~mistrynitesh/kubuntu-docs/fixes-two-bugs : revision 156

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%kde-menus-C;

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<!ENTITY language "en">

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]>

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<title>Hardware</title>

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&legalnotice;

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<para>

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This document will cover the basics of working with hardware in your Linux

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This document covers the basics of working with hardware in a Linux

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system.

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</para>

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</abstract>

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<title>Introduction</title>

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<para>

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Your computer consists of a number of connected devices, which are collectively

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A computer consists of a number of connected devices that are collectively

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known as computer <emphasis>hardware</emphasis>. &kubuntu; normally configures

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your hardware automatically, but there may be occasions where you need to make

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changes to hardware settings yourself. This section provides information on

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tools which can be used to configure your hardware.

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hardware automatically, but there may be occasions when it is necessary to

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make manual changes to hardware settings. This section provides information on

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tools for configuring hardware.

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</para>

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</sect1>

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<title>Proprietary Devices</title>

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<para>

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Some devices attached to your computer may need proprietary drivers to be

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installed in order to work properly. Such devices are typically video and

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wireless networking devices.

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</para>

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<para>

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<emphasis>Proprietary drivers are drivers for your hardware which are not freely

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available or open-source.</emphasis>

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</para>

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<para>

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Most of the devices (hardware) attached to your computer should function

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properly in &kubuntu;. The devices are likely to have <emphasis>free</emphasis>

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drivers, which means that the drivers can be modified by the developers and

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problems with them can be fixed.

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Some devices attached to the computer may need proprietary drivers in order to

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work properly. Most often, these devices are used for video and wireless

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networking.

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</para>

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<para>

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<emphasis>A proprietary driver is a hardware management software application

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that is not free and open-source. Typically, the software is concealed and

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controlled by the company selling the hardware.</emphasis>

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</para>

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<para>

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Most of the devices (hardware) attached to computers should function properly

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in &kubuntu;. The devices are likely to have <emphasis>free</emphasis>

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drivers. These drivers can be freely modified by developers, and any problems or

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incompatibilities with Linux can be fixed.

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</para>

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<para>

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Some hardware does not have free drivers, usually because the hardware

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manufacturer has not released details of their hardware which would make it

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possible to create such a driver. The devices may have limited functionality or

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possible to create such a driver for a Linux system. If such a manufacturer has

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not created Linux drivers, the hardware may have limited functionality or

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may not work at all.

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</para>

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<para>

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If a <emphasis>proprietary driver</emphasis> is available for a certain device,

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you can install it in order to allow your device to function properly, or to add

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new features. For example, installing a proprietary driver for certain graphics

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cards may allow you to use more advanced visual effects.

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If an appropriate <emphasis>proprietary driver</emphasis> is available for a

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certain device, it can be installed in order to allow that device to function

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properly or to add new features. For example, installing proprietary drivers

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for certain graphics cards allows for the use of advanced visual effects.

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</para>

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<para>

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Some computers may not have any devices which can use proprietary drivers,

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either because all of the devices are fully supported by free drivers or because

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no proprietary drivers are yet available for the device.

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Some computers may not have any devices that can use proprietary drivers, either

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because all of the devices are fully supported by free drivers or because

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proprietary drivers are not yet available.

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</para>

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<para>

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Proprietary drivers are often maintained by the hardware manufacturer, and so

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Proprietary drivers are usually maintained by the hardware manufacturer, and so

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cannot be modified by developers if there is a problem.

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</para>

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</caution>

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&kubuntu; ships with an application developed by Ubuntu developers that

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maintains proprietary drivers. This application is known as

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<application>Jockey</application> and in &kubuntu; is named

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<application>jockey-kde</application> and can be opened by going to

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<application>jockey-kde</application>>. It can be opened by going to

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&menujockey;.

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</para>

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<procedure><title>To use a proprietary driver for a device:</title>

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</step>

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<step>

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<para>

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Find the driver which you would like to enable and read the description.

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Find the driver to be enabled and verify the description.

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</para>

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</step>

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<step>

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<para>

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<mousebutton>Press</mousebutton> <guibutton>Activate</guibutton> to enable the

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driver. You may be asked to enter your password.

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driver. A password may be required.

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</para>

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</step>

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<step>

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</step>

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<step>

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<para>

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You may need to restart your computer to finish enabling the driver.

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It may be necessary to restart the computer to finish enabling the driver; the

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driver installation process will not always indicate this requirement.

