Note:</title>

      <para>You should download files that are not present in Ubuntu archives
      only from a safe source.</para>
    </note>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>Debian Package files: These files are associated with Ubuntu and
        have the .deb suffix.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>Tarballs: Zipped archive files that contain the source code of a
        programme. This source code needs to be compiled before use.
        Installing programmes by compiling them from source is not covered by
        this course.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

    <para>Compiling and installing programmes from source tarballs can can be
    very complex to debug when things go wrong. Tarballs are simple structures
    which don't specify what dependencies are required to enable compilation
    to take place. For this reason it can also be time consuming and complex
    to determine the necessary dependencies and either install or compile them
    also. Compiling from tarball is therefore not covered on this
    course.</para>

    <note>
      <title>Note:</title>

      <para>It is not guaranteed that the single package files will be
      compatible with your system. Also, you will not receive security updates
      if you install these files. Therefore, wherever possible use a native
      Ubuntu package of the application available through a package
      manager.</para>
    </note>

    <sect2>
      <title>Installing/Uninstalling Debian Packages</title>

      <para>Debian packages are installed and uninstalled using the graphical
      installer (gdebi). gdebi will attempt to install any dependencies which
      are in the Ubuntu repositories, however if the package requires further
      dependencies which are not in the Ubuntu repositories these will also
      need to be installed manually.</para>

      <para>To install a Debian package, open the .deb file from the folder in
      which it resides.</para>

      <procedure>
        <title>Installing a Debian package:</title>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>Download the package XVidCap <emphasis role="strong">
          xvidcap_1.1.6_i386.deb</emphasis>. As this package is not in the
          Ubuntu repositories, you will need to download it from the following
          website: <ulink url="http://sourceforge.net/projects/xvidcap/">http://sourceforge.net/projects/xvidcap/</ulink>.</para>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>Once downloaded, simply double click the .deb file and the
          gdebi installer will start. It will check to see if you have all the
          necessary dependents, and if so will offer an <emphasis role="strong">Install</emphasis> button. Simply press the button to
          start the installation. In the event that dependencies cannot be
          resolved, an error message will be displayed and you will not be
          able to install the package until they are fulfilled.</para>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>To uninstall the package, simply use the Synaptic Package
          Manager, as outlined previously in this section.</para>
        </step>
      </procedure>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1>
    <title>Software Repositories</title>

    <para>A software repository is a library of packages (applications)
    available over the Internet. The Ubuntu software repository contains tens
    of thousands of freely available packages for you to download and install.
    These packages have been specially built and selected for Ubuntu.</para>

    <!-- <instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">This section is a recap 
                        of section 1. However, it is very critical to understand the concept of software repositories.</emphasis></para>
                        </instructornote> -->

    <sect2>
      <title>Software Repository Categories</title>

      <para>Ubuntu repositories are categorised into four groups based on the
      level of support that software development teams provide for a programme
      and the level of compliance the programme has with the free software
      philosophy.<!-- These have already been outlined in lesson 1, but to re-iterate: --></para>

      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis role="strong">Main</emphasis></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis role="strong">Restricted</emphasis></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis role="strong">Universe</emphasis></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis role="strong">Multiverse</emphasis></para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>

      <formalpara>
        <title>The Main Component</title>

        <para>The Main component contains software packages that are free and
        fully supported by the Canonical team. These packages comply with the
        free software philosophy and are available by default while installing
        Ubuntu. For all packages in the Main component, security updates and
        technical support are available free of cost. OpenOffice.org, Abiword
        and the Apache web server are some of the packages available
        there.</para>
      </formalpara>

      <formalpara>
        <title>The Restricted Component</title>

        <para>The Restricted component consists of packages for commonly used
        software that are supported by the Ubuntu team but not available under
        a completely free license. Binary drivers produced by some video card
        vendors are an example of packages available there. Packages in this
        component are also available on the standard Ubuntu installation CD,
        but they can be easily removed.</para>
      </formalpara>

