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(term)g(\\execution")e(in)i(a)f(broad)g(sense)g(|)g(w)n(e)h(call)f(a)g
(program)450 3735 y(represen)n(tation)28 b(executable)h(if)h(it)g(can)g
(b)r(e)g(executed)f(b)n(y)h(the)g(JIT)f(system)h(in)f(an)n(y)g(manner,)
450 3835 y(either)e(directly)h(as)f(in)h(mac)n(hine)f(co)r(de,)g(or)g
(indirectly)g(using)h(an)f(in)n(terpreter.)450 4029 y
Fp(2.)41 b(JIT)28 b(COMPILA)-7 b(TION)27 b(TECHNIQUES)450
4162 y Fl(W)-7 b(ork)40 b(on)g(JIT)g(compilation)g(tec)n(hniques)g
(often)h(fo)r(cuses)f(around)f(implemen)n(tation)i(of)f(a)450
4261 y(particular)f(programming)f(language.)73 b(W)-7
b(e)41 b(ha)n(v)n(e)e(follo)n(w)n(ed)g(this)i(same)e(division)h(in)h
(this)450 4361 y(section,)27 b(ordering)f(from)h(earliest)g(to)h
(latest)f(where)g(p)r(ossible.)450 4533 y Fp(2.1)41 b(Genesis)450
4666 y Fl(Self-mo)r(difying)22 b(co)r(de)f(has)g(existed)g(since)g(the)
h(earliest)e(da)n(ys)g(of)i(computing,)g(but)g(w)n(e)f(exclude)450
4766 y(that)38 b(from)f(consideration)f(b)r(ecause)i(there)f(is)h(t)n
(ypically)f(no)g(compilation)g(or)g(translation)450 4865
y(asp)r(ect)27 b(in)n(v)n(olv)n(ed.)533 4965 y(Instead,)k(w)n(e)f(susp)
r(ect)h(that)f(the)h(earliest)f(published)h(w)n(ork)e(on)h(JIT)g
(compilation)g(is)g(Mc-)450 5065 y(Carth)n(y's)37 b(1960)g(LISP)h(pap)r
(er.)69 b(He)38 b(men)n(tions)g(compilation)g(of)g(functions)h(in)n(to)
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3 2 bop 2060 250 a Fi(A)26 b(Brief)g(Histo)n(ry)g(of)h(Just-In-Time)157
b Fh(\001)141 b Fi(3)450 465 y Fl(language,)29 b(a)h(pro)r(cess)f(fast)
h(enough)g(that)g(the)h(compiler's)e(output)i(needn't)g(b)r(e)f(sa)n(v)
n(ed)f([Mc-)450 565 y(Carth)n(y)22 b(1960].)34 b(This)23
b(can)g(b)r(e)h(seen)f(as)g(an)g(inevitable)g(result)g(of)h(ha)n(ving)e
(programs)f(and)i(data)450 665 y(share)j(the)i(same)f(notation)h
([McCarth)n(y)e(1981].)533 765 y(Another)32 b(early)f(published)h
(reference)f(to)h(JIT)g(compilation)f(dates)h(bac)n(k)f(to)h(1966.)48
b(The)450 864 y(Univ)n(ersit)n(y)21 b(of)i(Mic)n(higan)e(Executiv)n(e)g
(System)i(for)e(the)i(IBM)f(7090)f(explicitly)h(notes)g(that)g(the)450
964 y(assem)n(bler)d([Univ)n(ersit)n(y)h(of)h(Mic)n(higan)f(1966b,)g
(page)g(1])g(and)h(loader)e([Univ)n(ersit)n(y)h(of)h(Mic)n(higan)450
1064 y(1966a,)26 b(page)h(6])h(can)g(b)r(e)h(used)f(to)g(translate)f
(and)h(load)g(during)g(execution.)38 b(\(The)29 b(man)n(ual's)450
1163 y(preface)21 b(sa)n(ys)f(that)j(most)e(sections)g(w)n(ere)g
(written)h(b)r(efore)g(August)g(1965,)f(so)g(this)h(lik)n(ely)f(dates)
450 1263 y(bac)n(k)27 b(further.\))533 1363 y(Thompson's)34
b(1968)e Fk(CA)n(CM)49 b Fl(pap)r(er)34 b(is)g(frequen)n(tly)g(cited)h
(as)e(\\early)g(w)n(ork")g(in)h(mo)r(dern)450 1462 y(publications.)60
b(He)36 b(compiles)f(regular)f(expressions)g(in)n(to)h(IBM)h(7094)d(co)
r(de)j(in)f(an)h(ad)f(ho)r(c)450 1562 y(fashion,)27 b(co)r(de)h(whic)n
(h)f(is)h(then)g(executed)f(to)h(p)r(erform)f(matc)n(hing)g([Thompson)g
(1968].)450 1736 y Fp(2.2)41 b(LC)696 1706 y Fg(2)450
1869 y Fl(The)26 b(Language)e(for)h(Con)n(v)n(ersational)e(Computing,)j
(or)f(LC)2348 1839 y Fg(2)2385 1869 y Fl(,)i(w)n(as)d(a)i(language)e
(designed)h(for)450 1969 y(in)n(teractiv)n(e)h(programming)g([Mitc)n
(hell)i(et)g(al.)f(1968].)35 b(Although)28 b(used)g(brie\015y)f(at)h
(Carnegie-)450 2068 y(Mellon)18 b(Univ)n(ersit)n(y)g(for)f(teac)n
(hing,)j(LC)1681 2038 y Fg(2)1736 2068 y Fl(w)n(as)e(primarily)f(an)h
(exp)r(erimen)n(tal)g(language)f([Mitc)n(hell)450 2168
y(2000].)34 b(It)24 b(migh)n(t)f(otherwise)g(b)r(e)h(consigned)f(to)g
(the)i(dustbin)f(of)f(history)-7 b(,)24 b(if)g(not)g(for)f(the)h(tec)n
(h-)450 2268 y(niques)g(used)g(b)n(y)f(Mitc)n(hell)i(in)f(its)g
(implemen)n(tation)g([Mitc)n(hell)h(1970],)e(tec)n(hniques)g(that)i
(later)450 2367 y(in\015uenced)j(JIT)f(systems)g(for)h(Smalltalk)f(and)
g(Self.)533 2467 y(Mitc)n(hell)g(observ)n(ed)d(that)j(compiled)f(co)r
(de)g(can)g(b)r(e)h(deriv)n(ed)e(from)h(an)g(in)n(terpreter)f(at)h
(run-)450 2567 y(time,)41 b(simply)d(b)n(y)g(storing)f(the)i(actions)e
(p)r(erformed)g(during)h(in)n(terpretation.)67 b(This)38
b(only)450 2666 y(w)n(orks)e(for)i(co)r(de)g(that)g(has)g(b)r(een)h
(executed,)h(ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er)c(|)j(he)f(giv)n(es)f(the)h(example)g(of)
g(an)450 2766 y(if-then-else)29 b(statemen)n(t,)g(where)f(only)g(the)h
(else-part)f(is)g(executed.)41 b(T)-7 b(o)28 b(handle)h(suc)n(h)f
(cases,)450 2866 y(co)r(de)22 b(w)n(as)g(generated)f(for)h(the)h
(unexecuted)g(part)f(whic)n(h)h(re-in)n(v)n(ok)n(ed)d(the)j(in)n
(terpreter)e(should)450 2965 y(it)28 b(ev)n(er)f(b)r(e)h(executed)f
(\(the)h(then-part,)g(in)g(the)g(example)f(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e\).)450
3139 y Fp(2.3)41 b(APL)450 3272 y Fl(The)20 b(seminal)g(w)n(ork)f(on)h
(e\016cien)n(t)h(APL)f(implemen)n(tation)g(is)g(Abrams')g(dissertation)
f([Abrams)450 3372 y(1970].)34 b(Abrams)24 b(conco)r(cted)g(t)n(w)n(o)g
(k)n(ey)g(APL)g(optimization)g(strategies,)g(whic)n(h)g(he)h(describ)r
(ed)450 3472 y(using)37 b(the)h(connotativ)n(e)e(terms)h(\\drag-along")
c(and)38 b(\\b)r(eating.")65 b(Drag-along)34 b(defers)j(ex-)450
3571 y(pression)26 b(ev)-5 b(aluation)26 b(as)g(long)g(as)g(p)r
(ossible,)h(gathering)e(con)n(text)i(information)f(in)h(the)g(hop)r(es)
450 3671 y(that)d(a)g(more)g(e\016cien)n(t)g(ev)-5 b(aluation)23
b(metho)r(d)i(migh)n(t)f(b)r(ecome)g(apparen)n(t;)g(this)h(migh)n(t)f
(no)n(w)f(b)r(e)450 3770 y(called)j(lazy)f(ev)-5 b(aluation.)36
b(Beating)25 b(is)h(the)g(transformation)e(of)i(co)r(de)g(to)g(reduce)f
(the)h(amoun)n(t)450 3870 y(of)i(data)f(manipulation)g(in)n(v)n(olv)n
(ed)f(during)h(expression)f(ev)-5 b(aluation.)533 3970
y(Drag-along)19 b(and)i(b)r(eating)h(relate)e(to)i(JIT)f(compilation)g
(b)r(ecause)g(APL)g(is)h(a)f(v)n(ery)f(dynamic)450 4070
y(language;)k(t)n(yp)r(es)g(and)g(attributes)h(of)f(data)g(ob)5
b(jects)24 b(are)f(not,)i(in)g(general,)f(kno)n(wn)g(un)n(til)g(run-)
450 4169 y(time.)75 b(T)-7 b(o)39 b(fully)i(realize)e(these)h
(optimizations')g(p)r(oten)n(tial,)j(their)d(application)f(m)n(ust)h(b)
r(e)450 4269 y(dela)n(y)n(ed)26 b(un)n(til)j(run-time)e(information)g
(is)g(a)n(v)-5 b(ailable.)533 4369 y(Abrams')26 b(\\APL)f(Mac)n(hine")h
