~karl-schock/ubuntu-desktop-course/ubuntu-desktop-course-german

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<!DOCTYPE chapter PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN" "http://docbook.org/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">

<chapter>

		<title>Customising the Desktop and Applications</title>

		<para><emphasis role="strong">Objectives</emphasis></para>

		<para>In this lesson, you will learn how to:</para>

		<itemizedlist>

			<listitem>

				<para>Customise the look and feel of the Ubuntu desktop</para>

			</listitem>

			<listitem>

				<para>Work with the Nautilus file manager</para>

			</listitem>

			<listitem>

				<para>Identify the different package (application) managers and their

				purpose</para>

			</listitem>

			<listitem>

				<para>Add and remove an applications using three different tools:</para>

				<itemizedlist>

					<listitem>

						<para>Add and remove a software using Add/Remove Applications</para>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>Add and remove a software package using Synaptic Package

						Manager</para>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>Add and remove a software package using a command line

						interface</para>

					</listitem>

				</itemizedlist>

			</listitem>

			<listitem>

				<para>Identify the types of single package files and their use</para>

			</listitem>

			<listitem>

				<para>Install and uninstall Debian packages</para>

			</listitem>

			<listitem>

				<para>Identify the categories of software repositories</para>

			</listitem>

			<listitem>

				<para>Add extra repositories</para>

			</listitem>

		</itemizedlist>

		<sect1>

			<title>Introduction</title>

			<para>AS discussed in lesson 3, Ubuntu comes with a user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI)

			called GNOME. Unlike other desktops,

			the Ubuntu desktop comes completely clean and free of pre-determined 

			icons and buttons. You may want to add icons as per your requirements,

			which implies a need for customisation.</para>

			<tip><title><emphasis role="strong">Nice to Know:</emphasis></title>

			<para>GNU is a recursive acronym for 'GNU's Not Unix'; it is pronounced

			<emphasis role="italic">guh-noo.</emphasis></para></tip>

			<para>In this lesson, you will learn about various ways to set up your Ubuntu

			desktop to suit your requirements. You will also learn how to install and

			uninstall various software applications.</para>

		</sect1>

		<sect1>

			<title>Customising the Desktop</title>

			<para>Ubuntu and its derivatives can be customised through a Graphical User Interface or a Command Line Interface.</para>

			<para>The graphical tools for Ubuntu are available as menu options in

			the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis> menu. Point to

			<emphasis role="strong">Preferences</emphasis> on the

			<emphasis role="strong">System menu</emphasis> to view the tools.

			</para>

				<note><title><emphasis role="strong">Note:</emphasis></title>

				<para>The System - Preferences menu allows users to customise their own

				desktop environment in a way that may differ from other users on the same

				computer. In contrast, applications on the System - Administration menu

				will make changes to the computer that will affect all users.</para></note>

				<sect2>

				<title>Changing the Background</title>

				<para>The desktop background is the image or colour applied to your

				desktop. You can change the default

				<emphasis role="strong">Simple Ubuntu</emphasis> background.

				To change the background of the desktop:</para>

				<orderedlist numeration="arabic">

					<listitem>

						<para>On the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis>

						menu, point to <emphasis role="strong">Preferences</emphasis>

						and then click <emphasis role="strong">Appearance</emphasis>. 

						The <emphasis role="strong">

						Appearance Preferences</emphasis> dialogue box

						opens.</para>

						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Launching Appearance Preferences Dialogue Box</emphasis></title>

							<mediaobject><imageobject>

								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_001.png" format="PNG" />

							</imageobject></mediaobject>

						</figure>

						<tip><title><emphasis role="strong">Nice to Know:</emphasis></title>

						<para>You can also right-click the desktop and select

						<emphasis role="strong">Change Desktop Background</emphasis>

						to open the <emphasis role="strong">Appearance Preferences

						</emphasis> dialogue box.</para></tip>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>In the <emphasis role="strong">Appearance Preferences

						</emphasis> dialogue box, select a desktop

						wallpaper from the available wallpapers. 

						The background changes immediately.</para>

						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Changing Desktop Wallpaper</emphasis></title>

							<mediaobject><imageobject>

								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_002.png" format="PNG" />

							</imageobject></mediaobject>

						</figure>

					<tip><title><emphasis role="strong">Nice to Know:</emphasis></title>

						<para>To view the name of the wallpaper, move the pointer over its name.

