~percona-toolkit-dev/percona-toolkit/fix-txid-bug-821694

#!/usr/bin/env perl

# This program is part of Percona Toolkit: http://www.percona.com/software/
# See "COPYRIGHT, LICENSE, AND WARRANTY" at the end of this file for legal
# notices and disclaimers.

use strict;
use warnings FATAL => 'all';
use constant PTDEBUG => $ENV{PTDEBUG} || 0;

# ###########################################################################
# VersionParser package
# This package is a copy without comments from the original.  The original
# with comments and its test file can be found in the Bazaar repository at,
#   lib/VersionParser.pm
#   t/lib/VersionParser.t
# See https://launchpad.net/percona-toolkit for more information.
# ###########################################################################
{
package VersionParser;

use strict;
use warnings FATAL => 'all';
use English qw(-no_match_vars);
use constant PTDEBUG => $ENV{PTDEBUG} || 0;

sub new {
   my ( $class ) = @_;
   bless {}, $class;
}

sub parse {
   my ( $self, $str ) = @_;
   my $result = sprintf('%03d%03d%03d', $str =~ m/(\d+)/g);
   PTDEBUG && _d($str, 'parses to', $result);
   return $result;
}

sub version_ge {
   my ( $self, $dbh, $target ) = @_;
   if ( !$self->{$dbh} ) {
      $self->{$dbh} = $self->parse(
         $dbh->selectrow_array('SELECT VERSION()'));
   }
   my $result = $self->{$dbh} ge $self->parse($target) ? 1 : 0;
   PTDEBUG && _d($self->{$dbh}, 'ge', $target, ':', $result);
   return $result;
}

sub innodb_version {
   my ( $self, $dbh ) = @_;
   return unless $dbh;
   my $innodb_version = "NO";

   my ($innodb) =
      grep { $_->{engine} =~ m/InnoDB/i }
      map  {
         my %hash;
         @hash{ map { lc $_ } keys %$_ } = values %$_;
         \%hash;
      }
      @{ $dbh->selectall_arrayref("SHOW ENGINES", {Slice=>{}}) };
   if ( $innodb ) {
      PTDEBUG && _d("InnoDB support:", $innodb->{support});
      if ( $innodb->{support} =~ m/YES|DEFAULT/i ) {
         my $vars = $dbh->selectrow_hashref(
            "SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'innodb_version'");
         $innodb_version = !$vars ? "BUILTIN"
                         :          ($vars->{Value} || $vars->{value});
      }
      else {
         $innodb_version = $innodb->{support};  # probably DISABLED or NO
      }
   }

   PTDEBUG && _d("InnoDB version:", $innodb_version);
   return $innodb_version;
}

sub _d {
   my ($package, undef, $line) = caller 0;
   @_ = map { (my $temp = $_) =~ s/\n/\n# /g; $temp; }
        map { defined $_ ? $_ : 'undef' }
        @_;
   print STDERR "# $package:$line $PID ", join(' ', @_), "\n";
}

1;
}
# ###########################################################################
# End VersionParser package
# ###########################################################################

# ###########################################################################
# Quoter package
# This package is a copy without comments from the original.  The original
# with comments and its test file can be found in the Bazaar repository at,
#   lib/Quoter.pm
#   t/lib/Quoter.t
# See https://launchpad.net/percona-toolkit for more information.
# ###########################################################################
{
package Quoter;

use strict;
use warnings FATAL => 'all';
use English qw(-no_match_vars);
use constant PTDEBUG => $ENV{PTDEBUG} || 0;

sub new {
   my ( $class, %args ) = @_;
   return bless {}, $class;
}

sub quote {
   my ( $self, @vals ) = @_;
   foreach my $val ( @vals ) {
      $val =~ s/`/``/g;
   }
   return join('.', map { '`' . $_ . '`' } @vals);
}

sub quote_val {
   my ( $self, $val ) = @_;

   return 'NULL' unless defined $val;          # undef = NULL
   return "''" if $val eq '';                  # blank string = ''
   return $val if $val =~ m/^0x[0-9a-fA-F]+$/;  # hex data

   $val =~ s/(['\\])/\\$1/g;
   return "'$val'";
}

sub split_unquote {
   my ( $self, $db_tbl, $default_db ) = @_;
   $db_tbl =~ s/`//g;
   my ( $db, $tbl ) = split(/[.]/, $db_tbl);
   if ( !$tbl ) {
      $tbl = $db;
      $db  = $default_db;
   }
   return ($db, $tbl);
}

sub literal_like {
   my ( $self, $like ) = @_;
   return unless $like;
   $like =~ s/([%_])/\\$1/g;
   return "'$like'";
}

sub join_quote {
   my ( $self, $default_db, $db_tbl ) = @_;
   return unless $db_tbl;
   my ($db, $tbl) = split(/[.]/, $db_tbl);
   if ( !$tbl ) {
      $tbl = $db;
      $db  = $default_db;
   }
   $db  = "`$db`"  if $db  && $db  !~ m/^`/;
   $tbl = "`$tbl`" if $tbl && $tbl !~ m/^`/;
   return $db ? "$db.$tbl" : $tbl;
}

1;
}
# ###########################################################################
# End Quoter package
# ###########################################################################

# ###########################################################################
# TableParser package
# This package is a copy without comments from the original.  The original
# with comments and its test file can be found in the Bazaar repository at,
#   lib/TableParser.pm
#   t/lib/TableParser.t
# See https://launchpad.net/percona-toolkit for more information.
# ###########################################################################
{
package TableParser;

use strict;
use warnings FATAL => 'all';
use English qw(-no_match_vars);
use constant PTDEBUG => $ENV{PTDEBUG} || 0;

use Data::Dumper;
$Data::Dumper::Indent    = 1;
$Data::Dumper::Sortkeys  = 1;
$Data::Dumper::Quotekeys = 0;

sub new {
   my ( $class, %args ) = @_;
   my @required_args = qw(Quoter);
   foreach my $arg ( @required_args ) {
      die "I need a $arg argument" unless $args{$arg};
   }
   my $self = { %args };
   return bless $self, $class;
}

sub parse {
   my ( $self, $ddl, $opts ) = @_;
   return unless $ddl;
   if ( ref $ddl eq 'ARRAY' ) {
      if ( lc $ddl->[0] eq 'table' ) {
         $ddl = $ddl->[1];
      }
      else {
         return {
            engine => 'VIEW',
         };
      }
   }

   if ( $ddl !~ m/CREATE (?:TEMPORARY )?TABLE `/ ) {
      die "Cannot parse table definition; is ANSI quoting "
         . "enabled or SQL_QUOTE_SHOW_CREATE disabled?";
   }

   my ($name)     = $ddl =~ m/CREATE (?:TEMPORARY )?TABLE\s+(`.+?`)/;
   (undef, $name) = $self->{Quoter}->split_unquote($name) if $name;

   $ddl =~ s/(`[^`]+`)/\L$1/g;

   my $engine = $self->get_engine($ddl);

   my @defs   = $ddl =~ m/^(\s+`.*?),?$/gm;
   my @cols   = map { $_ =~ m/`([^`]+)`/ } @defs;
   PTDEBUG && _d('Table cols:', join(', ', map { "`$_`" } @cols));

   my %def_for;
   @def_for{@cols} = @defs;

   my (@nums, @null);
   my (%type_for, %is_nullable, %is_numeric, %is_autoinc);
   foreach my $col ( @cols ) {
      my $def = $def_for{$col};
      my ( $type ) = $def =~ m/`[^`]+`\s([a-z]+)/;
      die "Can't determine column type for $def" unless $type;
      $type_for{$col} = $type;
      if ( $type =~ m/(?:(?:tiny|big|medium|small)?int|float|double|decimal|year)/ ) {
         push @nums, $col;
         $is_numeric{$col} = 1;
      }
      if ( $def !~ m/NOT NULL/ ) {
         push @null, $col;
         $is_nullable{$col} = 1;
      }
      $is_autoinc{$col} = $def =~ m/AUTO_INCREMENT/i ? 1 : 0;
   }

   my ($keys, $clustered_key) = $self->get_keys($ddl, $opts, \%is_nullable);

   my ($charset) = $ddl =~ m/DEFAULT CHARSET=(\w+)/;

   return {
      name           => $name,
      cols           => \@cols,
      col_posn       => { map { $cols[$_] => $_ } 0..$#cols },
      is_col         => { map { $_ => 1 } @cols },
      null_cols      => \@null,
      is_nullable    => \%is_nullable,
      is_autoinc     => \%is_autoinc,
      clustered_key  => $clustered_key,
      keys           => $keys,
      defs           => \%def_for,
      numeric_cols   => \@nums,
      is_numeric     => \%is_numeric,
      engine         => $engine,
      type_for       => \%type_for,
      charset        => $charset,
   };
}

sub sort_indexes {
   my ( $self, $tbl ) = @_;

   my @indexes
      = sort {
         (($a ne 'PRIMARY') <=> ($b ne 'PRIMARY'))
         || ( !$tbl->{keys}->{$a}->{is_unique} <=> !$tbl->{keys}->{$b}->{is_unique} )
         || ( $tbl->{keys}->{$a}->{is_nullable} <=> $tbl->{keys}->{$b}->{is_nullable} )
         || ( scalar(@{$tbl->{keys}->{$a}->{cols}}) <=> scalar(@{$tbl->{keys}->{$b}->{cols}}) )
      }
      grep {
         $tbl->{keys}->{$_}->{type} eq 'BTREE'
      }
      sort keys %{$tbl->{keys}};

   PTDEBUG && _d('Indexes sorted best-first:', join(', ', @indexes));
   return @indexes;
}

sub find_best_index {
   my ( $self, $tbl, $index ) = @_;
   my $best;
   if ( $index ) {
      ($best) = grep { uc $_ eq uc $index } keys %{$tbl->{keys}};
   }
   if ( !$best ) {
      if ( $index ) {
         die "Index '$index' does not exist in table";
      }
      else {
         ($best) = $self->sort_indexes($tbl);
      }
   }
   PTDEBUG && _d('Best index found is', $best);
   return $best;
}

sub find_possible_keys {
   my ( $self, $dbh, $database, $table, $quoter, $where ) = @_;
   return () unless $where;
   my $sql = 'EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM ' . $quoter->quote($database, $table)
      . ' WHERE ' . $where;
   PTDEBUG && _d($sql);
   my $expl = $dbh->selectrow_hashref($sql);
   $expl = { map { lc($_) => $expl->{$_} } keys %$expl };
   if ( $expl->{possible_keys} ) {
      PTDEBUG && _d('possible_keys =', $expl->{possible_keys});
      my @candidates = split(',', $expl->{possible_keys});
      my %possible   = map { $_ => 1 } @candidates;
      if ( $expl->{key} ) {
         PTDEBUG && _d('MySQL chose', $expl->{key});
         unshift @candidates, grep { $possible{$_} } split(',', $expl->{key});
         PTDEBUG && _d('Before deduping:', join(', ', @candidates));
         my %seen;
         @candidates = grep { !$seen{$_}++ } @candidates;
      }
      PTDEBUG && _d('Final list:', join(', ', @candidates));
      return @candidates;
   }
   else {
      PTDEBUG && _d('No keys in possible_keys');
      return ();
   }
}

sub check_table {
   my ( $self, %args ) = @_;
   my @required_args = qw(dbh db tbl);
   foreach my $arg ( @required_args ) {
      die "I need a $arg argument" unless $args{$arg};
   }
   my ($dbh, $db, $tbl) = @args{@required_args};
   my $q      = $self->{Quoter};
   my $db_tbl = $q->quote($db, $tbl);
   PTDEBUG && _d('Checking', $db_tbl);

   my $sql = "SHOW TABLES FROM " . $q->quote($db)
           . ' LIKE ' . $q->literal_like($tbl);
   PTDEBUG && _d($sql);
   my $row;
   eval {
      $row = $dbh->selectrow_arrayref($sql);
   };
   if ( $EVAL_ERROR ) {
      PTDEBUG && _d($EVAL_ERROR);
      return 0;
   }
   if ( !$row->[0] || $row->[0] ne $tbl ) {
      PTDEBUG && _d('Table does not exist');
      return 0;
   }

   PTDEBUG && _d('Table exists; no privs to check');
   return 1 unless $args{all_privs};

   $sql = "SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM $db_tbl";
   PTDEBUG && _d($sql);
   eval {
      $row = $dbh->selectrow_hashref($sql);
   };
   if ( $EVAL_ERROR ) {
      PTDEBUG && _d($EVAL_ERROR);
      return 0;
   }
   if ( !scalar keys %$row ) {
      PTDEBUG && _d('Table has no columns:', Dumper($row));
      return 0;
   }
   my $privs = $row->{privileges} || $row->{Privileges};

   $sql = "DELETE FROM $db_tbl LIMIT 0";
   PTDEBUG && _d($sql);
   eval {
      $dbh->do($sql);
   };
   my $can_delete = $EVAL_ERROR ? 0 : 1;

