~karl-schock/ubuntu-desktop-course/ubuntu-desktop-course-german

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<chapter>
		<title>Partitioning and Booting</title>
		<note><title><emphasis role="strong">Note:</emphasis></title>
			<para>Partitioning and Booting is an additional section and not an integral part of the desktop course. Many
			users, especially corporate desktop users who have system administrators to set up their computers for them
			will find this section irrelevant. Home users, or advanced Ubuntu users may find this extremely useful.</para></note>
		<para><emphasis role="strong">Objectives</emphasis></para>
		<para>In this lesson, you will learn:
			<itemizedlist>
				<listitem><para>The benefits of partitioning</para></listitem>
				<listitem><para>How to create partitions</para></listitem>
				<listitem><para>How to configure start-up options</para></listitem>
			</itemizedlist>
		</para>
		<sect1>
			<title>What is Partitioning</title>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Analogy Time</emphasis></para>
			<para>Simply broken down, a new hard disk is similar to  the foundations of a house - it needs some structure and walls before you can start
			putting things (like furniture) into it. The partition is the first level of foundation on the disk. Once the disk is logically carved up 
			into partitions, it can be thought of as a house with rooms. Each partition (room) is of a specific size which could potentially
			be resized again after you move it, but would cause some disruption as objects get moved to make room. Once a partition (room) is created it can then be formatted using the filesystem of your choice. Once the filesystem has been
			laid down, it's possible to start populating the partition with data in the form of files and folders (furniture).</para>
			<para>So, a partition is a logical chunk of space allocated out of the entire disk. 
			Depending on how a system is configured at installation time, there maybe one or more partitions on a disk. 
			In some instances, it is also possible to modify the layout, number and size of partitions, 
			but this is often considered an expert's function.</para>
			<para>Many Microsoft Windows users will have just one large partition - often known as "C: drive", however
			it is also common for Microsoft Windows users to have multiple partitions which are labelled with successive alphabetic
			characters (D:, E: and so on).</para>
			<para>Similarly, with Ubuntu it's possible to install the system in exactly one partition on the disk, or 
			spread data and applications over multiple partitions. </para>
			<figure id="fig:partioning"><title><emphasis role="italic">Partitioning</emphasis></title>
			    <mediaobject><imageobject>
				<imagedata fileref="images/partitioning.png" format="PNG" />
			    </imageobject></mediaobject>
			</figure>
			<para>There are valid arguments for both scenarios. Having one
			single partition with all applications, libraries and data will result in a simple to manage system. It also provides
			flexibility as installing applications or adding data will use space from a common "pool". </para>
			<note><title><emphasis role="strong">Note:</emphasis></title>
			<para>If you accept all the defaults when installing Ubuntu, you will end up with a system comprising
			two logical partitions on the disk you install to. One contains all files, the other is known as swap which 
			can simply be thought of as an extension to the memory in your computer.</para></note>
			<para>Alternatively, it is possible to create multiple partitions of differing sizes into which different types of
			applications, libraries and data can be placed. This is often used in a multi-user or server environment where user data
			is kept separate from system programmes, log files and configuration files. A significant benefit to this can be seen
			when there is a problem on the system and log files start to grow. The log files (in one partition) will not consume 
			all available disk space in this scenario because they will be confined to their own (small) partition of the physical disk. </para>
			<para>Which ever partitioning scheme has been chosen, this is not set in stone. It is possible to use a partition editing 
			utility to resize partitions (subject to sufficient spare space either inside or either side of partitions), however this 
			is quite an advanced topic.</para>
			<note><title><emphasis role="strong">Note:</emphasis></title>
			<para>Whilst it is possible to change the disk partitioning layout after the system has been installed, it is important
			to make backups before making any changes to the partitions.</para></note>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">About filesystems</emphasis></para>
			<para>Partitioning a disk is only the beginning. Once the disk has been logically divided up, those partitions need to be
			formatted so that the operating system can place files on the disk in a structured manner. There are many different filesystem
			types, each with their own advantages. With Microsoft Windows the two main filesystems are FAT (File Allocation Table) and NTFS
			(New Technology File System). With Ubuntu there are many options including ext2, ext3, reiserfs, xfs and many others. The Ubuntu
			installer chooses ext3 by default, but of course it is possible to override this.</para>
			<tip><title><emphasis role="strong">Nice to Know:</emphasis></title>
			<para>ext3 is a great general purpose journalling filesystem. It is well suited to most tasks, however some users have
