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// Copyright (c) 2005, Google Inc.
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// All rights reserved.
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// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
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// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
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// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
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// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
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// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
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// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
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// this software without specific prior written permission.
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// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
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// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
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// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
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// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
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// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
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// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
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// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
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// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
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// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
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// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
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// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
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// Author: Sanjay Ghemawat
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// Support for PCRE_XXX modifiers added by Giuseppe Maxia, July 2005
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// C++ interface to the pcre regular-expression library. RE supports
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// Perl-style regular expressions (with extensions like \d, \w, \s,
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// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
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// This module is part of the pcre library and hence supports its syntax
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// for regular expressions.
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// The syntax is pretty similar to Perl's. For those not familiar
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// with Perl's regular expressions, here are some examples of the most
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// commonly used extensions:
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// "hello (\\w+) world" -- \w matches a "word" character
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// "version (\\d+)" -- \d matches a digit
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// "hello\\s+world" -- \s matches any whitespace character
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// "\\b(\\w+)\\b" -- \b matches empty string at a word boundary
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// "(?i)hello" -- (?i) turns on case-insensitive matching
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// "/\\*(.*?)\\*/" -- .*? matches . minimum no. of times possible
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// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
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// MATCHING INTERFACE:
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// The "FullMatch" operation checks that supplied text matches a
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// supplied pattern exactly.
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// Example: successful match
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// pcrecpp::RE re("h.*o");
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// re.FullMatch("hello");
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// Example: unsuccessful match (requires full match):
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// pcrecpp::RE re("e");
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// !re.FullMatch("hello");
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// Example: creating a temporary RE object:
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// pcrecpp::RE("h.*o").FullMatch("hello");
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// You can pass in a "const char*" or a "string" for "text". The
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// examples below tend to use a const char*.
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// You can, as in the different examples above, store the RE object
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// explicitly in a variable or use a temporary RE object. The
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// examples below use one mode or the other arbitrarily. Either
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// could correctly be used for any of these examples.
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// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
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// MATCHING WITH SUB-STRING EXTRACTION:
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// You can supply extra pointer arguments to extract matched subpieces.
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// Example: extracts "ruby" into "s" and 1234 into "i"
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// pcrecpp::RE re("(\\w+):(\\d+)");
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// re.FullMatch("ruby:1234", &s, &i);
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// Example: does not try to extract any extra sub-patterns
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// re.FullMatch("ruby:1234", &s);
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// Example: does not try to extract into NULL
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// re.FullMatch("ruby:1234", NULL, &i);
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// Example: integer overflow causes failure
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// !re.FullMatch("ruby:1234567891234", NULL, &i);
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// Example: fails because there aren't enough sub-patterns:
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// !pcrecpp::RE("\\w+:\\d+").FullMatch("ruby:1234", &s);
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// Example: fails because string cannot be stored in integer
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// !pcrecpp::RE("(.*)").FullMatch("ruby", &i);
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// The provided pointer arguments can be pointers to any scalar numeric
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// string (matched piece is copied to string)
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// StringPiece (StringPiece is mutated to point to matched piece)
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// T (where "bool T::ParseFrom(const char*, int)" exists)
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// NULL (the corresponding matched sub-pattern is not copied)
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// CAVEAT: An optional sub-pattern that does not exist in the matched
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// string is assigned the empty string. Therefore, the following will
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// return false (because the empty string is not a valid number):
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// pcrecpp::RE::FullMatch("abc", "[a-z]+(\\d+)?", &number);
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// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
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// The matching interface supports at most 16 arguments per call.
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// If you need more, consider using the more general interface
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// pcrecpp::RE::DoMatch(). See pcrecpp.h for the signature for DoMatch.
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// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
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// You can use the "PartialMatch" operation when you want the pattern
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// to match any substring of the text.
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// Example: simple search for a string:
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// pcrecpp::RE("ell").PartialMatch("hello");
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// Example: find first number in a string:
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// pcrecpp::RE re("(\\d+)");
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// re.PartialMatch("x*100 + 20", &number);
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// assert(number == 100);
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// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
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// UTF-8 AND THE MATCHING INTERFACE:
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// By default, pattern and text are plain text, one byte per character.