   PTDEBUG && _d('User privs on', $db_tbl, ':', $privs,
      ($can_delete ? 'delete' : ''));

   if ( !($privs =~ m/select/ && $privs =~ m/insert/ && $privs =~ m/update/
          && $can_delete) ) {
      PTDEBUG && _d('User does not have all privs');
      return 0;
   }

   PTDEBUG && _d('User has all privs');
   return 1;
}

sub get_engine {
   my ( $self, $ddl, $opts ) = @_;
   my ( $engine ) = $ddl =~ m/\).*?(?:ENGINE|TYPE)=(\w+)/;
   PTDEBUG && _d('Storage engine:', $engine);
   return $engine || undef;
}

sub get_keys {
   my ( $self, $ddl, $opts, $is_nullable ) = @_;
   my $engine        = $self->get_engine($ddl);
   my $keys          = {};
   my $clustered_key = undef;

   KEY:
   foreach my $key ( $ddl =~ m/^  ((?:[A-Z]+ )?KEY .*)$/gm ) {

      next KEY if $key =~ m/FOREIGN/;

      my $key_ddl = $key;
      PTDEBUG && _d('Parsed key:', $key_ddl);

      if ( $engine !~ m/MEMORY|HEAP/ ) {
         $key =~ s/USING HASH/USING BTREE/;
      }

      my ( $type, $cols ) = $key =~ m/(?:USING (\w+))? \((.+)\)/;
      my ( $special ) = $key =~ m/(FULLTEXT|SPATIAL)/;
      $type = $type || $special || 'BTREE';
      if ( $opts->{mysql_version} && $opts->{mysql_version} lt '004001000'
         && $engine =~ m/HEAP|MEMORY/i )
      {
         $type = 'HASH'; # MySQL pre-4.1 supports only HASH indexes on HEAP
      }

      my ($name) = $key =~ m/(PRIMARY|`[^`]*`)/;
      my $unique = $key =~ m/PRIMARY|UNIQUE/ ? 1 : 0;
      my @cols;
      my @col_prefixes;
      foreach my $col_def ( $cols =~ m/`[^`]+`(?:\(\d+\))?/g ) {
         my ($name, $prefix) = $col_def =~ m/`([^`]+)`(?:\((\d+)\))?/;
         push @cols, $name;
         push @col_prefixes, $prefix;
      }
      $name =~ s/`//g;

      PTDEBUG && _d( $name, 'key cols:', join(', ', map { "`$_`" } @cols));

      $keys->{$name} = {
         name         => $name,
         type         => $type,
         colnames     => $cols,
         cols         => \@cols,
         col_prefixes => \@col_prefixes,
         is_unique    => $unique,
         is_nullable  => scalar(grep { $is_nullable->{$_} } @cols),
         is_col       => { map { $_ => 1 } @cols },
         ddl          => $key_ddl,
      };

      if ( $engine =~ m/InnoDB/i && !$clustered_key ) {
         my $this_key = $keys->{$name};
         if ( $this_key->{name} eq 'PRIMARY' ) {
            $clustered_key = 'PRIMARY';
         }
         elsif ( $this_key->{is_unique} && !$this_key->{is_nullable} ) {
            $clustered_key = $this_key->{name};
         }
         PTDEBUG && $clustered_key && _d('This key is the clustered key');
      }
   }

   return $keys, $clustered_key;
}

sub get_fks {
   my ( $self, $ddl, $opts ) = @_;
   my $q   = $self->{Quoter};
   my $fks = {};

   foreach my $fk (
      $ddl =~ m/CONSTRAINT .* FOREIGN KEY .* REFERENCES [^\)]*\)/mg )
   {
      my ( $name ) = $fk =~ m/CONSTRAINT `(.*?)`/;
      my ( $cols ) = $fk =~ m/FOREIGN KEY \(([^\)]+)\)/;
      my ( $parent, $parent_cols ) = $fk =~ m/REFERENCES (\S+) \(([^\)]+)\)/;

      my ($db, $tbl) = $q->split_unquote($parent, $opts->{database});
      my %parent_tbl = (tbl => $tbl);
      $parent_tbl{db} = $db if $db;

      if ( $parent !~ m/\./ && $opts->{database} ) {
         $parent = $q->quote($opts->{database}) . ".$parent";
      }

      $fks->{$name} = {
         name           => $name,
         colnames       => $cols,
         cols           => [ map { s/[ `]+//g; $_; } split(',', $cols) ],
         parent_tbl     => \%parent_tbl,
         parent_tblname => $parent,
         parent_cols    => [ map { s/[ `]+//g; $_; } split(',', $parent_cols) ],
         parent_colnames=> $parent_cols,
         ddl            => $fk,
      };
   }

   return $fks;
}

sub remove_auto_increment {
   my ( $self, $ddl ) = @_;
   $ddl =~ s/(^\).*?) AUTO_INCREMENT=\d+\b/$1/m;
   return $ddl;
}

sub remove_secondary_indexes {
   my ( $self, $ddl ) = @_;
   my $sec_indexes_ddl;
   my $tbl_struct = $self->parse($ddl);

   if ( ($tbl_struct->{engine} || '') =~ m/InnoDB/i ) {
      my $clustered_key = $tbl_struct->{clustered_key};
      $clustered_key  ||= '';

      my @sec_indexes   = map {
         my $key_def = $_->{ddl};
         $key_def =~ s/([\(\)])/\\$1/g;
         $ddl =~ s/\s+$key_def//i;

         my $key_ddl = "ADD $_->{ddl}";
         $key_ddl   .= ',' unless $key_ddl =~ m/,$/;
         $key_ddl;
      }
      grep { $_->{name} ne $clustered_key }
      values %{$tbl_struct->{keys}};
      PTDEBUG && _d('Secondary indexes:', Dumper(\@sec_indexes));

      if ( @sec_indexes ) {
         $sec_indexes_ddl = join(' ', @sec_indexes);
         $sec_indexes_ddl =~ s/,$//;
      }

      $ddl =~ s/,(\n\) )/$1/s;
   }
   else {
      PTDEBUG && _d('Not removing secondary indexes from',
         $tbl_struct->{engine}, 'table');
   }

   return $ddl, $sec_indexes_ddl, $tbl_struct;
}

sub _d {
   my ($package, undef, $line) = caller 0;
   @_ = map { (my $temp = $_) =~ s/\n/\n# /g; $temp; }
        map { defined $_ ? $_ : 'undef' }
        @_;
   print STDERR "# $package:$line $PID ", join(' ', @_), "\n";
}

1;
}
# ###########################################################################
# End TableParser package
# ###########################################################################

# ###########################################################################
# MySQLDump package
# This package is a copy without comments from the original.  The original
# with comments and its test file can be found in the Bazaar repository at,
#   lib/MySQLDump.pm
#   t/lib/MySQLDump.t
# See https://launchpad.net/percona-toolkit for more information.
# ###########################################################################
{
package MySQLDump;

use strict;
use warnings FATAL => 'all';
use English qw(-no_match_vars);
use constant PTDEBUG => $ENV{PTDEBUG} || 0;

( our $before = <<'EOF') =~ s/^   //gm;
   /*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@@CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */;
   /*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@@CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */;
   /*!40101 SET @OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION=@@COLLATION_CONNECTION */;
   /*!40101 SET NAMES utf8 */;
   /*!40103 SET @OLD_TIME_ZONE=@@TIME_ZONE */;
   /*!40103 SET TIME_ZONE='+00:00' */;
   /*!40014 SET @OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS=@@UNIQUE_CHECKS, UNIQUE_CHECKS=0 */;
   /*!40014 SET @OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@@FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS, FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0 */;
   /*!40101 SET @OLD_SQL_MODE=@@SQL_MODE, SQL_MODE='NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO' */;
   /*!40111 SET @OLD_SQL_NOTES=@@SQL_NOTES, SQL_NOTES=0 */;
EOF

( our $after = <<'EOF') =~ s/^   //gm;
   /*!40103 SET TIME_ZONE=@OLD_TIME_ZONE */;
   /*!40101 SET SQL_MODE=@OLD_SQL_MODE */;
   /*!40014 SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS */;
   /*!40014 SET UNIQUE_CHECKS=@OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS */;
   /*!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */;
   /*!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */;
   /*!40101 SET COLLATION_CONNECTION=@OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION */;
   /*!40111 SET SQL_NOTES=@OLD_SQL_NOTES */;
EOF

sub new {
   my ( $class, %args ) = @_;
   my $self = {
      cache => 0,  # Afaik no script uses this cache any longer because
   };
   return bless $self, $class;
}

sub dump {
   my ( $self, $dbh, $quoter, $db, $tbl, $what ) = @_;

   if ( $what eq 'table' ) {
      my $ddl = $self->get_create_table($dbh, $quoter, $db, $tbl);
      return unless $ddl;
      if ( $ddl->[0] eq 'table' ) {
         return $before
            . 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS ' . $quoter->quote($tbl) . ";\n"
            . $ddl->[1] . ";\n";
      }
      else {
         return 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS ' . $quoter->quote($tbl) . ";\n"
            . '/*!50001 DROP VIEW IF EXISTS '
            . $quoter->quote($tbl) . "*/;\n/*!50001 "
            . $self->get_tmp_table($dbh, $quoter, $db, $tbl) . "*/;\n";
      }
   }
   elsif ( $what eq 'triggers' ) {
      my $trgs = $self->get_triggers($dbh, $quoter, $db, $tbl);
      if ( $trgs && @$trgs ) {
         my $result = $before . "\nDELIMITER ;;\n";
         foreach my $trg ( @$trgs ) {
            if ( $trg->{sql_mode} ) {
               $result .= qq{/*!50003 SET SESSION SQL_MODE='$trg->{sql_mode}' */;;\n};
            }
            $result .= "/*!50003 CREATE */ ";
            if ( $trg->{definer} ) {
               my ( $user, $host )
                  = map { s/'/''/g; "'$_'"; }
                    split('@', $trg->{definer}, 2);
               $result .= "/*!50017 DEFINER=$user\@$host */ ";
            }
            $result .= sprintf("/*!50003 TRIGGER %s %s %s ON %s\nFOR EACH ROW %s */;;\n\n",
               $quoter->quote($trg->{trigger}),
               @{$trg}{qw(timing event)},
               $quoter->quote($trg->{table}),
               $trg->{statement});
         }
         $result .= "DELIMITER ;\n\n/*!50003 SET SESSION SQL_MODE=\@OLD_SQL_MODE */;\n\n";
         return $result;
      }
      else {
         return undef;
      }
   }
   elsif ( $what eq 'view' ) {
      my $ddl = $self->get_create_table($dbh, $quoter, $db, $tbl);
      return '/*!50001 DROP TABLE IF EXISTS ' . $quoter->quote($tbl) . "*/;\n"
         . '/*!50001 DROP VIEW IF EXISTS ' . $quoter->quote($tbl) . "*/;\n"
         . '/*!50001 ' . $ddl->[1] . "*/;\n";
   }
   else {
      die "You didn't say what to dump.";
   }
}

sub _use_db {
   my ( $self, $dbh, $quoter, $new ) = @_;
   if ( !$new ) {
      PTDEBUG && _d('No new DB to use');
      return;
   }
   my $sql = 'USE ' . $quoter->quote($new);
   PTDEBUG && _d($dbh, $sql);
   $dbh->do($sql);
   return;
}

sub get_create_table {
   my ( $self, $dbh, $quoter, $db, $tbl ) = @_;
   if ( !$self->{cache} || !$self->{tables}->{$db}->{$tbl} ) {
      my $sql = '/*!40101 SET @OLD_SQL_MODE := @@SQL_MODE, '
         . q{@@SQL_MODE := REPLACE(REPLACE(@@SQL_MODE, 'ANSI_QUOTES', ''), ',,', ','), }
         . '@OLD_QUOTE := @@SQL_QUOTE_SHOW_CREATE, '
         . '@@SQL_QUOTE_SHOW_CREATE := 1 */';
      PTDEBUG && _d($sql);
      eval { $dbh->do($sql); };
      PTDEBUG && $EVAL_ERROR && _d($EVAL_ERROR);
      $self->_use_db($dbh, $quoter, $db);
      $sql = "SHOW CREATE TABLE " . $quoter->quote($db, $tbl);
      PTDEBUG && _d($sql);
      my $href;
      eval { $href = $dbh->selectrow_hashref($sql); };
      if ( $EVAL_ERROR ) {
         warn "Failed to $sql.  The table may be damaged.\nError: $EVAL_ERROR";
         return;
      }

