~karl-schock/ubuntu-desktop-course/ubuntu-desktop-course-german

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<chapter>
		<title>Customising the Desktop and Applications</title>
		<para><emphasis role="strong">Objectives</emphasis></para>
		<para>In this lesson, you will learn how to:</para>
		<itemizedlist>
			<listitem>
				<para>Customise the look and feel of the Ubuntu desktop</para>
			</listitem>
			<listitem>
				<para>Work with the Nautilus file manager</para>
			</listitem>
			<listitem>
				<para>Identify the different package (application) managers and their
				purpose</para>
			</listitem>
			<listitem>
				<para>Add and remove an applications using three different tools:</para>
				<itemizedlist>
					<listitem>
						<para>Add and remove a software using Add/Remove Applications</para>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>Add and remove a software package using Synaptic Package
						Manager</para>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>Add and remove a software package using a command line
						interface</para>
					</listitem>
				</itemizedlist>
			</listitem>
			<listitem>
				<para>Identify the types of single package files and their use</para>
			</listitem>
			<listitem>
				<para>Install and uninstall Debian packages</para>
			</listitem>
			<listitem>
				<para>Identify the categories of software repositories</para>
			</listitem>
			<listitem>
				<para>Add extra repositories</para>
			</listitem>
		</itemizedlist>
		<sect1>
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<para>AS discussed in lesson 3, Ubuntu comes with a user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI)
			called GNOME. Unlike other desktops,
			the Ubuntu desktop comes completely clean and free of pre-determined 
			icons and buttons. You may want to add icons as per your requirements,
			which implies a need for customisation.</para>
			<tip><title><emphasis role="strong">Nice to Know:</emphasis></title>
			<para>GNU is a recursive acronym for 'GNU's Not Unix'; it is pronounced
			<emphasis role="italic">guh-noo.</emphasis></para></tip>
			<para>In this lesson, you will learn about various ways to set up your Ubuntu
			desktop to suit your requirements. You will also learn how to install and
			uninstall various software applications.</para>
		</sect1>
		<sect1>
			<title>Customising the Desktop</title>
			<para>Ubuntu and its derivatives can be customised through a Graphical User Interface or a Command Line Interface.</para>
			<para>The graphical tools for Ubuntu are available as menu options in
			the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis> menu. Point to
			<emphasis role="strong">Preferences</emphasis> on the
			<emphasis role="strong">System menu</emphasis> to view the tools.
			</para>
				<note><title><emphasis role="strong">Note:</emphasis></title>
				<para>The System - Preferences menu allows users to customise their own
				desktop environment in a way that may differ from other users on the same
				computer. In contrast, applications on the System - Administration menu
				will make changes to the computer that will affect all users.</para></note>
				<sect2>
				<title>Changing the Background</title>
				<para>The desktop background is the image or colour applied to your
				desktop. You can change the default
				<emphasis role="strong">Simple Ubuntu</emphasis> background.
				To change the background of the desktop:</para>
				<orderedlist numeration="arabic">
					<listitem>
						<para>On the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis>
						menu, point to <emphasis role="strong">Preferences</emphasis>
						and then click <emphasis role="strong">Appearance</emphasis>. 
						The <emphasis role="strong">
						Appearance Preferences</emphasis> dialogue box
						opens.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Launching Appearance Preferences Dialogue Box</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_001.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
						<tip><title><emphasis role="strong">Nice to Know:</emphasis></title>
						<para>You can also right-click the desktop and select
						<emphasis role="strong">Change Desktop Background</emphasis>
						to open the <emphasis role="strong">Appearance Preferences
						</emphasis> dialogue box.</para></tip>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>In the <emphasis role="strong">Appearance Preferences
						</emphasis> dialogue box, select a desktop
						wallpaper from the available wallpapers. 
						The background changes immediately.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Changing Desktop Wallpaper</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_002.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
					<tip><title><emphasis role="strong">Nice to Know:</emphasis></title>
						<para>To view the name of the wallpaper, move the pointer over its name.
						</para></tip>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>Click <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis> in
						the <emphasis role="strong">Appearance Preferences</emphasis>
						dialogue box to apply the changes.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Applying Preference Change</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_003.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
					</listitem>
				</orderedlist>
				<para><emphasis role="strong">Adding a New Wallpaper</emphasis></para>
				<para>Apart from the wallpapers available with the Ubuntu desktop,
				you can download additional high-quality wallpapers and add them to
				the available wallpapers list in the <emphasis role="strong">Appearance Preferences
				</emphasis> dialogue box. To do this:
				<orderedlist numeration="arabic">
					<listitem>
						<para>Open the Web site
						<ulink url="http://art.gnome.org/">http://art.gnome.org/</ulink>
						and click <emphasis role="strong">Backgrounds</emphasis>.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Opening Wallpaper Source</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_004.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>Download the wallpaper of your choice. During the
						download, you can view the screen resolutions available for the
						selected wallpaper. You should download and save the version of your chosen wallpaper 
						that matches the screen resolution of your computer.</para>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>On the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis>
						menu, point to <emphasis role="strong">Preferences</emphasis>
						and then click <emphasis role="strong">Appearance
						</emphasis>. The <emphasis role="strong">
						Appearance Preferences</emphasis> dialogue box
						opens.</para>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>Click the <emphasis role="strong">Background</emphasis> tab and
						then click <emphasis role="strong">Add</emphasis>.
						The <emphasis role="strong">Add Wallpaper</emphasis>
						dialogue box opens.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Adding a New Wallpaper</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_005.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>In the <emphasis role="strong">Add Wallpaper</emphasis>
						dialogue box, select the downloaded image and
						click <emphasis role="strong">Open</emphasis>.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Selecting Downloaded Wallpaper</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_006.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
						<para>This step adds the image as new wallpaper.</para>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>Click <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis> in
						the <emphasis role="strong">Appearance Preferences</emphasis>
						dialogue box to accept the changes. You can now
						view the new desktop background.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Added Wallpaper</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_007.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
					</listitem>
				</orderedlist>
				</para>
				<tip><title><emphasis role="strong">Nice to know:</emphasis></title>
				<para>You can, of course, use a picture from any other source to use as your desktop
				background. Many popular online photo collaboration sites allow visitors to 
				download and use their content for personal use. Many people also use their own
				digital photographs as backgrounds.</para></tip>
				<para><emphasis role="strong">Changing the Colour of the
				Background</emphasis></para>
				<para>To change the colour of the background:
				<orderedlist numeration="arabic">
					<listitem>
						<para>On the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis>
						menu, point to <emphasis role="strong">Preferences</emphasis>
						and then click <emphasis role="strong">Appearance</emphasis> 
						to open the <emphasis role="strong"> 
						Appearance Preferences</emphasis> dialogue box.
						</para>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>Click the <emphasis role="strong">Background</emphasis> tab 
						and select the wallpaper <emphasis role="strong">No
						Wallpaper</emphasis>. You can view colours only if you have
						not set any desktop wallpaper.</para>
					 	<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Changing Background Colour</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_008.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>The <emphasis role="strong">Colours</emphasis>
						box provides three types of background:
						<emphasis role="strong">Solid colour, Horizontal gradient</emphasis>
						and <emphasis role="strong">Vertical gradient</emphasis>.