			chosen xfs instead on their media-centre systems as xfs performs better than ext3 when handling very large files - such
			as music and video files.</para></tip>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Mount points</emphasis></para>
			<para>A mount point is a place in the directory hierarchy where a filesystem could be presented. There is no real Microsoft Windows
			equivalent to this. With Microsoft Windows the partitions C:, D: and so on, are seen as entirely separate entities so the operating system, 
			applications and data is often referred to by a user as being "on the C: drive" or "in a folder on the D: drive".</para>
			<tip><title><emphasis role="strong">Nice to Know:</emphasis></title>
			<para>"Mount" is the term used when referring to a filesystem being made available for access. CD and DVDs are usually
			automatically mounted when they are inserted. The same goes for USB connected devices such as memory sticks and hard disks
			</para></tip>
			<para>On Ubuntu, files and folders reside within a partition as they do with Microsoft Windows. However the partition is not 
			normally referenced directly by the user. The user would normally say that files are "in my home directory" (when referring
			to /home/&lt; username&gt;), or "in the root directory" (when referring to / ) without specifying which partition on the disk 
			those directories reside in.</para>
			<para>Under most standard installations of Ubuntu there will be only one partition where all files and folders
			reside. However if a user plugs in an external USB-connected memory stick or USB hard disk, Ubuntu will mount the
			partition(s) on that device under mount point(s) within the directory tree. For example a USB attached memory stick or
			hard disk will usually appear under /media/disk (unless the device has partitions which are labelled, in which case they
			will appear under /media/&lt;labelname&gt; )</para>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Further considerations</emphasis></para>
			<para>As previously mentioned, resizing partitions is not a trivial task. Under most circumstances it requires
			that all filesystems involved are unmounted, this means they must not be in use. Typically then to resize partitions
			the system should be booted to an unused filesystem - such as a bootable Live CD. Considerable thought should therefor be given before partitioning a disk with regards to the number
			and sizes of partitions to be created to prevent later unnecessary resizing.</para>
			<caution><title><emphasis role="strong">Caution:</emphasis></title>
			<para>You may run out of hard drive space in your home partition due to the
			sub-division of the drive into fixed-size partitions. This may occur even if
			the other partitions have plenty of usable space. Good and logical partitioning requires you to predict how much space each partition needs.</para></caution>
			<para>For new users, home users and other single-user set-ups, a single root
			(/) partition with a swap partition would be the easiest and the most convenient
			to create and use. However, for multi-user systems or computers with lots of disk
			space, it is best to have the /home, /tmp, /usr and /var directories as individual
			partitions separate from the root (/) partition.</para>
			<para>Before partitioning your hard drive, you should consider the following:
			<itemizedlist>
				<listitem><para>root: Also called the slash directory, it is the highest
				directory of the directory tree. When creating the root partition, you
				need to ensure that the root should	contain the /etc, /bin, /sbin, /lib
				and /dev directories; else, you will not be able to boot-up the system.
				You also need to ensure that the root partition is allocated at least
				150-250 MB of disk space.</para></listitem>
				<listitem><para>/home: This directory contains all user-specific files and data.
				On a multi-user system, every user will store personal data in a subdirectory
				of this directory. The size of this directory would depend on the number of users
				using the system and the files they store in this directory. Ideally, you should
				plan the disk space for this partition based on your planned usage. In general,
				about 100-MB disk space can be allocated for each user. However, you may need to
				reserve a lot more space if you are planning to save a lot of multi-media files
				in your home directory.</para></listitem>
			</itemizedlist>
			<tip><title><emphasis role="strong">Nice to Know:</emphasis></title>
			<para>It is good practice to have /home on a separate partition because
			it allows for a smoother transition from one distribution to another.</para></tip>
			<itemizedlist>
				<listitem><para>/var: This directory contains variable data, such as news
				chapters, e-mails, Web sites, databases and the packaging system cache. The
				size of this directory also depends on system usage. Most probably, the size
				of this directory would be dictated by your usage of the Ubuntu package
				management utilities. If you plan to install all the packages that Ubuntu
				offers, you need to allocate 2 to 3 GB of space for the /var directory. However,
				if you want to save hard disk space and do not plan any major software updates,
				you can get by with as little as 30- or 40-MB disk space for the /var
				directory.</para></listitem>
				<listitem><para>/tmp: This directory contains temporary data created by programmes.
				Some applications, including archive manipulators, CD/DVD authoring tools and
				multi-media software also use this directory to temporarily store image files.