(emplo)n(y)n(ed)f(t)n(w)n(o)h(separate)f(JIT)h(compilers.)35
b(The)27 b(\014rst)f(trans-)450 4469 y(lated)f(APL)f(programs)e(in)n
(to)i(p)r(ost\014x)h(co)r(de)f(for)g(a)h(D-mac)n(hine)2415
4438 y Fg(1)2451 4469 y Fl(,)h(whic)n(h)e(main)n(tained)h(a)f(bu\013er)
450 4568 y(of)f(deferred)f(instructions.)35 b(The)23
b(D-mac)n(hine)g(acted)g(as)f(an)h(`algebraically)d(simplifying)k(com-)
450 4668 y(piler')i([Abrams)f(1970,)f(page)h(84])g(whic)n(h)h(w)n(ould)
g(p)r(erform)f(drag-along)e(and)j(b)r(eating)g(at)f(run-)450
4767 y(time,)j(in)n(v)n(oking)e(an)i(E-mac)n(hine)e(to)h(execute)h(the)
g(bu\013ered)g(instructions)f(when)h(necessary)-7 b(.)533
4867 y(Abrams')25 b(w)n(ork)f(w)n(as)g(directed)h(to)n(w)n(ards)f(an)h
(arc)n(hitecture)f(for)h(e\016cien)n(t)h(supp)r(ort)f(of)g(APL,)p
450 4985 391 4 v 450 5041 a Ff(1)485 5065 y Fo(Presumably)d(\\D")i(sto)
r(o)r(d)h(for)d(\\Deferral")i(or)f(\\Drag-Along.")p eop
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4 3 bop 450 250 a Fi(4)142 b Fh(\001)157 b Fi(J.)27 b(Ayco)r(ck)806
441 y Fm(slower)p 1231 443 750 4 v 232 w Fe(\033)p 1981
443 V 1334 w(-)171 b Fm(faster)1139 524 y Fo(in)n(terpreted)1139
607 y(source)24 b(co)r(de)1689 524 y(in)n(terpreted)17
b(virtual)1689 607 y(mac)n(hine)23 b(co)r(de)2350 524
y(nativ)n(e)h(co)r(de)806 690 y Fm(smal)t(ler)p 1231
692 V 199 w Fe(\033)p 1981 692 V 1334 w(-)168 b Fm(lar)l(ger)1434
869 y Fo(Fig.)23 b(1.)71 b(The)24 b(time-space)f(tradeo\013.)450
1075 y Fl(hardw)n(are)37 b(supp)r(ort)j(for)f(high-lev)n(el)f
(languages)g(b)r(eing)h(a)h(p)r(opular)e(pursuit)i(of)f(the)h(time.)450
1175 y(Abrams)24 b(nev)n(er)f(built)i(the)f(mac)n(hine,)h(ho)n(w)n(ev)n
(er;)e(an)h(implemen)n(tation)g(w)n(as)f(attempted)i(a)f(few)450
1275 y(y)n(ears)17 b(later)h([Sc)n(hro)r(eder)f(and)i(V)-7
b(aughn)18 b(1973].)1898 1245 y Fg(2)1968 1275 y Fl(The)g(tec)n
(hniques)h(w)n(ere)e(later)h(expanded)h(up)r(on)450 1374
y(b)n(y)i(others)f([Miller)h(1977],)g(although)f(the)h(basic)g(JIT)g
(nature)f(nev)n(er)g(c)n(hanged,)i(and)f(w)n(ere)f(used)450
1474 y(for)33 b(the)h(soft)n(w)n(are)d(implemen)n(tation)j(of)f
(Hewlett-P)n(ac)n(k)-5 b(ard's)31 b(APL)p Fd(n)p Fl(3000)g([Johnston)i
(1977;)450 1574 y(v)-5 b(an)28 b(Dyk)n(e)f(1977].)450
1751 y Fp(2.4)41 b(Mixed)27 b(Co)r(de,)g(Thro)n(w-Aw)n(a)n(y)f(Co)r
(de,)h(and)h(BASIC)450 1885 y Fl(The)34 b(tradeo\013)g(b)r(et)n(w)n
(een)g(execution)g(time)g(and)g(space)g(often)g(underlies)g(the)g
(argumen)n(t)f(for)450 1984 y(JIT)25 b(compilation.)35
b(This)25 b(tradeo\013)f(is)h(summarized)f(in)h(Figure)g(1.)35
b(The)25 b(other)f(consideration)450 2084 y(is)35 b(that)g(most)f
(programs)f(sp)r(end)i(the)g(ma)5 b(jorit)n(y)34 b(of)h(time)g
(executing)g(a)f(minorit)n(y)g(of)h(co)r(de,)450 2184
y(based)d(on)h(data)f(from)g(empirical)g(studies)h([Kn)n(uth)f(1971].)
51 b(Tw)n(o)32 b(w)n(a)n(ys)f(to)h(reconcile)g(these)450
2283 y(observ)-5 b(ations)26 b(ha)n(v)n(e)g(app)r(eared:)36
b(mixed)28 b(co)r(de)f(and)h(thro)n(w-a)n(w)n(a)n(y)c(compiling.)533
2383 y(\\Mixed)37 b(co)r(de")g(refers)f(to)h(the)h(implemen)n(tation)g
(of)f(a)g(program)e(as)i(a)g(mixture)g(of)g(na-)450 2483
y(tiv)n(e)26 b(co)r(de)f(and)h(in)n(terpreted)f(co)r(de,)h(prop)r(osed)
f(indep)r(enden)n(tly)h(b)n(y)g([Dakin)g(and)f(P)n(o)r(ole)g(1973])450
2583 y(and)h([Da)n(wson)g(1973].)35 b(The)26 b(frequen)n(tly-executed)g
(parts)g(of)g(the)h(program)e(w)n(ould)h(b)r(e)h(in)f(na-)450
2682 y(tiv)n(e)h(co)r(de,)h(the)g(infrequen)n(tly-executed)f(parts)g
(in)n(terpreted,)g(hop)r(efully)h(yielding)g(a)f(smaller)450
2782 y(memory)38 b(fo)r(otprin)n(t)g(with)h(little)g(or)f(no)g(impact)h
(on)f(sp)r(eed.)70 b(A)38 b(\014ne-grained)g(mixture)g(is)450
2882 y(implied:)51 b(implemen)n(ting)35 b(the)f(program)f(with)i(in)n
(terpreted)e(co)r(de)i(and)f(the)g(libraries)f(with)450
2981 y(nativ)n(e)27 b(co)r(de)g(w)n(ould)h Fk(not)35
b Fl(constitute)28 b(mixed)g(co)r(de.)533 3081 y(A)43
b(further)g(t)n(wist)g(to)g(the)g(mixed)g(co)r(de)g(approac)n(h)e(in)n
(v)n(olv)n(ed)h(customizing)g(the)i(in)n(ter-)450 3181
y(preter)28 b([Pittman)g(1987].)37 b(Instead)28 b(of)g(mixing)g(nativ)n
(e)g(co)r(de)g(in)n(to)g(the)g(program,)f(the)h(nativ)n(e)450
3281 y(co)r(de)33 b(manifests)g(itself)h(as)f(sp)r(ecial)f(virtual)h
(mac)n(hine)g(instructions;)j(the)d(program)e(is)i(then)450
3380 y(compiled)28 b(en)n(tirely)f(in)n(to)g(virtual)g(mac)n(hine)g(co)
r(de.)533 3480 y(The)35 b(basic)g(idea)g(of)g(mixed)h(co)r(de,)h(switc)
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(executable)450 3580 y(co)r(de,)f(is)g(still)f(applicable)g(to)g(JIT)g
(systems,)h(although)e(few)i(researc)n(hers)c(at)j(the)h(time)f(ad-)450
3680 y(v)n(o)r(cated)g(generating)g(the)h(mac)n(hine)f(co)r(de)h(at)g
(run-time.)56 b(Keeping)33 b(b)r(oth)h(a)g(compiler)f(and)450
3779 y(an)28 b(in)n(terpreter)g(in)g(memory)g(at)g(run-time)h(ma)n(y)f
(ha)n(v)n(e)f(b)r(een)i(considered)e(to)r(o)h(costly)g(on)g(the)450
3879 y(mac)n(hines)f(of)g(the)h(da)n(y)-7 b(,)27 b(negating)g(an)n(y)g
(program)e(size)j(tradeo\013.)533 3979 y(The)41 b(case)e(against)h
(mixed)h(co)r(de)f(comes)g(from)g(soft)n(w)n(are)f(engineering)g([Bro)n
(wn)h(1976].)450 4079 y(Ev)n(en)34 b(assuming)g(that)h(the)h(ma)5
b(jorit)n(y)33 b(of)i(co)r(de)g(will)g(b)r(e)h(shared)e(b)r(et)n(w)n
(een)h(the)g(in)n(terpreter)450 4178 y(and)f(compiler,)i(there)e(are)g
(still)g(t)n(w)n(o)g(disparate)f(pieces)i(of)f(co)r(de)g(\(the)h(in)n
(terpreter)f(prop)r(er)450 4278 y(and)24 b(the)h(compiler's)e(co)r(de)h
(generator\))f(whic)n(h)h(m)n(ust)h(b)r(e)f(main)n(tained)g(and)g
(exhibit)h(iden)n(tical)450 4378 y(b)r(eha)n(vior.)533
4478 y(\(Prop)r(onen)n(ts)j(of)i(partial)f(ev)-5 b(aluation,)29
b(or)g(program)f(sp)r(ecialization,)h(will)h(note)g(that)g(this)450
4578 y(is)i(a)g(sp)r(ecious)f(argumen)n(t)h(in)g(some)g(sense,)g(b)r
(ecause)g(a)g(compiler)f(can)h(b)r(e)h(though)n(t)f(of)g(as)f(a)450
4677 y(sp)r(ecialized)i(in)n(terpreter)f([Jones)g(et)h(al.)g(1993].)51
b(Ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er,)33 b(the)g(use)g(of)g(partial)f(ev)-5
b(aluation)450 4777 y(tec)n(hniques)27 b(is)h(not)f(curren)n(tly)g
(widespread.\))p 450 4902 391 4 v 450 4958 a Ff(2)485
4982 y Fo(In)c(the)g(end,)g(Litton)h(Industries)f(\(Sc)n(hro)r(eder)h