						</para></tip>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>Click <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis> in

						the <emphasis role="strong">Appearance Preferences</emphasis>

						dialogue box to apply the changes.</para>

						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Applying Preference Change</emphasis></title>

							<mediaobject><imageobject>

								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_003.png" format="PNG" />

							</imageobject></mediaobject>

						</figure>

					</listitem>

				</orderedlist>

				<para><emphasis role="strong">Adding a New Wallpaper</emphasis></para>

				<para>Apart from the wallpapers available with the Ubuntu desktop,

				you can download additional high-quality wallpapers and add them to

				the available wallpapers list in the <emphasis role="strong">Appearance Preferences

				</emphasis> dialogue box. To do this:

				<orderedlist numeration="arabic">

					<listitem>

						<para>Open the Web site

						<ulink url="http://art.gnome.org/">http://art.gnome.org/</ulink>

						and click <emphasis role="strong">Backgrounds</emphasis>.</para>

						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Opening Wallpaper Source</emphasis></title>

							<mediaobject><imageobject>

								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_004.png" format="PNG" />

							</imageobject></mediaobject>

						</figure>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>Download the wallpaper of your choice. During the

						download, you can view the screen resolutions available for the

						selected wallpaper. You should download and save the version of your chosen wallpaper 

						that matches the screen resolution of your computer.</para>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>On the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis>

						menu, point to <emphasis role="strong">Preferences</emphasis>

						and then click <emphasis role="strong">Appearance

						</emphasis>. The <emphasis role="strong">

						Appearance Preferences</emphasis> dialogue box

						opens.</para>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>Click the <emphasis role="strong">Background</emphasis> tab and

						then click <emphasis role="strong">Add</emphasis>.

						The <emphasis role="strong">Add Wallpaper</emphasis>

						dialogue box opens.</para>

						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Adding a New Wallpaper</emphasis></title>

							<mediaobject><imageobject>

								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_005.png" format="PNG" />

							</imageobject></mediaobject>

						</figure>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>In the <emphasis role="strong">Add Wallpaper</emphasis>

						dialogue box, select the downloaded image and

						click <emphasis role="strong">Open</emphasis>.</para>

						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Selecting Downloaded Wallpaper</emphasis></title>

							<mediaobject><imageobject>

								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_006.png" format="PNG" />

							</imageobject></mediaobject>

						</figure>

						<para>This step adds the image as new wallpaper.</para>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>Click <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis> in

						the <emphasis role="strong">Appearance Preferences</emphasis>

						dialogue box to accept the changes. You can now

						view the new desktop background.</para>

						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Added Wallpaper</emphasis></title>

							<mediaobject><imageobject>

								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_007.png" format="PNG" />

							</imageobject></mediaobject>

						</figure>

					</listitem>

				</orderedlist>

				</para>

				<tip><title><emphasis role="strong">Nice to know:</emphasis></title>

				<para>You can, of course, use a picture from any other source to use as your desktop

				background. Many popular online photo collaboration sites allow visitors to 

				download and use their content for personal use. Many people also use their own

				digital photographs as backgrounds.</para></tip>

				<para><emphasis role="strong">Changing the Colour of the

				Background</emphasis></para>

				<para>To change the colour of the background:

				<orderedlist numeration="arabic">

					<listitem>

						<para>On the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis>

						menu, point to <emphasis role="strong">Preferences</emphasis>

						and then click <emphasis role="strong">Appearance</emphasis> 

						to open the <emphasis role="strong"> 

						Appearance Preferences</emphasis> dialogue box.

						</para>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>Click the <emphasis role="strong">Background</emphasis> tab 

						and select the wallpaper <emphasis role="strong">No

						Wallpaper</emphasis>. You can view colours only if you have

						not set any desktop wallpaper.</para>

					 	<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Changing Background Colour</emphasis></title>

							<mediaobject><imageobject>

								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_008.png" format="PNG" />

							</imageobject></mediaobject>

						</figure>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>The <emphasis role="strong">Colours</emphasis>

						box provides three types of background:

						<emphasis role="strong">Solid colour, Horizontal gradient</emphasis>

						and <emphasis role="strong">Vertical gradient</emphasis>.