				You need to plan space allocation for this directory based on your usage of these applications.
				for this directory.</para></listitem>
				<listitem><para>/usr: This directory contains all user programmes (binaries),
				their documentation and supporting libraries. This directory tends to use the
				maximum space on the hard disk. Therefore, you should provide at least 500-MB
				disk space for this directory. But, you need to increase this space depending
				on the number and types of software packages you plan to install. Based on your
				planned usage and the available disk space, you may allocate 1.5 to 6 GB of disk
				space for this directory.</para></listitem>
			</itemizedlist>
			<tip><title><emphasis role="strong">Nice to Know:</emphasis></title>
			<para>The /usr partition is sometimes referred to as User System
			Resources and not user as was originally intended.</para></tip>
			</para>
		</sect1>
		<sect1>
			<title>Creating a Partition</title>
			<para>As mentioned earlier,  multiple partitions are very useful especially in cases
			where a partition is corrupted, as it enables you to boot into GNU/Linux to fix the system,
			without having to reinstall the system. To do this, a root partition is required. This partition should contain
			the essential components of the system.</para>
			<caution><title><emphasis role="strong">Caution:</emphasis></title>
			<para>The hard disk drive that you are formatting should not contain any
			data. If you have already formatted the drive and it contains data, skip
			the partitioning step and move to the next step - mounting.</para></caution>
			<para>If the hard disk drive that you want to format is blank and unformatted,
			you can use either of the following tools to partition it:
				<itemizedlist>
					<listitem><para>Partition Editor (GParted): GParted is the 
					Partition Editor application. GParted is useful for creating space for
					new operating systems, reorganising disk usage, copying data residing
					on hard disks and mirroring one partition with another (disk
					imaging).</para></listitem>
					<listitem><para>Command Line: The command line is faster and more powerful than GParted. When navigating
					through the file system, you can use the command line to jump from one
					directory to another in a split second. Use the command-line interface if
					you are comfortable using the Terminal.</para></listitem>
				</itemizedlist>
			</para>
			<para>If you want to create a partition using GParted, you need to first install
			GParted by using <emphasis role="strong">Add/Remove Applications</emphasis> or
			<emphasis role="strong">Synaptic Package Manager</emphasis>.</para>
			<sect2>
				<title>Installing GParted by Using Synaptic Package Manager</title>
				<para>To install GParted by using Synaptic Package Manager:
					<orderedlist numeration="arabic">
						<listitem><para>On the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis> menu,
						point to <emphasis role="strong">Administration</emphasis> and then click
						<emphasis role="strong">Synaptic Package Manager</emphasis>. The
						<emphasis role="strong">Synaptic Package Manager</emphasis> window
						opens.</para>
						<figure id="fig:synaptic-loc"><title><emphasis role="italic">Synaptic Package Manager Location</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson11_images_001.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
						</listitem>
						<listitem><para>When the <emphasis role="strong">Synaptic Package
						Manager</emphasis> window opens for the first time, it displays a
						list of all the software packages available in the Ubuntu software
						repositories. The left pane lists the various software categories.
						You can select a specific category to view the available software
						packages listed in that category. Alternatively, you can use the
						<emphasis role="strong">Search</emphasis> functionality provided in
						the <emphasis role="strong">Synaptic Package Manager</emphasis> to
						locate specific software in the list.</para>
						<para>Click the <emphasis role="strong">Search</emphasis> button to
						search the package you want to install. The
						<emphasis role="strong">Find</emphasis> dialogue box appears.</para>
						<para>In the <emphasis role="strong">Search</emphasis> field
						of the <emphasis role="strong">Find</emphasis> dialogue box, type the
						name of the package, <emphasis role="strong"> Partition Editor</emphasis>,
						and click the <emphasis role="strong">Search</emphasis> button. The
						package, gparted, is now displayed in the right pane of the
						<emphasis role="strong">Synaptic Package Manager</emphasis> window.</para>
						<para>Right-click the package name to select an action that
						you want to perform on it. Notice that various options are available
						to perform a number of actions on the selected package. If the selected
						package is not installed currently, you can mark it for installation.
						Inversely, if the selected package is already marked for installation,
						you can unmark it to clear the selection. Similarly, if the package is
						already installed, you may select <emphasis role="strong">Upgrade</emphasis>
						to upgrade the package and <emphasis role="strong">Mark for Removal</emphasis>
						or <emphasis role="strong">Mark for Complete Removal</emphasis> to delete
						the package from your computer.</para>
						<para>To install the package, select the <emphasis role="strong">Mark for
						Installation</emphasis> check box.</para>
						<para>The gparted package is now selected for installation.
						To continue with the installation, click <emphasis role="strong">Apply</emphasis>.