      $sql = '/*!40101 SET @@SQL_MODE := @OLD_SQL_MODE, '
         . '@@SQL_QUOTE_SHOW_CREATE := @OLD_QUOTE */';
      PTDEBUG && _d($sql);
      $dbh->do($sql);
      my ($key) = grep { m/create table/i } keys %$href;
      if ( $key ) {
         PTDEBUG && _d('This table is a base table');
         $self->{tables}->{$db}->{$tbl} = [ 'table', $href->{$key} ];
      }
      else {
         PTDEBUG && _d('This table is a view');
         ($key) = grep { m/create view/i } keys %$href;
         $self->{tables}->{$db}->{$tbl} = [ 'view', $href->{$key} ];
      }
   }
   return $self->{tables}->{$db}->{$tbl};
}

sub get_columns {
   my ( $self, $dbh, $quoter, $db, $tbl ) = @_;
   PTDEBUG && _d('Get columns for', $db, $tbl);
   if ( !$self->{cache} || !$self->{columns}->{$db}->{$tbl} ) {
      $self->_use_db($dbh, $quoter, $db);
      my $sql = "SHOW COLUMNS FROM " . $quoter->quote($db, $tbl);
      PTDEBUG && _d($sql);
      my $cols = $dbh->selectall_arrayref($sql, { Slice => {} });

      $self->{columns}->{$db}->{$tbl} = [
         map {
            my %row;
            @row{ map { lc $_ } keys %$_ } = values %$_;
            \%row;
         } @$cols
      ];
   }
   return $self->{columns}->{$db}->{$tbl};
}

sub get_tmp_table {
   my ( $self, $dbh, $quoter, $db, $tbl ) = @_;
   my $result = 'CREATE TABLE ' . $quoter->quote($tbl) . " (\n";
   $result .= join(",\n",
      map { '  ' . $quoter->quote($_->{field}) . ' ' . $_->{type} }
      @{$self->get_columns($dbh, $quoter, $db, $tbl)});
   $result .= "\n)";
   PTDEBUG && _d($result);
   return $result;
}

sub get_triggers {
   my ( $self, $dbh, $quoter, $db, $tbl ) = @_;
   if ( !$self->{cache} || !$self->{triggers}->{$db} ) {
      $self->{triggers}->{$db} = {};
      my $sql = '/*!40101 SET @OLD_SQL_MODE := @@SQL_MODE, '
         . q{@@SQL_MODE := REPLACE(REPLACE(@@SQL_MODE, 'ANSI_QUOTES', ''), ',,', ','), }
         . '@OLD_QUOTE := @@SQL_QUOTE_SHOW_CREATE, '
         . '@@SQL_QUOTE_SHOW_CREATE := 1 */';
      PTDEBUG && _d($sql);
      eval { $dbh->do($sql); };
      PTDEBUG && $EVAL_ERROR && _d($EVAL_ERROR);
      $sql = "SHOW TRIGGERS FROM " . $quoter->quote($db);
      PTDEBUG && _d($sql);
      my $sth = $dbh->prepare($sql);
      $sth->execute();
      if ( $sth->rows ) {
         my $trgs = $sth->fetchall_arrayref({});
         foreach my $trg (@$trgs) {
            my %trg;
            @trg{ map { lc $_ } keys %$trg } = values %$trg;
            push @{ $self->{triggers}->{$db}->{ $trg{table} } }, \%trg;
         }
      }
      $sql = '/*!40101 SET @@SQL_MODE := @OLD_SQL_MODE, '
         . '@@SQL_QUOTE_SHOW_CREATE := @OLD_QUOTE */';
      PTDEBUG && _d($sql);
      $dbh->do($sql);
   }
   if ( $tbl ) {
      return $self->{triggers}->{$db}->{$tbl};
   }
   return values %{$self->{triggers}->{$db}};
}

sub get_databases {
   my ( $self, $dbh, $quoter, $like ) = @_;
   if ( !$self->{cache} || !$self->{databases} || $like ) {
      my $sql = 'SHOW DATABASES';
      my @params;
      if ( $like ) {
         $sql .= ' LIKE ?';
         push @params, $like;
      }
      my $sth = $dbh->prepare($sql);
      PTDEBUG && _d($sql, @params);
      $sth->execute( @params );
      my @dbs = map { $_->[0] } @{$sth->fetchall_arrayref()};
      $self->{databases} = \@dbs unless $like;
      return @dbs;
   }
   return @{$self->{databases}};
}

sub get_table_status {
   my ( $self, $dbh, $quoter, $db, $like ) = @_;
   if ( !$self->{cache} || !$self->{table_status}->{$db} || $like ) {
      my $sql = "SHOW TABLE STATUS FROM " . $quoter->quote($db);
      my @params;
      if ( $like ) {
         $sql .= ' LIKE ?';
         push @params, $like;
      }
      PTDEBUG && _d($sql, @params);
      my $sth = $dbh->prepare($sql);
      $sth->execute(@params);
      my @tables = @{$sth->fetchall_arrayref({})};
      @tables = map {
         my %tbl; # Make a copy with lowercased keys
         @tbl{ map { lc $_ } keys %$_ } = values %$_;
         $tbl{engine} ||= $tbl{type} || $tbl{comment};
         delete $tbl{type};
         \%tbl;
      } @tables;
      $self->{table_status}->{$db} = \@tables unless $like;
      return @tables;
   }
   return @{$self->{table_status}->{$db}};
}

sub get_table_list {
   my ( $self, $dbh, $quoter, $db, $like ) = @_;
   if ( !$self->{cache} || !$self->{table_list}->{$db} || $like ) {
      my $sql = "SHOW /*!50002 FULL*/ TABLES FROM " . $quoter->quote($db);
      my @params;
      if ( $like ) {
         $sql .= ' LIKE ?';
         push @params, $like;
      }
      PTDEBUG && _d($sql, @params);
      my $sth = $dbh->prepare($sql);
      $sth->execute(@params);
      my @tables = @{$sth->fetchall_arrayref()};
      @tables = map {
         my %tbl = (
            name   => $_->[0],
            engine => ($_->[1] || '') eq 'VIEW' ? 'VIEW' : '',
         );
         \%tbl;
      } @tables;
      $self->{table_list}->{$db} = \@tables unless $like;
      return @tables;
   }
   return @{$self->{table_list}->{$db}};
}

sub _d {
   my ($package, undef, $line) = caller 0;
   @_ = map { (my $temp = $_) =~ s/\n/\n# /g; $temp; }
        map { defined $_ ? $_ : 'undef' }
        @_;
   print STDERR "# $package:$line $PID ", join(' ', @_), "\n";
}

1;
}
# ###########################################################################
# End MySQLDump package
# ###########################################################################

# ###########################################################################
# DSNParser package
# This package is a copy without comments from the original.  The original
# with comments and its test file can be found in the Bazaar repository at,
#   lib/DSNParser.pm
#   t/lib/DSNParser.t
# See https://launchpad.net/percona-toolkit for more information.
# ###########################################################################
{
package DSNParser;

use strict;
use warnings FATAL => 'all';
use English qw(-no_match_vars);
use constant PTDEBUG => $ENV{PTDEBUG} || 0;

use Data::Dumper;
$Data::Dumper::Indent    = 0;
$Data::Dumper::Quotekeys = 0;

eval {
   require DBI;
};
my $have_dbi = $EVAL_ERROR ? 0 : 1;

sub new {
   my ( $class, %args ) = @_;
   foreach my $arg ( qw(opts) ) {
      die "I need a $arg argument" unless $args{$arg};
   }
   my $self = {
      opts => {}  # h, P, u, etc.  Should come from DSN OPTIONS section in POD.
   };
   foreach my $opt ( @{$args{opts}} ) {
      if ( !$opt->{key} || !$opt->{desc} ) {
         die "Invalid DSN option: ", Dumper($opt);
      }
      PTDEBUG && _d('DSN option:',
         join(', ',
            map { "$_=" . (defined $opt->{$_} ? ($opt->{$_} || '') : 'undef') }
               keys %$opt
         )
      );
      $self->{opts}->{$opt->{key}} = {
         dsn  => $opt->{dsn},
         desc => $opt->{desc},
         copy => $opt->{copy} || 0,
      };
   }
   return bless $self, $class;
}

sub prop {
   my ( $self, $prop, $value ) = @_;
   if ( @_ > 2 ) {
      PTDEBUG && _d('Setting', $prop, 'property');
      $self->{$prop} = $value;
   }
   return $self->{$prop};
}

sub parse {
   my ( $self, $dsn, $prev, $defaults ) = @_;
   if ( !$dsn ) {
      PTDEBUG && _d('No DSN to parse');
      return;
   }
   PTDEBUG && _d('Parsing', $dsn);
   $prev     ||= {};
   $defaults ||= {};
   my %given_props;
   my %final_props;
   my $opts = $self->{opts};

   foreach my $dsn_part ( split(/,/, $dsn) ) {
      if ( my ($prop_key, $prop_val) = $dsn_part =~  m/^(.)=(.*)$/ ) {
         $given_props{$prop_key} = $prop_val;
      }
      else {
         PTDEBUG && _d('Interpreting', $dsn_part, 'as h=', $dsn_part);
         $given_props{h} = $dsn_part;
      }
   }

   foreach my $key ( keys %$opts ) {
      PTDEBUG && _d('Finding value for', $key);
      $final_props{$key} = $given_props{$key};
      if (   !defined $final_props{$key}
           && defined $prev->{$key} && $opts->{$key}->{copy} )
      {
         $final_props{$key} = $prev->{$key};
         PTDEBUG && _d('Copying value for', $key, 'from previous DSN');
      }
      if ( !defined $final_props{$key} ) {
         $final_props{$key} = $defaults->{$key};
         PTDEBUG && _d('Copying value for', $key, 'from defaults');
      }
   }

   foreach my $key ( keys %given_props ) {
      die "Unknown DSN option '$key' in '$dsn'.  For more details, "
            . "please use the --help option, or try 'perldoc $PROGRAM_NAME' "
            . "for complete documentation."
         unless exists $opts->{$key};
   }
   if ( (my $required = $self->prop('required')) ) {
      foreach my $key ( keys %$required ) {
         die "Missing required DSN option '$key' in '$dsn'.  For more details, "
               . "please use the --help option, or try 'perldoc $PROGRAM_NAME' "
               . "for complete documentation."
            unless $final_props{$key};
      }
   }

   return \%final_props;
}

sub parse_options {
   my ( $self, $o ) = @_;
   die 'I need an OptionParser object' unless ref $o eq 'OptionParser';
   my $dsn_string
      = join(',',
          map  { "$_=".$o->get($_); }
          grep { $o->has($_) && $o->get($_) }
          keys %{$self->{opts}}
        );
   PTDEBUG && _d('DSN string made from options:', $dsn_string);
   return $self->parse($dsn_string);
}

sub as_string {
   my ( $self, $dsn, $props ) = @_;
   return $dsn unless ref $dsn;
   my %allowed = $props ? map { $_=>1 } @$props : ();
   return join(',',
      map  { "$_=" . ($_ eq 'p' ? '...' : $dsn->{$_})  }
      grep { defined $dsn->{$_} && $self->{opts}->{$_} }
      grep { !$props || $allowed{$_}                   }
      sort keys %$dsn );
}

sub usage {
   my ( $self ) = @_;
   my $usage
      = "DSN syntax is key=value[,key=value...]  Allowable DSN keys:\n\n"
      . "  KEY  COPY  MEANING\n"
      . "  ===  ====  =============================================\n";
   my %opts = %{$self->{opts}};
   foreach my $key ( sort keys %opts ) {
      $usage .= "  $key    "
             .  ($opts{$key}->{copy} ? 'yes   ' : 'no    ')
             .  ($opts{$key}->{desc} || '[No description]')
             . "\n";
   }
   $usage .= "\n  If the DSN is a bareword, the word is treated as the 'h' key.\n";
   return $usage;
}

sub get_cxn_params {
   my ( $self, $info ) = @_;
   my $dsn;
   my %opts = %{$self->{opts}};
   my $driver = $self->prop('dbidriver') || '';
   if ( $driver eq 'Pg' ) {
      $dsn = 'DBI:Pg:dbname=' . ( $info->{D} || '' ) . ';'
         . join(';', map  { "$opts{$_}->{dsn}=$info->{$_}" }
                     grep { defined $info->{$_} }
                     qw(h P));
   }
   else {
      $dsn = 'DBI:mysql:' . ( $info->{D} || '' ) . ';'
         . join(';', map  { "$opts{$_}->{dsn}=$info->{$_}" }
                     grep { defined $info->{$_} }
                     qw(F h P S A))
         . ';mysql_read_default_group=client';
   }
   PTDEBUG && _d($dsn);
   return ($dsn, $info->{u}, $info->{p});
}

sub fill_in_dsn {
   my ( $self, $dbh, $dsn ) = @_;
   my $vars = $dbh->selectall_hashref('SHOW VARIABLES', 'Variable_name');
   my ($user, $db) = $dbh->selectrow_array('SELECT USER(), DATABASE()');
   $user =~ s/@.*//;
   $dsn->{h} ||= $vars->{hostname}->{Value};
   $dsn->{S} ||= $vars->{'socket'}->{Value};
   $dsn->{P} ||= $vars->{port}->{Value};
   $dsn->{u} ||= $user;
   $dsn->{D} ||= $db;
}

sub get_dbh {
   my ( $self, $cxn_string, $user, $pass, $opts ) = @_;
   $opts ||= {};
   my $defaults = {
      AutoCommit         => 0,
      RaiseError         => 1,
      PrintError         => 0,
      ShowErrorStatement => 1,
      mysql_enable_utf8 => ($cxn_string =~ m/charset=utf8/i ? 1 : 0),
   };
   @{$defaults}{ keys %$opts } = values %$opts;

   if ( $opts->{mysql_use_result} ) {
      $defaults->{mysql_use_result} = 1;
   }

   if ( !$have_dbi ) {
      die "Cannot connect to MySQL because the Perl DBI module is not "
         . "installed or not found.  Run 'perl -MDBI' to see the directories "
         . "that Perl searches for DBI.  If DBI is not installed, try:\n"
         . "  Debian/Ubuntu  apt-get install libdbi-perl\n"
         . "  RHEL/CentOS    yum install perl-DBI\n"
         . "  OpenSolaris    pgk install pkg:/SUNWpmdbi\n";