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// The UTF8 flag, passed to the constructor, causes both pattern
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// and string to be treated as UTF-8 text, still a byte stream but
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// potentially multiple bytes per character. In practice, the text
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// is likelier to be UTF-8 than the pattern, but the match returned
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// may depend on the UTF8 flag, so always use it when matching
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// UTF8 text. E.g., "." will match one byte normally but with UTF8
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// set may match up to three bytes of a multi-byte character.
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// pcrecpp::RE_Options options;
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// options.set_utf8();
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// pcrecpp::RE re(utf8_pattern, options);
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// re.FullMatch(utf8_string);
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// Example: using the convenience function UTF8():
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// pcrecpp::RE re(utf8_pattern, pcrecpp::UTF8());
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// re.FullMatch(utf8_string);
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// NOTE: The UTF8 option is ignored if pcre was not configured with the
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// --enable-utf8 flag.
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// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
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// PASSING MODIFIERS TO THE REGULAR EXPRESSION ENGINE
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// PCRE defines some modifiers to change the behavior of the regular
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// expression engine.
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// The C++ wrapper defines an auxiliary class, RE_Options, as a vehicle
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// to pass such modifiers to a RE class.
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// Currently, the following modifiers are supported
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// modifier description Perl corresponding
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// PCRE_CASELESS case insensitive match /i
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// PCRE_MULTILINE multiple lines match /m
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// PCRE_DOTALL dot matches newlines /s
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// PCRE_DOLLAR_ENDONLY $ matches only at end N/A
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// PCRE_EXTRA strict escape parsing N/A
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// PCRE_EXTENDED ignore whitespaces /x
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// PCRE_UTF8 handles UTF8 chars built-in
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// PCRE_UNGREEDY reverses * and *? N/A
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// PCRE_NO_AUTO_CAPTURE disables matching parens N/A (*)
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// (For a full account on how each modifier works, please check the
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// PCRE API reference manual).
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// (*) Both Perl and PCRE allow non matching parentheses by means of the
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// "?:" modifier within the pattern itself. e.g. (?:ab|cd) does not
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// capture, while (ab|cd) does.
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// For each modifier, there are two member functions whose name is made
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// out of the modifier in lowercase, without the "PCRE_" prefix. For
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// instance, PCRE_CASELESS is handled by
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// which returns true if the modifier is set, and
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// RE_Options & set_caseless(bool),
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// which sets or unsets the modifier.
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// Moreover, PCRE_EXTRA_MATCH_LIMIT can be accessed through the
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// set_match_limit() and match_limit() member functions.
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// Setting match_limit to a non-zero value will limit the executation of
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// pcre to keep it from doing bad things like blowing the stack or taking
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// an eternity to return a result. A value of 5000 is good enough to stop
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// stack blowup in a 2MB thread stack. Setting match_limit to zero will
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// disable match limiting. Alternately, you can set match_limit_recursion()
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// which uses PCRE_EXTRA_MATCH_LIMIT_RECURSION to limit how much pcre
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// recurses. match_limit() caps the number of matches pcre does;
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// match_limit_recrusion() caps the depth of recursion.
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// Normally, to pass one or more modifiers to a RE class, you declare
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// a RE_Options object, set the appropriate options, and pass this
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// object to a RE constructor. Example:
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// opt.set_caseless(true);
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// if (RE("HELLO", opt).PartialMatch("hello world")) ...
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// RE_options has two constructors. The default constructor takes no
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// arguments and creates a set of flags that are off by default.
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// The optional parameter 'option_flags' is to facilitate transfer
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// of legacy code from C programs. This lets you do
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// RE(pattern, RE_Options(PCRE_CASELESS|PCRE_MULTILINE)).PartialMatch(str);
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// But new code is better off doing
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// RE_Options().set_caseless(true).set_multiline(true)).PartialMatch(str);
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// If you are going to pass one of the most used modifiers, there are some
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// convenience functions that return a RE_Options class with the
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// appropriate modifier already set:
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// CASELESS(), UTF8(), MULTILINE(), DOTALL(), EXTENDED()
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// If you need to set several options at once, and you don't want to go
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// through the pains of declaring a RE_Options object and setting several
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// options, there is a parallel method that give you such ability on the
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// fly. You can concatenate several set_xxxxx member functions, since each
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// of them returns a reference to its class object. e.g.: to pass
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// PCRE_CASELESS, PCRE_EXTENDED, and PCRE_MULTILINE to a RE with one
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// statement, you may write
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// RE(" ^ xyz \\s+ .* blah$", RE_Options()
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// .set_caseless(true)
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// .set_extended(true)
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// .set_multiline(true)).PartialMatch(sometext);
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// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
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// SCANNING TEXT INCREMENTALLY
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// The "Consume" operation may be useful if you want to repeatedly
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// match regular expressions at the front of a string and skip over
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// them as they match. This requires use of the "StringPiece" type,
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// which represents a sub-range of a real string. Like RE, StringPiece
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// is defined in the pcrecpp namespace.