						Select the desktop colour of your choice and then

						click the colour chip next to the <emphasis role="strong">

						Colours</emphasis> box. The

						<emphasis role="strong">Pick a Colour</emphasis> dialogue

						box opens.</para>

						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Selecting Colour Option</emphasis></title>

							<mediaobject><imageobject>

								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_009.png" format="PNG" />

							</imageobject></mediaobject>

						</figure>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>Select a colour or the attributes of a colour such as hue

						and saturation to create a colour of your choice. Click

						<emphasis role="strong">OK</emphasis>. The desktop reflects the new settings immediately.</para>

						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Specifying Colour</emphasis></title>

							<mediaobject><imageobject>

								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_010.png" format="PNG" />

							</imageobject></mediaobject>

						</figure>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>Click <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis> to

						close the <emphasis role="strong">Appearance

						Preferences</emphasis> dialogue box.</para>

						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Changed Background Colour</emphasis></title>

							<mediaobject><imageobject>

								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_011.png" format="PNG" />

							</imageobject></mediaobject>

						</figure>

					</listitem>

				</orderedlist>

				</para>

			</sect2>

			<sect2>

				<title>Customising the Theme (Buttons &amp; icons etc)</title>

				<para>The desktop theme controls the visual appearance of the

				buttons, scroll bars, icons, panels, borders etc.

				Ubuntu provides a number of themes you can use to change the 

				appearance of the GNOME desktop and applications.</para>

				<para>To select a theme for your desktop:

				<orderedlist numeration="arabic">

					<listitem>

						<para>On the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis>

						menu, point to <emphasis role="strong">Preferences</emphasis>

						and click <emphasis role="strong">Appearance</emphasis>.

						The <emphasis role="strong">Appearance Preferences</emphasis>

						dialogue box opens.</para>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>On the <emphasis role="strong">Theme</emphasis> tab,

						select the theme of your choice. The desktop reflects the

						theme automatically. To customise your theme further, click

						<emphasis role="strong">Customise</emphasis>. The

						<emphasis role="strong">Customise Theme</emphasis> dialogue

						box opens.</para>

						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Customising Desktop Theme</emphasis></title>

							<mediaobject><imageobject>

								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_012.png" format="PNG" />

							</imageobject></mediaobject>

						</figure>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>The default selection is <emphasis role="strong">

						Controls</emphasis> tab. The setting on the

						<emphasis role="strong">Controls</emphasis> tabbed page

						defines the visual appearance of windows, panels and applets.

						Select a control from the <emphasis role="strong">Controls</emphasis>

						list. You can see an immediate change in the appearance of

						the open windows.</para>

						<note><title><emphasis role="strong">Note:</emphasis></title>

						<para>You can customise the following objects on the screen:</para>

						<para><emphasis role="strong">Window:</emphasis> A

						rectangular area of the screen with a border and a title bar at

						the top. All graphical applications run inside windows.</para>

						<para><emphasis role="strong">Panel:</emphasis> An area on

						the desktop from where you can access information

						such as date and time. You can also launch applications and

						add or remove objects from panels. The Ubuntu desktop

						contains two panels, the top edge panel at the top of the

						screen and the bottom edge panel at the bottom of the

						screen.</para>

						<para><emphasis role="strong">Applet:</emphasis> A small

						application whose user interface resides within a panel.</para>

						<para><emphasis role="strong">Window Border:</emphasis> 

						The border that appears around windows.  It has a frame at the top of the window

						that contains the name of the application and the edges that allow you to resize the window.</para>