   }

   my $dbh;
   my $tries = 2;
   while ( !$dbh && $tries-- ) {
      PTDEBUG && _d($cxn_string, ' ', $user, ' ', $pass, 
         join(', ', map { "$_=>$defaults->{$_}" } keys %$defaults ));

      eval {
         $dbh = DBI->connect($cxn_string, $user, $pass, $defaults);

         if ( $cxn_string =~ m/mysql/i ) {
            my $sql;

            $sql = 'SELECT @@SQL_MODE';
            PTDEBUG && _d($dbh, $sql);
            my ($sql_mode) = $dbh->selectrow_array($sql);

            $sql = 'SET @@SQL_QUOTE_SHOW_CREATE = 1'
                 . '/*!40101, @@SQL_MODE=\'NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO'
                 . ($sql_mode ? ",$sql_mode" : '')
                 . '\'*/';
            PTDEBUG && _d($dbh, $sql);
            $dbh->do($sql);

            if ( my ($charset) = $cxn_string =~ m/charset=(\w+)/ ) {
               $sql = "/*!40101 SET NAMES $charset*/";
               PTDEBUG && _d($dbh, ':', $sql);
               $dbh->do($sql);
               PTDEBUG && _d('Enabling charset for STDOUT');
               if ( $charset eq 'utf8' ) {
                  binmode(STDOUT, ':utf8')
                     or die "Can't binmode(STDOUT, ':utf8'): $OS_ERROR";
               }
               else {
                  binmode(STDOUT) or die "Can't binmode(STDOUT): $OS_ERROR";
               }
            }

            if ( $self->prop('set-vars') ) {
               $sql = "SET " . $self->prop('set-vars');
               PTDEBUG && _d($dbh, ':', $sql);
               $dbh->do($sql);
            }
         }
      };
      if ( !$dbh && $EVAL_ERROR ) {
         PTDEBUG && _d($EVAL_ERROR);
         if ( $EVAL_ERROR =~ m/not a compiled character set|character set utf8/ ) {
            PTDEBUG && _d('Going to try again without utf8 support');
            delete $defaults->{mysql_enable_utf8};
         }
         elsif ( $EVAL_ERROR =~ m/locate DBD\/mysql/i ) {
            die "Cannot connect to MySQL because the Perl DBD::mysql module is "
               . "not installed or not found.  Run 'perl -MDBD::mysql' to see "
               . "the directories that Perl searches for DBD::mysql.  If "
               . "DBD::mysql is not installed, try:\n"
               . "  Debian/Ubuntu  apt-get install libdbd-mysql-perl\n"
               . "  RHEL/CentOS    yum install perl-DBD-MySQL\n"
               . "  OpenSolaris    pgk install pkg:/SUNWapu13dbd-mysql\n";
         }
         if ( !$tries ) {
            die $EVAL_ERROR;
         }
      }
   }

   PTDEBUG && _d('DBH info: ',
      $dbh,
      Dumper($dbh->selectrow_hashref(
         'SELECT DATABASE(), CONNECTION_ID(), VERSION()/*!50038 , @@hostname*/')),
      'Connection info:',      $dbh->{mysql_hostinfo},
      'Character set info:',   Dumper($dbh->selectall_arrayref(
                     'SHOW VARIABLES LIKE "character_set%"', { Slice => {}})),
      '$DBD::mysql::VERSION:', $DBD::mysql::VERSION,
      '$DBI::VERSION:',        $DBI::VERSION,
   );

   return $dbh;
}

sub get_hostname {
   my ( $self, $dbh ) = @_;
   if ( my ($host) = ($dbh->{mysql_hostinfo} || '') =~ m/^(\w+) via/ ) {
      return $host;
   }
   my ( $hostname, $one ) = $dbh->selectrow_array(
      'SELECT /*!50038 @@hostname, */ 1');
   return $hostname;
}

sub disconnect {
   my ( $self, $dbh ) = @_;
   PTDEBUG && $self->print_active_handles($dbh);
   $dbh->disconnect;
}

sub print_active_handles {
   my ( $self, $thing, $level ) = @_;
   $level ||= 0;
   printf("# Active %sh: %s %s %s\n", ($thing->{Type} || 'undef'), "\t" x $level,
      $thing, (($thing->{Type} || '') eq 'st' ? $thing->{Statement} || '' : ''))
      or die "Cannot print: $OS_ERROR";
   foreach my $handle ( grep {defined} @{ $thing->{ChildHandles} } ) {
      $self->print_active_handles( $handle, $level + 1 );
   }
}

sub copy {
   my ( $self, $dsn_1, $dsn_2, %args ) = @_;
   die 'I need a dsn_1 argument' unless $dsn_1;
   die 'I need a dsn_2 argument' unless $dsn_2;
   my %new_dsn = map {
      my $key = $_;
      my $val;
      if ( $args{overwrite} ) {
         $val = defined $dsn_1->{$key} ? $dsn_1->{$key} : $dsn_2->{$key};
      }
      else {
         $val = defined $dsn_2->{$key} ? $dsn_2->{$key} : $dsn_1->{$key};
      }
      $key => $val;
   } keys %{$self->{opts}};
   return \%new_dsn;
}

sub _d {
   my ($package, undef, $line) = caller 0;
   @_ = map { (my $temp = $_) =~ s/\n/\n# /g; $temp; }
        map { defined $_ ? $_ : 'undef' }
        @_;
   print STDERR "# $package:$line $PID ", join(' ', @_), "\n";
}

1;
}
# ###########################################################################
# End DSNParser package
# ###########################################################################

# ###########################################################################
# OptionParser package
# This package is a copy without comments from the original.  The original
# with comments and its test file can be found in the Bazaar repository at,
#   lib/OptionParser.pm
#   t/lib/OptionParser.t
# See https://launchpad.net/percona-toolkit for more information.
# ###########################################################################
{
package OptionParser;

use strict;
use warnings FATAL => 'all';
use English qw(-no_match_vars);
use constant PTDEBUG => $ENV{PTDEBUG} || 0;

use List::Util qw(max);
use Getopt::Long;

my $POD_link_re = '[LC]<"?([^">]+)"?>';

sub new {
   my ( $class, %args ) = @_;
   my @required_args = qw();
   foreach my $arg ( @required_args ) {
      die "I need a $arg argument" unless $args{$arg};
   }

   my ($program_name) = $PROGRAM_NAME =~ m/([.A-Za-z-]+)$/;
   $program_name ||= $PROGRAM_NAME;
   my $home = $ENV{HOME} || $ENV{HOMEPATH} || $ENV{USERPROFILE} || '.';

   my %attributes = (
      'type'       => 1,
      'short form' => 1,
      'group'      => 1,
      'default'    => 1,
      'cumulative' => 1,
      'negatable'  => 1,
   );

   my $self = {
      head1             => 'OPTIONS',        # These args are used internally
      skip_rules        => 0,                # to instantiate another Option-
      item              => '--(.*)',         # Parser obj that parses the
      attributes        => \%attributes,     # DSN OPTIONS section.  Tools
      parse_attributes  => \&_parse_attribs, # don't tinker with these args.

      %args,

      strict            => 1,  # disabled by a special rule
      program_name      => $program_name,
      opts              => {},
      got_opts          => 0,
      short_opts        => {},
      defaults          => {},
      groups            => {},
      allowed_groups    => {},
      errors            => [],
      rules             => [],  # desc of rules for --help
      mutex             => [],  # rule: opts are mutually exclusive
      atleast1          => [],  # rule: at least one opt is required
      disables          => {},  # rule: opt disables other opts 
      defaults_to       => {},  # rule: opt defaults to value of other opt
      DSNParser         => undef,
      default_files     => [
         "/etc/percona-toolkit/percona-toolkit.conf",
         "/etc/percona-toolkit/$program_name.conf",
         "$home/.percona-toolkit.conf",
         "$home/.$program_name.conf",
      ],
      types             => {
         string => 's', # standard Getopt type
         int    => 'i', # standard Getopt type
         float  => 'f', # standard Getopt type
         Hash   => 'H', # hash, formed from a comma-separated list
         hash   => 'h', # hash as above, but only if a value is given
         Array  => 'A', # array, similar to Hash
         array  => 'a', # array, similar to hash
         DSN    => 'd', # DSN
         size   => 'z', # size with kMG suffix (powers of 2^10)
         time   => 'm', # time, with an optional suffix of s/h/m/d
      },
   };

   return bless $self, $class;
}

sub get_specs {
   my ( $self, $file ) = @_;
   $file ||= $self->{file} || __FILE__;
   my @specs = $self->_pod_to_specs($file);
   $self->_parse_specs(@specs);

   open my $fh, "<", $file or die "Cannot open $file: $OS_ERROR";
   my $contents = do { local $/ = undef; <$fh> };
   close $fh;
   if ( $contents =~ m/^=head1 DSN OPTIONS/m ) {
      PTDEBUG && _d('Parsing DSN OPTIONS');
      my $dsn_attribs = {
         dsn  => 1,
         copy => 1,
      };
      my $parse_dsn_attribs = sub {
         my ( $self, $option, $attribs ) = @_;
         map {
            my $val = $attribs->{$_};
            if ( $val ) {
               $val    = $val eq 'yes' ? 1
                       : $val eq 'no'  ? 0
                       :                 $val;
               $attribs->{$_} = $val;
            }
         } keys %$attribs;
         return {
            key => $option,
            %$attribs,
         };
      };
      my $dsn_o = new OptionParser(
         description       => 'DSN OPTIONS',
         head1             => 'DSN OPTIONS',
         dsn               => 0,         # XXX don't infinitely recurse!
         item              => '\* (.)',  # key opts are a single character
         skip_rules        => 1,         # no rules before opts
         attributes        => $dsn_attribs,
         parse_attributes  => $parse_dsn_attribs,
      );
      my @dsn_opts = map {
         my $opts = {
            key  => $_->{spec}->{key},
            dsn  => $_->{spec}->{dsn},
            copy => $_->{spec}->{copy},
            desc => $_->{desc},
         };
         $opts;
      } $dsn_o->_pod_to_specs($file);
      $self->{DSNParser} = DSNParser->new(opts => \@dsn_opts);
   }

   if ( $contents =~ m/^=head1 VERSION\n\n^(.+)$/m ) {
      $self->{version} = $1;
      PTDEBUG && _d($self->{version});
   }

   return;
}

sub DSNParser {
   my ( $self ) = @_;
   return $self->{DSNParser};
};

sub get_defaults_files {
   my ( $self ) = @_;
   return @{$self->{default_files}};
}

sub _pod_to_specs {
   my ( $self, $file ) = @_;
   $file ||= $self->{file} || __FILE__;
   open my $fh, '<', $file or die "Cannot open $file: $OS_ERROR";

   my @specs = ();
   my @rules = ();
   my $para;

   local $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR = '';
   while ( $para = <$fh> ) {
      next unless $para =~ m/^=head1 $self->{head1}/;
      last;
   }

   while ( $para = <$fh> ) {
      last if $para =~ m/^=over/;
      next if $self->{skip_rules};
      chomp $para;
      $para =~ s/\s+/ /g;
      $para =~ s/$POD_link_re/$1/go;
      PTDEBUG && _d('Option rule:', $para);
      push @rules, $para;
   }

   die "POD has no $self->{head1} section" unless $para;

   do {
      if ( my ($option) = $para =~ m/^=item $self->{item}/ ) {
         chomp $para;
         PTDEBUG && _d($para);
         my %attribs;

         $para = <$fh>; # read next paragraph, possibly attributes

         if ( $para =~ m/: / ) { # attributes
            $para =~ s/\s+\Z//g;
            %attribs = map {
                  my ( $attrib, $val) = split(/: /, $_);
                  die "Unrecognized attribute for --$option: $attrib"
                     unless $self->{attributes}->{$attrib};
                  ($attrib, $val);
               } split(/; /, $para);
            if ( $attribs{'short form'} ) {
               $attribs{'short form'} =~ s/-//;
            }
            $para = <$fh>; # read next paragraph, probably short help desc
         }
         else {
            PTDEBUG && _d('Option has no attributes');
         }

         $para =~ s/\s+\Z//g;
         $para =~ s/\s+/ /g;
         $para =~ s/$POD_link_re/$1/go;