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</para>

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</step>

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</procedure>

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</step>

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<step>

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<para>

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Find the driver which you would like to disable and read the description.

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Find the driver to be disabled and verify the description.

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</para>

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</step>

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<step>

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<para>

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<mousebutton>Press</mousebutton> <guibutton>Remove</guibutton> to disable the

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driver and continue using a free driver, if available. You may be asked to enter

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your password.

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driver and continue using a free driver, if available. A password may be

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required.

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</para>

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</step>

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<step>

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<para>

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You may need to restart your computer to finish disabling the driver.

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It may be necessary to restart the computer to finish disabling

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the driver.

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</para>

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</step>

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</procedure>

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<title>Disks and Partitions</title>

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<para>

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This section provides instructions on how to handle disks and drives, such as

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This section provides instructions on how to handle disks and drives such as

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removable hard disks.

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</para>

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<title>Checking how much disk space is available</title>

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<para>

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There are a few ways in which you can check to see how much disk space is

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available on your &kubuntu; system.

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There are several ways to see how much disk space is available on a &kubuntu;

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system.

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</para>

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</step>

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</procedure>

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<para>

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You should get output similar to the following:

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Output similar to the following should be displayed:

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</para>

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Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

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<note><title>File managers</title>

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<para>

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The following procedure can be completed with either

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<application>Dolphin</application> or <application>Konqueror</application>. For

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the sake of this procedure, <application>Dolphin</application> will be used

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since it is the default file manager in &kubuntu;.

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<application>Dolphin</application> or <application>Konqueror</application>.

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<application>Dolphin</application> will be shown in this example because it

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is the default file manager in &kubuntu;.

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</para>

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</note>

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</step>

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<step>

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<para>

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To find out how much space is available for your root partition,

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<mousebutton>right click</mousebutton> in any of the white space. Select

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<guimenuitem>Properties</guimenuitem> from the list that is displayed.

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To find out how much space is available in the root partition,

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<mousebutton>right click</mousebutton> in any of the white space in the main

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window. Select <guimenuitem>Properties</guimenuitem> from the list that is

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displayed.

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</para>

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<note><title>Make sure you don't highlight an icon</title>

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<note><title>Avoid highlighting an icon</title>

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<para>

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When right clicking in white space, make sure you do not accidentally highlight

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any of the icons. If you do, you will get information pertaining to that folder.

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When right clicking in the white space, avoid accidentally highlighting any of

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the folder icons, because this will display information pertaining only to that

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folder.

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</para>

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</note>

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<example><title>Available disk space for the root device</title>

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<step>

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<para>

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Open <application>Partition Manager</application> by going to &menupartman;. You

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may be asked for your password.

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Open <application>Partition Manager</application> by going to &menupartman;. A

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password may be required.

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</para>

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</step>

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<step>

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</step>

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<step>

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<para>

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At this point you can either figure out how much space is left by subtracting

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the amount in the <guilabel>Used</guilabel> column from the amount in the

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<guilabel>Size</guilabel> column. You could also <mousebutton>right

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click</mousebutton> on the partition in the list and select

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<guimenuitem>Properties</guimenuitem>.

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Remaining space can be determined by subtracting the amount in the

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<guilabel>Used</guilabel> column from the amount in the

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<guilabel>Size</guilabel> column. The information can also be displayed by

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<mousebutton>right clicking</mousebutton> on the partition in the list and

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selecting <guimenuitem>Properties</guimenuitem>.

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</para>

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<example><title>Available disk space with Partition Manager</title>

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</sect3>

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</sect2>

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<title>How can I free-up some disk space?</title>

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<title>How can some disk space be freed up?</title>

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<para>

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There are several ways of making more disk space available:

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</para>

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<para>

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Empty your trash. Open <application>Dolphin</application> by going to

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Empty the trash. Open <application>Dolphin</application> by going to

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&menudolphin;. <mousebutton>Click</mousebutton> the

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<guibutton>Trash</guibutton>, in the main area, <mousebutton>right

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<guibutton>Trash</guibutton> on the left, <mousebutton>right

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click</mousebutton> in the white space and select <guimenuitem>Empty

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Trash</guimenuitem>.

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</para>

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<para>

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<ulink url="apt:computer-janitor-gtk">Install Computer Janitor for GTK</ulink>

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first. Once installed, open <application>Computer Janitor</application> by going

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to &menucomputerjanitor;. Select the <guilabel>Packages</guilabel> you want to

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remove. When completed, <mousebutton>click</mousebutton> the <guibutton>Do

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to &menucomputerjanitor;. Select the <guilabel>Packages</guilabel> to be

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removed. When completed, <mousebutton>click</mousebutton> the <guibutton>Do

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selected tasks</guibutton> button.