						Select the desktop colour of your choice and then
						click the colour chip next to the <emphasis role="strong">
						Colours</emphasis> box. The
						<emphasis role="strong">Pick a Colour</emphasis> dialogue
						box opens.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Selecting Colour Option</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_009.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>Select a colour or the attributes of a colour such as hue
						and saturation to create a colour of your choice. Click
						<emphasis role="strong">OK</emphasis>. The desktop reflects the new settings immediately.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Specifying Colour</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_010.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>Click <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis> to
						close the <emphasis role="strong">Appearance
						Preferences</emphasis> dialogue box.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Changed Background Colour</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_011.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
					</listitem>
				</orderedlist>
				</para>
			</sect2>
			<sect2>
				<title>Customising the Theme (Buttons &amp; icons etc)</title>
				<para>The desktop theme controls the visual appearance of the
				buttons, scroll bars, icons, panels, borders etc.
				Ubuntu provides a number of themes you can use to change the 
				appearance of the GNOME desktop and applications.</para>
				<para>To select a theme for your desktop:
				<orderedlist numeration="arabic">
					<listitem>
						<para>On the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis>
						menu, point to <emphasis role="strong">Preferences</emphasis>
						and click <emphasis role="strong">Appearance</emphasis>.
						The <emphasis role="strong">Appearance Preferences</emphasis>
						dialogue box opens.</para>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>On the <emphasis role="strong">Theme</emphasis> tab,
						select the theme of your choice. The desktop reflects the
						theme automatically. To customise your theme further, click
						<emphasis role="strong">Customise</emphasis>. The
						<emphasis role="strong">Customise Theme</emphasis> dialogue
						box opens.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Customising Desktop Theme</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_012.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>The default selection is <emphasis role="strong">
						Controls</emphasis> tab. The setting on the
						<emphasis role="strong">Controls</emphasis> tabbed page
						defines the visual appearance of windows, panels and applets.
						Select a control from the <emphasis role="strong">Controls</emphasis>
						list. You can see an immediate change in the appearance of
						the open windows.</para>
						<note><title><emphasis role="strong">Note:</emphasis></title>
						<para>You can customise the following objects on the screen:</para>
						<para><emphasis role="strong">Window:</emphasis> A
						rectangular area of the screen with a border and a title bar at
						the top. All graphical applications run inside windows.</para>
						<para><emphasis role="strong">Panel:</emphasis> An area on
						the desktop from where you can access information
						such as date and time. You can also launch applications and
						add or remove objects from panels. The Ubuntu desktop
						contains two panels, the top edge panel at the top of the
						screen and the bottom edge panel at the bottom of the
						screen.</para>
						<para><emphasis role="strong">Applet:</emphasis> A small
						application whose user interface resides within a panel.</para>
						<para><emphasis role="strong">Window Border:</emphasis> 
						The border that appears around windows.  It has a frame at the top of the window
						that contains the name of the application and the edges that allow you to resize the window.</para>
						<para><emphasis role="strong">Icon:</emphasis> A graphical
						symbol for the applications and options on the panels and
						windows.</para></note>
						<para>Similarly, you can customise the background and text
						colour of your windows, input boxes and selected items by
						configuring the settings on the <emphasis role="strong">Colours</emphasis>
						tab.</para>
						<para>If you want to customise your window borders and icons,
						click the <emphasis role="strong">Window Border</emphasis>
						and <emphasis role="strong">Icons</emphasis> tabs in the
						<emphasis role="strong">Customise Theme</emphasis> dialogue
						box.</para>
						<note><title><emphasis role="strong">Note:</emphasis></title>
						<para>Ubuntu provides additional options to customise your themes. You can
						download more controls, window borders and icons from the
						Web site
						<ulink url="http://art.gnome.org">http://art.gnome.org</ulink>
						and save it at any location on your computer. While customising the theme, click
						<emphasis role="strong">Install</emphasis> in the
						<emphasis role="strong">Appearance Preferences</emphasis>
						dialogue box. The <emphasis role="strong">Select Theme</emphasis>
						dialogue box opens, and you can select the
						downloaded objects.</para></note>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Selecting Theme Controls</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_013.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>Click <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis> in the
						<emphasis role="strong">Customise Theme</emphasis> dialogue
						box. To save the theme, click <emphasis role="strong">Save
						As</emphasis> in the <emphasis role="strong">Appearance
						Preferences</emphasis> dialogue box. The
						<emphasis role="strong">Save Theme As</emphasis> dialogue
						box opens.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Saving Modified Theme</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_014.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>Provide a name to the theme in the
						<emphasis role="strong">Name</emphasis> box and a
						description, if you want, in the
						<emphasis role="strong">Description</emphasis> box.
						Click <emphasis role="strong">Save</emphasis>.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Specifying Theme Name and Description</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_015.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>In the <emphasis role="strong">Appearance Preferences</emphasis>
						dialogue box, click <emphasis role="strong">
						Close</emphasis>.</para>
					</listitem>
				</orderedlist>
				</para>
				<para>If you open a menu or window, you can see the changes in their appearance.</para>
				<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Viewing an Application in Modified Theme</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_016.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
				</figure>
				<para><emphasis role="strong">Installing New Themes</emphasis></para>
				<para>You can also download other Ubuntu-compatible themes from Ubuntu's recommended source.
				To install these themes:
				<orderedlist numeration="arabic">
					<listitem>
						<para>Open the Web site and click <emphasis role="strong">
						DesktopThemes</emphasis>.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Opening Theme Source</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_017.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>Download a theme of your choice. Select any theme and
						follow the instructions as they appear.</para>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>On the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis>
						menu, point to <emphasis role="strong">Preferences</emphasis>
						and click <emphasis role="strong">Appearance</emphasis>.
						The <emphasis role="strong">Appearance Preferences</emphasis>
						dialogue box opens.</para>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>On the <emphasis role="strong">Theme</emphasis> tab, 
						click <emphasis role="strong">Install</emphasis>. 
						The <emphasis role="strong">Select Theme</emphasis>
						dialogue box opens.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Installing New Theme</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_018.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>Select the downloaded theme and click
						<emphasis role="strong">Open</emphasis>.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Selecting Downloaded Theme</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_019.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>You can apply a new theme or retain the current theme.
						Click <emphasis role="strong">Apply New Theme</emphasis>
						to apply the new theme. The screen will reflect the new theme
						immediately.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Applying New Theme</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_020.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>Click <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis> in the
						<emphasis role="strong">Appearance Preferences</emphasis>
						dialogue box.</para>
						<para>If you open any menu or window, it will reflect the
						selected theme.</para>
						<figure id="fig:chess-blueheart"><title><emphasis role="italic">Chess in Blue Heart Theme</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_021.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
					</listitem>
				</orderedlist>
				</para>
			</sect2>
			<sect2>
				<title>Customising a Screensaver</title>
				<para>A screensaver displays (often moving) images on the screen when
				your computer is switched on but not in use. To go back to the
				workspace, you can move the mouse or press any key on the
				keyboard.</para>
				<para>You can choose a screensaver and customise it. To
				customise a screensaver:
				<orderedlist numeration="arabic">
					<listitem>
						<para>On the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis>
						menu, point to <emphasis role="strong">Preferences</emphasis>
						and click <emphasis role="strong">Screensaver</emphasis>.