         $para =~ s/\.(?:\n.*| [A-Z].*|\Z)//s;
         PTDEBUG && _d('Short help:', $para);

         die "No description after option spec $option" if $para =~ m/^=item/;

         if ( my ($base_option) =  $option =~ m/^\[no\](.*)/ ) {
            $option = $base_option;
            $attribs{'negatable'} = 1;
         }

         push @specs, {
            spec  => $self->{parse_attributes}->($self, $option, \%attribs), 
            desc  => $para
               . (defined $attribs{default} ? " (default $attribs{default})" : ''),
            group => ($attribs{'group'} ? $attribs{'group'} : 'default'),
         };
      }
      while ( $para = <$fh> ) {
         last unless $para;
         if ( $para =~ m/^=head1/ ) {
            $para = undef; # Can't 'last' out of a do {} block.
            last;
         }
         last if $para =~ m/^=item /;
      }
   } while ( $para );

   die "No valid specs in $self->{head1}" unless @specs;

   close $fh;
   return @specs, @rules;
}

sub _parse_specs {
   my ( $self, @specs ) = @_;
   my %disables; # special rule that requires deferred checking

   foreach my $opt ( @specs ) {
      if ( ref $opt ) { # It's an option spec, not a rule.
         PTDEBUG && _d('Parsing opt spec:',
            map { ($_, '=>', $opt->{$_}) } keys %$opt);

         my ( $long, $short ) = $opt->{spec} =~ m/^([\w-]+)(?:\|([^!+=]*))?/;
         if ( !$long ) {
            die "Cannot parse long option from spec $opt->{spec}";
         }
         $opt->{long} = $long;

         die "Duplicate long option --$long" if exists $self->{opts}->{$long};
         $self->{opts}->{$long} = $opt;

         if ( length $long == 1 ) {
            PTDEBUG && _d('Long opt', $long, 'looks like short opt');
            $self->{short_opts}->{$long} = $long;
         }

         if ( $short ) {
            die "Duplicate short option -$short"
               if exists $self->{short_opts}->{$short};
            $self->{short_opts}->{$short} = $long;
            $opt->{short} = $short;
         }
         else {
            $opt->{short} = undef;
         }

         $opt->{is_negatable}  = $opt->{spec} =~ m/!/        ? 1 : 0;
         $opt->{is_cumulative} = $opt->{spec} =~ m/\+/       ? 1 : 0;
         $opt->{is_required}   = $opt->{desc} =~ m/required/ ? 1 : 0;

         $opt->{group} ||= 'default';
         $self->{groups}->{ $opt->{group} }->{$long} = 1;

         $opt->{value} = undef;
         $opt->{got}   = 0;

         my ( $type ) = $opt->{spec} =~ m/=(.)/;
         $opt->{type} = $type;
         PTDEBUG && _d($long, 'type:', $type);


         $opt->{spec} =~ s/=./=s/ if ( $type && $type =~ m/[HhAadzm]/ );

         if ( (my ($def) = $opt->{desc} =~ m/default\b(?: ([^)]+))?/) ) {
            $self->{defaults}->{$long} = defined $def ? $def : 1;
            PTDEBUG && _d($long, 'default:', $def);
         }

         if ( $long eq 'config' ) {
            $self->{defaults}->{$long} = join(',', $self->get_defaults_files());
         }

         if ( (my ($dis) = $opt->{desc} =~ m/(disables .*)/) ) {
            $disables{$long} = $dis;
            PTDEBUG && _d('Deferring check of disables rule for', $opt, $dis);
         }

         $self->{opts}->{$long} = $opt;
      }
      else { # It's an option rule, not a spec.
         PTDEBUG && _d('Parsing rule:', $opt); 
         push @{$self->{rules}}, $opt;
         my @participants = $self->_get_participants($opt);
         my $rule_ok = 0;

         if ( $opt =~ m/mutually exclusive|one and only one/ ) {
            $rule_ok = 1;
            push @{$self->{mutex}}, \@participants;
            PTDEBUG && _d(@participants, 'are mutually exclusive');
         }
         if ( $opt =~ m/at least one|one and only one/ ) {
            $rule_ok = 1;
            push @{$self->{atleast1}}, \@participants;
            PTDEBUG && _d(@participants, 'require at least one');
         }
         if ( $opt =~ m/default to/ ) {
            $rule_ok = 1;
            $self->{defaults_to}->{$participants[0]} = $participants[1];
            PTDEBUG && _d($participants[0], 'defaults to', $participants[1]);
         }
         if ( $opt =~ m/restricted to option groups/ ) {
            $rule_ok = 1;
            my ($groups) = $opt =~ m/groups ([\w\s\,]+)/;
            my @groups = split(',', $groups);
            %{$self->{allowed_groups}->{$participants[0]}} = map {
               s/\s+//;
               $_ => 1;
            } @groups;
         }
         if( $opt =~ m/accepts additional command-line arguments/ ) {
            $rule_ok = 1;
            $self->{strict} = 0;
            PTDEBUG && _d("Strict mode disabled by rule");
         }

         die "Unrecognized option rule: $opt" unless $rule_ok;
      }
   }

   foreach my $long ( keys %disables ) {
      my @participants = $self->_get_participants($disables{$long});
      $self->{disables}->{$long} = \@participants;
      PTDEBUG && _d('Option', $long, 'disables', @participants);
   }

   return; 
}

sub _get_participants {
   my ( $self, $str ) = @_;
   my @participants;
   foreach my $long ( $str =~ m/--(?:\[no\])?([\w-]+)/g ) {
      die "Option --$long does not exist while processing rule $str"
         unless exists $self->{opts}->{$long};
      push @participants, $long;
   }
   PTDEBUG && _d('Participants for', $str, ':', @participants);
   return @participants;
}

sub opts {
   my ( $self ) = @_;
   my %opts = %{$self->{opts}};
   return %opts;
}

sub short_opts {
   my ( $self ) = @_;
   my %short_opts = %{$self->{short_opts}};
   return %short_opts;
}

sub set_defaults {
   my ( $self, %defaults ) = @_;
   $self->{defaults} = {};
   foreach my $long ( keys %defaults ) {
      die "Cannot set default for nonexistent option $long"
         unless exists $self->{opts}->{$long};
      $self->{defaults}->{$long} = $defaults{$long};
      PTDEBUG && _d('Default val for', $long, ':', $defaults{$long});
   }
   return;
}

sub get_defaults {
   my ( $self ) = @_;
   return $self->{defaults};
}

sub get_groups {
   my ( $self ) = @_;
   return $self->{groups};
}

sub _set_option {
   my ( $self, $opt, $val ) = @_;
   my $long = exists $self->{opts}->{$opt}       ? $opt
            : exists $self->{short_opts}->{$opt} ? $self->{short_opts}->{$opt}
            : die "Getopt::Long gave a nonexistent option: $opt";

   $opt = $self->{opts}->{$long};
   if ( $opt->{is_cumulative} ) {
      $opt->{value}++;
   }
   else {
      $opt->{value} = $val;
   }
   $opt->{got} = 1;
   PTDEBUG && _d('Got option', $long, '=', $val);
}

sub get_opts {
   my ( $self ) = @_; 

   foreach my $long ( keys %{$self->{opts}} ) {
      $self->{opts}->{$long}->{got} = 0;
      $self->{opts}->{$long}->{value}
         = exists $self->{defaults}->{$long}       ? $self->{defaults}->{$long}
         : $self->{opts}->{$long}->{is_cumulative} ? 0
         : undef;
   }
   $self->{got_opts} = 0;

   $self->{errors} = [];

   if ( @ARGV && $ARGV[0] eq "--config" ) {
      shift @ARGV;
      $self->_set_option('config', shift @ARGV);
   }
   if ( $self->has('config') ) {
      my @extra_args;
      foreach my $filename ( split(',', $self->get('config')) ) {
         eval {
            push @extra_args, $self->_read_config_file($filename);
         };
         if ( $EVAL_ERROR ) {
            if ( $self->got('config') ) {
               die $EVAL_ERROR;
            }
            elsif ( PTDEBUG ) {
               _d($EVAL_ERROR);
            }
         }
      }
      unshift @ARGV, @extra_args;
   }

   Getopt::Long::Configure('no_ignore_case', 'bundling');
   GetOptions(
      map    { $_->{spec} => sub { $self->_set_option(@_); } }
      grep   { $_->{long} ne 'config' } # --config is handled specially above.
      values %{$self->{opts}}
   ) or $self->save_error('Error parsing options');

   if ( exists $self->{opts}->{version} && $self->{opts}->{version}->{got} ) {
      if ( $self->{version} ) {
         print $self->{version}, "\n";
      }
      else {
         print "Error parsing version.  See the VERSION section of the tool's documentation.\n";
      }
      exit 0;
   }

   if ( @ARGV && $self->{strict} ) {
      $self->save_error("Unrecognized command-line options @ARGV");
   }

   foreach my $mutex ( @{$self->{mutex}} ) {
      my @set = grep { $self->{opts}->{$_}->{got} } @$mutex;
      if ( @set > 1 ) {
         my $err = join(', ', map { "--$self->{opts}->{$_}->{long}" }
                      @{$mutex}[ 0 .. scalar(@$mutex) - 2] )
                 . ' and --'.$self->{opts}->{$mutex->[-1]}->{long}
                 . ' are mutually exclusive.';
         $self->save_error($err);
      }
   }

   foreach my $required ( @{$self->{atleast1}} ) {
      my @set = grep { $self->{opts}->{$_}->{got} } @$required;
      if ( @set == 0 ) {
         my $err = join(', ', map { "--$self->{opts}->{$_}->{long}" }
                      @{$required}[ 0 .. scalar(@$required) - 2] )
                 .' or --'.$self->{opts}->{$required->[-1]}->{long};
         $self->save_error("Specify at least one of $err");
      }
   }

   $self->_check_opts( keys %{$self->{opts}} );
   $self->{got_opts} = 1;
   return;
}

sub _check_opts {
   my ( $self, @long ) = @_;
   my $long_last = scalar @long;
   while ( @long ) {
      foreach my $i ( 0..$#long ) {
         my $long = $long[$i];
         next unless $long;
         my $opt  = $self->{opts}->{$long};
         if ( $opt->{got} ) {
            if ( exists $self->{disables}->{$long} ) {
               my @disable_opts = @{$self->{disables}->{$long}};
               map { $self->{opts}->{$_}->{value} = undef; } @disable_opts;
               PTDEBUG && _d('Unset options', @disable_opts,
                  'because', $long,'disables them');
            }

            if ( exists $self->{allowed_groups}->{$long} ) {

               my @restricted_groups = grep {
                  !exists $self->{allowed_groups}->{$long}->{$_}
               } keys %{$self->{groups}};

               my @restricted_opts;
               foreach my $restricted_group ( @restricted_groups ) {
                  RESTRICTED_OPT:
                  foreach my $restricted_opt (
                     keys %{$self->{groups}->{$restricted_group}} )
                  {
                     next RESTRICTED_OPT if $restricted_opt eq $long;
                     push @restricted_opts, $restricted_opt
                        if $self->{opts}->{$restricted_opt}->{got};
                  }
               }

               if ( @restricted_opts ) {
                  my $err;
                  if ( @restricted_opts == 1 ) {
                     $err = "--$restricted_opts[0]";
                  }
                  else {
                     $err = join(', ',
                               map { "--$self->{opts}->{$_}->{long}" }
                               grep { $_ } 
                               @restricted_opts[0..scalar(@restricted_opts) - 2]
                            )
                          . ' or --'.$self->{opts}->{$restricted_opts[-1]}->{long};
                  }
                  $self->save_error("--$long is not allowed with $err");
               }
            }

         }
         elsif ( $opt->{is_required} ) { 
            $self->save_error("Required option --$long must be specified");
         }