(and)f(V)-6 b(aughn's)23 b(emplo)n(y)n(er\))f(nev)n(er)h(built)g(the)g
(mac)n(hine)g([Mau-)450 5065 y(riello)f(2000].)p eop
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5 4 bop 2060 250 a Fi(A)26 b(Brief)g(Histo)n(ry)g(of)h(Just-In-Time)157
b Fh(\001)141 b Fi(5)533 465 y Fl(This)18 b(brings)g(us)g(to)g(the)h
(second)f(manner)g(of)g(reconciliation:)31 b(thro)n(w-a)n(w)n(a)n(y)15
b(compiling)j([Bro)n(wn)450 565 y(1976].)49 b(This)32
b(w)n(as)g(presen)n(ted)f(purely)h(as)g(a)g(space)f(optimization:)46
b(instead)32 b(of)g(static)h(com-)450 665 y(pilation,)27
b(parts)f(of)h(a)g(program)e(could)h(b)r(e)i(compiled)f(dynamically)f
(on)h(an)f(as-needed)h(basis.)450 764 y(Up)r(on)g(exhausting)e(memory)
-7 b(,)26 b(some)g(or)f(all)h(of)g(the)h(compiled)f(co)r(de)g(could)g
(b)r(e)g(thro)n(wn)g(a)n(w)n(a)n(y;)450 864 y(the)i(co)r(de)f(w)n(ould)
h(b)r(e)g(regenerated)d(later)i(if)h(necessary)-7 b(.)533
964 y(BASIC)21 b(w)n(as)f(the)h(testb)r(ed)h(for)e(thro)n(w-a)n(w)n(a)n
(y)e(compilation.)34 b(Bro)n(wn)19 b(essen)n(tially)h(c)n(haracter-)450
1064 y(ized)28 b(the)g(tec)n(hnique)f(as)g(a)h(go)r(o)r(d)f(w)n(a)n(y)f
(to)i(address)e(the)i(time-space)f(tradeo\013)g([Bro)n(wn)g(1976];)450
1163 y(Hammond)33 b(w)n(as)e(somewhat)h(more)g(adaman)n(t,)h(claiming)f
(thro)n(w-a)n(w)n(a)n(y)e(compilation)i(to)g(b)r(e)450
1263 y(sup)r(erior)26 b(except)i(when)g(memory)f(is)g(tigh)n(t)h
([Hammond)f(1977].)533 1363 y(A)19 b(go)r(o)r(d)e(discussion)h(of)g
(mixed)h(co)r(de)f(and)g(thro)n(w-a)n(w)n(a)n(y)d(compiling)j(ma)n(y)g
(b)r(e)h(found)g(in)f([Bro)n(wn)450 1462 y(1990].)450
1635 y Fp(2.5)41 b(F)n(ORTRAN)450 1768 y Fl(Some)f(of)f(the)h(\014rst)g
(w)n(ork)e(on)i(JIT)f(systems)g(where)h(programs)d(automatically)i
(optimize)450 1868 y(their)25 b(\\hot)g(sp)r(ots")g(at)g(run-time)g(is)
h(due)f(to)g(Hansen)h([Hansen)f(1974].)2681 1838 y Fg(3)2752
1868 y Fl(He)h(addressed)e(three)450 1967 y(imp)r(ortan)n(t)j
(questions:)450 2127 y(\(1\))42 b(What)34 b(co)r(de)f(should)h(b)r(e)g
(optimized?)56 b(Hansen)33 b(c)n(hose)g(a)h(simple,)h(lo)n(w-cost)d
(frequency)598 2226 y(mo)r(del,)24 b(main)n(taining)f(a)f
(frequency-of-execution)g(coun)n(ter)h(for)f(eac)n(h)h(blo)r(c)n(k)g
(of)g(co)r(de)g(\(w)n(e)598 2326 y(use)29 b(the)i(generic)d(term)i
(\\blo)r(c)n(k")f(to)g(describ)r(e)h(a)f(unit)i(of)f(co)r(de;)g(the)h
(exact)e(nature)g(of)h(a)598 2426 y(blo)r(c)n(k)d(is)g(immaterial)g
(for)g(our)g(purp)r(oses\).)450 2548 y(\(2\))42 b(When)29
b(should)g(the)g(co)r(de)f(b)r(e)i(optimized?)41 b(The)28
b(frequency)h(coun)n(ters)e(serv)n(ed)h(a)g(second)598
2648 y(r^)-42 b(ole:)36 b(crossing)25 b(a)i(threshold)g(v)-5
b(alue)28 b(made)f(the)h(asso)r(ciated)e(blo)r(c)n(k)h(of)h(co)r(de)f
(a)g(candidate)598 2747 y(for)22 b(the)i(next)f(\\lev)n(el")f(of)h
(optimization,)h(as)f(describ)r(ed)g(b)r(elo)n(w.)35
b(\\Sup)r(ervisor")21 b(co)r(de)i(w)n(as)598 2847 y(in)n(v)n(ok)n(ed)e
(b)r(et)n(w)n(een)i(blo)r(c)n(ks,)g(whic)n(h)g(w)n(ould)f(assess)g(the)
h(coun)n(ters,)g(p)r(erform)f(optimization)598 2947 y(if)f(necessary)-7
b(,)21 b(and)g(transfer)g(con)n(trol)f(to)h(the)h(next)f(blo)r(c)n(k)g
(of)g(co)r(de.)35 b(The)21 b(latter)g(op)r(eration)598
3046 y(could)30 b(b)r(e)h(a)g(direct)f(call,)i(or)e(in)n(terpreter)f
(in)n(v)n(o)r(cation)h(|)h(mixed)g(co)r(de)f(w)n(as)g(supp)r(orted)598
3146 y(b)n(y)d(Hansen's)g(design.)450 3269 y(\(3\))42
b(Ho)n(w)21 b(should)h(the)g(co)r(de)g(b)r(e)h(optimized?)35
b(A)23 b(set)f(of)g(con)n(v)n(en)n(tional)e(mac)n(hine-indep)r(enden)n
(t)598 3368 y(and)41 b(mac)n(hine-dep)r(enden)n(t)h(optimizations)f(w)n
(ere)g(c)n(hosen)g(and)h(ordered,)i(so)d(a)g(blo)r(c)n(k)598
3468 y(migh)n(t)30 b(\014rst)h(b)r(e)g(optimized)h(b)n(y)e(constan)n(t)
g(folding,)i(b)n(y)f(common)f(sub)r(expression)g(elim-)598
3567 y(ination)j(the)i(second)e(time)i(optimization)e(o)r(ccurs,)i(b)n
(y)f(co)r(de)g(motion)g(the)g(third)g(time,)598 3667
y(and)29 b(so)f(on.)42 b(Hansen)29 b(observ)n(es)e(that)i(this)h(sc)n
(heme)f(limits)g(the)h(amoun)n(t)f(of)g(time)g(tak)n(en)598
3767 y(at)j(an)n(y)g(giv)n(en)g(optimization)h(p)r(oin)n(t)g(\(esp)r
(ecially)f(imp)r(ortan)n(t)h(if)g(the)g(frequency)g(mo)r(del)598
3866 y(pro)n(v)n(es)d(to)i(b)r(e)g(incorrect\),)g(as)g(w)n(ell)g(as)f
(allo)n(wing)g(optimizations)g(to)h(b)r(e)h(incremen)n(tally)598
3966 y(added)27 b(to)h(the)g(compiler.)533 4122 y(Programs)h(using)i
(the)i(resulting)e(Adaptiv)n(e)g(F)n(OR)-7 b(TRAN)33
b(system)e(rep)r(ortedly)g(w)n(ere)g(not)450 4222 y(alw)n(a)n(ys)g
(faster)i(than)g(their)g(statically)f(compiled-and-optimized)h(coun)n
(terparts,)g(but)g(p)r(er-)450 4321 y(formed)27 b(b)r(etter)h(o)n(v)n
(erall.)533 4421 y(Returning)e(again)e(to)i(mixed)f(co)r(de,)h(Ng)g
(and)g(Can)n(toni)f(implemen)n(ted)h(a)f(v)-5 b(arian)n(t)25
b(of)h(F)n(OR-)450 4521 y(TRAN)35 b(using)e(this)h(tec)n(hnique)g([Ng)g
(and)g(Can)n(toni)f(1976].)54 b(Their)34 b(system)f(could)h(compile)450
4620 y(functions)27 b(at)f(run-time)h(in)n(to)f
(\\pseudo-instructions,")f(probably)g(a)i(tok)n(enized)f(form)g(of)g
(the)p 450 4736 391 4 v 450 4792 a Ff(3)485 4816 y Fo([Da)n(wson)i
(1973])g(men)n(tions)g(a)g(1967)i(rep)r(ort)e(b)n(y)g(Barbieri)f(and)i
(Morrissey)e(where)h(a)g(program)f(b)r(egins)i(ex-)450
4899 y(ecution)h(in)e(in)n(terpreted)i(form,)e(and)h(frequen)n
(tly-executed)i(parts)e(`can)g(b)r(e)g(con)n(v)n(erted)i(to)e(mac)n
(hine)f(co)r(de.')450 4982 y(Ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er,)g(it)f(is)f(not)i(clear)
f(if)f(the)i(con)n(v)n(ersion)g(to)g(mac)n(hine)f(co)r(de)h(o)r
(ccurred)f(at)h(run-time.)40 b(Unfortunately)-6 b(,)450
5065 y(w)n(e)24 b(ha)n(v)n(e)h(not)f(b)r(een)h(able)f(to)g(obtain)g
(the)h(cited)f(w)n(ork)g(as)g(of)f(this)h(writing.)p
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6 5 bop 450 250 a Fi(6)142 b Fh(\001)157 b Fi(J.)27 b(Ayco)r(ck)450
465 y Fl(source)19 b(co)r(de)h(rather)g(than)g(a)g(lo)n(w)n(er-lev)n
(el)e(virtual)i(mac)n(hine)f(co)r(de.)35 b(The)20 b
(pseudo-instructions)450 565 y(w)n(ould)27 b(then)g(b)r(e)h(in)n
(terpreted.)36 b(They)27 b(claimed)g(that)h(run-time)f(compilation)g(w)
n(as)f(useful)h(for)450 665 y(some)39 b(applications)g(and)h(a)n(v)n
(oided)f(a)g(slo)n(w)g(compile-link)h(pro)r(cess.)73
b(They)40 b(did)g(not)g(pro-)450 764 y(duce)30 b(mixed)g(co)r(de)g(at)g