						This displays the <emphasis role="strong">Summary</emphasis> dialogue
						box.</para>
						<para>The <emphasis role="strong">Summary</emphasis> dialogue
						box prompts you to perform a final check before implementing the marked
						changes. Click the <emphasis role="strong">Apply</emphasis> button to
						apply the marked changes. The <emphasis role="strong">Downloading package
						files</emphasis> window opens.</para>
						<para>Wait for all the required files to download.
						After all the required files in the package are downloaded,
						the <emphasis role="strong">Changes applied</emphasis> dialogue
						box appears.</para>
						<para>The <emphasis role="strong">Changes applied</emphasis>
						dialogue box notifies you that all the requested changes have been
						applied. Click <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis> to exit the
						dialogue box.</para>
						<figure id="fig:synaptic"><title><emphasis role="italic">Synaptic Package Manager</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson11_images_002.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
						</listitem>
						<listitem><para>In the <emphasis role="strong">Search</emphasis> field
						of the <emphasis role="strong">Find</emphasis> dialogue box, type the
						name of the package, <emphasis role="strong"> Partition Editor</emphasis>,
						and click the <emphasis role="strong">Search</emphasis> button. The
						package, gparted, is now displayed in the right pane of the
						<emphasis role="strong">Synaptic Package Manager</emphasis> window.</para>
						<figure id="fig:synaptic-find"><title><emphasis role="italic">Finding a Package in Synaptic</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson11_images_003.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
						</listitem>
						<listitem><para>Right-click the package name to select an action that
						you want to perform on it. Notice that various options are available
						to perform a number of actions on the selected package. If the selected
						package is not installed currently, you can mark it for installation.
						Inversely, if the selected package is already marked for installation,
						you can unmark it to clear the selection. Similarly, if the package is
						already installed, you may select <emphasis role="strong">Upgrade</emphasis>
						to upgrade the package and <emphasis role="strong">Mark for Removal</emphasis>
						or <emphasis role="strong">Mark for Complete Removal</emphasis> to delete
						the package from your computer.</para>
						<para>To install the package, select the <emphasis role="strong">Mark for
						Installation</emphasis> check box.</para>
						<figure id="fig:synaptic-mark"><title><emphasis role="italic">Marking a Package for installation</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson11_images_004.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
						</listitem>
						<listitem><para>The gparted package is now selected for installation.
						To continue with the installation, click <emphasis role="strong">Apply</emphasis>.
						This displays the <emphasis role="strong">Summary</emphasis> dialogue
						box.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Summary Dialog Box</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson11_images_005.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
						</listitem>
						<listitem><para>The <emphasis role="strong">Summary</emphasis> dialogue
						box prompts you to perform a final check before implementing the marked
						changes. Click the <emphasis role="strong">Apply</emphasis> button to
						apply the marked changes. The <emphasis role="strong">Downloading package
						files</emphasis> window opens.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Applying Changes Box</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson11_images_006.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
						</listitem>
						<listitem><para>Wait for all the required files to download.
						After all the required files in the package are downloaded,
						the <emphasis role="strong">Changes applied</emphasis> dialogue
						box appears.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Changes Applied Box</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson11_images_007.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
						</listitem>
						<listitem><para>The <emphasis role="strong">Changes applied</emphasis>
						dialogue box notifies you that all the requested changes have been
						applied. Click <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis> to exit the
						dialogue box.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Synaptic Package Manager after Installation</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson11_images_008.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
						</listitem>
						<listitem><para>The partition editor is installed on your computer.
						You can now partition the hard disk drive.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Opening Partition Editor</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson11_images_009.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
						</listitem>
					</orderedlist>
				</para>
			</sect2>
			<sect2>
				<title>Partitioning Using Gparted</title>
				<para>To partition the hard drive by using GParted:
					<orderedlist numeration="arabic">
						<listitem><para>On the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis> menu,
						point to <emphasis role="strong">Administration</emphasis> and then click
						<emphasis role="strong"> Partition Editor</emphasis>. The
						<emphasis role="strong">GParted</emphasis> window opens.</para>
						<tip><title><emphasis role="strong">Nice to Know:</emphasis></title>
						<para>GParted is also available from the Live CD.</para></tip>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">GParted Window</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson11_images_010.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
						</listitem>
						<listitem><para>In the top-right corner of the <emphasis role="strong">GParted</emphasis>
						window is the drive drop-down box. You can use this box to select the hard
						drive that you need to partition by specifying the logical name you noted
						earlier. The Gparted window refreshes and shows you a representation of
						the selected drive.</para>
						<para>If the existing partitions on the drive have not yet been used, a
						white bar would run across the window. However, if the existing
						partitions contain some data, the data will be represented by a pale
						yellow area.</para>
						<instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title>
							<para><emphasis role="italic">Explain how to read the specifications of the current partitions and file systems.</emphasis></para>
						</instructornote>
						<para>You can either resize an existing partition or create a
						new partition in the unallocated space of the hard drive. Before resizing
						an existing partition, you must make sure that you unmount it by
						right-clicking the partition and then selecting <emphasis role="strong">Unmount</emphasis>.