						The <emphasis role="strong">Screensaver
						Preferences</emphasis> dialogue box opens.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Launching Screensaver Preferences Dialogue Box</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_022.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>Select the screensaver from the list of available
						screensavers. You can preview the screensaver in the right pane.
						</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Customising Screensaver Settings</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_023.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>The <emphasis role="strong">Regard the computer as
						idle after</emphasis> slider specifies when a screensaver starts
						to work if the computer is not in use. The
						default time is set to 10 minutes. You can use this slider to
						select how long the computer needs to be idle before the
						screensaver activates.</para>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>To prevent any tampering of your computer in your
						absence, you can automatically lock your screen the moment
						the screensaver activates. Locking requires users to type their
						password to reactivate the desktop. Select the
						<emphasis role="strong">Lock screen when screensaver is
						active</emphasis> check box to lock the screen when the
						screensaver starts.</para>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>Click <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis>.</para>
					</listitem>
				</orderedlist>
				</para>
				<para>The selected screensaver displays when the computer is idle
				for the specified period.</para>
			</sect2>
			<sect2>
				<title>Customising the Screen Resolution</title>
				<para>The screen resolution determines how large or small an item
				looks on the screen. To modify the screen resolution of the GNOME
				desktop:
				<orderedlist numeration="arabic">
					<listitem>
						<para>On the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis>
						menu, point to <emphasis role="strong">Preferences</emphasis>
						and then click <emphasis role="strong">Screen
						Resolution</emphasis>. The <emphasis role="strong">Screen
						Resolution Preferences</emphasis> dialogue box opens.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Launching Screen Resolution Preferences Dialogue Box</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_024.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>The default resolution is <emphasis role="strong">
						1280x1024</emphasis>. You can change the resolution in the
						<emphasis role="strong">Resolution</emphasis> box.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Customising Screen Resolution</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_025.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>Click <emphasis role="strong">Apply</emphasis>. The
						<emphasis role="strong">Keep Resolution</emphasis>
						dialogue box opens, prompting you to confirm settings or use
						the previous resolution and revert to the original settings. Click
						<emphasis role="strong">Keep resolution</emphasis> to apply
						new changes.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Resolution Confirmation Dialogue Box</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_026.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
					</listitem>
				</orderedlist>
				</para>
				<para>The screen resolution will change.</para>
			</sect2>
		</sect1>
		<sect1>
			<title>3D Effects</title>
			<para>A computer screen is two-dimensional (2D) in nature and until recently most
			applications were developed with a 2D layout.</para>
			<para>However, advancements in technology fuelled the demand for more life-like on screen visuals,
			as in three-dimensional (3D) modelling and games. The operating system
			needs to perform complex calculations to display 3D images in 2D. Consequently, to
			reduce the burden on the operating system and increase the speed of applications, 3D
			accelerator cards were developed, which use the graphics processor on the graphics
			card instead of consuming valuable CPU resources. Almost all modern graphics cards
			have a built-in acceleration to display 3D.</para>
			<para>Ubuntu can utilize the 3D capabilities of a graphics card for desktop effects. An example of
			these effects are the placement of the desktops on a rotating cube, windows have shadows, 
			and motion effects.</para>
			<para>The effects are enabled by default and can be controlled from the <emphasis role='strong'>Appearance</emphasis> menu. From here the 
			desktop effects can either be completely disabled or enabled. The number of effects can be controlled via the <emphasis role='strong'>normal effects</emphasis> 
			and <emphasis role='strong'>extra effects</emphasis> setting.</para>
			<para>If a graphics card does not have 3D capabilities or support for 3D is missing from the Linux drivers for the card, you will be notified that <emphasis role='strong'>Desktop effects could not be enabled</emphasis>.</para>
		</sect1>
		<sect1>
			<title>Working with Files Using Nautilus</title>
			<para>The Nautilus file manager in Ubuntu provides a simple and
			integrated way to manage files and applications. It is a GNOME
			application and is configured with other applications in Ubuntu.</para>
			<sect2>
				<title>Features of Nautilus</title>
				<para>The Nautilus file manager allows you to organise files into
				folders and perform tasks such as:</para>
				<itemizedlist>
					<listitem>
						<para>Create and display folders and documents: Create new files, organise them
						into folders and save them.
						</para>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>Search and manage your files: Classify files and
						search them as per their classification.</para>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>Open special locations on your computer: Access the local network and save your files.
						</para>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>Write data to a CD or DVD</para>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>Navigate using two modes:</para>
						<itemizedlist>
							<listitem>
								<para>Spatial mode: Allows you to open each
								folder in a separate window, which then helps open your files as
								physical objects in different locations. You can view the
								content of various folders simultaneously.</para>
							</listitem>
							<listitem>
								<para>Browser mode: Opens your folders in a
								single window. Only one file manager opens in browser
								mode, and it is updated when you click another folder in the
								file manager.</para>
							</listitem>
						</itemizedlist>
					</listitem>
				</itemizedlist>
				<instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">Compare browser mode with 
				Firefox to help students appreciate the similarity.</emphasis></para>
			</instructornote>
			</sect2>
			<sect2>
				<title>Nautilus</title>
				<note><title><emphasis role="strong">Note:</emphasis></title>
				<para>Spatial mode is the default mode for the Nautilus file manager in
				GNOME but while compiling Ubuntu, the mode changes to browser mode by default.</para></note>
				<para>To choose the required mode:</para>
				<orderedlist numeration="arabic">
					<listitem>
						<para>Click the <emphasis role="strong">Places</emphasis>
						menu. A list of items appears:
						<itemizedlist>
							<listitem>
								<para><emphasis role="strong">Home Folder:</emphasis>
								This is a personal folder created by default for every user
								to create and work on files. It takes the user name by
								default.</para>
							</listitem>
							<listitem>
								<para><emphasis role="strong">Desktop:</emphasis> An
								active component that lies behind all the screens on
								your computer and provides easy and quick access to
								the files saved on it.</para>
							</listitem>
							<listitem>
								<para><emphasis role="strong">Computer:</emphasis> Contains all drives and file systems;
								makes document backup onto CD and DVD really simple.</para>
							</listitem>
							<listitem>
								<para><emphasis role="strong">CD/DVD Creator:</emphasis>
								It consists of folders that you can write to a CD or a
								DVD. You can also back up your documents on a CD or
								a DVD.</para>
							</listitem>
						</itemizedlist>
					</para>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>Click any of the above items on the
						<emphasis role="strong">Places</emphasis> menu.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Using Nautilus File Manager</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_027.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
						<para>The Nautilus file manager opens files in browser mode by default. If you open a folder in this mode,
						the folder will open in the same window. The location bar shows
						the current location of the opened folder in the hierarchy of
						folders, and the sidebar shows other folders saved on your
						computer.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Files Display</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_028.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
						<para>While in browser mode, you can move to the parent folder
						that contains the currently open folder. To move to the parent
						folder, click <emphasis role="strong">Open Parent</emphasis>
						on the <emphasis role="strong">Go</emphasis> menu in the
						window.</para>
						<note><title><emphasis role="strong">Note:</emphasis></title>
						<para>You can also click <emphasis role="strong">Up</emphasis>
						on the navigation toolbar or press the BACKSPACE key to
						move to the parent folder.</para></note>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>On the <emphasis role="strong">Edit</emphasis>
						menu, click <emphasis role="strong">Preferences</emphasis>.