(run-time;)h(their)f(use)g(of)g(the)g(term)g(referred)f(to)h(the)g
(abilit)n(y)g(to)g(ha)n(v)n(e)450 864 y(statically-compiled)j(F)n(OR)-7
b(TRAN)34 b(programs)d(call)i(their)h(pseudo-instruction)f(in)n
(terpreter)450 964 y(automatically)27 b(when)g(needed)h(via)f(link)n
(er)g(tric)n(k)n(ery)-7 b(.)450 1181 y Fp(2.6)41 b(Smalltalk)450
1316 y Fl(Smalltalk)23 b(source)f(co)r(de)h(is)h(compiled)f(in)n(to)g
(virtual)g(mac)n(hine)g(co)r(de)g(when)h(new)f(metho)r(ds)h(are)450
1415 y(added)i(to)g(a)g(class)f([Goldb)r(erg)h(and)g(Robson)f(1985].)35
b(The)26 b(p)r(erformance)g(of)g(na)-9 b(\177)-32 b(\020v)n(e)24
b(Smalltalk)450 1515 y(implemen)n(tations)j(left)i(something)e(to)g(b)r
(e)h(desired,)f(ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er.)533 1617 y(Rather)c(than)g(attac)n(k)
f(the)i(p)r(erformance)e(problem)h(with)g(hardw)n(are,)f(Deutsc)n(h)i
(and)f(Sc)n(hi\013-)450 1717 y(man)35 b(made)g(k)n(ey)g(optimizations)g
(in)h(soft)n(w)n(are.)58 b(The)35 b(observ)-5 b(ation)34
b(b)r(ehind)j(this)e(w)n(as)g(that)450 1816 y(they)f(could)f(pic)n(k)g
(the)h(most)g(e\016cien)n(t)f(represen)n(tation)f(for)h(information,)i
(so)e(long)g(as)g(con-)450 1916 y(v)n(ersion)c(b)r(et)n(w)n(een)h
(represen)n(tations)e(happ)r(ened)i(automatically)f(and)h(transparen)n
(tly)f(to)g(the)450 2016 y(user)e([Deutsc)n(h)h(and)f(Sc)n(hi\013man)h
(1984].)533 2118 y(JIT)21 b(con)n(v)n(ersion)d(of)j(virtual)f(mac)n
(hine)h(co)r(de)f(to)h(nativ)n(e)f(co)r(de)h(w)n(as)f(one)g(of)h(the)g
(optimization)450 2217 y(tec)n(hniques)27 b(they)g(used,)g(a)g(pro)r
(cess)f(they)h(lik)n(ened)g(to)g(macro-expansion.)34
b(Pro)r(cedures)25 b(w)n(ere)450 2317 y(compiled)33 b(to)g(nativ)n(e)f
(co)r(de)h(lazily)-7 b(,)34 b(when)f(execution)g(en)n(tered)g(the)g
(pro)r(cedure;)i(the)e(nativ)n(e)450 2417 y(co)r(de)26
b(w)n(as)g(cac)n(hed)g(for)g(later)g(use.)36 b(Their)26
b(system)h(w)n(as)e(link)n(ed)i(to)f(memory)g(managemen)n(t)g(in)450
2516 y(that)e(nativ)n(e)f(co)r(de)h(w)n(ould)f(nev)n(er)g(b)r(e)h
(paged)f(out,)h(just)g(thro)n(wn)f(a)n(w)n(a)n(y)f(and)i(regenerated)e
(later)450 2616 y(if)28 b(necessary)-7 b(.)533 2718 y(In)25
b(turn,)h(Deutsc)n(h)g(and)f(Sc)n(hi\013man)g(credit)g(the)h(dynamic)f
(translation)f(idea)h(to)g(Rau)g([Rau)450 2817 y(1978].)43
b(Rau)30 b(w)n(as)g(concerned)f(with)i(\\univ)n(ersal)e(host)h(mac)n
(hines")f(whic)n(h)h(w)n(ould)g(execute)g(a)450 2917
y(v)-5 b(ariet)n(y)24 b(of)h(high-lev)n(el)e(languages)g(w)n(ell)i
(\(compared)f(to,)h(sa)n(y)-7 b(,)25 b(a)f(sp)r(ecialized)g(APL)h(mac)n
(hine\).)450 3017 y(He)k(prop)r(osed)f(dynamic)h(translation)f(to)h
(micro)r(co)r(de)f(at)h(the)g(gran)n(ularit)n(y)e(of)i(single)f
(virtual)450 3116 y(mac)n(hine)36 b(instructions.)64
b(A)38 b(hardw)n(are)c(cac)n(he,)39 b(the)e(dynamic)f(translation)g
(bu\013er,)j(w)n(ould)450 3216 y(store)25 b(completed)i(translations;)e
(a)h(cac)n(he)f(miss)h(w)n(ould)g(signify)g(a)g(missing)g(translation,)
f(and)450 3316 y(fault)j(to)f(a)h(dynamic)f(translation)f(routine.)450
3532 y Fp(2.7)41 b(Self)450 3668 y Fl(The)31 b(Self)g(programming)d
(language)h([Ungar)g(and)i(Smith)g(1987;)f(Smith)i(and)e(Ungar)g
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(primarily)e(a)450 3867 y(researc)n(h)d(v)n(ehicle.)34
b(Self)22 b(is)g(in)f(man)n(y)h(w)n(a)n(ys)e(in\015uenced)i(b)n(y)f
(Smalltalk,)i(in)f(that)f(b)r(oth)h(are)f(pure)450 3967
y(ob)5 b(ject-orien)n(ted)32 b(languages)f(|)i(ev)n(erything)f(is)h(an)
g(ob)5 b(ject.)53 b(But)33 b(Self)h(esc)n(hews)e(classes)g(in)450
4066 y(fa)n(v)n(or)26 b(of)i(protot)n(yp)r(es,)g(and)g(otherwise)f
(attempts)h(to)g(unify)h(a)f(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)f(of)i(concepts.)38
b(Ev)n(ery)450 4166 y(action)e(is)f(dynamic)h(and)g(c)n(hangeable,)h
(and)f(ev)n(en)f(basic)h(op)r(erations,)h(lik)n(e)e(lo)r(cal)h(v)-5
b(ariable)450 4265 y(access,)36 b(require)e(in)n(v)n(o)r(cation)g(of)i
(a)f(metho)r(d.)60 b(T)-7 b(o)35 b(further)g(complicate)g(matters,)i
(Self)f(is)f(a)450 4365 y(dynamically-t)n(yp)r(ed)d(language,)g
(meaning)f(that)i(the)g(t)n(yp)r(es)f(of)h(iden)n(ti\014ers)f(are)f
(not)i(kno)n(wn)450 4465 y(un)n(til)28 b(run-time.)533
4567 y(Self)6 b('s)20 b(un)n(usual)f(design)f(mak)n(es)h(e\016cien)n(t)
g(implemen)n(tation)g(di\016cult.)35 b(This)19 b(resulted)g(in)g(the)
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(am)n(bitious)h(JIT)f(compilation)h(and)g(optimization)450
4766 y(up)23 b(to)g(that)g(time.)36 b(The)22 b(Self)i(group)d(noted)i
(three)g(distinct)g(generations)e(of)i(compiler)f([H\177)-42
b(olzle)450 4866 y(1994],)43 b(an)e(organization)f(w)n(e)h(follo)n(w)f
(b)r(elo)n(w;)48 b(in)42 b(all)f(cases,)j(the)e(compiler)f(w)n(as)f(in)
n(v)n(ok)n(ed)450 4965 y(dynamically)27 b(up)r(on)h(a)f(metho)r(d's)h
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(Smalltalk)450 5065 y(system.)p eop
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7 6 bop 2060 250 a Fi(A)26 b(Brief)g(Histo)n(ry)g(of)h(Just-In-Time)157
b Fh(\001)141 b Fi(7)533 465 y Fl(2.7.1)41 b Fk(First)26
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b(dealt)g(with)i(t)n(yp)r(e)f(information,)f(and)g(transforming)g(a)g
(program)f(in)h(suc)n(h)h(a)f(w)n(a)n(y)450 665 y(that)j(some)f
(certain)n(t)n(y)f(could)h(b)r(e)h(had)g(ab)r(out)f(the)h(t)n(yp)r(es)f
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764 y(niques)c(had)h(a)f(direct)h(relationship)e(with)i(JIT)g
(compilation,)f(ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er.)533 865 y(Chief)19
b(among)e(these,)j(in)f(the)g(\014rst)f(generation)f(Self)i(compiler,)g
(w)n(as)f(customization)f([Cham-)450 965 y(b)r(ers)31
b(et)g(al.)g(1989;)h(Cham)n(b)r(ers)e(and)h(Ungar)f(1989;)i(Cham)n(b)r
(ers)e(1992].)46 b(Instead)31 b(of)g(dynam-)450 1065
y(ically)f(compiling)g(a)f(metho)r(d)i(in)n(to)f(nativ)n(e)g(co)r(de)g
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(ersion)f(of)h(the)h(metho)r(d)g(that)g(w)n(as)e(customized)450
1264 y(to)h(that)g(particular)e(con)n(text.)46 b(Muc)n(h)31
b(more)e(t)n(yp)r(e)i(information)f(w)n(as)g(a)n(v)-5
b(ailable)30 b(to)g(the)h(JIT)450 1364 y(compiler)37
b(compared)f(to)h(static)g(compilation,)i(and)e(b)n(y)g(exploiting)g
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(from)g(similar)f(con)n(texts)h(could)450 1563 y(share)23