						<para><emphasis role="strong">Icon:</emphasis> A graphical

						symbol for the applications and options on the panels and

						windows.</para></note>

						<para>Similarly, you can customise the background and text

						colour of your windows, input boxes and selected items by

						configuring the settings on the <emphasis role="strong">Colours</emphasis>

						tab.</para>

						<para>If you want to customise your window borders and icons,

						click the <emphasis role="strong">Window Border</emphasis>

						and <emphasis role="strong">Icons</emphasis> tabs in the

						<emphasis role="strong">Customise Theme</emphasis> dialogue

						box.</para>

						<note><title><emphasis role="strong">Note:</emphasis></title>

						<para>Ubuntu provides additional options to customise your themes. You can

						download more controls, window borders and icons from the

						Web site

						<ulink url="http://art.gnome.org">http://art.gnome.org</ulink>

						and save it at any location on your computer. While customising the theme, click

						<emphasis role="strong">Install</emphasis> in the

						<emphasis role="strong">Appearance Preferences</emphasis>

						dialogue box. The <emphasis role="strong">Select Theme</emphasis>

						dialogue box opens, and you can select the

						downloaded objects.</para></note>

						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Selecting Theme Controls</emphasis></title>

							<mediaobject><imageobject>

								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_013.png" format="PNG" />

							</imageobject></mediaobject>

						</figure>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>Click <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis> in the

						<emphasis role="strong">Customise Theme</emphasis> dialogue

						box. To save the theme, click <emphasis role="strong">Save

						As</emphasis> in the <emphasis role="strong">Appearance

						Preferences</emphasis> dialogue box. The

						<emphasis role="strong">Save Theme As</emphasis> dialogue

						box opens.</para>

						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Saving Modified Theme</emphasis></title>

							<mediaobject><imageobject>

								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_014.png" format="PNG" />

							</imageobject></mediaobject>

						</figure>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>Provide a name to the theme in the

						<emphasis role="strong">Name</emphasis> box and a

						description, if you want, in the

						<emphasis role="strong">Description</emphasis> box.

						Click <emphasis role="strong">Save</emphasis>.</para>

						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Specifying Theme Name and Description</emphasis></title>

							<mediaobject><imageobject>

								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_015.png" format="PNG" />

							</imageobject></mediaobject>

						</figure>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>In the <emphasis role="strong">Appearance Preferences</emphasis>

						dialogue box, click <emphasis role="strong">

						Close</emphasis>.</para>

					</listitem>

				</orderedlist>

				</para>

				<para>If you open a menu or window, you can see the changes in their appearance.</para>

				<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Viewing an Application in Modified Theme</emphasis></title>

							<mediaobject><imageobject>

								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_016.png" format="PNG" />

							</imageobject></mediaobject>

				</figure>

				<para><emphasis role="strong">Installing New Themes</emphasis></para>

				<para>You can also download other Ubuntu-compatible themes from Ubuntu's recommended source.

				To install these themes:

				<orderedlist numeration="arabic">

					<listitem>

						<para>Open the Web site and click <emphasis role="strong">

						DesktopThemes</emphasis>.</para>

						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Opening Theme Source</emphasis></title>

							<mediaobject><imageobject>

								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_017.png" format="PNG" />

							</imageobject></mediaobject>

						</figure>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>Download a theme of your choice. Select any theme and

						follow the instructions as they appear.</para>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>On the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis>

						menu, point to <emphasis role="strong">Preferences</emphasis>

						and click <emphasis role="strong">Appearance</emphasis>.

						The <emphasis role="strong">Appearance Preferences</emphasis>

						dialogue box opens.</para>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>On the <emphasis role="strong">Theme</emphasis> tab, 

						click <emphasis role="strong">Install</emphasis>. 

						The <emphasis role="strong">Select Theme</emphasis>

						dialogue box opens.</para>

						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Installing New Theme</emphasis></title>

							<mediaobject><imageobject>

								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_018.png" format="PNG" />

							</imageobject></mediaobject>

						</figure>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>Select the downloaded theme and click

						<emphasis role="strong">Open</emphasis>.</para>

						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Selecting Downloaded Theme</emphasis></title>

							<mediaobject><imageobject>

								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_019.png" format="PNG" />

							</imageobject></mediaobject>

						</figure>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>You can apply a new theme or retain the current theme.