						The <emphasis role="strong">File Management Preferences</emphasis>
						dialogue box opens.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Launching File Management Preferences</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_029.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>Click the <emphasis role="strong">Behaviour</emphasis>
						tab in the dialogue box. To change the mode to spatial mode,
						clear the <emphasis role="strong">Always open in browser
						windows</emphasis> check box and then click
						<emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis>.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Changing File Management Behaviour</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_030.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>Close the file manager window and open it again. Your
						files will now open in spatial mode. If you open another folder, it
						will open in a different file manager window.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Confirming File Management Behaviour Changes</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_031.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
						<note><title><emphasis role="strong">Note:</emphasis></title>
						<para>Each time you open a particular folder in spatial mode, you
						will find its window displayed in the same place on the screen
						and of the same size as during the last view. For this reason,
						this mode is referred to as spatial mode.</para></note>
						<para>To move to the parent folder in spatial mode, click
						<emphasis role="strong">Open Parent</emphasis> on the
						<emphasis role="strong">File</emphasis> menu. Alternatively,
						you can press the ALT+UP arrow key.</para>
						<tip><title><emphasis role="strong">Nice to Know:</emphasis></title>
						<para>Konqueror is KDE equivalent of Nautilus file manager, 
						which is used in the Kubuntu derivative of Ubuntu. It is a 
						multi-purpose application that can act as a file manager, Web browser 
						and universal viewer. As well as allowing you to browse Web sites, 
						this application provides basic file management and can many view different file types.</para></tip>
					</listitem>
				</orderedlist>
			</sect2>
		</sect1>
		<sect1>
			<title>Package Managers</title>
			<para>One of the biggest differences between Ubuntu and Microsoft Windows is
			how you install and uninstall programmes and applications. In Microsoft Windows, 
			most applications provide their own installation and removal methods.
			Some applications provide a method to keep themselves up to date, but others
			do not and there is no easy way to ensure that everything on your computer is
			up to date.  Keeping track of all the programmes that have been installed and 
			keeping all those programmes updated is largely up to you.</para>
			<para>Ubuntu is not like that. Instead, Ubuntu has a sophisticated 
			<emphasis role="strong">package management framework</emphasis> that keeps
			track of all the software installed in Ubuntu, automates
			the process of installing and removing applications, and ensures that 
			all the software is kept up to date with the latest enhancements and fixes.
			All you have to do is decide what applications you want installed, and then
			use a <emphasis role="strong">package manager</emphasis> to tell Ubuntu to
			install them.</para>
			<sect2>
				<title>Types of Package Managers</title>
				<para>Ubuntu includes a few package managers by default and
				which one you use depends on how advanced the package
				management tasks are that you want to achieve. Depending on their
				features, package managers are divided into the following categories:
				</para>
				<table>
				<title>Table 1</title>
					<tgroup cols="2">
						<tbody>
							<row>
								<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Package
								Managers</emphasis></para></entry>
								<entry><para><emphasis role="strong">Package Manager
								Features</emphasis></para></entry>
							</row>
							<row>
								<entry><para>
									<itemizedlist>
										<listitem>
										<para>Graphical package managers</para>
											<itemizedlist>
												<listitem>
													<para>Synaptic Package Manager</para>
												</listitem>
												<listitem>
													<para>Add/Remove Applications</para>
												</listitem>
											</itemizedlist>
										</listitem>
									</itemizedlist>
								</para></entry>
								<entry><para>
									<itemizedlist>
										<listitem>
											<para>List packages according to several
											user-friendly categories, such as Education,
											Games and Graphics</para>
										</listitem>
										<listitem>
											<para>Guide you through installation and
											access</para>
										</listitem>
										<listitem>
											<para>Use a graphical interface</para>
										</listitem>
									</itemizedlist>
								</para></entry>
							</row>
							<row>
								<entry><para>
									<itemizedlist>
										<listitem>
											<para>Command line package manager</para>
											<itemizedlist>
												<listitem>
													<para>apt-get</para>
												</listitem>
											</itemizedlist>
										</listitem>
									</itemizedlist>
								</para></entry>
								<entry><para>
									<itemizedlist>
										<listitem>
											<para>Add and remove packages from
											repositories</para>
										</listitem>
										<listitem>
											<para>Use a command line interface</para>
										</listitem>
									</itemizedlist>
								</para></entry>
							</row>
						</tbody>
					</tgroup>
				</table>
				<note><title><emphasis role="strong">Note:</emphasis></title>
				<para>If you open more than one package manager at the same time,
				they may not work. Close all the package managers and open just
				one.</para></note>
				<para>You can use any of the package managers based on your
				preferred GUI, terminal or level of control over the package
				management process. If you prefer to use the GUI over the
				command line interface, you may choose the graphical package
				managers, Add/Remove Applications and Synaptic Package
				Manager.</para>
			</sect2>
		</sect1>
		<sect1>
			<title>Using Add/Remove Applications</title>
			<para>The Add/Remove tool is the easiest to use and will enable you to install and uninstall many
			popular packages. You can search for the package or packages you want to install
			by simply searching a keyword such as 'email' or by looking through the
			given categories, selecting applications and choosing "Apply" to start the installation.</para>
			<note><title><emphasis role="strong">Note:</emphasis></title>
			<para>You need administrative access to use any package manager. Type the password for your
			user name at the prompt. This means that applications can not be added / removed from your computer
			without your knowledge (and password).</para></note>
			<para>The procedure to add or remove software by using Add/Remove
			Applications is:
			<orderedlist numeration="arabic">
				<listitem>
					<para>On the <emphasis role="strong">Applications</emphasis>
					menu, click <emphasis role="strong">Add/Remove</emphasis>.
					</para>
					<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Launching Add/Remove Applications</emphasis></title>
						<mediaobject><imageobject>
							<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_032.png" format="PNG" />
						</imageobject></mediaobject>
					</figure>
				</listitem>
				<listitem>
					<para>The <emphasis role="strong">Add/Remove Applications</emphasis>
					dialogue box displays a list of applications. The
					check boxes against the applications that are already installed are
					pre-selected.</para>
					<note><title><emphasis role="strong">Note:</emphasis></title>
					<para>Many package names in Ubuntu are quite obscure, so the package manager
					will also look at the package description when searching.</para></note>
					<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Add/Remove Applications Window</emphasis></title>
						<mediaobject><imageobject>
							<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_033.png" format="PNG" />
						</imageobject></mediaobject>
					</figure>
				</listitem>
				<listitem>
					<para>If you know the name of the package to be installed, you
					can type the name in the <emphasis role="strong">Search</emphasis>
					box. Otherwise, you can click the appropriate
					software category in the left pane and select the check box next to
					the required package in the right pane.</para>
					<tip><title><emphasis role="strong">Nice to Know:</emphasis></title>
					<para>For more details about a package, click the package and view
					the bottom pane.</para></tip>
					<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Searching a Package in All Available Applications</emphasis></title>
						<mediaobject><imageobject>
							<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_034.png" format="PNG" />
						</imageobject></mediaobject>
					</figure>
				</listitem>
				<listitem>
					<para>When you have finished selecting the packages to be
					installed or removed, click <emphasis role="strong">Apply Changes</emphasis>
					.</para>
					<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Applying Changes to the Package List</emphasis></title>
						<mediaobject><imageobject>
							<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_035.png" format="PNG" />
						</imageobject></mediaobject>
					</figure>
				</listitem>
				<listitem>
					<para>You are prompted to confirm your selection. Click
					<emphasis role="strong">Apply</emphasis> to proceed.</para>
					<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Confirming Changes</emphasis></title>
						<mediaobject><imageobject>
							<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_036.png" format="PNG" />
						</imageobject></mediaobject>
					</figure>
				</listitem>
				<listitem>
					<para>The progress indicator shows the status of the package
					being installed or removed.</para>
					<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Installing Selected Package from Repositories</emphasis></title>
						<mediaobject><imageobject>
							<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_037.png" format="PNG" />
						</imageobject></mediaobject>
					</figure>
				</listitem>
				<listitem>
					<para>After the changes are applied
					successfully, the
					package is installed.</para>
					<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Installation Confirmation</emphasis></title>
						<mediaobject><imageobject>
							<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_038.png" format="PNG" />
						</imageobject></mediaobject>
					</figure>
				</listitem>
				<listitem>
					<para>Double-click the package to launch it.