						Remember that you cannot resize a partition to be smaller than the yellow
						area, which represents the data on the partition.</para>
						<para>To create a new partition in the unallocated drive space,
						right-click the area and select <emphasis role="strong">New</emphasis>
						on the short-cut menu. The <emphasis role="strong">Create new
						Partition</emphasis> dialogue box appears.</para>
						<para>The <emphasis role="strong">Create new Partition</emphasis>
						dialogue box allows you to select specifications for the new partition.
						Apart from defining the size of the new partition, you can also select
						the partition type, whether primary or logical, for the new partition.
						In addition, you can even define the file system to be used on the new
						partition. By default, Ubuntu uses the ext3 partitions. However, if you
						want the new drive to be readable by both Microsoft Windows and Ubuntu without
						installing anything extra, you can format it as Fat 32.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Creating a New Partition</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson11_images_011.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
						</listitem>
						<listitem><para>You can either resize an existing partition or create a
						new partition in the unallocated space of the hard drive. Before resizing
						an existing partition, you must make sure that you unmount it by
						right-clicking the partition and then selecting <emphasis role="strong">Unmount</emphasis>.
						Remember that you cannot resize a partition to be smaller than the yellow
						area, which represents the data on the partition.</para>
						<para>To create a new partition in the unallocated drive space,
						right-click the area and select <emphasis role="strong">New</emphasis>
						on the short-cut menu. The <emphasis role="strong">Create new
						Partition</emphasis> dialogue box appears.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Create New Partition Box</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson11_images_012.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
						</listitem>
						<listitem><para>The <emphasis role="strong">Create new Partition</emphasis>
						dialogue box allows you to select specifications for the new partition.
						Apart from defining the size of the new partition, you can also select
						the partition type, whether primary or logical, for the new partition.
						In addition, you can even define the file system to be used on the new
						partition. By default, Ubuntu uses the ext3 partitions. However, if you
						want the new drive to be readable by both Microsoft Windows and Ubuntu without
						installing anything extra, you can format it as Fat 32.</para>
						<note><title><emphasis role="strong">Note:</emphasis></title>
						<para>If you are creating a partition on a new hard drive, select
						Primary Partition. A SCSI or S-ATA hard disk can have a maximum of
						4 primary partitions and 11 logical partitions while an integrated
						development environment (IDE) hard drive can have up to 63 partitions
						overall. The primary partition used to house the logical partitions
						is called an extended partition. Unlike primary partitions, logical
						partitions must be contiguous: the blocks in the partition are following each other without any gap.</para></note>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Confirmation Box</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson11_images_013.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
						</listitem>
						<listitem><para>In the <emphasis role="strong">New Size (MiB)</emphasis>
						field, specify the size of the partition by using the up or down arrow
						key. You can also define the size by dragging the black bold arrows on
						the top white bar.</para></listitem>
						<listitem><para>Select Primary, Logical or Extended partition from the
						<emphasis role="strong">Create as</emphasis> drop-down list.</para>
						</listitem>
						<listitem><para>Next, specify the file system by selecting from the
						<emphasis role="strong">Filesystem</emphasis> drop-down list.</para>
						</listitem>
						<listitem><para>Click the <emphasis role="strong">Add</emphasis> button
						to complete the partition. The white bar updates to show a new partition
						on the disk.</para></listitem>
						<listitem><para>You can create multiple partitions at this stage by
						following the above-mentioned procedure and then clicking
						<emphasis role="strong">Apply</emphasis> to add them to the hard drive.
						The <emphasis role="strong">Apply operations to hard disk</emphasis>
						dialogue box appears.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Applying Pending Operations Box</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson11_images_014.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
						</listitem>
						<listitem><para>The <emphasis role="strong">Apply operations to hard disk
						</emphasis> dialogue box recommends that you back up data before
						performing the changes and seeks your final confirmation before applying
						the changes to the hard disk. Click the <emphasis role="strong">Apply
						</emphasis> button to partition and format the hard disk according to
						your specifications.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">GParted with New Partition</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson11_images_015.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
						</listitem>
						<listitem><para>The system starts applying the changes to the hard disk.