						Click <emphasis role="strong">Apply New Theme</emphasis>

						to apply the new theme. The screen will reflect the new theme

						immediately.</para>

						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Applying New Theme</emphasis></title>

							<mediaobject><imageobject>

								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_020.png" format="PNG" />

							</imageobject></mediaobject>

						</figure>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>Click <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis> in the

						<emphasis role="strong">Appearance Preferences</emphasis>

						dialogue box.</para>

						<para>If you open any menu or window, it will reflect the

						selected theme.</para>

						<figure id="fig:chess-blueheart"><title><emphasis role="italic">Chess in Blue Heart Theme</emphasis></title>

							<mediaobject><imageobject>

								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_021.png" format="PNG" />

							</imageobject></mediaobject>

						</figure>

					</listitem>

				</orderedlist>

				</para>

			</sect2>

			<sect2>

				<title>Customising a Screensaver</title>

				<para>A screensaver displays (often moving) images on the screen when

				your computer is switched on but not in use. To go back to the

				workspace, you can move the mouse or press any key on the

				keyboard.</para>

				<para>You can choose a screensaver and customise it. To

				customise a screensaver:

				<orderedlist numeration="arabic">

					<listitem>

						<para>On the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis>

						menu, point to <emphasis role="strong">Preferences</emphasis>

						and click <emphasis role="strong">Screensaver</emphasis>.

						The <emphasis role="strong">Screensaver

						Preferences</emphasis> dialogue box opens.</para>

						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Launching Screensaver Preferences Dialogue Box</emphasis></title>

							<mediaobject><imageobject>

								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_022.png" format="PNG" />

							</imageobject></mediaobject>

						</figure>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>Select the screensaver from the list of available

						screensavers. You can preview the screensaver in the right pane.

						</para>

						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Customising Screensaver Settings</emphasis></title>

							<mediaobject><imageobject>

								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_023.png" format="PNG" />

							</imageobject></mediaobject>

						</figure>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>The <emphasis role="strong">Regard the computer as

						idle after</emphasis> slider specifies when a screensaver starts

						to work if the computer is not in use. The

						default time is set to 10 minutes. You can use this slider to

						select how long the computer needs to be idle before the

						screensaver activates.</para>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>To prevent any tampering of your computer in your

						absence, you can automatically lock your screen the moment

						the screensaver activates. Locking requires users to type their

						password to reactivate the desktop. Select the

						<emphasis role="strong">Lock screen when screensaver is

						active</emphasis> check box to lock the screen when the

						screensaver starts.</para>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>Click <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis>.</para>

					</listitem>

				</orderedlist>

				</para>

				<para>The selected screensaver displays when the computer is idle

				for the specified period.</para>

			</sect2>

			<sect2>

				<title>Customising the Screen Resolution</title>

				<para>The screen resolution determines how large or small an item

				looks on the screen. To modify the screen resolution of the GNOME

				desktop:

				<orderedlist numeration="arabic">

					<listitem>

						<para>On the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis>

						menu, point to <emphasis role="strong">Preferences</emphasis>

						and then click <emphasis role="strong">Screen

						Resolution</emphasis>. The <emphasis role="strong">Screen

						Resolution Preferences</emphasis> dialogue box opens.</para>

						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Launching Screen Resolution Preferences Dialogue Box</emphasis></title>

							<mediaobject><imageobject>

								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_024.png" format="PNG" />

							</imageobject></mediaobject>

						</figure>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>The default resolution is <emphasis role="strong">

						1280x1024</emphasis>. You can change the resolution in the

						<emphasis role="strong">Resolution</emphasis> box.</para>

						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Customising Screen Resolution</emphasis></title>

							<mediaobject><imageobject>

								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_025.png" format="PNG" />

							</imageobject></mediaobject>

						</figure>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>Click <emphasis role="strong">Apply</emphasis>. The

						<emphasis role="strong">Keep Resolution</emphasis>

						dialogue box opens, prompting you to confirm settings or use

						the previous resolution and revert to the original settings. Click

						<emphasis role="strong">Keep resolution</emphasis> to apply

						new changes.</para>

						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Resolution Confirmation Dialogue Box</emphasis></title>