b(customized)g(co)r(de,)i(\\o)n(v)n(ercustomization")20
b(could)k(still)g(consume)g(a)f(lot)h(of)g(memory)f(at)450
1663 y(run-time;)31 b(w)n(a)n(ys)d(to)i(com)n(bat)f(this)i(problem)e(w)
n(ere)g(later)g(studied)i([Diec)n(kmann)e(and)h(H\177)-42
b(olzle)450 1762 y(1997].)533 1928 y(2.7.2)41 b Fk(Se)l(c)l(ond)34
b(Gener)l(ation.)43 b Fl(The)32 b(second)f(generation)f(Self)j
(compiler)e(extended)h(one)g(of)450 2028 y(the)20 b(program)d
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(slo)n(wly)h(on)g(b)r(enc)n(h-)450 2428 y(marks)24 b([Cham)n(b)r(ers)h
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b(1994])533 2629 y(Mo)r(di\014cations)40 b(w)n(ere)g(made)h(to)g(the)g
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2728 y(tion)25 b([Cham)n(b)r(ers)e(and)i(Ungar)e(1991].)34
b(One)24 b(suc)n(h)g(mo)r(di\014cation)h(w)n(as)e(called)h(\\deferred)g
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3027 y(ated)i(for)f(these)h(uncommon)g(cases;)g(a)g(stub)g(is)g(left)g
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3127 y(the)h(compiler)f(again)g(if)h(necessary)-7 b(.)35
b(The)25 b(practical)g(result)h(of)f(this)h(is)g(that)g(the)g(co)r(de)g
(for)f(un-)450 3226 y(common)j(cases)f(need)h(not)g(b)r(e)h(analyzed)e
(up)r(on)i(initial)f(compilation,)g(sa)n(ving)f(a)h(substan)n(tial)450
3326 y(amoun)n(t)f(of)h(time.)1031 3296 y Fg(5)533 3427
y Fl(Ungar,)22 b(Smith,)i(Cham)n(b)r(ers,)f(and)f(H\177)-42
b(olzle)22 b([1992])e(giv)n(e)h(a)h(go)r(o)r(d)f(presen)n(tation)g(of)h
(optimiza-)450 3527 y(tion)30 b(tec)n(hniques)g(used)g(in)g(Self)h(and)
e(the)i(resulting)e(p)r(erformance)g(in)h(the)h(\014rst)f(and)f(second)
450 3626 y(generation)d(compilers.)533 3792 y(2.7.3)41
b Fk(Thir)l(d)28 b(Gener)l(ation.)43 b Fl(The)24 b(third)g(generation)f
(Self)h(compiler)g(attac)n(k)n(ed)f(the)h(issue)g(of)450
3892 y(slo)n(w)32 b(compilation)g(at)h(a)g(m)n(uc)n(h)f(more)g
(fundamen)n(tal)h(lev)n(el.)53 b(The)33 b(Self)g(compiler)f(w)n(as)g
(part)450 3992 y(of)c(an)g(in)n(teractiv)n(e,)g(graphical)f
(programming)f(en)n(vironmen)n(t;)i(executing)g(the)h(compiler)e(on-)
450 4091 y(the-\015y)32 b(resulted)f(in)h(a)f(noticeable)g(pause)g(in)g
(execution.)49 b(H\177)-42 b(olzle)31 b(argued)f(that)i(measuring)450
4191 y(pauses)24 b(in)g(execution)g(for)g(JIT)g(compilation)g(b)n(y)g
(timing)h(the)g(amoun)n(t)f(of)g(time)h(the)g(compiler)450
4291 y(to)r(ok)30 b(to)g(run)g(w)n(as)g(deceptiv)n(e,)h(and)f(not)g
(represen)n(tativ)n(e)f(of)h(the)h(user's)e(exp)r(erience)h([H\177)-42
b(olzle)450 4390 y(1994;)22 b(H\177)-42 b(olzle)21 b(and)h(Ungar)f
(1994b].)33 b(Tw)n(o)21 b(in)n(v)n(o)r(cations)f(of)i(the)g(compiler)f
(could)h(b)r(e)g(separated)450 4490 y(b)n(y)i(a)f(brief)h(spurt)g(of)g
(program)e(execution,)j(but)f(w)n(ould)g(b)r(e)g(p)r(erceiv)n(ed)f(as)h
(one)f(long)h(pause)f(b)n(y)p 450 4653 391 4 v 450 4709
a Ff(4)485 4733 y Fo(In)f(Cham)n(b)r(ers')f(thesis,)i(this)f(is)g
(referred)g(to)h(as)f(\\lazy)h(compilation)f(of)g(uncommon)f(branc)n
(hes,")j(an)f(idea)f(he)450 4816 y(attributes)j(to)g(a)f(suggestion)h
(b)n(y)f(John)h(Maloney)f(in)f(1989)i([Cham)n(b)r(ers)e(1992,)h(page)h
(123].)32 b(Ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er,)25 b(this)e(is)450 4899
y(the)i(same)d(tec)n(hnique)k(used)e(in)f([Mitc)n(hell)g(1970],)h(alb)r
(eit)g(for)f(di\013eren)n(t)h(reasons.)450 4958 y Ff(5)485
4982 y Fo(This)29 b(tec)n(hnique)k(can)e(b)r(e)f(applied)h(to)g
(dynamic)f(compilation)f(of)h(exception)j(handling)d(co)r(de)i([Lee)e
(et)h(al.)450 5065 y(2000].)p eop
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8 7 bop 450 250 a Fi(8)142 b Fh(\001)157 b Fi(J.)27 b(Ayco)r(ck)450
465 y Fl(the)j(user.)42 b(H\177)-42 b(olzle)29 b(comp)r(ensated)h(b)n
(y)f(considering)f(temp)r(orally-related)g(groups)g(of)i(pauses,)450
565 y(or)d(`pause)g(clusters,')g(rather)f(than)i(individual)g
(compilation)f(pauses.)533 666 y(As)d(for)g(the)g(compiler)f(itself,)j
(compilation)d(time)i(w)n(as)e(reduced)g(|)h(or)f(at)h(least)g(spread)f
(out)450 765 y(|)34 b(b)n(y)g(using)g(adaptiv)n(e)f(optimization,)i
(similar)f(to)g(Hansen's)f(F)n(OR)-7 b(TRAN)35 b(w)n(ork.)55
b(Initial)450 865 y(metho)r(d)28 b(compilation)g(w)n(as)f(p)r(erformed)
g(b)n(y)h(a)f(fast,)h(non-optimizing)f(compiler;)h(frequency-)450
964 y(of-in)n(v)n(o)r(cation)23 b(coun)n(ters)g(w)n(ere)h(k)n(ept)h
(for)f(eac)n(h)g(metho)r(d)h(to)f(determine)h(when)g(recompilation)450
1064 y(should)d(o)r(ccur)f([H\177)-42 b(olzle)22 b(1994;)g(H\177)-42
b(olzle)22 b(and)g(Ungar)f(1994b;)h(H\177)-42 b(olzle)22
b(and)g(Ungar)f(1994a].)33 b(They)450 1164 y(mak)n(e)27
b(an)g(in)n(teresting)g(commen)n(t)g(on)h(this)g(mec)n(hanism:)649
1339 y(.)14 b(.)g(.)g(in)23 b(the)h(course)e(of)h(our)g(exp)r(erimen)n
(ts)f(w)n(e)h(disco)n(v)n(ered)e(that)j(the)f(trigger)f(mec)n(h-)649
1439 y(anism)33 b(\(\\when"\))f(is)h(m)n(uc)n(h)g(less)f(imp)r(ortan)n
(t)h(for)f(go)r(o)r(d)g(recompilation)g(results)649 1539
y(than)c(the)g(selection)f(mec)n(hanism)g(\(\\what"\).)g([H\177)-42
b(olzle)28 b(1994,)e(page)g(38])2920 1508 y Fg(6)533
1706 y Fl(This)35 b(ma)n(y)g(come)g(from)g(the)h(sligh)n(tly)f(coun)n
(ter-in)n(tuitiv)n(e)f(notion)h(that)h(the)g(b)r(est)f(candi-)450
1805 y(date)d(for)g(recompilation)f(is)h Fk(not)40 b
Fl(necessarily)31 b(the)i(metho)r(d)g(whose)e(coun)n(ter)h(triggered)e
(the)450 1905 y(recompilation.)36 b(Ob)5 b(ject-orien)n(ted)25
b(programming)g(st)n(yle)i(tends)h(to)f(encourage)e(short)i(meth-)450
2005 y(o)r(ds;)e(a)e(b)r(etter)g(c)n(hoice)g(ma)n(y)g(b)r(e)h(to)f
(\(re\)optimize)g(the)h(metho)r(d's)g(caller)e(and)i(incorp)r(orate)d
(the)450 2104 y(frequen)n(tly-in)n(v)n(ok)n(ed)k(metho)r(d)j(inline)h
([H\177)-42 b(olzle)27 b(and)g(Ungar)g(1994b].)533 2205
y(Adaptiv)n(e)35 b(optimization)g(adds)g(the)g(complication)g(that)g(a)
g(mo)r(di\014ed)g(metho)r(d)h(ma)n(y)f(al-)450 2304 y(ready)j(b)r(e)i
(executing,)i(and)d(ha)n(v)n(e)f(information)h(\(suc)n(h)g(as)g(an)g
(activ)-5 b(ation)39 b(record)e(on)i(the)450 2404 y(stac)n(k\))27
b(that)i(dep)r(ends)g(on)e(the)i(previous)e(v)n(ersion)g(of)h(the)g(mo)
r(di\014ed)h(metho)r(d)g([H\177)-42 b(olzle)28 b(1994];)450
2504 y(this)g(m)n(ust)g(b)r(e)g(tak)n(en)f(in)n(to)g(consideration.)