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</para>

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<example><title>Freeing disk space with Computer Janitor</title>

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</listitem>

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<para>

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Remove software packages that you no longer use. See <ulink type="help"

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Remove software packages that are no longer being used. See <ulink type="help"

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url="help:/kubuntu/manage-software/">Managing Software</ulink> for information

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on removing packages.

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</para>

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</listitem>

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<para>

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Delete files that you no longer need.

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Delete files that are no longer needed.

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</para>

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<para>

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Be careful not to delete files that you still need!

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Be careful not to delete files that are still needed!

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</para>

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</caution>

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</listitem>

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</itemizedlist>

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<para>

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You can also compress and archive your old, rarely-used documents:

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Compress and archive old, rarely-used documents:

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</para>

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<step>

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<para>

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Select the files and folders that you want to compress, <mousebutton>right

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Select the files and folders to be compressed, <mousebutton>right

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click</mousebutton> one of them and select

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<menuchoice><guimenu>Compress</guimenu><guimenuitem>As ZIP/TAR

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Archive</guimenuitem></menuchoice> or any one of the choices you would prefer.

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Archive</guimenuitem></menuchoice> or any of the other choices.

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</para>

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</step>

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</procedure>

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<title>Partitioning a device</title>

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<para>

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You can use <application>Partition Manager</application> to partition storage

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<application>Partition Manager</application> can be used to partition storage

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devices. <ulink url="apt:partitionmanager">Install the <application>Partition

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Manager</application> package</ulink> first, as it is not installed by default

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in &kubuntu;. Once installed, you can open <application>Partition

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Manager</application> by going to &menupartman;.

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in &kubuntu;. Once installed, open <application>Partition Manager</application>

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by going to &menupartman;.

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</para>

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<para>

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Be careful when altering disk partitions, as it is possible to lose your data if

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you delete or change the wrong partition.

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Be careful when altering disk partitions, as it is possible to lose data by

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deleting or changing the wrong partition.

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</para>

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</caution>

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<para>

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<title>Formatting a partition</title>

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<para>

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You can use <application>Partition Manager</application> to format disk

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<application>Partition Manager</application> can be used to format disk

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partitions. Please review <ulink

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url="http://docs.kde.org/development/en/extragear-sysadmin/partitionmanager/index.html"/>.

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</para>

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<title>What is formatting?</title>

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<para>

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To format a hard disk, device or partition means to prepare that particular

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device to be used for storing data.

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</para>

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<para>

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The operation of formatting a hard disk or partition is when a specific

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data-storage format is applied to that device; this format is the

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<quote>filesystem</quote>.

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</para>

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<para>

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When you buy a disk it is usually not formatted, and cannot yet be used for

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storing data. When you format the device, you will notice that the free space on

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it is less than the original size. This is due to the fact that some space has

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to be used to make the device usable; this space is occupied by the filesystem.

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Also, disk manufacturers often use a different standard to measure disk

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capacity, which results in further discrepancy.

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device to store data.

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</para>

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<para>

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When a hard disk or partition is formatted, a specific data-storage format is

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applied to that device; this format is the <quote>filesystem</quote>.

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</para>

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<para>

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A newly purchased disk is usually not formatted, and cannot yet be used for

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storing data. After the device has been formatted, the free space on it is less

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than the original size. Some of the disk space is used to make the device

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usable; this space is occupied by the filesystem. Also, disk manufacturers use

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different standards to express disk capacity, which results in further

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discrepancies.

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</para>

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</sect2>

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<para>

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A filesystem is a particular way of storing and organizing files on a storage

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device such as a hard disk, and is an important part of an operating system.

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Without a filesystem, accessing and storing files would be more difficult.

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Without a filesystem, accessing and storing files would be difficult.

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</para>

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<para>

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There are different types of filesystem. The most common are:

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</listitem>

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<para>

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<acronym>FAT16</acronym> and <acronym>FAT32</acronym>: these are Microsoft

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Windows filesystems found on older computers. If you would like to share data

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between two computers, the <emphasis><acronym>FAT32</acronym></emphasis> format

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is a good choice.