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// Example: read lines of the form "var = value" from a string.
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// string contents = ...; // Fill string somehow
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// pcrecpp::StringPiece input(contents); // Wrap in a StringPiece
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// pcrecpp::RE re("(\\w+) = (\\d+)\n");
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// while (re.Consume(&input, &var, &value)) {
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// Each successful call to "Consume" will set "var/value", and also
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// advance "input" so it points past the matched text.
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// The "FindAndConsume" operation is similar to "Consume" but does not
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// anchor your match at the beginning of the string. For example, you
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// could extract all words from a string by repeatedly calling
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// pcrecpp::RE("(\\w+)").FindAndConsume(&input, &word)
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// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
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// PARSING HEX/OCTAL/C-RADIX NUMBERS
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// By default, if you pass a pointer to a numeric value, the
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// corresponding text is interpreted as a base-10 number. You can
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// instead wrap the pointer with a call to one of the operators Hex(),
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// Octal(), or CRadix() to interpret the text in another base. The
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// CRadix operator interprets C-style "0" (base-8) and "0x" (base-16)
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// prefixes, but defaults to base-10.
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// pcrecpp::RE re("(.*) (.*) (.*) (.*)");
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// re.FullMatch("100 40 0100 0x40",
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// pcrecpp::Octal(&a), pcrecpp::Hex(&b),
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// pcrecpp::CRadix(&c), pcrecpp::CRadix(&d));
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// will leave 64 in a, b, c, and d.
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// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
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// REPLACING PARTS OF STRINGS
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// You can replace the first match of "pattern" in "str" with
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// "rewrite". Within "rewrite", backslash-escaped digits (\1 to \9)
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// can be used to insert text matching corresponding parenthesized
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// group from the pattern. \0 in "rewrite" refers to the entire
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// matching text. E.g.,
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// string s = "yabba dabba doo";
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// pcrecpp::RE("b+").Replace("d", &s);
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// will leave "s" containing "yada dabba doo". The result is true if
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// the pattern matches and a replacement occurs, or false otherwise.
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// GlobalReplace() is like Replace(), except that it replaces all
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// occurrences of the pattern in the string with the rewrite.
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// Replacements are not subject to re-matching. E.g.,
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// string s = "yabba dabba doo";
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// pcrecpp::RE("b+").GlobalReplace("d", &s);
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// will leave "s" containing "yada dada doo". It returns the number
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// of replacements made.
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// Extract() is like Replace(), except that if the pattern matches,
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// "rewrite" is copied into "out" (an additional argument) with
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// substitutions. The non-matching portions of "text" are ignored.
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// Returns true iff a match occurred and the extraction happened
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// successfully. If no match occurs, the string is left unaffected.
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#include <pcrecpparg.h> // defines the Arg class
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// This isn't technically needed here, but we include it
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// anyway so folks who include pcrecpp.h don't have to.
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#include <pcre_stringpiece.h>
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#define PCRE_SET_OR_CLEAR(b, o) \
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if (b) all_options_ |= (o); else all_options_ &= ~(o); \
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#define PCRE_IS_SET(o) \
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(all_options_ & o) == o
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/***** Compiling regular expressions: the RE class *****/
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// RE_Options allow you to set options to be passed along to pcre,
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// along with other options we put on top of pcre.
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// Only 9 modifiers, plus match_limit and match_limit_recursion,
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// are supported now.
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class PCRECPP_EXP_DEFN RE_Options {
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RE_Options() : match_limit_(0), match_limit_recursion_(0), all_options_(0) {}
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// alternative constructor.