1830 2473 y Fg(7)533 2604 y Fl(The)32 b(Self)g(compiler's)f(JIT)g
(optimization)g(w)n(as)g(assisted)g(b)n(y)g(the)h(in)n(tro)r(duction)g
(of)f(\\t)n(yp)r(e)450 2704 y(feedbac)n(k")k([H\177)-42
b(olzle)35 b(1994;)j(H\177)-42 b(olzle)36 b(and)f(Ungar)g(1994a].)59
b(As)36 b(a)f(program)f(executed,)k(t)n(yp)r(e)450 2803
y(information)27 b(w)n(as)g(gathered)g(b)n(y)g(the)h(run-time)g
(system,)g(a)f(straigh)n(tforw)n(ard)e(pro)r(cess.)36
b(This)450 2903 y(t)n(yp)r(e)26 b(information)g(w)n(ould)f(then)i(b)r
(e)f(a)n(v)-5 b(ailable)25 b(if)h(and)g(when)g(recompilation)f(o)r
(ccurred,)g(p)r(er-)450 3003 y(mitting)d(more)f(aggressiv)n(e)d
(optimization.)35 b(Information)20 b(gleaned)h(using)g(t)n(yp)r(e)h
(feedbac)n(k)f(w)n(as)450 3102 y(later)34 b(sho)n(wn)f(to)i(b)r(e)g
(comparable)d(with,)37 b(and)d(p)r(erhaps)g(complemen)n(tary)f(to,)k
(information)450 3202 y(from)27 b(static)h(t)n(yp)r(e)g(inference)f
([Agesen)g(and)h(H\177)-42 b(olzle)27 b(1995;)f(Agesen)h(1996].)450
3386 y Fp(2.8)41 b(Slim)27 b(Bina)n(ries)g(and)h(Ob)r(eron)450
3519 y Fl(One)21 b(problem)h(with)g(soft)n(w)n(are)e(distribution)i
(and)g(main)n(tenance)f(is)g(the)i(heterogeneous)d(com-)450
3619 y(puting)g(en)n(vironmen)n(t)e(in)i(whic)n(h)f(soft)n(w)n(are)e
(runs:)33 b(di\013eren)n(t)19 b(computer)g(arc)n(hitectures)f(require)
450 3719 y(di\013eren)n(t)i(binary)g(executables.)34
b(Ev)n(en)19 b(within)i(a)f(single)g(line)g(of)h(bac)n(kw)n
(ards-compatible)c(pro-)450 3818 y(cessors,)28 b(man)n(y)h(v)-5
b(ariations)29 b(in)g(capabilit)n(y)g(can)h(exist;)g(a)f(program)f
(statically)h(compiled)g(for)450 3918 y(the)39 b(least-common)f
(denominator)f(of)i(pro)r(cessor)d(ma)n(y)i(not)h(tak)n(e)f(full)i(adv)
-5 b(an)n(tage)37 b(of)h(the)450 4017 y(pro)r(cessor)25
b(on)j(whic)n(h)f(it)h(ev)n(en)n(tually)f(executes.)533
4118 y(In)21 b(his)g(do)r(ctoral)f(w)n(ork,)h(F)-7 b(ranz)20
b(addressed)g(these)h(problems)f(using)g(\\slim)h(binaries")e([F)-7
b(ranz)450 4218 y(1994;)49 b(F)-7 b(ranz)43 b(and)g(Kistler)f(1997].)82
b(A)43 b(slim)g(binary)g(con)n(tains)f(a)h(high-lev)n(el,)j(mac)n
(hine-)450 4317 y(indep)r(enden)n(t)d(represen)n(tation)1452
4287 y Fg(8)1529 4317 y Fl(of)f(a)f(program)f(mo)r(dule.)80
b(When)42 b(a)g(mo)r(dule)g(is)g(loaded,)450 4417 y(executable)36
b(co)r(de)f(is)h(generated)f(for)h(it)g(on-the-\015y)-7
b(,)38 b(whic)n(h)e(can)f(presumably)g(tailor)g(itself)450
4516 y(to)i(the)h(run-time)g(en)n(vironmen)n(t.)65 b(F)-7
b(ranz,)40 b(and)d(later)g(Kistler,)i(claimed)f(that)f(generating)p
450 4653 391 4 v 450 4709 a Ff(6)485 4733 y Fo(The)29
b(same)f(commen)n(t,)h(with)f(sligh)n(tly)h(di\013eren)n(t)g(w)n
(ording,)h(also)f(app)r(ears)g(in)f([H\177)-35 b(olzle)29
b(and)g(Ungar)g(1994a,)450 4816 y(page)c(328].)450 4875
y Ff(7)485 4899 y Fo(Hansen's)e(w)n(ork)h(could)h(ignore)f(this)f(p)r
(ossibilit)n(y;)g(the)i(F)n(OR)-6 b(TRAN)23 b(of)h(the)h(time)d(did)i
(not)h(allo)n(w)e(recursion,)450 4982 y(and)h(so)g(activ)l(ation)h
(records)f(and)g(a)g(stac)n(k)h(w)n(ere)e(unnecessary)i([Seb)r(esta)g
(1999].)450 5041 y Ff(8)485 5065 y Fo(This)e(represen)n(tation)i(is)e
(an)h(abstract)h(syn)n(tax)g(tree,)e(to)i(b)r(e)f(precise.)p
eop
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9 8 bop 2060 250 a Fi(A)26 b(Brief)g(Histo)n(ry)g(of)h(Just-In-Time)157
b Fh(\001)141 b Fi(9)450 465 y Fl(co)r(de)23 b(for)g(an)f(en)n(tire)h
(mo)r(dule)h(at)f(once)f(w)n(as)g(often)i(sup)r(erior)e(to)h(the)g
(metho)r(d-at-a-time)g(strat-)450 565 y(egy)28 b(used)h(b)n(y)g
(Smalltalk)f(and)h(Self,)h(in)f(terms)f(of)h(the)h(resulting)e(co)r(de)
h(p)r(erformance)e([F)-7 b(ranz)450 665 y(1994;)26 b(Kistler)h(1999].)
533 765 y(F)-7 b(ast)31 b(co)r(de)h(generation)e(w)n(as)h(critical)f
(to)i(the)g(slim)g(binary)e(approac)n(h.)47 b(Data)32
b(structures)450 865 y(w)n(ere)24 b(delicately)i(arranged)d(to)i
(facilitate)g(this;)i(generated)d(co)r(de)h(that)h(could)f(b)r(e)h
(reused)f(w)n(as)450 964 y(noted)j(and)f(copied)g(if)h(needed)g(later,)
f(rather)g(than)g(b)r(eing)h(regenerated)e([F)-7 b(ranz)27
b(1994].)533 1065 y(F)-7 b(ranz)31 b(implemen)n(ted)h(slim)g(binaries)e
(for)h(the)h(Ob)r(eron)e(system,)j(whic)n(h)e(allo)n(ws)f(dynamic)450
1164 y(loading)d(of)i(mo)r(dules)f([Wirth)h(and)f(Gutknec)n(h)n(t)h
(1989].)38 b(Loading)27 b(and)h(generating)f(co)r(de)h(for)450
1264 y(a)j(slim)g(binary)f(w)n(as)g(not)h(faster)f(than)h(loading)f(a)h
(traditional)f(binary)g([F)-7 b(ranz)31 b(1994;)f(F)-7
b(ranz)450 1364 y(and)29 b(Kistler)g(1997],)g(but)h(F)-7
b(ranz)29 b(argued)f(that)i(this)g(w)n(ould)f(ev)n(en)n(tually)g(b)r(e)
h(the)g(case)f(as)f(the)450 1463 y(sp)r(eed)g(discrepancy)e(b)r(et)n(w)
n(een)i(pro)r(cessors)d(and)i(I/O)g(devices)g(increased)g([F)-7
b(ranz)27 b(1994].)533 1564 y(Using)h(slim)g(binaries)f(as)g(a)h
(starting)f(p)r(oin)n(t,)h(Kistler's)g(w)n(ork)e(in)n(v)n(estigated)h
(\\con)n(tin)n(uous")450 1663 y(run-time)k(optimization,)h(where)f
(parts)f(of)h(an)g(executing)g(program)e(can)i(b)r(e)h(optimized)f
Fk(ad)450 1763 y(in\014nitum)p Fl(.)38 b(He)29 b(con)n(trasts)d(this)j
(to)f(the)h(adaptiv)n(e)e(optimization)h(used)h(in)f(Self,)h(where)f
(opti-)450 1862 y(mization)f(of)h(metho)r(ds)g(w)n(ould)f(ev)n(en)n
(tually)g(cease)f([Kistler)h(1999].)533 1963 y(Of)20
b(course,)g(re-optimization)e(is)h(only)h(useful)g(if)g(a)f(new,)i(b)r
(etter,)h(solution)d(can)g(b)r(e)h(obtained;)450 2062
y(this)40 b(implies)g(that)h(con)n(tin)n(uous)d(optimization)i(is)g(b)r
(est)g(suited)g(to)g(optimizations)g(whose)450 2162 y(input)30
b(v)-5 b(aries)29 b(o)n(v)n(er)e(time)j(with)g(the)g(program's)d
(execution.)2372 2132 y Fg(9)2451 2162 y Fl(Accordingly)-7
b(,)29 b(Kistler)g(lo)r(ok)n(ed)450 2262 y(at)d(cac)n(he)f
(optimizations)g(|)h(rearranging)d(\014elds)j(in)g(a)f(structure)h
(dynamically)f(to)h(optimize)450 2361 y(a)32 b(program's)e(data-access)
g(patterns)i([Kistler)g(1999;)h(Kistler)e(and)h(F)-7
b(ranz)32 b(1999])f(|)h(and)g(a)450 2461 y(dynamic)e(v)n(ersion)f(of)i
(trace)e(sc)n(heduling,)i(whic)n(h)g(optimizes)f(based)g(on)g
(information)g(ab)r(out)450 2561 y(a)d(program's)f(con)n(trol)g(\015o)n
(w)h(during)g(execution)g([Kistler)g(1999].)533 2661
y(The)33 b(con)n(tin)n(uous)f(optimizer)g(itself)i(executes)e(in)h(the)
h(bac)n(kground,)e(as)g(a)g(separate)g(lo)n(w-)450 2761
y(priorit)n(y)38 b(thread)g(whic)n(h)h(executes)f(only)h(during)f(a)g
(program's)f(idle)i(time)h([Kistler)e(1997;)450 2860
y(Kistler)27 b(1999].)37 b(Kistler)27 b(uses)h(a)g(more)f
(sophisticated)h(metric)g(than)g(straigh)n(tforw)n(ard)d(coun-)450
2960 y(ters)31 b(to)h(determine)f(when)h(to)f(optimize,)i(and)e(observ)
n(es)f(that)i(deciding)f Fk(what)40 b Fl(to)32 b(optimize)450
3059 y(is)27 b(highly)h(optimization-sp)r(eci\014c)f([Kistler)g(1999].)