							<mediaobject><imageobject>

								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_026.png" format="PNG" />

							</imageobject></mediaobject>

						</figure>

					</listitem>

				</orderedlist>

				</para>

				<para>The screen resolution will change.</para>

			</sect2>

		</sect1>

		<sect1>

			<title>3D Effects</title>

			<para>A computer screen is two-dimensional (2D) in nature and until recently most

			applications were developed with a 2D layout.</para>

			<para>However, advancements in technology fuelled the demand for more life-like on screen visuals,

			as in three-dimensional (3D) modelling and games. The operating system

			needs to perform complex calculations to display 3D images in 2D. Consequently, to

			reduce the burden on the operating system and increase the speed of applications, 3D

			accelerator cards were developed, which use the graphics processor on the graphics

			card instead of consuming valuable CPU resources. Almost all modern graphics cards

			have a built-in acceleration to display 3D.</para>

			<para>Ubuntu can utilize the 3D capabilities of a graphics card for desktop effects. An example of

			these effects are the placement of the desktops on a rotating cube, windows have shadows, 

			and motion effects.</para>

			<para>The effects are enabled by default and can be controlled from the <emphasis role='strong'>Appearance</emphasis> menu. From here the 

			desktop effects can either be completely disabled or enabled. The number of effects can be controlled via the <emphasis role='strong'>normal effects</emphasis> 

			and <emphasis role='strong'>extra effects</emphasis> setting.</para>

			<para>If a graphics card does not have 3D capabilities or support for 3D is missing from the Linux drivers for the card, you will be notified that <emphasis role='strong'>Desktop effects could not be enabled</emphasis>.</para>

		</sect1>

		<sect1>

			<title>Working with Files Using Nautilus</title>

			<para>The Nautilus file manager in Ubuntu provides a simple and

			integrated way to manage files and applications. It is a GNOME

			application and is configured with other applications in Ubuntu.</para>

			<sect2>

				<title>Features of Nautilus</title>

				<para>The Nautilus file manager allows you to organise files into

				folders and perform tasks such as:</para>

				<itemizedlist>

					<listitem>

						<para>Create and display folders and documents: Create new files, organise them

						into folders and save them.

						</para>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>Search and manage your files: Classify files and

						search them as per their classification.</para>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>Open special locations on your computer: Access the local network and save your files.

						</para>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>Write data to a CD or DVD</para>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>Navigate using two modes:</para>

						<itemizedlist>

							<listitem>

								<para>Spatial mode: Allows you to open each

								folder in a separate window, which then helps open your files as

								physical objects in different locations. You can view the

								content of various folders simultaneously.</para>

							</listitem>

							<listitem>

								<para>Browser mode: Opens your folders in a

								single window. Only one file manager opens in browser

								mode, and it is updated when you click another folder in the

								file manager.</para>

							</listitem>

						</itemizedlist>

					</listitem>

				</itemizedlist>

				<instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">Compare browser mode with 

				Firefox to help students appreciate the similarity.</emphasis></para>

			</instructornote>

			</sect2>

			<sect2>

				<title>Nautilus</title>

				<note><title><emphasis role="strong">Note:</emphasis></title>

				<para>Spatial mode is the default mode for the Nautilus file manager in

				GNOME but while compiling Ubuntu, the mode changes to browser mode by default.</para></note>

				<para>To choose the required mode:</para>

				<orderedlist numeration="arabic">

					<listitem>

						<para>Click the <emphasis role="strong">Places</emphasis>

						menu. A list of items appears:

						<itemizedlist>

							<listitem>

								<para><emphasis role="strong">Home Folder:</emphasis>

								This is a personal folder created by default for every user

								to create and work on files. It takes the user name by

								default.</para>

							</listitem>

							<listitem>

								<para><emphasis role="strong">Desktop:</emphasis> An

								active component that lies behind all the screens on

								your computer and provides easy and quick access to

								the files saved on it.</para>

							</listitem>

							<listitem>

								<para><emphasis role="strong">Computer:</emphasis> Contains all drives and file systems;

								makes document backup onto CD and DVD really simple.</para>

							</listitem>

							<listitem>

								<para><emphasis role="strong">CD/DVD Creator:</emphasis>

								It consists of folders that you can write to a CD or a

								DVD. You can also back up your documents on a CD or

								a DVD.</para>

							</listitem>

						</itemizedlist>

					</para>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>Click any of the above items on the

						<emphasis role="strong">Places</emphasis> menu.</para>

						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Using Nautilus File Manager</emphasis></title>

							<mediaobject><imageobject>

								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_027.png" format="PNG" />

							</imageobject></mediaobject>

						</figure>

						<para>The Nautilus file manager opens files in browser mode by default. If you open a folder in this mode,

						the folder will open in the same window. The location bar shows

						the current location of the opened folder in the hierarchy of

						folders, and the sidebar shows other folders saved on your

						computer.</para>

						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Files Display</emphasis></title>