					If you want to add or remove more applications, click
					<emphasis role="strong">Add/Remove More Applications</emphasis> or else 
					click <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis> in the 
					<emphasis role="strong">New application has been installed</emphasis> dialogue box. The following figure shows 
					<emphasis role="strong">Atomix</emphasis>, which has been installed by
					performing this procedure.</para>
					<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Launching the Installed Application - Atomix</emphasis></title>
						<mediaobject><imageobject>
							<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_039.png" format="PNG" />
						</imageobject></mediaobject>
					</figure>
					<note><title><emphasis role="strong">Note:</emphasis></title>
					<para>After installing a package, you can open it by using a particular
					menu based on its category.</para></note>
				</listitem>
			</orderedlist>
			</para>
		</sect1>
		<sect1>
			<title>Using Synaptic Package Manager</title>
			<para>Add/Remove Applications does not allow you to install and
			remove all advanced packages, such as the Apache web server, the PHP
			programming language or Scribe. In such cases, use Synaptic
			Package Manager.</para>
			<para>Synaptic Package Manager combines the point-and-click
			simplicity of the GUI with the power of the apt-get command line tool.
			You can install, remove, configure or upgrade software packages,
			browse, sort and search the list of available software packages, manage
			repositories or upgrade the whole system. You can queue up a number
			of actions before you execute them. Synaptic informs you about the
			additional packages required by the software package you have chosen
			as well as conflicts with other packages that are already installed on
			your system. In addition, it presents more information such as package
			status, origin and filters.</para>
			<para>To add and remove any package using Synaptic Packager
			Manager:
			<orderedlist numeration="arabic">
				<listitem>
					<para>On the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis>
					menu, point to <emphasis role="strong">Administration</emphasis>
					and then click <emphasis role="strong">Synaptic
					Package Manager</emphasis>.</para>
					<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Launching Synaptic Package Manager</emphasis></title>
						<mediaobject><imageobject>
							<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_040.png" format="PNG" />
						</imageobject></mediaobject>
					</figure>
				</listitem>
				<listitem>
					<para>In the <emphasis role="strong">Synaptic Package Manager</emphasis>
					dialogue box, you can select the package you need.
					The left pane lists the categories, and the right pane lists the
					packages. If you do not know the name of the package, select the
					category in the left pane to filter the list of packages. You can then
					select the check box next to the required package in the right pane.
					</para>
					<note><title><emphasis role="strong">Note:</emphasis></title>
					<para>If you want to view the installed and uninstalled
					packages, click <emphasis role="strong">Status</emphasis>.
					To know the source repository of the package, click
					<emphasis role="strong">Origin</emphasis>. Click
					<emphasis role="strong">Custom Filters</emphasis> if you
					want to know the whether a package is broken or can be
					upgraded.</para></note>
					<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Synaptic Package Manager Window</emphasis></title>
						<mediaobject><imageobject>
							<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_041.png" format="PNG" />
						</imageobject></mediaobject>
					</figure>
				</listitem>
				<listitem>
					<para>If you know the name of the package, click
					<emphasis role="strong">Search</emphasis>. The
					<emphasis role="strong">Find</emphasis> dialogue box opens.
					Type the name of the package in the <emphasis role="strong">
					Search</emphasis> field and click <emphasis role="strong">
					Search</emphasis>.</para>
					<note><title><emphasis role="strong">Note:</emphasis></title>
					<para>To return to the list of categories after searching the packages
					using <emphasis role="strong">Search</emphasis>, click
					<emphasis role="strong">Sections</emphasis>.</para></note>
					<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Searching a Package to Install </emphasis></title>
						<mediaobject><imageobject>
							<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_042.png" format="PNG" />
						</imageobject></mediaobject>
					</figure>
				</listitem>
				<listitem>
					<para>Choose the action to be performed on the selected
					package. Select the <emphasis role="strong">Mark for Installation</emphasis>
					check box to install the package or select the
					<emphasis role="strong">Mark for Removal</emphasis> check box
					to remove it. If you change your mind, select the
					<emphasis role="strong">Unmark</emphasis> check box.</para>
					<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Marking the Package for Installation</emphasis></title>
						<mediaobject><imageobject>
							<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_043.png" format="PNG" />
						</imageobject></mediaobject>
					</figure>
				</listitem>
				<listitem>
					<para>If the package that you choose to remove or install depends on other packages,
					you will be notified about the dependencies. To continue making changes, click
					<emphasis role="strong">Mark</emphasis>.</para>
					<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Confirming Additional Changes</emphasis></title>
						<mediaobject><imageobject>
							<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_044.png" format="PNG" />
						</imageobject></mediaobject>
					</figure>
				</listitem>
				<listitem>
					<para>To confirm that you want to make the marked changes,
					click <emphasis role="strong">Apply</emphasis>.</para>
					<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Applying Changes to Update Software Information</emphasis></title>
						<mediaobject><imageobject>
							<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_045.png" format="PNG" />
						</imageobject></mediaobject>
					</figure>
				</listitem>
				<listitem>
					<para>The <emphasis role="strong">Summary</emphasis>
					dialogue box opens, prompting you for a final check before making
					the marked changes. Click <emphasis role="strong">Apply</emphasis>
					to continue with the changes.</para>
					<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Final Confirmation to Install the Package</emphasis></title>
						<mediaobject><imageobject>
							<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_046.png" format="PNG" />
						</imageobject></mediaobject>
					</figure>
				</listitem>
				<listitem>
					<para>When all the marked changes are made, you are notified
					about the changes applied. Click <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis>
					to close Synaptic Package Manager.</para>
					<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Installation Confirmation</emphasis></title>
						<mediaobject><imageobject>
							<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_047.png" format="PNG" />
						</imageobject></mediaobject>
					</figure>
					<para>This step completes the procedure of installing packages by
					using Synaptic Package Manager. You can access the installed
					package by selecting a particular menu, depending on the category
					of the package. The following figure shows Abiword, which has been
					installed using this procedure.</para>
					<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Launching the Installed Application - Abiword</emphasis></title>
						<mediaobject><imageobject>
							<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_048.png" format="PNG" />
						</imageobject></mediaobject>
					</figure>
				</listitem>
			</orderedlist>
			</para>
		</sect1>
		<sect1>
			<title>Installing a Single Package File</title>
			<para>The preferred method of installing programmes is by using package
			managers. If some packages or files are not available, you can download
			and install them from Web sites. These files are associated with the
			package managers of specific Linux distributions and are referred to as
			single package files. Examples are Debian package files-.deb
			files and tarballs-.tar files.