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// To facilitate transfer of legacy code from C programs
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// RE(pattern, RE_Options(PCRE_CASELESS|PCRE_MULTILINE)).PartialMatch(str);
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// But new code is better off doing
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// RE_Options().set_caseless(true).set_multiline(true)).PartialMatch(str);
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RE_Options(int option_flags) : match_limit_(0), match_limit_recursion_(0),
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all_options_(option_flags) {}
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// we're fine with the default destructor, copy constructor, etc.
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// accessors and mutators
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int match_limit() const { return match_limit_; };
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RE_Options &set_match_limit(int limit) {
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match_limit_ = limit;
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int match_limit_recursion() const { return match_limit_recursion_; };
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RE_Options &set_match_limit_recursion(int limit) {
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match_limit_recursion_ = limit;
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bool caseless() const {
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return PCRE_IS_SET(PCRE_CASELESS);
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RE_Options &set_caseless(bool x) {
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PCRE_SET_OR_CLEAR(x, PCRE_CASELESS);
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bool multiline() const {
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return PCRE_IS_SET(PCRE_MULTILINE);
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RE_Options &set_multiline(bool x) {
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PCRE_SET_OR_CLEAR(x, PCRE_MULTILINE);
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bool dotall() const {
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return PCRE_IS_SET(PCRE_DOTALL);
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RE_Options &set_dotall(bool x) {
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PCRE_SET_OR_CLEAR(x, PCRE_DOTALL);
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bool extended() const {
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return PCRE_IS_SET(PCRE_EXTENDED);
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RE_Options &set_extended(bool x) {
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PCRE_SET_OR_CLEAR(x, PCRE_EXTENDED);
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bool dollar_endonly() const {
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return PCRE_IS_SET(PCRE_DOLLAR_ENDONLY);
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RE_Options &set_dollar_endonly(bool x) {
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PCRE_SET_OR_CLEAR(x, PCRE_DOLLAR_ENDONLY);
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return PCRE_IS_SET(PCRE_EXTRA);
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RE_Options &set_extra(bool x) {
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PCRE_SET_OR_CLEAR(x, PCRE_EXTRA);
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bool ungreedy() const {
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return PCRE_IS_SET(PCRE_UNGREEDY);
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RE_Options &set_ungreedy(bool x) {
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PCRE_SET_OR_CLEAR(x, PCRE_UNGREEDY);
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return PCRE_IS_SET(PCRE_UTF8);
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RE_Options &set_utf8(bool x) {
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PCRE_SET_OR_CLEAR(x, PCRE_UTF8);
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bool no_auto_capture() const {
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return PCRE_IS_SET(PCRE_NO_AUTO_CAPTURE);
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RE_Options &set_no_auto_capture(bool x) {
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PCRE_SET_OR_CLEAR(x, PCRE_NO_AUTO_CAPTURE);
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RE_Options &set_all_options(int opt) {
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int all_options() const {
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return all_options_ ;
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// TODO: add other pcre flags
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int match_limit_recursion_;
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// These functions return some common RE_Options
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static inline RE_Options UTF8() {
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return RE_Options().set_utf8(true);
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static inline RE_Options CASELESS() {
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return RE_Options().set_caseless(true);
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static inline RE_Options MULTILINE() {
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return RE_Options().set_multiline(true);
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static inline RE_Options DOTALL() {
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return RE_Options().set_dotall(true);
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static inline RE_Options EXTENDED() {
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return RE_Options().set_extended(true);
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// Interface for regular expression matching. Also corresponds to a
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// pre-compiled regular expression. An "RE" object is safe for
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// concurrent use by multiple threads.
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class PCRECPP_EXP_DEFN RE {
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// We provide implicit conversions from strings so that users can
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// pass in a string or a "const char*" wherever an "RE" is expected.
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RE(const string& pat) { Init(pat, NULL); }
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RE(const string& pat, const RE_Options& option) { Init(pat, &option); }
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RE(const char* pat) { Init(pat, NULL); }
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RE(const char* pat, const RE_Options& option) { Init(pat, &option); }
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RE(const unsigned char* pat) {
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Init(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(pat), NULL);
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RE(const unsigned char* pat, const RE_Options& option) {
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Init(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(pat), &option);
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// Copy constructor & assignment - note that these are expensive
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// because they recompile the expression.
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RE(const RE& re) { Init(re.pattern_, &re.options_); }
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const RE& operator=(const RE& re) {
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// This is the code that originally came from Google
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// Init(re.pattern_.c_str(), &re.options_);
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// This is the replacement from Ari Pollak
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Init(re.pattern_, &re.options_);
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// The string specification for this RE. E.g.