      <formalpara>
        <title>The Universe Component</title>

        <para>The Universe component includes thousands of packages for
        software that is not officially supported by Canonical. The software
        is available under a variety of free licenses, taken from a variety of
        public sources. This component is available only through Internet
        downloading.</para>
      </formalpara>

      <para>All the packages in this component are expected to work perfectly.
      However, there is no guarantee of security fixes and support for these
      packages. These packages are maintained by the community.</para>

      <note userlevel="instructor">
        <title>Instructor Notes:</title>

        <para>It could be considered risky to use packages from the Universe
        component, especially because the lack of guaranteed security
        updates.</para>
      </note>

      <formalpara>
        <title>The Multiverse Component</title>

        <para>The Multiverse component contains packages of non-free software,
        which means that the licensing requirements of the software does not
        meet the license policy of Ubuntu's Main component. It is the user's
        responsibility to verify their rights to use the software and comply
        with the individual licensing terms. Support and security updates are
        not provided. Examples of these packages include VLC and the Adobe
        Flash plugin.</para>
      </formalpara>

      <note userlevel="instructor">
        <title>Instructor Notes:</title>

        <para>Software from the Multiverse component could be hindered by
        patents and restriction on usage and distribution. It is the user's
        responsibility to determine if the software can be used in its
        jurisdiction and complies with local laws.</para>
      </note>

      <para>Many packages are not available in default Ubuntu repositories.
      These packages can either be installed from other Ubuntu repositories or
      from third-party software. To use the packages present in third-party
      software, you need to add the software.</para>

      <procedure>
        <title>Perform the following steps to add the third-party
        software:</title>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>On the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis> menu, point to
          <emphasis role="strong">Administration</emphasis> and then click
          <emphasis role="strong">Software Sources</emphasis>.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title>Launching Software Sources Dialogue Box</title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_049.png" width="11cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>

          <para>The <emphasis role="strong">Software Sources</emphasis>
          dialogue box opens. The software sources for Ubuntu are selected by
          default.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title>Selecting the Required Sources</title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_050.png" width="7cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>

          <note>
            <title>Note:</title>

            <para>You can also open the <emphasis role="strong">Software
            Sources</emphasis> dialogue box by using the Add/Remove
            applications or Synaptic Package Manager to enable the
            repositories under the <emphasis role="strong">Ubuntu
            Software</emphasis> tab.</para>
          </note>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>To add a repository from the third party, click the <emphasis role="strong">Third-Party Software</emphasis> tab and then click
          <emphasis role="strong">Add</emphasis>.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title>Adding a Third Party Software Source</title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_051.png" width="7cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>Type the APT line for the repository you want to add
          as a source. To access the Debian main repositories, type
          <emphasis role="strong">deb <ulink url="http://ftp.debian.orgs">http://ftp.debian.orgs</ulink>
          sarge main</emphasis> in the <emphasis role="strong">APT
          line</emphasis> box. Click <emphasis role="strong">Add
          Source</emphasis>.</para>

          <note>
            <title>Note:</title>

            <para>The APT line should include the type, location and
            components of a repository.</para>
          </note>

          <figure float="0">
            <title>Stating the Source APT Line</title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_052.png" width="7cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>Click <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis> to save changes.
          The repository specified in the APT line is added to the third-party
          software box.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title>Software Sources Dialogue Box Displaying the Added
            Source</title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_053.png" width="7cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>With the addition of an extra repository, you will be prompted
          to update information about available software. Click <emphasis role="strong">Reload</emphasis> to do so.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title>Reloading Available Software Information</title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_054.png" width="7cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>The progress indicator shows the status of package being
          installed or removed.</para>