			</para>
			<note><title><emphasis role="strong">Note:</emphasis></title>
			<para>You should download files that are not present in Ubuntu archives only
			from a safe source.</para></note>
			<para>In this topic, you will learn about the major type of single
			package files, Debian Packages.</para>
			<itemizedlist>
				<listitem>
					<para>Debian Package files: These files are associated with
					Ubuntu and have the .deb suffix.</para>
				</listitem>
				<listitem>
					<para>Tarballs: Zipped archive files that contain the source code of
					a programme. This source code needs to be compiled before use.
					Installing programmes by compiling them from source is not covered by this course.</para>
				</listitem>
			</itemizedlist>
			<para>Compiling and installing programmes from source tarballs can often be quite 
			straightforward, however it can also be very complex to debug when things go wrong. 
			Tarballs are simple structures which don't specify what dependencies are required
			to enable compilation to take place. For this reason it can also be time consuming
			and complex to determine the necessary dependencies and either install or compile them
			also. Compiling from tarball is therefore not covered on this course.</para>
			<note><title><emphasis role="strong">Note:</emphasis></title>
			<para>It is not guaranteed that these files will be compatible with your
			system and you will not receive security updates if you install these
			files. Therefore, always use a native Ubuntu package of the
			application available through a package manager, if available.</para></note>
			<sect2>
				<title>Installing/Uninstalling Debian Packages</title>
				<para>Debian packages are installed and uninstalled using the
				graphical installer (gdebi). gdebi will attempt to install any dependencies
				which are in the Ubuntu repositories, however if the package requires
				further dependencies which are not in the Ubuntu repositories these will also
				need to be installed manually.</para>
				<para>To install a Debian package, open the .deb file from the folder
				in which it resides.</para>
				<para>Installing a Debian package:
				<orderedlist numeration="arabic">
					<listitem>
						<para>Download the package XVidCap
						<emphasis role="strong">xvidcap_1.1.6_i386.deb</emphasis>.
						As this package is not in the Ubuntu repositories, you will need to 
						download it from the following website:
						<ulink url="http://sourceforge.net/projects/xvidcap/">http://sourceforge.net/projects/xvidcap/</ulink></para>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>Once downloaded, simply double click the .deb file and the
						gdebi installer will start. It will check to see if you have all
						the necessary dependents, and if so will offer an 
						<emphasis role="strong">Install</emphasis> button. Simply press
						the button to start the installation. In the event that dependencies
						cannot be resolved, an error message will be displayed and you will
						not be able to install the package until they are fulfilled.</para>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>To uninstall the package, simply use the Synaptic Package
						Manager, as outlined previously in this section.</para>
					</listitem>
				</orderedlist>
				</para>
			</sect2>
		</sect1>
		<sect1>
			<title>Software Repositories</title>
			<para>A software repository is a library of software from where you can
			download and install packages (applications) over the Internet. The Ubuntu software
			repository contains tens of thousands of packages that are freely available for
			installation over the Internet. It is easy to install these packages because
			they are specially built for Ubuntu.</para>
			<!-- <instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">This section is a recap 
			of section 1. However, it is very critical to understand the concept of software repositories.</emphasis></para>
			</instructornote> -->
			<sect2>
				<title>Software Repository Categories</title>
				<para>Ubuntu repositories are categorised into
				four groups based on the level of support that software development teams
				provide for a programme and the level of compliance the programme has with
				the free software philosophy. <!-- These have already been outlined in lesson 1, but to re-iterate: --></para>
				<itemizedlist>
					<listitem>
						<para><emphasis role="strong">Main</emphasis></para>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para><emphasis role="strong">Restricted</emphasis></para>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para><emphasis role="strong">Universe</emphasis></para>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para><emphasis role="strong">Multiverse</emphasis></para>
					</listitem>
				</itemizedlist>
				<para><emphasis role="strong">The Main Component</emphasis></para>
				<para>The main component contains software packages that are free
				and fully supported by the Canonical team. These packages comply
				with the free software philosophy. The packages in the main
				component are available by default while installing Ubuntu. For all
				packages in the main component, security updates and technical
				support are available free of cost. OpenOffice.org, Abiword and the 
				Apache web server are some of the packages found in the main
				component.</para>
				<para><emphasis role="strong">The Restricted Component</emphasis></para>
				<para>The restricted component consists of packages for commonly
				used software that are supported by the Ubuntu team but not available
				under a completely free license. Binary drivers produced by some
				video card vendors are examples of packages in the restricted
				component. Packages in this component are also available on the
				standard Ubuntu installation CD, but they can be easily removed.
				</para>
				<para><emphasis role="strong">The Universe Component</emphasis></para>
				<para>The universe component includes thousands of packages for software that 
				is not officially supported by Canonical. The software is available under
				a variety of free licenses, taken from a variety of public sources. This component is
				available only through the Internet.</para>
				<para>All the packages in this component are expected to work correctly.
				However, there is no guarantee of security fixes and
				support for these packages. The packages in this component are 
				maintained by the community.</para>
				<instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">It could be 
				considered risky to use packages from the Universe component, 
				especially because the lack of guaranteed security updates.</emphasis></para>
				</instructornote>
				<para><emphasis role="strong">The Multiverse Component</emphasis></para>
				<para>The multiverse component contains packages of non-free
				software, which means that the licensing requirements of these
				software does not meet the license policy of Ubuntu's main component.
				It is the user's responsibility to verify their rights to use these software
				and comply with their licensing terms. The packages in this component
				do not come with any support or security updates. Examples of these
				packages include VLC and the Adobe Flash plugin.</para>
				<instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">
				Software from the Multiverse component could be
				hindered by patents or other forms of restriction on usage and distribution.
				It is the user's responsibility to determine if the software can be
				used in its jurisdiction and complies with local laws.</emphasis></para></instructornote>
				<para>Many packages are not available in default Ubuntu
				repositories. These packages can either be installed from other
				Ubuntu repositories or from third-party software. To use the packages
				present in third-party software, you need to add the software. Perform
				the following steps to add the third-party software:
				<orderedlist numeration="arabic">
					<listitem>
						<para>On the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis>
						menu, point to <emphasis role="strong">Administration</emphasis>
						and then click <emphasis role="strong">Software
						Sources</emphasis>.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Launching Software Sources Dialogue Box</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_049.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
						<para>The <emphasis role="strong">Software Sources</emphasis>
						dialogue box opens. The software sources for
						Ubuntu are selected by default.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Selecting the Required Sources</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_050.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
				<note><title><emphasis role="strong">Note:</emphasis></title>
				<para>You can also open the <emphasis role="strong">Software Sources</emphasis>
				dialogue box by using the Add/Remove applications or Synaptic Package Manager 
				to enable the repositories under the 
				<emphasis role="strong">Ubuntu Software</emphasis> tab.</para>
				</note>					
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>To add a repository from the third party, click
						<emphasis role="strong">the Third-Party Software</emphasis>
						tab and then click <emphasis role="strong">Add</emphasis>.