         $self->_validate_type($opt);
         if ( $opt->{parsed} ) {
            delete $long[$i];
         }
         else {
            PTDEBUG && _d('Temporarily failed to parse', $long);
         }
      }

      die "Failed to parse options, possibly due to circular dependencies"
         if @long == $long_last;
      $long_last = @long;
   }

   return;
}

sub _validate_type {
   my ( $self, $opt ) = @_;
   return unless $opt;

   if ( !$opt->{type} ) {
      $opt->{parsed} = 1;
      return;
   }

   my $val = $opt->{value};

   if ( $val && $opt->{type} eq 'm' ) {  # type time
      PTDEBUG && _d('Parsing option', $opt->{long}, 'as a time value');
      my ( $prefix, $num, $suffix ) = $val =~ m/([+-]?)(\d+)([a-z])?$/;
      if ( !$suffix ) {
         my ( $s ) = $opt->{desc} =~ m/\(suffix (.)\)/;
         $suffix = $s || 's';
         PTDEBUG && _d('No suffix given; using', $suffix, 'for',
            $opt->{long}, '(value:', $val, ')');
      }
      if ( $suffix =~ m/[smhd]/ ) {
         $val = $suffix eq 's' ? $num            # Seconds
              : $suffix eq 'm' ? $num * 60       # Minutes
              : $suffix eq 'h' ? $num * 3600     # Hours
              :                  $num * 86400;   # Days
         $opt->{value} = ($prefix || '') . $val;
         PTDEBUG && _d('Setting option', $opt->{long}, 'to', $val);
      }
      else {
         $self->save_error("Invalid time suffix for --$opt->{long}");
      }
   }
   elsif ( $val && $opt->{type} eq 'd' ) {  # type DSN
      PTDEBUG && _d('Parsing option', $opt->{long}, 'as a DSN');
      my $prev = {};
      my $from_key = $self->{defaults_to}->{ $opt->{long} };
      if ( $from_key ) {
         PTDEBUG && _d($opt->{long}, 'DSN copies from', $from_key, 'DSN');
         if ( $self->{opts}->{$from_key}->{parsed} ) {
            $prev = $self->{opts}->{$from_key}->{value};
         }
         else {
            PTDEBUG && _d('Cannot parse', $opt->{long}, 'until',
               $from_key, 'parsed');
            return;
         }
      }
      my $defaults = $self->{DSNParser}->parse_options($self);
      $opt->{value} = $self->{DSNParser}->parse($val, $prev, $defaults);
   }
   elsif ( $val && $opt->{type} eq 'z' ) {  # type size
      PTDEBUG && _d('Parsing option', $opt->{long}, 'as a size value');
      $self->_parse_size($opt, $val);
   }
   elsif ( $opt->{type} eq 'H' || (defined $val && $opt->{type} eq 'h') ) {
      $opt->{value} = { map { $_ => 1 } split(/(?<!\\),\s*/, ($val || '')) };
   }
   elsif ( $opt->{type} eq 'A' || (defined $val && $opt->{type} eq 'a') ) {
      $opt->{value} = [ split(/(?<!\\),\s*/, ($val || '')) ];
   }
   else {
      PTDEBUG && _d('Nothing to validate for option',
         $opt->{long}, 'type', $opt->{type}, 'value', $val);
   }

   $opt->{parsed} = 1;
   return;
}

sub get {
   my ( $self, $opt ) = @_;
   my $long = (length $opt == 1 ? $self->{short_opts}->{$opt} : $opt);
   die "Option $opt does not exist"
      unless $long && exists $self->{opts}->{$long};
   return $self->{opts}->{$long}->{value};
}

sub got {
   my ( $self, $opt ) = @_;
   my $long = (length $opt == 1 ? $self->{short_opts}->{$opt} : $opt);
   die "Option $opt does not exist"
      unless $long && exists $self->{opts}->{$long};
   return $self->{opts}->{$long}->{got};
}

sub has {
   my ( $self, $opt ) = @_;
   my $long = (length $opt == 1 ? $self->{short_opts}->{$opt} : $opt);
   return defined $long ? exists $self->{opts}->{$long} : 0;
}

sub set {
   my ( $self, $opt, $val ) = @_;
   my $long = (length $opt == 1 ? $self->{short_opts}->{$opt} : $opt);
   die "Option $opt does not exist"
      unless $long && exists $self->{opts}->{$long};
   $self->{opts}->{$long}->{value} = $val;
   return;
}

sub save_error {
   my ( $self, $error ) = @_;
   push @{$self->{errors}}, $error;
   return;
}

sub errors {
   my ( $self ) = @_;
   return $self->{errors};
}

sub usage {
   my ( $self ) = @_;
   warn "No usage string is set" unless $self->{usage}; # XXX
   return "Usage: " . ($self->{usage} || '') . "\n";
}

sub descr {
   my ( $self ) = @_;
   warn "No description string is set" unless $self->{description}; # XXX
   my $descr  = ($self->{description} || $self->{program_name} || '')
              . "  For more details, please use the --help option, "
              . "or try 'perldoc $PROGRAM_NAME' "
              . "for complete documentation.";
   $descr = join("\n", $descr =~ m/(.{0,80})(?:\s+|$)/g)
      unless $ENV{DONT_BREAK_LINES};
   $descr =~ s/ +$//mg;
   return $descr;
}

sub usage_or_errors {
   my ( $self, $file, $return ) = @_;
   $file ||= $self->{file} || __FILE__;

   if ( !$self->{description} || !$self->{usage} ) {
      PTDEBUG && _d("Getting description and usage from SYNOPSIS in", $file);
      my %synop = $self->_parse_synopsis($file);
      $self->{description} ||= $synop{description};
      $self->{usage}       ||= $synop{usage};
      PTDEBUG && _d("Description:", $self->{description},
         "\nUsage:", $self->{usage});
   }

   if ( $self->{opts}->{help}->{got} ) {
      print $self->print_usage() or die "Cannot print usage: $OS_ERROR";
      exit 0 unless $return;
   }
   elsif ( scalar @{$self->{errors}} ) {
      print $self->print_errors() or die "Cannot print errors: $OS_ERROR";
      exit 0 unless $return;
   }

   return;
}

sub print_errors {
   my ( $self ) = @_;
   my $usage = $self->usage() . "\n";
   if ( (my @errors = @{$self->{errors}}) ) {
      $usage .= join("\n  * ", 'Errors in command-line arguments:', @errors)
              . "\n";
   }
   return $usage . "\n" . $self->descr();
}

sub print_usage {
   my ( $self ) = @_;
   die "Run get_opts() before print_usage()" unless $self->{got_opts};
   my @opts = values %{$self->{opts}};

   my $maxl = max(
      map {
         length($_->{long})               # option long name
         + ($_->{is_negatable} ? 4 : 0)   # "[no]" if opt is negatable
         + ($_->{type} ? 2 : 0)           # "=x" where x is the opt type
      }
      @opts);

   my $maxs = max(0,
      map {
         length($_)
         + ($self->{opts}->{$_}->{is_negatable} ? 4 : 0)
         + ($self->{opts}->{$_}->{type} ? 2 : 0)
      }
      values %{$self->{short_opts}});

   my $lcol = max($maxl, ($maxs + 3));
   my $rcol = 80 - $lcol - 6;
   my $rpad = ' ' x ( 80 - $rcol );

   $maxs = max($lcol - 3, $maxs);

   my $usage = $self->descr() . "\n" . $self->usage();

   my @groups = reverse sort grep { $_ ne 'default'; } keys %{$self->{groups}};
   push @groups, 'default';

   foreach my $group ( reverse @groups ) {
      $usage .= "\n".($group eq 'default' ? 'Options' : $group).":\n\n";
      foreach my $opt (
         sort { $a->{long} cmp $b->{long} }
         grep { $_->{group} eq $group }
         @opts )
      {
         my $long  = $opt->{is_negatable} ? "[no]$opt->{long}" : $opt->{long};
         my $short = $opt->{short};
         my $desc  = $opt->{desc};

         $long .= $opt->{type} ? "=$opt->{type}" : "";

         if ( $opt->{type} && $opt->{type} eq 'm' ) {
            my ($s) = $desc =~ m/\(suffix (.)\)/;
            $s    ||= 's';
            $desc =~ s/\s+\(suffix .\)//;
            $desc .= ".  Optional suffix s=seconds, m=minutes, h=hours, "
                   . "d=days; if no suffix, $s is used.";
         }
         $desc = join("\n$rpad", grep { $_ } $desc =~ m/(.{0,$rcol})(?:\s+|$)/g);
         $desc =~ s/ +$//mg;
         if ( $short ) {
            $usage .= sprintf("  --%-${maxs}s -%s  %s\n", $long, $short, $desc);
         }
         else {
            $usage .= sprintf("  --%-${lcol}s  %s\n", $long, $desc);
         }
      }
   }

   $usage .= "\nOption types: s=string, i=integer, f=float, h/H/a/A=comma-separated list, d=DSN, z=size, m=time\n";

   if ( (my @rules = @{$self->{rules}}) ) {
      $usage .= "\nRules:\n\n";
      $usage .= join("\n", map { "  $_" } @rules) . "\n";
   }
   if ( $self->{DSNParser} ) {
      $usage .= "\n" . $self->{DSNParser}->usage();
   }
   $usage .= "\nOptions and values after processing arguments:\n\n";
   foreach my $opt ( sort { $a->{long} cmp $b->{long} } @opts ) {
      my $val   = $opt->{value};
      my $type  = $opt->{type} || '';
      my $bool  = $opt->{spec} =~ m/^[\w-]+(?:\|[\w-])?!?$/;
      $val      = $bool              ? ( $val ? 'TRUE' : 'FALSE' )
                : !defined $val      ? '(No value)'
                : $type eq 'd'       ? $self->{DSNParser}->as_string($val)
                : $type =~ m/H|h/    ? join(',', sort keys %$val)
                : $type =~ m/A|a/    ? join(',', @$val)
                :                    $val;
      $usage .= sprintf("  --%-${lcol}s  %s\n", $opt->{long}, $val);
   }
   return $usage;
}

sub prompt_noecho {
   shift @_ if ref $_[0] eq __PACKAGE__;
   my ( $prompt ) = @_;
   local $OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH = 1;
   print $prompt
      or die "Cannot print: $OS_ERROR";
   my $response;
   eval {
      require Term::ReadKey;
      Term::ReadKey::ReadMode('noecho');
      chomp($response = <STDIN>);
      Term::ReadKey::ReadMode('normal');
      print "\n"
         or die "Cannot print: $OS_ERROR";
   };
   if ( $EVAL_ERROR ) {
      die "Cannot read response; is Term::ReadKey installed? $EVAL_ERROR";
   }
   return $response;
}

sub _read_config_file {
   my ( $self, $filename ) = @_;
   open my $fh, "<", $filename or die "Cannot open $filename: $OS_ERROR\n";
   my @args;
   my $prefix = '--';
   my $parse  = 1;

   LINE:
   while ( my $line = <$fh> ) {
      chomp $line;
      next LINE if $line =~ m/^\s*(?:\#|\;|$)/;
      $line =~ s/\s+#.*$//g;
      $line =~ s/^\s+|\s+$//g;
      if ( $line eq '--' ) {
         $prefix = '';
         $parse  = 0;
         next LINE;
      }
      if ( $parse
         && (my($opt, $arg) = $line =~ m/^\s*([^=\s]+?)(?:\s*=\s*(.*?)\s*)?$/)
      ) {
         push @args, grep { defined $_ } ("$prefix$opt", $arg);
      }
      elsif ( $line =~ m/./ ) {
         push @args, $line;
      }
      else {
         die "Syntax error in file $filename at line $INPUT_LINE_NUMBER";
      }
   }
   close $fh;
   return @args;
}

sub read_para_after {
   my ( $self, $file, $regex ) = @_;
   open my $fh, "<", $file or die "Can't open $file: $OS_ERROR";
   local $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR = '';
   my $para;
   while ( $para = <$fh> ) {
      next unless $para =~ m/^=pod$/m;
      last;
   }
   while ( $para = <$fh> ) {
      next unless $para =~ m/$regex/;
      last;
   }
   $para = <$fh>;
   chomp($para);
   close $fh or die "Can't close $file: $OS_ERROR";
   return $para;
}

sub clone {
   my ( $self ) = @_;

   my %clone = map {
      my $hashref  = $self->{$_};
      my $val_copy = {};
      foreach my $key ( keys %$hashref ) {
         my $ref = ref $hashref->{$key};
         $val_copy->{$key} = !$ref           ? $hashref->{$key}
                           : $ref eq 'HASH'  ? { %{$hashref->{$key}} }
                           : $ref eq 'ARRAY' ? [ @{$hashref->{$key}} ]
                           : $hashref->{$key};
      }
      $_ => $val_copy;
   } qw(opts short_opts defaults);

   foreach my $scalar ( qw(got_opts) ) {
      $clone{$scalar} = $self->{$scalar};
   }

   return bless \%clone;     
}

sub _parse_size {
   my ( $self, $opt, $val ) = @_;

   if ( lc($val || '') eq 'null' ) {
      PTDEBUG && _d('NULL size for', $opt->{long});
      $opt->{value} = 'null';
      return;
   }

   my %factor_for = (k => 1_024, M => 1_048_576, G => 1_073_741_824);
   my ($pre, $num, $factor) = $val =~ m/^([+-])?(\d+)([kMG])?$/;
   if ( defined $num ) {
      if ( $factor ) {
         $num *= $factor_for{$factor};
         PTDEBUG && _d('Setting option', $opt->{y},
            'to num', $num, '* factor', $factor);
      }
      $opt->{value} = ($pre || '') . $num;
   }
   else {
      $self->save_error("Invalid size for --$opt->{long}");
   }
   return;
}

sub _parse_attribs {
   my ( $self, $option, $attribs ) = @_;
   my $types = $self->{types};
   return $option
      . ($attribs->{'short form'} ? '|' . $attribs->{'short form'}   : '' )
      . ($attribs->{'negatable'}  ? '!'                              : '' )
      . ($attribs->{'cumulative'} ? '+'                              : '' )
      . ($attribs->{'type'}       ? '=' . $types->{$attribs->{type}} : '' );
}

sub _parse_synopsis {
   my ( $self, $file ) = @_;
   $file ||= $self->{file} || __FILE__;
   PTDEBUG && _d("Parsing SYNOPSIS in", $file);

   local $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR = '';  # read paragraphs
   open my $fh, "<", $file or die "Cannot open $file: $OS_ERROR";
   my $para;
   1 while defined($para = <$fh>) && $para !~ m/^=head1 SYNOPSIS/;
   die "$file does not contain a SYNOPSIS section" unless $para;
   my @synop;
   for ( 1..2 ) {  # 1 for the usage, 2 for the description
      my $para = <$fh>;
      push @synop, $para;
   }
   close $fh;
   PTDEBUG && _d("Raw SYNOPSIS text:", @synop);
   my ($usage, $desc) = @synop;
   die "The SYNOPSIS section in $file is not formatted properly"
      unless $usage && $desc;