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<acronym>FAT16</acronym> and <acronym>FAT32</acronym> are Microsoft Windows

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filesystems found on older computers. To share data between two computers, the

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<emphasis><acronym>FAT32</acronym></emphasis> format is a good choice.

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</para>

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</listitem>

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<para>

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<acronym>NTFS</acronym>: this is the filesystem type used by more modern

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<acronym>NTFS</acronym> is the filesystem type used by more modern

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versions of Microsoft Windows.

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</para>

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</listitem>

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<para>

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<acronym>HFS+</acronym>: this is the Mac OS X default filesystem type.

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<acronym>HFS+</acronym> is the Mac OS X default filesystem type.

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</para>

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</listitem>

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</itemizedlist>

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</listitem>

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<para>

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To better organize data on the hard disk

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To organize data better on the hard disk

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</para>

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</listitem>

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</itemizedlist>

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<title>Mounting and unmounting devices</title>

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<para>

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When you connect a removable storage device to your computer, it must be

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<emphasis>mounted</emphasis> by the operating system so that you are able to

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access the files on the device.

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When a removable storage device is connected to a computer, it must be

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<emphasis>mounted</emphasis> by the operating system so the files on the

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device can be accessed.

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</para>

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<para>

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When you copy files to a storage device, they are not always written to the

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When files are copied to a storage device, they are not always written to the

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device immediately. Instead, they are often stored in a queue so that they can

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all be transferred across to the device at the same time (for reasons of

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efficiency). If you disconnect the device before all of the files have been

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transferred, then you could lose the files. To prevent this, you must always

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<emphasis>unmount</emphasis> a storage device before disconnecting it.

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all be transferred to the device at the same time (for efficiency). If the

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device is disconnected before all of the files have been transferred, some

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or all of the files may be lost. To prevent this, a storage device must be

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<emphasis>unmounted</emphasis> before being disconnected.

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</para>

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<procedure><title>Mounting a device</title>

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<step>

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</step>

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<step>

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<para>

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You should be notified by a menu in the bottom right hand corner of the screen,

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and see a blue circle icon. By <mousebutton>clicking</mousebutton> the device in

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this popup menu, the device will be <emphasis>mounted</emphasis> for you. As

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soon as it mounts, you will either be sent directly to the file manager or will

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be presented with a dialog containing a list of options for the device.

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A notification menu and blue circle icon will appear in the bottom right corner

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of the screen. By <mousebutton>clicking</mousebutton> the device in the popup

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menu, the device will be <emphasis>mounted</emphasis>. As soon as it is mounted,

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either the file manager will appear or a dialog will be presented that contains

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a list of options for the device.

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</para>

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</step>

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</procedure>

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<procedure><title>Unmounting a device</title>

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<step>

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<para>

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In the system tray, there is an icon that looks like a computer monitor.

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<mousebutton>Click</mousebutton> on the icon.

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In the system tray, there is an icon that looks like a computer monitor that

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represents the Device Notifier. <mousebutton>Click</mousebutton> on the icon,

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and a popup menu will appear.

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</para>

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</step>

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<step>

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<para>

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In the popup menu on the right side of the device as you are hovering above it

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with your mouse cursor, you should see what looks like an eject icon.

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<mousebutton>Click</mousebutton> on the icon to <emphasis>unmount</emphasis> the

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removable device.

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Hovering above the device description with the cursor will display an eject icon

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on the right side. <mousebutton>Click</mousebutton> on the icon to

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<emphasis>unmount</emphasis> the removable device.

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</para>

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</step>

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</procedure>

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<title>Power management settings</title>

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<para>

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You may wish to change the power management settings of your laptop in order to

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help extend its battery life and reduce energy wastage.

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Changing the power management settings of a laptop may help extend its battery

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life and reduce energy waste.

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</para>

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<step>

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<para>

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<mousebutton>Press</mousebutton> the power management icon which looks like a

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battery in your system tray.

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battery in the system tray.

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</para>

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</step>

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<step>

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</procedure>

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<para>

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Displaying a screensaver may use more power than simply letting the screen go

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blank. Turning off the screensaver could slightly improve the battery life of

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your laptop. In &kubuntu;, the screensaver is set to blank, therefor this change

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would not be needed.

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blank. Turning off the screensaver could slightly improve the laptop battery

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life. In &kubuntu;, the screensaver is set to blank as default.