						</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Adding a Third Party Software Source</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_051.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>Type the APT line for the repository you want to add as a
						source. To access the Debian main repositories, type
						<emphasis role="strong">deb
						<ulink url="http://ftp.debian.orgs">http://ftp.debian.orgs</ulink>
						sarge main</emphasis> in the
						<emphasis role="strong">APT line</emphasis> box. Click
						<emphasis role="strong">Add Source</emphasis>.</para>
						<note><title><emphasis role="strong">Note:</emphasis></title>
						<para>The APT line should include the type, location and
						components of a repository.</para></note>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Stating the Source APT Line</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_052.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>	
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>Click <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis> to
						save changes. The repository specified in the APT line is added
						to the third-party software box.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Software Sources Dialogue Box Displaying the Added Source</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_053.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>With the addition of an extra repository, you will be
						prompted to update information about available software. Click
						<emphasis role="strong">Reload</emphasis> to do so.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Reloading Available Software Information</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_054.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>The progress indicator shows the status of package being
						installed or removed.</para>
						<para>You can authenticate your downloads from the
						<emphasis role="strong">Authentication</emphasis> tab in the
						<emphasis role="strong">Software Sources</emphasis>
						dialogue box. When you do not authenticate your downloads,
						your computer may show the error shown below after
						downloading the package information. This error can be ignored.
						To authenticate the downloading process, you need to import
						the GPG key, which is different for every repository. Click
						<emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis> in the dialogue
						box showing the error. This step will end the process of adding
						extra repositories and updating package information.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Public Key Error</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_055.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
						</listitem>
				</orderedlist>
				</para>
			<para>On the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis>
						menu, point to <emphasis role="strong">Administration</emphasis>
						and then click <emphasis role="strong">Software
						Sources</emphasis>.</para>
						<para>The <emphasis role="strong">Software Sources</emphasis>
						dialogue box opens. The software sources for
						Ubuntu are selected by default.</para>
						<para>You can also open the <emphasis role="strong">Software Sources</emphasis>
				dialogue box by using the Add/Remove applications or Synaptic Package Manager 
				to enable the repositories under the 
				<emphasis role="strong">Ubuntu Software</emphasis> tab.</para>
				<para>To add a repository from the third party, click
						<emphasis role="strong">the Third-Party Software</emphasis>
						tab and then click <emphasis role="strong">Add</emphasis>.
						</para>
						<para>Type the APT line for the repository you want to add as a
						source. To access the Debian main repositories, type
						<emphasis role="strong">deb
						<ulink url="http://ftp.debian.orgs">http://ftp.debian.orgs</ulink>
						sarge main</emphasis> in the
						<emphasis role="strong">APT line</emphasis> box. Click
						<emphasis role="strong">Add Source</emphasis>.</para>
				<para><emphasis role="italic">Software from the Multiverse component could be
				hindered by patents and other restriction on usage and distribution.
				It is the user's responsibility to ascertain whether the software in question can be
				used in its jurisdiction and to complies with local laws.</emphasis></para>
			</sect2>
			<sect2>
				<title>Adding Repositories</title>
				<para>Many packages are not available in default Ubuntu
				repositories. These packages can either be installed from other
				Ubuntu repositories or from third-party software. To use the packages
				present in third-party software, you need to add the software. Perform
				the following steps to add the third-party software:
				<orderedlist numeration="arabic">
					<listitem>
						<para>On the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis>
						menu, point to <emphasis role="strong">Administration</emphasis>
						and then click <emphasis role="strong">Software
						Sources</emphasis>.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Launching Software Sources Dialogue Box</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_049.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
						<para>The <emphasis role="strong">Software Sources</emphasis>
						dialogue box opens. The software sources for
						Ubuntu are selected by default.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Selecting the Required Sources</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_050.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
				<note><title><emphasis role="strong">Note:</emphasis></title>
				<para>You can also open the <emphasis role="strong">Software Sources</emphasis>
				dialogue box by using the Add/Remove applications or Synaptic Package Manager 
				to enable the repositories under the 
				<emphasis role="strong">Ubuntu Software</emphasis> tab.</para>
				</note>					
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>To add a repository from the third party, click
						<emphasis role="strong">the Third-Party Software</emphasis>
						tab and then click <emphasis role="strong">Add</emphasis>.
						</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Adding a Third Party Software Source</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_051.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>Type the APT line for the repository you want to add as a
						source. To access the Debian main repositories, type
						<emphasis role="strong">deb
						<ulink url="http://ftp.debian.orgs">http://ftp.debian.orgs</ulink>
						sarge main</emphasis> in the
						<emphasis role="strong">APT line</emphasis> box. Click
						<emphasis role="strong">Add Source</emphasis>.</para>
						<note><title><emphasis role="strong">Note:</emphasis></title>
						<para>The APT line should include the type, location and
						components of a repository.</para></note>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Stating the Source APT Line</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_052.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>	
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>Click <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis> to
						save changes. The repository specified in the APT line is added
						to the third-party software box.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Software Sources Dialogue Box Displaying the Added Source</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_053.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>With the addition of an extra repository, you will be
						prompted to update information about available software. Click
						<emphasis role="strong">Reload</emphasis> to do so.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Reloading Available Software Information</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_054.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
					</listitem>
					<listitem>
						<para>The progress indicator shows the status of package being
						installed or removed.</para>
						<para>You can authenticate your downloads from the
						<emphasis role="strong">Authentication</emphasis> tab in the
						<emphasis role="strong">Software Sources</emphasis>
						dialogue box. When you do not authenticate your downloads,
						your computer may show the error shown below after
						downloading the package information. This error can be ignored.
						To authenticate the downloading process, you need to import
						the GPG key, which is different for every repository. Click
						<emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis> in the dialogue
						box showing the error. This step will end the process of adding
						extra repositories and updating package information.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Public Key Error</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_055.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
						</listitem>
				</orderedlist>
				</para>
			</sect2>
		</sect1>
		<sect1>
			<title>Adding New Language Settings</title>
			<para>Ubuntu provides the option to enable numerous language settings for your desktop.</para>
			<para>Support for new languages can be installed via <emphasis role="strong">Language Support</emphasis>, which 
			is found in the <emphasis role="strong">Administration/System</emphasis> menu. Depending on the language, the input method and keyboard mapping may need to be changed as well. 