							<mediaobject><imageobject>

								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_028.png" format="PNG" />

							</imageobject></mediaobject>

						</figure>

						<para>While in browser mode, you can move to the parent folder

						that contains the currently open folder. To move to the parent

						folder, click <emphasis role="strong">Open Parent</emphasis>

						on the <emphasis role="strong">Go</emphasis> menu in the

						window.</para>

						<note><title><emphasis role="strong">Note:</emphasis></title>

						<para>You can also click <emphasis role="strong">Up</emphasis>

						on the navigation toolbar or press the BACKSPACE key to

						move to the parent folder.</para></note>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>On the <emphasis role="strong">Edit</emphasis>

						menu, click <emphasis role="strong">Preferences</emphasis>.

						The <emphasis role="strong">File Management Preferences</emphasis>

						dialogue box opens.</para>

						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Launching File Management Preferences</emphasis></title>

							<mediaobject><imageobject>

								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_029.png" format="PNG" />

							</imageobject></mediaobject>

						</figure>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>Click the <emphasis role="strong">Behaviour</emphasis>

						tab in the dialogue box. To change the mode to spatial mode,

						clear the <emphasis role="strong">Always open in browser

						windows</emphasis> check box and then click

						<emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis>.</para>

						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Changing File Management Behaviour</emphasis></title>

							<mediaobject><imageobject>

								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_030.png" format="PNG" />

							</imageobject></mediaobject>

						</figure>

					</listitem>

					<listitem>

						<para>Close the file manager window and open it again. Your

						files will now open in spatial mode. If you open another folder, it

						will open in a different file manager window.</para>

						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Confirming File Management Behaviour Changes</emphasis></title>

							<mediaobject><imageobject>

								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_031.png" format="PNG" />

							</imageobject></mediaobject>

						</figure>

						<note><title><emphasis role="strong">Note:</emphasis></title>

						<para>Each time you open a particular folder in spatial mode, you

						will find its window displayed in the same place on the screen

						and of the same size as during the last view. For this reason,

						this mode is referred to as spatial mode.</para></note>

						<para>To move to the parent folder in spatial mode, click

						<emphasis role="strong">Open Parent</emphasis> on the

						<emphasis role="strong">File</emphasis> menu. Alternatively,

						you can press the ALT+UP arrow key.</para>

						<tip><title><emphasis role="strong">Nice to Know:</emphasis></title>

						<para>Konqueror is KDE equivalent of Nautilus file manager, 

						which is used in the Kubuntu derivative of Ubuntu. It is a 

						multi-purpose application that can act as a file manager, Web browser 

						and universal viewer. As well as allowing you to browse Web sites, 

						this application provides basic file management and can many view different file types.</para></tip>

					</listitem>

				</orderedlist>

			</sect2>

		</sect1>

		<sect1>

			<title>Package Managers</title>

			<para>One of the biggest differences between Ubuntu and Microsoft Windows is

			how you install and uninstall programmes and applications. In Microsoft Windows, 

			most applications provide their own installation and removal methods.

			Some applications provide a method to keep themselves up to date, but others

			do not and there is no easy way to ensure that everything on your computer is

			up to date.  Keeping track of all the programmes that have been installed and 

			keeping all those programmes updated is largely up to you.</para>

			<para>Ubuntu is not like that. Instead, Ubuntu has a sophisticated 

			<emphasis role="strong">package management framework</emphasis> that keeps

			track of all the software installed in Ubuntu, automates

			the process of installing and removing applications, and ensures that 

			all the software is kept up to date with the latest enhancements and fixes.

			All you have to do is decide what applications you want installed, and then

			use a <emphasis role="strong">package manager</emphasis> to tell Ubuntu to

			install them.</para>

			<sect2>

				<title>Types of Package Managers</title>

				<para>Ubuntu includes a few package managers by default and

				which one you use depends on how advanced the package

				management tasks are that you want to achieve. Depending on their

				features, package managers are divided into the following categories:

				</para>

				<table>

				<title>Table 1</title>

					<tgroup cols="2">

						<tbody>

							<row>

								<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Package