          <para>You can authenticate your downloads from the <emphasis role="strong">Authentication</emphasis> tab in the <emphasis role="strong">Software Sources</emphasis> dialogue box. When you do
          not authenticate your downloads, your computer may show the error
          shown below after downloading the package information. This error
          can be ignored. To authenticate the downloading process, you need to
          import the GPG key, which is different for every repository. Click
          <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis> in the dialogue box showing
          the error. This step will end the process of adding extra
          repositories and updating package information.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title>Public Key Error</title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata contentwidth="4cm" fileref="images/Lesson07_images_055.png" width="7cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>
        </step>
      </procedure>

      <para>On the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis> menu, point to
      <emphasis role="strong">Administration</emphasis> and then click
      <emphasis role="strong">Software Sources</emphasis>.</para>

      <para>The <emphasis role="strong">Software Sources</emphasis> dialogue
      box opens. The software sources for Ubuntu are selected by
      default.</para>

      <para>You can also open the <emphasis role="strong">Software
      Sources</emphasis> dialogue box by using the Add/Remove applications or
      Synaptic Package Manager to enable the repositories under the <emphasis role="strong">Ubuntu Software</emphasis> tab.</para>

      <para>To add a repository from the third party, click <emphasis role="strong">the Third-Party Software</emphasis> tab and then click
      <emphasis role="strong">Add</emphasis>.</para>

      <para>Type the APT line for the repository you want to add as a
      source.  To access the Debian main repositories, type <emphasis role="strong">deb <ulink url="http://ftp.debian.orgs">http://ftp.debian.orgs</ulink>
      sarge main</emphasis> in the <emphasis role="strong">APT
      line</emphasis> box.  Click <emphasis role="strong">Add
      Source</emphasis>.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>Adding Repositories</title>

      <para>Many packages are not available in default Ubuntu repositories.
      These packages can either be installed from other Ubuntu repositories or
      from third-party software. To use the packages present in third-party
      software, you need to add the software.</para>

      <procedure>
        <title>Perform the following steps to add the third-party
        software:</title>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>On the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis> menu, point to
          <emphasis role="strong">Administration</emphasis> and then click
          <emphasis role="strong">Software Sources</emphasis>.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title>Launching Software Sources Dialogue Box</title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_049.png" width="11cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>

          <para>The <emphasis role="strong">Software
          Sources</emphasis> dialogue box opens. The software sources for
          Ubuntu are selected by default.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title>Selecting the Required Sources</title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_050.png" width="7cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>

          <note>
            <title>Note:</title>

            <para>You can also open the <emphasis role="strong">Software
            Sources</emphasis> dialogue box by using the Add/Remove
            applications or Synaptic Package Manager to enable the
            repositories under the <emphasis role="strong">Ubuntu
            Software</emphasis> tab.</para>
          </note>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>To add a repository from the third party, click <emphasis role="strong">the Third-Party Software</emphasis> tab and then click
          <emphasis role="strong">Add</emphasis>.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title>Adding a Third Party Software Source</title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_051.png" width="7cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>Type the APT line for the repository you want to add
          as a source. To access the Debian main repositories, type
          <emphasis role="strong">deb <ulink url="http://ftp.debian.orgs">http://ftp.debian.orgs</ulink>
          sarge main</emphasis> in the <emphasis role="strong">APT
          line</emphasis> box. Click <emphasis role="strong">Add
          Source</emphasis>.</para>

          <note>
            <title>Note:</title>

            <para>The APT line should include the type, location and
            components of a repository.</para>
          </note>

          <figure float="0">
            <title>Stating the Source APT Line</title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_052.png" width="7cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>Click <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis> to save changes.
          The repository specified in the APT line is added to the third-party
          software box.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title>Software Sources Dialogue Box Displaying the Added
            Source</title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_053.png" width="7cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>With the addition of an extra repository, you will be prompted
          to update information about available software. Click <emphasis role="strong">Reload</emphasis> to do so.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title>Reloading Available Software Information</title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_054.png" width="7cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>
        </step>

        <step performance="required">
          <para>The progress indicator shows the status of package being
          installed or removed.</para>