						The duration of the operation will depend on the size of the new
						partition. When the operation is still running, you can click the
						<emphasis role="strong">Details</emphasis> button to view more information
						about where and how the changes are being made.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Deleting a Partition</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson11_images_016.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
						</listitem>
						<listitem><para>After you receive a message that all the specified
						operations have been successfully completed, you can safely close
						the window by clicking the <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis>
						button. However, if something goes wrong and the process does not
						complete successfully, you can save the process output for future
						reference by clicking the <emphasis role="strong">Save Details</emphasis>
						button.</para></listitem>
						<listitem><para>The newly created partition is now visible in the
						<emphasis role="strong">GParted</emphasis> window. You will also
						notice that your system automounts the newly created partition.</para>
						<para>Mounting refers to the process of attaching the newly created
						partition or drive to an existing directory to make it accessible.
						The directory where the new partition is attached is called the mount
						point. After the partition is mounted, you can access the files on
						that partition by accessing the mount point for the new partition.
						Early Linux distributions did not allow the auto-mounting of new partitions
						or drives. However, Ubuntu 7.04 and above allow you to easily access
						the new partitions by auto-mounting the partitions. When you create a new
						partition, the new partition opens as a separate window and the
						partition appears as a disk icon on the desktop.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Removable Drives and Media Preferences Dialogue Box</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson11_images_017.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
						</listitem>
						<listitem><para>When you no longer want to access the new partitions,
						you can unmount them by right-clicking the <emphasis role="strong">disk</emphasis>
						icon on the desktop and selecting the <emphasis role="strong">Unmount
						Volume</emphasis> option from the short-cut menu.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">RC.Local File</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson11_images_018.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
						</listitem>
						<listitem><para>If you want to stop Ubuntu from auto-mounting all
						the partitions when you boot into your operating system, you can do
						so by changing the default configuration settings. To access the
						configuration settings for the partitions, on the System menu, point
						to <emphasis role="strong">Preferences</emphasis> and click
						<emphasis role="strong">Removable Drives and</emphasis>
						<emphasis role="strong">Media</emphasis>. The
						<emphasis role="strong">Removable Drives and Media Preferences</emphasis>
						dialogue box opens.</para>
						</listitem>
						<listitem><para>To prevent Ubuntu from auto-mounting all the drives,
						clear the first three check boxes on the <emphasis role="strong">Removable
						Drives and Media Preferences</emphasis> dialogue box and click
						<emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis>.</para>
						</listitem>
						<listitem><para>After making the required changes in the
						<emphasis role="strong">Removable Drives and Media Preferences</emphasis>
						dialogue box, you will notice that Ubuntu does not auto-mount all the
						partitions and drives at boot-up.</para>
						</listitem>
					</orderedlist>
				</para>
			</sect2>
		</sect1>
		<sect1>
			<title>Boot-up Options</title>
			<para>Booting up is a process through which the operating system is loaded into the
			computer's main memory or random access memory (RAM). The boot-up process
			starts when you turn on your computer. During this process, the BIOS takes control of
			your computer and decides where to look for software on the computer and in which
			order. Based on the BIOS settings of your computer, it is decided whether your
			computer will first check the hard disk or a floppy disc, CD, DVD or flash memory to
			start the booting-up process. In case you have multiple operating systems installed on
			your computer, the BIOS configuration decides which operating system will be loaded
			first at boot-up.</para>
			<para>Only after all system files have been loaded into the main memory, is the
			operating system given control of the computer. The operating system performs the
			requested initial commands and then waits for the first interactive user input.</para>
			<para>However, as a superuser or user with administrative privileges, it is possible
			for you to change the boot-up configuration to define the computer's boot order,
			change the default operating system to boot-up or make a system command run
			automatically at boot-up.</para>
			<para>One way to change or check your BIOS setting is to restart your computer, and
			press a key to enter the setup function before it starts to load any operating system.
			Generally, you can do this by pressing F1, F2, ESC or DELETE. Once you are inside the
			BIOS setup, you can make the desired changes by following the instructions for using
			the setup. However, you need to be very cautious when making any changes in the BIOS
			settings because a wrong setting can prevent your computer from booting-up
			properly.</para>
			<para>You can also perform these configuration changes by using a command line on your
			computer's terminal.</para>
			<sect2>
				<title>Running a System Command Automatically at Start-Up</title>
				<para>At times, you may wish to add a custom command for the start-up process so
				that your computer executes this command every time it boots up. To run a system
				command automatically at start-up:
					<orderedlist numeration="arabic">
						<listitem><para>On the Terminal, type the following command to open the
						rc.local file:</para>
						<screen>$ sudo nano /etc/rc.local</screen>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Terminal Window</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson11_images_019.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
						<para>The rc.local file contains a script that is executed after all the
						other initial scripts. You can insert your own initialisation scripts in
						this file if you want some services to be executed automatically during
						the start-up process.</para>
						</listitem>
						<listitem><para>The rc.local file opens in the Terminal window.