533 3160 y(An)35 b(idea)e(similar)h(to)g(con)n(tin)n(uous)f
(optimization)h(has)f(b)r(een)i(implemen)n(ted)f(for)g(Sc)n(heme.)450
3259 y(Burger)29 b([1997])f(dynamically)i(reordered)f(co)r(de)h(blo)r
(c)n(ks)f(using)h(pro\014le)g(information,)h(to)f(im-)450
3359 y(pro)n(v)n(e)39 b(co)r(de)i(lo)r(calit)n(y)f(and)g(hardw)n(are)f
(branc)n(h)h(prediction.)76 b(His)40 b(sc)n(heme)h(relied)f(on)g(the)
450 3459 y(\(cop)n(ying\))c(garbage)f(collector)h(to)h(lo)r(cate)f(p)r
(oin)n(ters)h(to)f(old)h(v)n(ersions)e(of)i(a)g(function,)j(and)450
3558 y(up)r(date)34 b(them)g(to)f(p)r(oin)n(t)h(to)f(the)h(new)n(er)e
(v)n(ersion.)53 b(This)34 b(dynamic)f(recompilation)f(pro)r(cess)450
3658 y(could)27 b(b)r(e)h(rep)r(eated)g(an)n(y)e(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)i(of)f
(times)h([Burger)e(1997,)g(page)h(70].)450 3839 y Fp(2.9)41
b(T)-7 b(emplates,)26 b(ML,)h(and)h(C)450 3973 y Fl(ML)39
b(and)g(C)f(mak)n(e)g(strange)g(b)r(edfello)n(ws,)j(but)f(the)f(same)f
(approac)n(h)f(has)i(b)r(een)g(tak)n(en)f(to)450 4072
y(dynamic)25 b(compilation)g(in)h(b)r(oth.)37 b(This)26
b(approac)n(h)d(is)j(called)f(\\staged)f(compilation,")h(where)450
4172 y(compilation)37 b(of)h(a)g(single)g(program)e(is)h(divided)i(in)n
(to)f(t)n(w)n(o)f(stages:)56 b(static)38 b(and)g(dynamic)450
4272 y(compilation.)e(Prior)26 b(to)i(run-time,)f(a)g(static)h
(compiler)f(compiles)g(\\templates,")g(essen)n(tially)450
4371 y(building)36 b(blo)r(c)n(ks)f(whic)n(h)g(are)g(pieced)h(together)
f(at)g(run-time)h(b)n(y)f(the)h(dynamic)f(compiler,)450
4471 y(whic)n(h)f(ma)n(y)g(also)f(place)h(run-time)g(v)-5
b(alues)33 b(in)n(to)h(holes)g(left)h(in)f(the)h(templates.)57
b(T)n(ypically)450 4570 y(these)35 b(templates)g(are)f(sp)r(eci\014ed)i
(b)n(y)e(user)h(annotations,)h(although)e(some)g(w)n(ork)g(has)g(b)r
(een)450 4670 y(done)27 b(on)h(deriving)e(them)j(automatically)d([Mo)r
(c)n(k)h(et)h(al.)f(1999].)533 4770 y(As)36 b(just)h(describ)r(ed,)g
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5065 y(tions)k(where)g(this)f(is)g(not)i(the)f(case)h([Kistler)d
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764 y(after)27 b(connecting)g(the)h(templates.)533 864
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(1996;)g(Engler)g(et)g(al.)g(1996;)h(P)n(oletto)e(et)i(al.)f(1997].)47
b(One)31 b(system,)450 1263 y(Dynamo,)779 1233 y Fg(10)877
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533 1462 y(T)-7 b(emplates)36 b(aside,)i(ML)e(ma)n(y)f(b)r(e)h
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1820 y(the)34 b(user.)13 b(.)h(.)g(or)32 b(fetc)n(hed)h(from)g(an)g
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2423 y(suc)n(h)e(as)f(telecomm)n(unications)h(equipmen)n(t)g
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2866 y(1994].)450 3034 y Fp(2.13)40 b(Simulation,)27
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b(and)g(Altman)h(1997].)450 1510 y(\(4\))42 b(What)32
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2266 y(Zheng)27 b(and)g(Thompson)g(2000].)36 b(The)27
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2427 y(\(1\))42 b(Pro\014led)17 b(execution.)33 b(The)19
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y(ture)f(is)h(uncomplicated)g(\(suc)n(h)f(as)g(a)h(RISC)g(pro)r
(cessor\))e(then)i(in)n(terpretation)f(of)g(the)598 3228
y(source)21 b(program)f(is)i(t)n(ypically)g(emplo)n(y)n(ed)f(to)h
(execute)g(the)h(source)e(program)f([Bala)i(et)g(al.)598
3328 y(1999;)27 b(Gsc)n(h)n(wind)i(et)g(al.)g(2000;)f(T)-7
b(ransmeta)28 b(Corp)r(oration)f(2001;)h(Zheng)g(and)h(Thomp-)598
3427 y(son)h(2000].)47 b(The)31 b(alternativ)n(e)f(approac)n(h,)h
(direct)g(execution,)h(is)f(b)r(est)h(summed)f(up)h(b)n(y)598
3527 y(Rosen)n(blum,)27 b(Herro)r(d,)g(Witc)n(hel,)h(and)f(Gupta)h
([1995,)e(page)h(36]:)797 3634 y(By)c(far)f(the)i(fastest)f(sim)n
(ulator)f(of)h(the)h(CPU,)f(MMU,)g(and)g(memory)g(system)797
3734 y(of)k(an)h(SGI)g(m)n(ultipro)r(cessor)e(is)h(an)g(SGI)h(m)n
(ultipro)r(cessor.)598 3841 y(In)21 b(other)h(w)n(ords,)f(when)h(the)g
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(optimization)f(of)h(a)f(source)f(program,)h(the)h(source)598
4040 y(program)c(can)h(b)r(e)i(executed)f(directly)g(b)n(y)f(the)i
(CPU.)f(The)g(sim)n(ulator)f(regains)f(con)n(trol)598
4140 y(p)r(erio)r(dically)35 b(as)g(a)h(result)f(of)h(appropriately)f
(mo)r(difying)h(the)g(source)f(program[Chen)598 4240
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(as)e(in)n(terrupts)i([Gorton)e(2001].)450 4364 y(\(2\))42
b(Hot)24 b(path)g(detection.)36 b(In)24 b(lieu)g(of)g(hardw)n(are)e
(supp)r(ort,)j(hot)f(paths)g(ma)n(y)f(b)r(e)i(detected)f(b)n(y)598
4463 y(k)n(eeping)e(coun)n(ters)g(to)h(record)f(frequency)h(of)g
(execution)g([Zheng)g(and)g(Thompson)g(2000],)598 4563
y(or)28 b(b)n(y)i(w)n(atc)n(hing)e(for)h(co)r(de)h(that)f(is)h
(structurally)e(lik)n(ely)i(to)f(b)r(e)h(hot,)g(lik)n(e)f(the)h(target)
f(of)598 4663 y(a)e(bac)n(kw)n(ards)f(branc)n(h)h([Bala)g(et)h(al.)g
(1999].)36 b(With)29 b(hardw)n(are)d(supp)r(ort,)i(the)g(program's)598
4762 y(program)c(coun)n(ter)i(can)h(b)r(e)g(sampled)f(at)h(in)n(terv)-5
b(als)26 b(to)g(detect)i(hot)e(sp)r(ots)h([Dea)n(v)n(er)e(et)i(al.)598
4862 y(1999].)598 4965 y(Some)f(other)f(considerations)g(are)g(that)h
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b Fl(if)27 b(they)598 5065 y(are)36 b(to)r(o)h(exp)r(ensiv)n(e)g(or)g
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665 y(et)e(al.)h(2000].)450 783 y(\(3\))42 b(Co)r(de)26
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b(The)30 b(correctness)f(of)h(the)h(translation)f(is)g(alw)n(a)n(ys)f
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(2000].)450 1199 y(\(4\))42 b(\\Bail-out")19 b(mec)n(hanism.)35
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(same\),)g(there)g(is)f(the)i(p)r(oten)n(tial)e(for)h(a)f(nega-)598
1399 y(tiv)n(e)h(impact)h(on)f(the)h(source)e(program's)f(p)r
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1498 y(et)k(al.)f(1999])f(heuristically)h(tries)g(to)h(detect)g(suc)n
(h)f(a)h(problem)f(and)h(rev)n(ert)e(bac)n(k)h(to)g(the)598
1598 y(source)g(program's)f(direct)i(execution;)i(this)e(can)g(b)r(e)h
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1797 y(used)h(to)h(a)n(v)n(oid)e(handling)h(complicated)g(cases.)533
1948 y(Another)j(recurring)f(theme)i(in)f(recen)n(t)g(binary)f
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2048 y(w)n(are)i(supp)r(ort)g(for)h(binary)f(translation,)h(esp)r
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2147 y(c)n(hitectures)f(in)n(to)h(VLIW)g(co)r(de.)49