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</para>

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<step>

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<title>Touchpads</title>

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<para>

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Most laptop computers come with a touchpad, which is used to control the mouse

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pointer. There are many ways of changing the way the touchpad behaves; the most

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pointer. There are many ways of changing the way the touchpad behaves. Most

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basic touchpad settings can be configured in the following way:

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</para>

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</step>

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<step>

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<para>

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Here you can change the touchpad settings to your liking. Changes should take

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effect immediately.

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Make any desired touchpad setting changess. Changes should take effect

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immediately.

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</para>

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</step>

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</procedure>

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<title>Finding laptop testing reports</title>

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<para>

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Many laptops are regularly tested by the Ubuntu community to ensure that various

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features work correctly. The results of these tests are available for you to

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read, and may offer insight into any problems you might be experiencing with

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your laptop.

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Some laptops are tested by the Ubuntu community to ensure that various features

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work correctly. The results of these tests are available for reading, and may

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offer insights into any laptop problems.

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</para>

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</listitem>

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</itemizedlist>

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<para>

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You can participate in laptop testing yourself by contacting the <ulink

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url="https://wiki.ubuntu.com/LaptopTestingTeam">Laptop Testing Team</ulink>.

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You can participate in laptop testing yourself by visiting <ulink

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url="https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Testing/Laptop">Ubuntu Laptop Testing</ulink>.

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</para>

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</sect2>

646

648

</sect1>

647

649

648

<title>Suspending and Hibernating Your Computer</title>

650

<title>Suspending and Hibernating</title>

649

651

<para>

650

In order to save power, you can put your computer into one of a number of

651

power-saving modes when you are not using it.

652

In order to save power, a computer can be put into one of a number of

653

power-saving modes when it is not being used.

652

654

</para>

653

655

654

656

655

657

<para>

656

658

<emphasis role="strong">Suspending</emphasis> a computer is like putting the

657

computer to sleep. The computer will still be turned on and all of your work

658

will be left open, but it will use much less power. You can wake the computer by

659

pressing a key or clicking the mouse.

659

computer to sleep. The computer will still be turned on and all work will be

660

left open, but it will use much less power. Wake the computer by pressing a key

661

or clicking the mouse.

660

662

</para>

661

663

</listitem>

662

664

663

665

<para>

664

<emphasis role="strong">Hibernating</emphasis> is turning the computer off

666

<emphasis role="strong">Hibernating</emphasis> means turning the computer off

665

667

completely while saving the current state of the computer (such as keeping all

666

of your open documents). When you turn the computer back on after hibernation,

667

all of your work should be restored as it was before hibernation. No power is

668

used when the computer is hibernating.

668

open documents). When the computer is turned back on after hibernation, all work

669

will be restored as it was before hibernation. No power is used when the

670

computer is hibernating.

669

671

</para>

670

672

</listitem>

671

673

672

674

<para>

673

675

<emphasis role="strong">Shutting down</emphasis> is turning the computer off

674

completely, without saving the current sate of the computer. No power is used

676

completely, without saving the current state of the computer. No power is used

675

677

when the computer is shut down.

676

678

</para>

677

679

</listitem>

678

680

679

681

<para>

680

682

<emphasis role="strong">Resuming</emphasis> is bringing the computer out of a

681

power-saving mode and back into normal operation. You can resume the computer

682

from being suspended by pressing a keyboard button or by clicking the mouse. You

683

can resume from being hibernated by pressing the power button on your computer.

683

power-saving mode and back into normal operation. The computer can be resumed

684

from being suspended by pressing a keyboard button or by clicking the mouse.

685

Resume from being hibernated by pressing the power button on the computer.

684

686

</para>

685

687

</listitem>

686

688

</itemizedlist>

687

689

<para>

688

You can manually put your computer into power-saving mode by selecting one of

689

the options in the <guilabel>System</guilabel> section of the

690

<guisubmenu>Leave</guisubmenu> menu in Kickoff.

690

Manually put the computer into power-saving mode by selecting one of the options

691

in the <guilabel>System</guilabel> section of the <guisubmenu>Leave</guisubmenu>

692

menu in Kickoff.

691

693

</para>

692

694

693

695

<para>

694

Some computers may have problems going into certain power-saving modes. The best

695

way of checking if your computer can handle a power-saving mode is to try to

696

switch to that mode and see if it behaves as you expected. Always make sure you

697

save important documents before suspending or hibernating.

696

Some computers may have problems going into and resuming from certain

697

power-saving modes. The best way of checking if a computer can handle a

698

power-saving mode is to try it. Switch to that mode and see if it behaves as

699

expected. Always save important documents before suspending or hibernating.