          <para>You can authenticate your downloads from the <emphasis role="strong">Authentication</emphasis> tab in the <emphasis role="strong">Software Sources</emphasis> dialogue box. When you do
          not authenticate your downloads, your computer may show the error
          shown below after downloading the package information. This error
          can be ignored. To authenticate the downloading process, you need to
          import the GPG key, which is different for every repository. Click
          <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis> in the dialogue box showing
          the error. This step will end the process of adding extra
          repositories and updating package information.</para>

          <figure float="0">
            <title>Public Key Error</title>

            <mediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_055.png" width="7cm" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
          </figure>
        </step>
      </procedure>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1>
    <title>Adding New Language Settings</title>

    <para>Ubuntu provides the option to enable numerous language settings for
    your desktop.</para>

    <para>Support for new languages can be installed via <emphasis role="strong">Language Support</emphasis>, which is found in the <emphasis role="strong">Administration/System</emphasis> menu. Depending on the
    language, the input method and keyboard mapping may need to be changed as
    well. The <emphasis>Smart Common Input Method</emphasis>(SCIM) is used in
    Ubuntu to switch between different input methods for complex characters in
    many non-Latin languages. The <emphasis>ctrl space</emphasis> hotkey is a
    convenient switch between different input methods.</para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1>
    <title>Lesson Summary</title>

    <para>In this lesson, you learned that:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>GNOME is the default desktop for Ubuntu. You can use the
        <emphasis role="strong">Preferences</emphasis> option on the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis> menu to customise the Ubuntu desktop
        look and feel.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>You can manage your file system using the Nautilus file manager.
        Use the spatial mode to open each folder in a separate window and view
        the content of various folders simultaneously. Use the browser mode to
        open folders in a single window.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>Add/Remove Applications is the easiest tool to install or
        uninstall packages.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>You can use Synaptic Package Manager to install or uninstall
        advanced applications that cannot be installed using
        Add/Remove.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>To install a package that is not available in the Ubuntu
        archives, you can download and install it from Web sites. These files
        are associated with the package managers of specific Linux
        distribution and are referred to as single package files.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>Tarballs are zipped archive files that contain the source code
        of a programme. You can use advanced command line tools to install or
        uninstall the tarball file.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 role="questions">
    <title>Review Exercise</title>

    <qandaset>
      <qandaentry>
        <question>
          <para>What is the default desktop for Ubuntu?</para>
        </question>

        <answer>
          <para>GNOME is the default desktop for Ubuntu.</para>
        </answer>
      </qandaentry>

      <qandaentry>
        <question>
          <para>From which Web site can you download additional Ubuntu
          wallpapers and themes?</para>
        </question>

        <answer>
          <para>You can download additional wallpapers and themes from the Web
          site <ulink url="http://art.gnome.org/">http://art.gnome.org/</ulink>.</para>
        </answer>
      </qandaentry>

      <qandaentry>
        <question>
          <para>Mention any three features of the Nautilus file
          manager.</para>
        </question>

        <answer>
          <para>Three features of the Nautilus file manager are:</para>

          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>Creating and displaying folders and documents</para>
            </listitem>

            <listitem>
              <para>Searching and managing files</para>
            </listitem>

            <listitem>
              <para>Navigating using two modes, browser and spatial</para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
        </answer>
      </qandaentry>

      <qandaentry>
        <question>
          <para>Which is the file manager for the KDE environment?</para>
        </question>

        <answer>
          <para>Konqueror is the file manager of the KDE environment.</para>
        </answer>
      </qandaentry>

      <qandaentry>
        <question>
          <para>What is a package manager?</para>
        </question>

        <answer>
          <para>A package manager is a programme that helps add or remove
          packages in Ubuntu.</para>
        </answer>
      </qandaentry>

      <qandaentry>
        <question>
          <para>Differentiate between a graphical package manager and a
          command line package manager. Provide examples of each.</para>
        </question>