   $usage =~ s/^\s*Usage:\s+(.+)/$1/;
   chomp $usage;

   $desc =~ s/\n/ /g;
   $desc =~ s/\s{2,}/ /g;
   $desc =~ s/\. ([A-Z][a-z])/.  $1/g;
   $desc =~ s/\s+$//;

   return (
      description => $desc,
      usage       => $usage,
   );
};

sub _d {
   my ($package, undef, $line) = caller 0;
   @_ = map { (my $temp = $_) =~ s/\n/\n# /g; $temp; }
        map { defined $_ ? $_ : 'undef' }
        @_;
   print STDERR "# $package:$line $PID ", join(' ', @_), "\n";
}

if ( PTDEBUG ) {
   print '# ', $^X, ' ', $], "\n";
   if ( my $uname = `uname -a` ) {
      $uname =~ s/\s+/ /g;
      print "# $uname\n";
   }
   print '# Arguments: ',
      join(' ', map { my $a = "_[$_]_"; $a =~ s/\n/\n# /g; $a; } @ARGV), "\n";
}

1;
}
# ###########################################################################
# End OptionParser package
# ###########################################################################

# ###########################################################################
# KeySize package
# This package is a copy without comments from the original.  The original
# with comments and its test file can be found in the Bazaar repository at,
#   lib/KeySize.pm
#   t/lib/KeySize.t
# See https://launchpad.net/percona-toolkit for more information.
# ###########################################################################
{
package KeySize;

use strict;
use warnings FATAL => 'all';
use English qw(-no_match_vars);
use constant PTDEBUG => $ENV{PTDEBUG} || 0;

sub new {
   my ( $class, %args ) = @_;
   my $self = { %args };
   return bless $self, $class;
}

sub get_key_size {
   my ( $self, %args ) = @_;
   foreach my $arg ( qw(name cols tbl_name tbl_struct dbh) ) {
      die "I need a $arg argument" unless $args{$arg};
   }
   my $name = $args{name};
   my @cols = @{$args{cols}};
   my $dbh  = $args{dbh};

   $self->{explain} = '';
   $self->{query}   = '';
   $self->{error}   = '';

   if ( @cols == 0 ) {
      $self->{error} = "No columns for key $name";
      return;
   }

   my $key_exists = $self->_key_exists(%args);
   PTDEBUG && _d('Key', $name, 'exists in', $args{tbl_name}, ':',
      $key_exists ? 'yes': 'no');

   my $sql = 'EXPLAIN SELECT ' . join(', ', @cols)
           . ' FROM ' . $args{tbl_name}
           . ($key_exists ? " FORCE INDEX (`$name`)" : '')
           . ' WHERE ';
   my @where_cols;
   foreach my $col ( @cols ) {
      push @where_cols, "$col=1";
   }
   if ( scalar @cols == 1 ) {
      push @where_cols, "$cols[0]<>1";
   }
   $sql .= join(' OR ', @where_cols);
   $self->{query} = $sql;
   PTDEBUG && _d('sql:', $sql);

   my $explain;
   my $sth = $dbh->prepare($sql);
   eval { $sth->execute(); };
   if ( $EVAL_ERROR ) {
      chomp $EVAL_ERROR;
      $self->{error} = "Cannot get size of $name key: $EVAL_ERROR";
      return;
   }
   $explain = $sth->fetchrow_hashref();

   $self->{explain} = $explain;
   my $key_len      = $explain->{key_len};
   my $rows         = $explain->{rows};
   my $chosen_key   = $explain->{key};  # May differ from $name
   PTDEBUG && _d('MySQL chose key:', $chosen_key, 'len:', $key_len,
      'rows:', $rows);

   my $key_size = 0;
   if ( $key_len && $rows ) {
      if ( $chosen_key =~ m/,/ && $key_len =~ m/,/ ) {
         $self->{error} = "MySQL chose multiple keys: $chosen_key";
         return;
      }
      $key_size = $key_len * $rows;
   }
   else {
      $self->{error} = "key_len or rows NULL in EXPLAIN:\n"
                     . _explain_to_text($explain);
      return;
   }

   return $key_size, $chosen_key;
}

sub query {
   my ( $self ) = @_;
   return $self->{query};
}

sub explain {
   my ( $self ) = @_;
   return _explain_to_text($self->{explain});
}

sub error {
   my ( $self ) = @_;
   return $self->{error};
}

sub _key_exists {
   my ( $self, %args ) = @_;
   return exists $args{tbl_struct}->{keys}->{ lc $args{name} } ? 1 : 0;
}

sub _explain_to_text {
   my ( $explain ) = @_;
   return join("\n",
      map { "$_: ".($explain->{$_} ? $explain->{$_} : 'NULL') }
      sort keys %$explain
   );
}

sub _d {
   my ($package, undef, $line) = caller 0;
   @_ = map { (my $temp = $_) =~ s/\n/\n# /g; $temp; }
        map { defined $_ ? $_ : 'undef' }
        @_;
   print STDERR "# $package:$line $PID ", join(' ', @_), "\n";
}

1;
}
# ###########################################################################
# End KeySize package
# ###########################################################################

# ###########################################################################
# DuplicateKeyFinder package
# This package is a copy without comments from the original.  The original
# with comments and its test file can be found in the Bazaar repository at,
#   lib/DuplicateKeyFinder.pm
#   t/lib/DuplicateKeyFinder.t
# See https://launchpad.net/percona-toolkit for more information.
# ###########################################################################
{
package DuplicateKeyFinder;

use strict;
use warnings FATAL => 'all';
use English qw(-no_match_vars);
use constant PTDEBUG => $ENV{PTDEBUG} || 0;

sub new {
   my ( $class, %args ) = @_;
   my $self = {};
   return bless $self, $class;
}

sub get_duplicate_keys {
   my ( $self, $keys,  %args ) = @_;
   die "I need a keys argument" unless $keys;
   my %keys = %$keys;  # Copy keys because we remove non-duplicates.
   my $primary_key;
   my @unique_keys;
   my @normal_keys;
   my @fulltext_keys;
   my @dupes;

   KEY:
   foreach my $key ( values %keys ) {
      $key->{real_cols} = [ @{$key->{cols}} ];

      $key->{len_cols}  = length $key->{colnames};

      if ( $key->{name} eq 'PRIMARY'
           || ($args{clustered_key} && $key->{name} eq $args{clustered_key}) ) {
         $primary_key = $key;
         PTDEBUG && _d('primary key:', $key->{name});
         next KEY;
      }

      my $is_fulltext = $key->{type} eq 'FULLTEXT' ? 1 : 0;
      if ( $args{ignore_order} || $is_fulltext  ) {
         my $ordered_cols = join(',', sort(split(/,/, $key->{colnames})));
         PTDEBUG && _d('Reordered', $key->{name}, 'cols from',
            $key->{colnames}, 'to', $ordered_cols); 
         $key->{colnames} = $ordered_cols;
      }

      my $push_to = $key->{is_unique} ? \@unique_keys : \@normal_keys;
      if ( !$args{ignore_structure} ) {
         $push_to = \@fulltext_keys if $is_fulltext;
      }
      push @$push_to, $key; 
   }

   push @normal_keys, $self->unconstrain_keys($primary_key, \@unique_keys);

   if ( $primary_key ) {
      PTDEBUG && _d('Comparing PRIMARY KEY to UNIQUE keys');
      push @dupes,
         $self->remove_prefix_duplicates([$primary_key], \@unique_keys, %args);

      PTDEBUG && _d('Comparing PRIMARY KEY to normal keys');
      push @dupes,
         $self->remove_prefix_duplicates([$primary_key], \@normal_keys, %args);
   }

   PTDEBUG && _d('Comparing UNIQUE keys to normal keys');
   push @dupes,
      $self->remove_prefix_duplicates(\@unique_keys, \@normal_keys, %args);

   PTDEBUG && _d('Comparing normal keys');
   push @dupes,
      $self->remove_prefix_duplicates(\@normal_keys, \@normal_keys, %args);

   PTDEBUG && _d('Comparing FULLTEXT keys');
   push @dupes,
      $self->remove_prefix_duplicates(\@fulltext_keys, \@fulltext_keys, %args, exact_duplicates => 1);


   my $clustered_key = $args{clustered_key} ? $keys{$args{clustered_key}}
                     : undef;
   PTDEBUG && _d('clustered key:', $clustered_key->{name},
      $clustered_key->{colnames});
   if ( $clustered_key
        && $args{clustered}
        && $args{tbl_info}->{engine}
        && $args{tbl_info}->{engine} =~ m/InnoDB/i )
   {
      PTDEBUG && _d('Removing UNIQUE dupes of clustered key');
      push @dupes,
         $self->remove_clustered_duplicates($clustered_key, \@unique_keys, %args);

      PTDEBUG && _d('Removing ordinary dupes of clustered key');
      push @dupes,
         $self->remove_clustered_duplicates($clustered_key, \@normal_keys, %args);
   }

   return \@dupes;
}

sub get_duplicate_fks {
   my ( $self, $fks, %args ) = @_;
   die "I need a fks argument" unless $fks;
   my @fks = values %$fks;
   my @dupes;

   foreach my $i ( 0..$#fks - 1 ) {
      next unless $fks[$i];
      foreach my $j ( $i+1..$#fks ) {
         next unless $fks[$j];

         my $i_cols  = join(',', sort @{$fks[$i]->{cols}} );
         my $j_cols  = join(',', sort @{$fks[$j]->{cols}} );
         my $i_pcols = join(',', sort @{$fks[$i]->{parent_cols}} );
         my $j_pcols = join(',', sort @{$fks[$j]->{parent_cols}} );

         if ( $fks[$i]->{parent_tblname} eq $fks[$j]->{parent_tblname}
              && $i_cols  eq $j_cols
              && $i_pcols eq $j_pcols ) {
            my $dupe = {
               key               => $fks[$j]->{name},
               cols              => [ @{$fks[$j]->{cols}} ],
               ddl               => $fks[$j]->{ddl},
               duplicate_of      => $fks[$i]->{name},
               duplicate_of_cols => [ @{$fks[$i]->{cols}} ],
               duplicate_of_ddl  => $fks[$i]->{ddl},
               reason            =>
                    "FOREIGN KEY $fks[$j]->{name} ($fks[$j]->{colnames}) "
                  . "REFERENCES $fks[$j]->{parent_tblname} "
                  . "($fks[$j]->{parent_colnames}) "
                  . 'is a duplicate of '
                  . "FOREIGN KEY $fks[$i]->{name} ($fks[$i]->{colnames}) "
                  . "REFERENCES $fks[$i]->{parent_tblname} "
                  ."($fks[$i]->{parent_colnames})",
               dupe_type         => 'fk',
            };
            push @dupes, $dupe;
            delete $fks[$j];
            $args{callback}->($dupe, %args) if $args{callback};
         }
      }
   }
   return \@dupes;
}

sub remove_prefix_duplicates {
   my ( $self, $left_keys, $right_keys, %args ) = @_;
   my @dupes;
   my $right_offset;
   my $last_left_key;
   my $last_right_key = scalar(@$right_keys) - 1;


   if ( $right_keys != $left_keys ) {

      @$left_keys = sort { lc($a->{colnames}) cmp lc($b->{colnames}) }
                    grep { defined $_; }
                    @$left_keys;
      @$right_keys = sort { lc($a->{colnames}) cmp lc($b->{colnames}) }
                     grep { defined $_; }
                    @$right_keys;

      $last_left_key = scalar(@$left_keys) - 1;

      $right_offset = 0;
   }
   else {

      @$left_keys = reverse sort { lc($a->{colnames}) cmp lc($b->{colnames}) }
                    grep { defined $_; }
                    @$left_keys;
      
      $last_left_key = scalar(@$left_keys) - 2;

      $right_offset = 1;
   }

   LEFT_KEY:
   foreach my $left_index ( 0..$last_left_key ) {
      next LEFT_KEY unless defined $left_keys->[$left_index];