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15 14 bop 2022 250 a Fi(A)26 b(Brief)g(Histo)n(ry)g(of)h(Just-In-Time)
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b(to)h(the)g(program)e(itself.)37 b(If)26 b(program)e(execution)h
(pauses)h(under)f(its)h(o)n(wn)g(v)n(olition)598 665
y(to)i(p)r(ermit)i(compilation,)e(it)i(is)e(not)h(concurren)n(t;)f(the)
i(JIT)e(compiler)g(in)h(this)h(case)e(ma)n(y)598 764
y(b)r(e)c(in)n(v)n(ok)n(ed)e(via)h(subroutine)g(call,)h(message)e
(transmission,)i(or)e(transfer)h(of)g(con)n(trol)g(to)g(a)598
864 y(coroutine.)39 b(In)29 b(con)n(trast,)f(a)h(concurren)n(t)e(JIT)i
(compiler)f(can)g(op)r(erate)g(as)h(the)g(program)598
964 y(executes)39 b(concurren)n(tly:)61 b(in)40 b(a)g(separate)f
(thread)g(or)g(pro)r(cess,)k(ev)n(en)c(on)h(a)g(di\013eren)n(t)598
1063 y(pro)r(cessor.)533 1215 y(JIT)30 b(systems)g(that)h(function)g
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(classifying)450 1315 y(prop)r(ert)n(y)-7 b(,)29 b(but)i(there)e(seems)
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1514 y(Some)36 b(trends)f(are)g(apparen)n(t.)61 b(F)-7
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(system,)450 1713 y(but)40 b(this)g(is)g(more)f(an)g(issue)g(of)h
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b(.)71 b(W)-7 b(ork)39 b(on)450 1813 y(concurren)n(t)c(JIT)h(compilers)
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(hnology)i(ev)n(olv)n(es.)450 2099 y Fp(4.)41 b(TOOLS)28
b(F)n(OR)f(JIT)g(COMPILA)-7 b(TION)450 2232 y Fl(General,)25
b(p)r(ortable)h(to)r(ols)f(for)g(JIT)h(compilation)f(that)h(help)g
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h(did)g(not)g(app)r(ear)f(un)n(til)i(relativ)n(ely)d(recen)n(tly)-7
b(.)50 b(T)-7 b(o)31 b(v)-5 b(arying)31 b(degrees,)h(these)450
2432 y(to)r(olkits)27 b(address)g(three)g(issues:)450
2584 y(\(1\))42 b(Binary)27 b(co)r(de)h(generation.)36
b(As)29 b(argued)e(in)h([Ramsey)f(and)h(F)-7 b(ern\023)-42
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b(ma)n(y)g(not)g(y)n(et)598 2883 y(b)r(e)g(a)n(v)-5 b(ailable)31
b(up)r(on)j(initial)f(co)r(de)f(generation,)h(lik)n(e)f(the)i(lo)r
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b(disco)n(v)n(ered,)f(the)i(information)e(m)n(ust)i(b)r(e)g(bac)n
(kpatc)n(hed)e(in)n(to)h(the)g(appro-)598 3082 y(priate)k(lo)r
(cations.)450 3201 y(\(2\))42 b(Cac)n(he)37 b(coherence.)66
b(CPU)38 b(sp)r(eed)g(adv)-5 b(ances)37 b(ha)n(v)n(e)g(far)g(outstripp)
r(ed)i(memory)e(sp)r(eed)598 3300 y(adv)-5 b(ances)24
b(in)h(recen)n(t)g(y)n(ears)e([Hennessy)i(and)g(P)n(atterson)e(1996].)
34 b(T)-7 b(o)25 b(comp)r(ensate,)g(mo)r(d-)598 3400
y(ern)k(CPUs)h(incorp)r(orate)f(a)h(small,)g(fast)g(cac)n(he)g(memory)
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3500 y(get)26 b(temp)r(orarily)g(out)g(of)h(sync)f(with)i(main)e
(memory)-7 b(.)36 b(When)27 b(dynamically)f(generating)598
3599 y(co)r(de,)32 b(care)f(m)n(ust)h(b)r(e)g(tak)n(en)f(to)h(ensure)f
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(attempted.)37 b(The)24 b(situation)g(is)g(ev)n(en)g(more)598
3799 y(complicated)e(when)g(sev)n(eral)e(CPUs)i(share)f(a)h(single)g
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3898 y(discussion)k([Kepp)r(el)i(1991].)450 4016 y(\(3\))42
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(y)g(imp)r(ose)h(restrictions)f(whic)n(h)598 4116 y(limit)g(where)g
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b(example,)g(memory)f(earmark)n(ed)f(for)598 4216 y(data)36
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(hes\))h(b)n(y)f(default,)j(meaning)598 4315 y(that)27
b(co)r(de)g(could)g(b)r(e)h(generated)e(in)n(to)g(the)i(data)f(memory)
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(non-nativ)n(e)450 4866 y(co)r(de)g(as)g(w)n(ell.)533
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16 15 bop 450 250 a Fi(16)142 b Fh(\001)158 b Fi(J.)26
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524 y(herence)2440 441 y(Execution)93 b(Abstract)2840
524 y(In)n(terface)3240 441 y(Input)500 690 y([Engler)23
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1897 y(abstraction)i(to)i(CISC)f(mac)n(hinery)-7 b(.)533
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2295 y(1996].)533 2395 y(Using)j(a)f(to)r(ol)h(ma)n(y)f(solv)n(e)g
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4432 y Fc(REFERENCES)531 4549 y Fb(Abrams,)f(P.)g(S.)70
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b(A.-R.,)i(Cierniak,)g(M.,)g(Lueh,)f(G.-Y.,)h(P)-6 b(arikh,)28
b(V.)f(M.,)h(and)f(Stichnoth,)g(J.)g(M.)655 4807 y Fo(1998.)91
b(F)-6 b(ast,)21 b(e\013ectiv)n(e)h(co)r(de)f(generation)g(in)f(a)g
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b Fo(\(1998\),)655 4890 y(pp.)24 b(280{290.)531 4982
y Fb(A)n(gesen,)k(O.)70 b Fo(1996.)97 b Fm(Concr)l(ete)28
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b(.)23 b(Also)g(as)h(SMLI)g(TR-96-52,)f(Sun)h(Microsystems,)e(Jan)n
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17 16 bop 2022 250 a Fi(A)26 b(Brief)g(Histo)n(ry)g(of)h(Just-In-Time)
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b(33)p Fo(,)24 b(3)f(\(Marc)n(h\),)h(40{45.)531 1359
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b(compilation)e(system.)g(In)h Fm(JA)-7 b(V)g(A)25 b('99)33
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2550 y(mization.)i(In)i Fm(Innovative)h(A)n(r)l(chite)l(ctur)l(e)g(for)
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2815 y(434.)531 2914 y Fb(Br)o(o)o(wn,)e(P.)g(J.)71 b
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3095 y(Scheme)p Fo(.)e(Ph.)f(D.)g(thesis,)g(Indiana)i(Univ)n(ersit)n(y)
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(M.)g(J.,)655 3277 y(Sreedhar,)h(V.)f(C.,)h(and)f(Sriniv)-6
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4717 y Fb(Chen,)35 b(W.-K.,)i(Lerner,)f(S.,)f(Chaiken,)h(R.,)g(and)d
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5065 y(COMPCON)d('97)33 b Fo(\(1997\),)25 b(pp.)f(179{184.)p
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%%Page: 18 18
18 17 bop 450 250 a Fi(18)142 b Fh(\001)158 b Fi(J.)26
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2050 y Fb(Dieckmann,)37 b(S.)e(and)h(H)1268 2044 y(\177)1265
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2807 y(and)h(Compilation)g(T)-5 b(e)l(chniques)29 b Fo(\(1999\),)c(pp.)
e(128{138.)j(IEEE.)531 2898 y Fb(Zheng,)c(C.)h(and)f(Thompson,)i(C.)71
b Fo(2000.)92 b(P)-6 b(A-RISC)21 b(to)g(IA-64:)30 b(T)-6
b(ransparen)n(t)22 b(execution,)h(no)e(recom-)655 2981
y(pilation.)j Fm(IEEE)i(Computer)32 b(33)p Fo(,)24 b(3)g(\(Marc)n(h\),)
g(47{52.)p eop
%%Trailer
end
userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if
%%EOF