						Type the command that you want to run at system start-up before
						the line, exit 0.</para>
						<screen>$ date &gt; /home/oem/newbackup</screen>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Making Settings for rc.local File</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson11_images_020.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
						</listitem>
						<listitem><para>After you enter the command you want executed at system
						start-up, press CTRL+X to save and exit the edited file.</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Services Window</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson11_images_021.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
						</listitem>
						<listitem><para>When you reboot the system, the rc.local file executes.
						If you want to display the output of the above command, type the
						following command in the Terminal:</para>
						<screen>$ cat newbackup</screen>
						<para>The following image shows the output of the above command:</para>
						</listitem>
					</orderedlist>
				</para>
			</sect2>
			<sect2>
				<title>Changing the Default Operating System at Boot</title>
				<para>When multiple operating systems are installed on a computer, this is
				referred to as a multi-boot configuration. Typically, the operating system
				that is listed on top in the configuration file is loaded on the computer.
				To choose the operating system that starts when you turn on your computer,
				edit the grub configuration file.
					<orderedlist numeration="arabic">
						<listitem><para>Back up the configuration file, and open it in a text
						editor, as follows:</para>
						<screen>
						$ sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
						$ sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst</screen>
						</listitem>
						<listitem><para>Find the line written below to change the default sequence:</para>
						<screen>
						...
						default 0
						...</screen>
						<para>Replace this line with the following line:</para>
						<screen>default X</screen>
						<para>Replace X with a number based on the order in which your operating
						systems appear in the configuration file. You should start counting from
						0. For example, if you wish the default operating system to be the first
						in the	list, replace X with 0; and if you wish the default operating
						system to be the second in the list, replace X with 1.</para>
						</listitem>
						<listitem><para>Point to saved and save default to reboot the last OS
						chosen.</para></listitem>
					</orderedlist>
				</para>
			</sect2>
			<sect2>
				<title>Configuring Start-Up Services</title>
				<para>When Ubuntu starts up, many services are started for your convenience. Some
				services are mandatory for Ubuntu to work properly on your computer. Others can
				include services that you'll probably never need or want, either because you just
				do not want them (for example, ntpdate, which sets your system time from a time
				server) or you simply don't have the device (for example, the HP printing and
				scanning system, which is of no use if you don't own a HP device).</para>
				<para>Although these services are harmless, they increase your computer's start-up
				time. By de-activating some of these services, you should get a slightly faster
				start-up time.</para>
				<caution><title><emphasis role="strong">Caution:</emphasis></title>
				<para>Read the service information before you disable any service because
				disabling some services may stop your system from booting-up or running
				properly.</para></caution>
				<para>To configure the start-up services, you need to have administrative
				privileges. Then, perform the following steps:
					<orderedlist numeration="arabic">
						<listitem><para>On the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis> menu,
						point to <emphasis role="strong">Administration</emphasis> and then
						click <emphasis role="strong">Services</emphasis>.</para></listitem>
						<listitem><para>Type your administrative password. The
						<emphasis role="strong">Services settings</emphasis> window
						opens.</para></listitem>
						<listitem><para>Select the services you want running by selecting or
						clearing the respective check boxes and click <emphasis role="strong">OK</emphasis>.