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// re.pattern(); // "ab*c?d+"
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const string& pattern() const { return pattern_; }
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// If RE could not be created properly, returns an error string.
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// Else returns the empty string.
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const string& error() const { return *error_; }
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/***** The useful part: the matching interface *****/
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// This is provided so one can do pattern.ReplaceAll() just as
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// easily as ReplaceAll(pattern-text, ....)
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bool FullMatch(const StringPiece& text,
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const Arg& ptr1 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr2 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr3 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr4 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr5 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr6 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr7 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr8 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr9 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr10 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr11 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr12 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr13 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr14 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr15 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr16 = no_arg) const;
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bool PartialMatch(const StringPiece& text,
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const Arg& ptr1 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr2 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr3 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr4 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr5 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr6 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr7 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr8 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr9 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr10 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr11 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr12 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr13 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr14 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr15 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr16 = no_arg) const;
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bool Consume(StringPiece* input,
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const Arg& ptr1 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr2 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr3 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr4 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr5 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr6 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr7 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr8 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr9 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr10 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr11 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr12 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr13 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr14 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr15 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr16 = no_arg) const;
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bool FindAndConsume(StringPiece* input,
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const Arg& ptr1 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr2 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr3 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr4 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr5 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr6 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr7 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr8 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr9 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr10 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr11 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr12 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr13 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr14 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr15 = no_arg,
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const Arg& ptr16 = no_arg) const;
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bool Replace(const StringPiece& rewrite,
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int GlobalReplace(const StringPiece& rewrite,
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bool Extract(const StringPiece &rewrite,
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const StringPiece &text,
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// Escapes all potentially meaningful regexp characters in
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// 'unquoted'. The returned string, used as a regular expression,
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// will exactly match the original string. For example,
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// Note QuoteMeta behaves the same as perl's QuoteMeta function,
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// *except* that it escapes the NUL character (\0) as backslash + 0,
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// rather than backslash + NUL.
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static string QuoteMeta(const StringPiece& unquoted);
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/***** Generic matching interface *****/
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// Type of match (TODO: Should be restructured as part of RE_Options)
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UNANCHORED, // No anchoring
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ANCHOR_START, // Anchor at start only
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ANCHOR_BOTH // Anchor at start and end
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// General matching routine. Stores the length of the match in
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// "*consumed" if successful.
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bool DoMatch(const StringPiece& text,
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const Arg* const* args, int n) const;
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// Return the number of capturing subpatterns, or -1 if the
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// regexp wasn't valid on construction.
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int NumberOfCapturingGroups() const;
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// The default value for an argument, to indicate the end of the argument
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// list. This must be used only in optional argument defaults. It should NOT
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// be passed explicitly. Some people have tried to use it like this:
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// FullMatch(x, y, &z, no_arg, &w);
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// This is a mistake, and will not work.
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void Init(const string& pattern, const RE_Options* options);
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// Match against "text", filling in "vec" (up to "vecsize" * 2/3) with
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// pairs of integers for the beginning and end positions of matched
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// text. The first pair corresponds to the entire matched text;
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// subsequent pairs correspond, in order, to parentheses-captured
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// matches. Returns the number of pairs (one more than the number of
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// the last subpattern with a match) if matching was successful
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// and zero if the match failed.
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// I.e. for RE("(foo)|(bar)|(baz)") it will return 2, 3, and 4 when matching
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// against "foo", "bar", and "baz" respectively.
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// When matching RE("(foo)|hello") against "hello", it will return 1.
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// But the values for all subpattern are filled in into "vec".
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int TryMatch(const StringPiece& text,
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// Append the "rewrite" string, with backslash subsitutions from "text"
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// and "vec", to string "out".
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bool Rewrite(string *out,
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const StringPiece& rewrite,
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const StringPiece& text,
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// internal implementation for DoMatch
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bool DoMatchImpl(const StringPiece& text,
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const Arg* const args[],
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// Compile the regexp for the specified anchoring mode
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pcre* Compile(Anchor anchor);
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pcre* re_full_; // For full matches
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pcre* re_partial_; // For partial matches
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const string* error_; // Error indicator (or points to empty string)
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} // namespace pcrecpp
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#endif /* _PCRECPP_H */