698

700

</para>

699

701

</caution>

700

702

701

<title>My computer does not suspend or hibernate correctly</title>

703

<title>The computer does not suspend or hibernate correctly</title>

702

704

<para>

703

Some computers are unable to suspend or hibernate correctly with &kubuntu;. If

704

this is the case for your computer, you may notice some of the following

705

symptoms:

705

Some computers are unable to suspend or hibernate correctly with &kubuntu;, and

706

may show some of the following symptoms:

706

707

</para>

707

708

708

709

709

710

<para>

710

The computer does not turn off after you click to hibernate it.

711

</para>

712

</listitem>

713

714

<para>

715

When you turn the computer on after hibernating it, your previously open

716

programs are not restored.

717

</para>

718

</listitem>

719

720

<para>

721

The computer will not wake up after you have suspended it.

711

The computer does not turn off after hibernate has been clicked.

712

</para>

713

</listitem>

714

715

<para>

716

When the computer is turned back on after hibernating, previously open programs

717

are not restored.

718

</para>

719

</listitem>

720

721

<para>

722

The computer will not wake up after it has been suspended.

722

723

</para>

723

724

</listitem>

724

725

729

730

</listitem>

730

731

</itemizedlist>

731

732

<para>

732

If you suffer from any of these problems, you should report a bug to <ulink

733

If any of these problems occur, a bug should be reported to <ulink

733

734

url="https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+filebug">Launchpad</ulink>. The problems

734

will hopefully be fixed in a subsequent version of &kubuntu;

735

may be fixed in a subsequent version of &kubuntu;.

735

736

</para>

736

737

<para>

737

If your hardware does not work properly after suspending or hibernating your

738

computer, restart your computer and it should return to normal. If a program

739

does not work properly, try closing the program and then starting it again.

738

If the hardware does not work properly after suspending or hibernating, restart

739

the computer and it should return to normal. If a program does not work

740

properly, try closing the program and then starting it again.

740

741

</para>

741

742

742

743

<para>

743

Make sure that you save all of your open documents before testing for suspend

744

and hibernate problems.

744

Make sure to save all open documents before testing for suspend and hibernate

745

problems.

745

746

</para>

746

747

</caution>

747

748

</sect2>

748

749

749

<title>Why do I get a strange pattern on the screen when I hibernate my

750

computer?</title>

750

<title>There's a strange pattern on the screen when the computer is

751

hibernated</title>

751

752

<para>

752

Your screen may show a black and white pattern just after you click to hibernate

753

your computer. This is usually nothing to worry about and is just how the

753

The screen may show a black and white pattern just after it is clicked to

754

hibernate. This is usually nothing to worry about and is just how the

754

755

graphics cards of some computers respond to the initial stages of the

755

756

hibernation process.

756

757

</para>

757

758

<para>

758

759

If the computer displays the pattern for a prolonged period of time without

759

turning itself off then you may have a problem with hibernation. Refer to <link

760

linkend="pm-suspend-hibernate-fails">My computer does not suspend or hibernate

760

turning itself off then there may be a problem with hibernation. Refer to <link

761

linkend="pm-suspend-hibernate-fails">The computer does not suspend or hibernate

761

762

correctly</link> for more information.

762

763

</para>

763

764

</sect2>

768

769

<title>Mice and Keyboards</title>

769

770

<para>

770

771

This section provides instructions on using and configuring mice, keyboards and

771

other input devices to make them more comfortable for you to use.

772

other input devices to make them more comfortable to use.

772

773

</para>

773

774

774

775

<title>Mice and other pointing devices</title>

775

776

<para>

776

You can change numerous options related to your mouse, such as how fast the

777

pointer moves and how clicks are interpreted by the computer.

777

Numerous mouse options can be changed, such as how fast the pointer moves and

778

how clicks are interpreted by the computer.

778

779

</para>

779

780

780

781

<step>

798

799

799

800

<title>Keyboards</title>

800

801

<para>

801

There are many options related to your keyboard which you can change, such as

802

the keyboard language and keyboard shortcuts.

802

There are several keyboard options, such as the keyboard language and keyboard

803

shortcuts.

803

804

</para>

804

805

805

806

<step>

823

824

824

825

<title>Touchpads and graphics tablets</title>

825

826

<para>

826

You can use a touchpad or graphics tablet to move a mouse pointer.

827

A touchpad or graphics tablet can be used to move a mouse pointer.

827

828

</para>

828

829

829

830