						</para>
						<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Services Settings Window</emphasis></title>
							<mediaobject><imageobject>
								<imagedata fileref="images/Lesson11_images_022.png" format="PNG" />
							</imageobject></mediaobject>
						</figure>
						</listitem>
					</orderedlist>
				</para>
				<instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">If you want greater control over the boot-up
				services, install Boot-up Manager (bum). You can install bum from the Universe
				repository. You need to click the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis> menu,
				point to <emphasis role="strong">Administration</emphasis> and click
				<emphasis role="strong">Boot-up Manager</emphasis>.</emphasis></para>
				</instructornote>
			</sect2>
		</sect1>
		<sect1>
			<title>Lesson Summary</title>
			<para>In this lesson, you learned that:
				<itemizedlist>
					<listitem><para>Partitioning your hard disk is similar to splitting rooms with walls in a house.</para></listitem>						
					<listitem><para>You can run Ubuntu on a single or multiple partitions or drives.</para></listitem>
					<listitem><para>Before partitioning the hard drive, you should make sure
					that there is no data on the hard drive. If the hard drive on which you
					are creating a partition contains data and you wish to preserve it, it
					will be safer to back up the data before proceeding.</para></listitem>
					<listitem><para>You can create a partition by using both the partition
					editor and the command-line interface.</para></listitem>
					<listitem><para>It is possible for you to change the boot-up configuration
					to define the computer's boot order, change the default operating system to
					boot or make a system command run automatically at boot-up.</para></listitem>
					<listitem><para>To run a set of commands each time the system boots up, you
					need to include the commands in the /etc/rc.local file so that the computer
					executes them automatically at every boot-up.</para></listitem>
					<listitem><para>You can change the default operating system at boot by making
					changes in the configuration file.</para></listitem>
					<listitem><para>You must read the service information before disabling any
					service because disabling some services may stop your system from booting-up
					or running properly.</para></listitem>
				</itemizedlist>
			</para>
		</sect1>
		    <questions>
		<sect1>
			<title>Review Exercise</title>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Question 1</emphasis></para>
			<para>What are the advantages of partitioning?</para>
			<answer>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Answer 1</emphasis></para>
			<para>The following are the advantages of partitioning:
				<orderedlist numeration="loweralpha">
					<listitem><para>Minimises data loss</para></listitem>
					<listitem><para>Enhances security</para></listitem>
					<listitem><para>Enhances performance</para></listitem>
				</orderedlist>
			</para>
			</answer>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Question 2</emphasis></para>
			<para>Why do you need to use the sudo command?</para>
			<answer>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Answer 2</emphasis></para>
			<para>In Unix-based operating systems, you need to use the sudo command to run
			programmes that require administrative privileges.</para>
			</answer>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Question 3</emphasis></para>
			<para>Which of these file systems does Ubuntu use by default?</para>
			<orderedlist numeration="loweralpha">
				<listitem><para>Fat 32</para></listitem>
				<listitem><para>NTFS</para></listitem>
				<listitem><para>Ext3</para></listitem>
			</orderedlist>
			<answer>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Answer 3</emphasis></para>
			<para>b) ext2</para>
			</answer>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Question 4</emphasis></para>
			<para>If you want to run a system command automatically at start-up,
			where should you add the command?</para>
			<answer>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Answer 4</emphasis></para>
			<para>The command needs to be added to the /etc/rc.local file.</para>
			</answer>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Question 5</emphasis></para>
			<para>Is it possible to disable all the start-up services? Why?</para>
			<answer>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Answer 5</emphasis></para>
			<para>No, it is not possible to disable all start-up services because
			disabling some services will stop your system from booting-up or running
			properly.</para>
			</answer>
		</sect1>
		    </questions>
		<sect1>
			<title>Lab Exercise</title>
			<para><emphasis role="strong">Exercise 1</emphasis></para>
			<para>As a previous Microsoft Windows user, you want to have a dual-boot configuration
			on your computer and create a separate partition to run Microsoft Windows on it. To
			perform this task, you need to create a 5-GB primary partition and
			format it with a Microsoft Windows-compatible file system.</para>
			<para>Option a: To create a Partition using Partition Editor:
				<orderedlist numeration="arabic">
					<listitem><para>On the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis> menu,
					point to <emphasis role="strong">Administration</emphasis> and then click
					<emphasis role="strong"> Partition Editor</emphasis>.</para></listitem>
					<listitem><para>In the drive drop-down box, select the hard drive you need
					to partition by specifying its logical name. The window refreshes and shows
					you a representation of the drive.</para></listitem>
					<listitem><para>Right-click the white bar and click
					<emphasis role="strong">New</emphasis> to create a new partition.
					The <emphasis role="strong">Create new Partition</emphasis> dialogue box
					appears, in which you choose the specifications of the new
					partition.</para></listitem>
					<listitem><para>In the <emphasis role="strong">New Size</emphasis> dialogue
					box, select the size of the new partition.</para></listitem>
					<listitem><para>In the <emphasis role="strong">Create as</emphasis> box,
					select <emphasis role="strong">Primary Partition</emphasis>.</para></listitem>
					<listitem><para>Next, specify the file system. Select ntfs.</para></listitem>
					<listitem><para>Click <emphasis role="strong">Add</emphasis> to compute the
					partition. The graphical display updates to show a new partition on the disk.
					</para></listitem>
					<listitem><para>If you are sure about the specification of the new partition,
					click <emphasis role="strong">Apply</emphasis>. The disk will be partitioned
					and formatted.</para></listitem>
				</orderedlist>
			</para>
		</sect1>
</chapter>