			The <emphasis>Smart Common Input Method</emphasis> (SCIM) is used in Ubuntu to switch between different input methods 
			for complex characters in many non-Latin languages. The <emphasis>ctrl space</emphasis> hotkey is a convenient switch between different input methods.</para>
		</sect1>
		<sect1>
			<title>Lesson Summary</title>
			<para>In this lesson, you learned that:
			<orderedlist numeration="arabic">
				<listitem>
					<para>GNOME is the default desktop for Ubuntu. You can use the <emphasis role="strong">Preferences</emphasis>
					option on the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis>
					menu to customise the Ubuntu desktop look and feel.</para>
				</listitem>
				<listitem>
					<para>You can manage your file system using the Nautilus file
					manager. Use spatial mode to open each folder in a separate
					window and view the content of various folders simultaneously. Use
					browser mode to open folders in a single window.</para>
				</listitem>
				<listitem>
					<para>Add/Remove Applications is the easiest tool to install or
					uninstall packages.</para>
				</listitem>
				<listitem>
					<para>You can use Synaptic Package Manager to install or
					uninstall advanced applications that cannot be installed using
					Add/Remove.</para>
				</listitem>
				<listitem>
					<para>The command line package manager, apt-get, works
					uniformly across all versions of Ubuntu. Use it to install or uninstall
					packages if you are comfortable using the Terminal command line
					interface or are unable to access a GUI.</para>
				</listitem>
				<listitem>
					<para>To install a package that is not available in the Ubuntu
					archives, you can download and install it from Web sites. These
					files are associated with the package managers of specific Linux
					distribution and are referred to as single package files.</para>
				</listitem>
				<listitem>
					<para>Tarballs are zipped archive files that contain the source
					code of a programme. You can use advanced command line tools to install or
					uninstall the tarball file.</para>
				</listitem>
			  </orderedlist>
			</para>
		</sect1>
		    <questions>
		<sect1>
			<title>Review Exercise</title>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Question 1</emphasis></para>
			<para>What is the default desktop for Ubuntu?</para>
			<answer>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Answer 1</emphasis></para>
			<para>GNOME is the default desktop for Ubuntu.</para>
			</answer>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Question 2</emphasis></para>
			<para>From which Web site can you download additional Ubuntu
			wallpapers and themes?</para>
			<answer>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Answer 2</emphasis></para>
			<para>You can download additional wallpapers and themes from the
			Web site <ulink url="http://art.gnome.org/">http://art.gnome.org/</ulink>.
			</para>
			</answer>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Question 3</emphasis></para>
			<para>Mention any three features of the Nautilus file manager.</para>
			<answer>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Answer 3</emphasis></para>
			<para>Three features of the Nautilus file manager are:</para>
			<itemizedlist>
				<listitem>
					<para>Creating and displaying folders and documents</para>
				</listitem>
				<listitem>
					<para>Searching and managing files</para>
				</listitem>
				<listitem>
					<para>Navigating using two modes, browser and spatial</para>
				</listitem>
			</itemizedlist>
			</answer>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Question 4</emphasis></para>
			<para>Which is the file manager for the KDE environment?</para>
			<answer>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Answer 4</emphasis></para>
			<para>Konqueror is the file manager of the KDE environment.</para>
			</answer>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Question 5</emphasis></para>
			<para>What is a package manager?</para>
			<answer>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Answer 5</emphasis></para>
			<para>A package manager is a programme that helps add or remove
			packages in Ubuntu.</para>
			</answer>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Question 6</emphasis></para>
			<para>Differentiate between a graphical package manager and a
			command line package manager. Provide examples of each.</para>
			<answer>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Answer 6</emphasis></para>
			<para>To add and remove packages, a graphical package manager uses
			the graphical interface while a command line package manager uses the
			command line interface.</para>
			<para>Add/Remove Applications is a graphical package manager and
			apt-get is a command line package manager.</para>
			</answer>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Question 7</emphasis></para>
			<para>Software that is not licensed under Ubuntu's main component
			licensing policy is referred to as _______________.</para>
			<answer>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Answer 7</emphasis></para>
			<para>Software that is not licensed under Ubuntu's main component
			licensing policy is referred to as non-free software.</para>
			</answer>
		</sect1>
		    </questions>
		<sect1>
			<title>Lab Exercise</title>
			<instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">Explain to 
			the students the purpose of each application. xpdf is a suite of tools used to view Portable Document Format (pdf).
			This package supports standard X fonts, true type fonts and type1 fonts. Gnumeric
			is a stand-alone spreadsheet application that interoperates well with
			other spreadsheets. 7Zip is a package with high compression ratios.</emphasis></para>
			</instructornote>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Exercise 1</emphasis></para>
			<para>You have installed Ubuntu 7.10 on your personal computer. You
			want to view your pdf files, use a spreadsheet application for creating your daily tasks and archive your files. 
			Install the following packages:</para>
			<para>a) xpdf</para>
			<para>b) gnumeric</para>
			<para>c) 7zip</para>
			<para>a) Installing xpdf using Add/Remove Applications:
			<orderedlist numeration="arabic">
				<listitem>
					<para>On the <emphasis role="strong">Application</emphasis>
					menu, click <emphasis role="strong">Add/Remove</emphasis>.
					The <emphasis role="strong">Add/Remove</emphasis> dialogue
					box opens.</para>
				</listitem>
				<listitem>
					<para>In the <emphasis role="strong">Search</emphasis> box,
					type <emphasis role="strong">xpdf</emphasis>.</para>
				</listitem>
				<listitem>
					<para>Select the check box next to
					<emphasis role="strong">xpdf</emphasis>.</para>
				</listitem>
				<listitem>
					<para>Click <emphasis role="strong">Apply Changes</emphasis>.</para>
				</listitem>
				<listitem>
					<para>Click <emphasis role="strong">Apply</emphasis> to make the changes.
					</para>
				</listitem>
				<listitem>
					<para>In the <emphasis role="strong">New application has been installed</emphasis>
					dialogue box, click <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis>.</para>
				</listitem>
			</orderedlist>
			</para>
			<para>b) Installing gnumeric from Synaptic:
			<orderedlist numeration="arabic">
				<listitem>
					<para>On the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis>
					menu, point to <emphasis role="strong">Administration</emphasis>
					and then click <emphasis role="strong">Synaptic
					Package Manager</emphasis>. The <emphasis role="strong">
					Synaptic Package Manager</emphasis> dialogue box opens.
					</para>
				</listitem>
				<listitem>
					<para>Click <emphasis role="strong">Search</emphasis> to find
					gnumeric and select the <emphasis role="strong">gnumeric</emphasis>
					check box.</para>
				</listitem>
				<listitem>
					<para>Select the <emphasis role="strong">Mark for Installation</emphasis>
					check box. A dialogue box displaying the
					dependencies of this package on other packages opens.</para>
				</listitem>
				<listitem>
					<para>To continue making the required changes, click
					<emphasis role="strong">Mark</emphasis>.</para>
				</listitem>
				<listitem>
					<para>To confirm making the marked changes, click
					<emphasis role="strong">Apply</emphasis>. The
					<emphasis role="strong">Summary</emphasis> dialogue box
					opens, prompting you for a final check before making the marked
					changes.</para>
				</listitem>
				<listitem>
					<para>Click <emphasis role="strong">Apply</emphasis> to
					continue with the changes.</para>
				</listitem>
				<listitem>
					<para>When all the marked changes are made, you are notified of
					the changes applied. Click <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis>.</para>
				</listitem>
			</orderedlist>
			</para>
			<para>c) Installing 7zip using apt-get:
			<orderedlist numeration="arabic">
				<listitem>
					<para>On the <emphasis role="strong">Applications</emphasis>
					menu, point to <emphasis role="strong">Accessories</emphasis>
					and then click <emphasis role="strong">Terminal</emphasis>.
					<emphasis role="strong">Terminal</emphasis> opens.</para>
				</listitem>
				<listitem>
					<para>To install 7zip, type the following command:</para>
					<note><para>$ sudo apt-get install p7zip</para></note>
				</listitem>
			</orderedlist>
			</para>
		</sect1>
</chapter>