        <answer>
          <para>To add and remove packages, a graphical package manager uses
          the graphical interface while a command line package manager uses
          the command line interface.</para>

          <para>Add/Remove Applications is a graphical package manager and
          apt-get is a command line package manager.</para>
        </answer>
      </qandaentry>

      <qandaentry>
        <question>
          <para>Software that is not licensed under Ubuntu's main component
          licensing policy is referred to as _______________.</para>
        </question>

        <answer>
          <para>Software that is not licensed under Ubuntu's main component
          licensing policy is referred to as non-free software.</para>
        </answer>
      </qandaentry>
    </qandaset>
  </sect1>

  <sect1>
    <title>Lab Exercise</title>

    <note userlevel="instructor">
      <title>Instructor Notes:</title>

      <para>Explain to the students the purpose of each application. xpdf is a
      suite of tools used to view Portable Document Format (pdf). This package
      supports standard X fonts, true type fonts and type1 fonts. Gnumeric is
      a stand-alone spreadsheet application that interoperates well with other
      spreadsheets.</para>
    </note>

    <formalpara>
      <title>Exercise 1</title>

      <para>You have installed Ubuntu 7.10 on your personal computer. You want
      to view your pdf files, use a spreadsheet application for creating your
      daily tasks and archive your files. Install the following
      packages:</para>
    </formalpara>

    <para>a) xpdf</para>

    <para>b) gnumeric</para>

    <procedure>
      <title>a) Installing xpdf using Add/Remove Applications:</title>

      <step performance="required">
        <para>On the <emphasis role="strong">Application</emphasis> menu, click
        <emphasis role="strong">Add/Remove</emphasis>. The <emphasis role="strong">Add/Remove</emphasis> dialogue box opens.</para>
      </step>

      <step performance="required">
        <para>In the <emphasis role="strong">Search</emphasis> box, type
        <emphasis role="strong">xpdf</emphasis>.</para>
      </step>

      <step performance="required">
        <para>Select the check box next to <emphasis role="strong">xpdf</emphasis>.</para>
      </step>

      <step performance="required">
        <para>Click <emphasis role="strong">Apply Changes</emphasis>.</para>
      </step>

      <step performance="required">
        <para>Click <emphasis role="strong">Apply</emphasis> to make the
        changes.</para>
      </step>

      <step performance="required">
        <para>In the <emphasis role="strong">New application has been
        installed</emphasis> dialogue box, click <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis>.</para>
      </step>
    </procedure>

    <procedure>
      <title>b) Installing gnumeric from Synaptic:</title>

      <step performance="required">
        <para>On the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis> menu, point to
        <emphasis role="strong">Administration</emphasis> and then click
        <emphasis role="strong">Synaptic Package Manager</emphasis>. The
        <emphasis role="strong">Synaptic Package Manager</emphasis> dialogue
        box opens.</para>
      </step>

      <step performance="required">
        <para>Click <emphasis role="strong">Search</emphasis> to find gnumeric
        and select the <emphasis role="strong">gnumeric</emphasis> check
        box.</para>
      </step>

      <step performance="required">
        <para>Select the <emphasis role="strong">Mark for
        Installation</emphasis> check box. A dialogue box displaying the
        dependencies of this package on other packages opens.</para>
      </step>

      <step performance="required">
        <para>To continue making the required changes, click <emphasis role="strong">Mark</emphasis>.</para>
      </step>

      <step performance="required">
        <para>To confirm making the marked changes, click <emphasis role="strong">Apply</emphasis>. The <emphasis role="strong">Summary</emphasis> dialogue box opens, prompting you for
        a final check before making the marked changes.</para>
      </step>

      <step performance="required">
        <para>Click <emphasis role="strong">Apply</emphasis> to continue with
        the changes.</para>
      </step>

      <step performance="required">
        <para>When all the marked changes are made, you are notified of the
        changes applied. Click <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis>.</para>
      </step>
    </procedure>
  </sect1>
</chapter>