      RIGHT_KEY:
      foreach my $right_index ( $left_index+$right_offset..$last_right_key ) {
         next RIGHT_KEY unless defined $right_keys->[$right_index];

         my $left_name      = $left_keys->[$left_index]->{name};
         my $left_cols      = $left_keys->[$left_index]->{colnames};
         my $left_len_cols  = $left_keys->[$left_index]->{len_cols};
         my $right_name     = $right_keys->[$right_index]->{name};
         my $right_cols     = $right_keys->[$right_index]->{colnames};
         my $right_len_cols = $right_keys->[$right_index]->{len_cols};

         PTDEBUG && _d('Comparing left', $left_name, '(',$left_cols,')',
            'to right', $right_name, '(',$right_cols,')');

         if (    substr($left_cols,  0, $right_len_cols)
              eq substr($right_cols, 0, $right_len_cols) ) {

            if ( $args{exact_duplicates} && ($right_len_cols<$left_len_cols) ) {
               PTDEBUG && _d($right_name, 'not exact duplicate of', $left_name);
               next RIGHT_KEY;
            }

            if ( exists $right_keys->[$right_index]->{unique_col} ) {
               PTDEBUG && _d('Cannot remove', $right_name,
                  'because is constrains col',
                  $right_keys->[$right_index]->{cols}->[0]);
               next RIGHT_KEY;
            }

            PTDEBUG && _d('Remove', $right_name);
            my $reason;
            if ( $right_keys->[$right_index]->{unconstrained} ) {
               $reason .= "Uniqueness of $right_name ignored because "
                  . $right_keys->[$right_index]->{constraining_key}->{name}
                  . " is a stronger constraint\n"; 
            }
            my $exact_dupe = $right_len_cols < $left_len_cols ? 0 : 1;
            $reason .= $right_name
                     . ($exact_dupe ? ' is a duplicate of '
                                    : ' is a left-prefix of ')
                     . $left_name;
            my $dupe = {
               key               => $right_name,
               cols              => $right_keys->[$right_index]->{real_cols},
               ddl               => $right_keys->[$right_index]->{ddl},
               duplicate_of      => $left_name,
               duplicate_of_cols => $left_keys->[$left_index]->{real_cols},
               duplicate_of_ddl  => $left_keys->[$left_index]->{ddl},
               reason            => $reason,
               dupe_type         => $exact_dupe ? 'exact' : 'prefix',
            };
            push @dupes, $dupe;
            delete $right_keys->[$right_index];

            $args{callback}->($dupe, %args) if $args{callback};
         }
         else {
            PTDEBUG && _d($right_name, 'not left-prefix of', $left_name);
            next LEFT_KEY;
         }
      } # RIGHT_KEY
   } # LEFT_KEY
   PTDEBUG && _d('No more keys');

   @$left_keys  = grep { defined $_; } @$left_keys;
   @$right_keys = grep { defined $_; } @$right_keys;

   return @dupes;
}

sub remove_clustered_duplicates {
   my ( $self, $ck, $keys, %args ) = @_;
   die "I need a ck argument"   unless $ck;
   die "I need a keys argument" unless $keys;
   my $ck_cols = $ck->{colnames};

   my @dupes;
   KEY:
   for my $i ( 0 .. @$keys - 1 ) {
      my $key = $keys->[$i]->{colnames};
      if ( $key =~ m/$ck_cols$/ ) {
         PTDEBUG && _d("clustered key dupe:", $keys->[$i]->{name},
            $keys->[$i]->{colnames});
         my $dupe = {
            key               => $keys->[$i]->{name},
            cols              => $keys->[$i]->{real_cols},
            ddl               => $keys->[$i]->{ddl},
            duplicate_of      => $ck->{name},
            duplicate_of_cols => $ck->{real_cols},
            duplicate_of_ddl  => $ck->{ddl},
            reason            => "Key $keys->[$i]->{name} ends with a "
                               . "prefix of the clustered index",
            dupe_type         => 'clustered',
            short_key         => $self->shorten_clustered_duplicate(
                                    $ck_cols,
                                    join(',', map { "`$_`" }
                                       @{$keys->[$i]->{real_cols}})
                                 ),
         };
         push @dupes, $dupe;
         delete $keys->[$i];
         $args{callback}->($dupe, %args) if $args{callback};
      }
   }
   PTDEBUG && _d('No more keys');

   @$keys = grep { defined $_; } @$keys;

   return @dupes;
}

sub shorten_clustered_duplicate {
   my ( $self, $ck_cols, $dupe_key_cols ) = @_;
   return $ck_cols if $ck_cols eq $dupe_key_cols;
   $dupe_key_cols =~ s/$ck_cols$//;
   $dupe_key_cols =~ s/,+$//;
   return $dupe_key_cols;
}

sub unconstrain_keys {
   my ( $self, $primary_key, $unique_keys ) = @_;
   die "I need a unique_keys argument" unless $unique_keys;
   my %unique_cols;
   my @unique_sets;
   my %unconstrain;
   my @unconstrained_keys;

   PTDEBUG && _d('Unconstraining redundantly unique keys');

   UNIQUE_KEY:
   foreach my $unique_key ( $primary_key, @$unique_keys ) {
      next unless $unique_key; # primary key may be undefined
      my $cols = $unique_key->{cols};
      if ( @$cols == 1 ) {
         PTDEBUG && _d($unique_key->{name},'defines unique column:',$cols->[0]);
         if ( !exists $unique_cols{$cols->[0]} ) {
            $unique_cols{$cols->[0]}  = $unique_key;
            $unique_key->{unique_col} = 1;
         }
      }
      else {
         local $LIST_SEPARATOR = '-';
         PTDEBUG && _d($unique_key->{name}, 'defines unique set:', @$cols);
         push @unique_sets, { cols => $cols, key => $unique_key };
      }
   }

   UNIQUE_SET:
   foreach my $unique_set ( @unique_sets ) {
      my $n_unique_cols = 0;
      COL:
      foreach my $col ( @{$unique_set->{cols}} ) {
         if ( exists $unique_cols{$col} ) {
            PTDEBUG && _d('Unique set', $unique_set->{key}->{name},
               'has unique col', $col);
            last COL if ++$n_unique_cols > 1;
            $unique_set->{constraining_key} = $unique_cols{$col};
         }
      }
      if ( $n_unique_cols && $unique_set->{key}->{name} ne 'PRIMARY' ) {
         PTDEBUG && _d('Will unconstrain unique set',
            $unique_set->{key}->{name},
            'because it is redundantly constrained by key',
            $unique_set->{constraining_key}->{name},
            '(',$unique_set->{constraining_key}->{colnames},')');
         $unconstrain{$unique_set->{key}->{name}}
            = $unique_set->{constraining_key};
      }
   }

   for my $i ( 0..(scalar @$unique_keys-1) ) {
      if ( exists $unconstrain{$unique_keys->[$i]->{name}} ) {
         PTDEBUG && _d('Unconstraining', $unique_keys->[$i]->{name});
         $unique_keys->[$i]->{unconstrained} = 1;
         $unique_keys->[$i]->{constraining_key}
            = $unconstrain{$unique_keys->[$i]->{name}};
         push @unconstrained_keys, $unique_keys->[$i];
         delete $unique_keys->[$i];
      }
   }

   PTDEBUG && _d('No more keys');
   return @unconstrained_keys;
}

sub _d {
   my ($package, undef, $line) = caller 0;
   @_ = map { (my $temp = $_) =~ s/\n/\n# /g; $temp; }
        map { defined $_ ? $_ : 'undef' }
        @_;
   print STDERR "# $package:$line $PID ", join(' ', @_), "\n";
}

1;
}
# ###########################################################################
# End DuplicateKeyFinder package
# ###########################################################################

# ###########################################################################
# Daemon package
# This package is a copy without comments from the original.  The original
# with comments and its test file can be found in the Bazaar repository at,
#   lib/Daemon.pm
#   t/lib/Daemon.t
# See https://launchpad.net/percona-toolkit for more information.
# ###########################################################################
{
package Daemon;

use strict;
use warnings FATAL => 'all';
use English qw(-no_match_vars);
use constant PTDEBUG => $ENV{PTDEBUG} || 0;

use POSIX qw(setsid);

sub new {
   my ( $class, %args ) = @_;
   foreach my $arg ( qw(o) ) {
      die "I need a $arg argument" unless $args{$arg};
   }
   my $o = $args{o};
   my $self = {
      o        => $o,
      log_file => $o->has('log') ? $o->get('log') : undef,
      PID_file => $o->has('pid') ? $o->get('pid') : undef,
   };

   check_PID_file(undef, $self->{PID_file});

   PTDEBUG && _d('Daemonized child will log to', $self->{log_file});
   return bless $self, $class;
}

sub daemonize {
   my ( $self ) = @_;

   PTDEBUG && _d('About to fork and daemonize');
   defined (my $pid = fork()) or die "Cannot fork: $OS_ERROR";
   if ( $pid ) {
      PTDEBUG && _d('I am the parent and now I die');
      exit;
   }

   $self->{PID_owner} = $PID;
   $self->{child}     = 1;

   POSIX::setsid() or die "Cannot start a new session: $OS_ERROR";
   chdir '/'       or die "Cannot chdir to /: $OS_ERROR";

   $self->_make_PID_file();

   $OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH = 1;

   if ( -t STDIN ) {
      close STDIN;
      open  STDIN, '/dev/null'
         or die "Cannot reopen STDIN to /dev/null: $OS_ERROR";
   }

   if ( $self->{log_file} ) {
      close STDOUT;
      open  STDOUT, '>>', $self->{log_file}
         or die "Cannot open log file $self->{log_file}: $OS_ERROR";

      close STDERR;
      open  STDERR, ">&STDOUT"
         or die "Cannot dupe STDERR to STDOUT: $OS_ERROR"; 
   }
   else {
      if ( -t STDOUT ) {
         close STDOUT;
         open  STDOUT, '>', '/dev/null'
            or die "Cannot reopen STDOUT to /dev/null: $OS_ERROR";
      }
      if ( -t STDERR ) {
         close STDERR;
         open  STDERR, '>', '/dev/null'
            or die "Cannot reopen STDERR to /dev/null: $OS_ERROR";
      }
   }

   PTDEBUG && _d('I am the child and now I live daemonized');
   return;
}

sub check_PID_file {
   my ( $self, $file ) = @_;
   my $PID_file = $self ? $self->{PID_file} : $file;
   PTDEBUG && _d('Checking PID file', $PID_file);
   if ( $PID_file && -f $PID_file ) {
      my $pid;
      eval { chomp($pid = `cat $PID_file`); };
      die "Cannot cat $PID_file: $OS_ERROR" if $EVAL_ERROR;
      PTDEBUG && _d('PID file exists; it contains PID', $pid);
      if ( $pid ) {
         my $pid_is_alive = kill 0, $pid;
         if ( $pid_is_alive ) {
            die "The PID file $PID_file already exists "
               . " and the PID that it contains, $pid, is running";
         }
         else {
            warn "Overwriting PID file $PID_file because the PID that it "
               . "contains, $pid, is not running";
         }
      }
      else {
         die "The PID file $PID_file already exists but it does not "
            . "contain a PID";
      }
   }
   else {
      PTDEBUG && _d('No PID file');
   }
   return;
}

sub make_PID_file {
   my ( $self ) = @_;
   if ( exists $self->{child} ) {
      die "Do not call Daemon::make_PID_file() for daemonized scripts";
   }
   $self->_make_PID_file();
   $self->{PID_owner} = $PID;
   return;
}

sub _make_PID_file {
   my ( $self ) = @_;

   my $PID_file = $self->{PID_file};
   if ( !$PID_file ) {
      PTDEBUG && _d('No PID file to create');
      return;
   }

   $self->check_PID_file();

   open my $PID_FH, '>', $PID_file
      or die "Cannot open PID file $PID_file: $OS_ERROR";
   print $PID_FH $PID
      or die "Cannot print to PID file $PID_file: $OS_ERROR";
   close $PID_FH
      or die "Cannot close PID file $PID_file: $OS_ERROR";

   PTDEBUG && _d('Created PID file:', $self->{PID_file});
   return;
}

sub _remove_PID_file {
   my ( $self ) = @_;
   if ( $self->{PID_file} && -f $self->{PID_file} ) {
      unlink $self->{PID_file}
         or warn "Cannot remove PID file $self->{PID_file}: $OS_ERROR";
      PTDEBUG && _d('Removed PID file');
   }
   else {
      PTDEBUG && _d('No PID to remove');
   }
   return;
}

sub DESTROY {
   my ( $self ) = @_;

   $self->_remove_PID_file() if ($self->{PID_owner} || 0) == $PID;

   return;
}

sub _d {
   my ($package, undef, $line) = caller 0;
   @_ = map { (my $temp = $_) =~ s/\n/\n# /g; $temp; }
        map { defined $_ ? $_ : 'undef' }
        @_;
   print STDERR "# $package:$line $PID ", join(' ', @_), "\n";
}

1;
}
# ###########################################################################
# End Daemon package
# ###########################################################################

# ###########################################################################
# Schema package
# This package is a copy without comments from the original.  The original
# with comments and its test file can be found in the Bazaar repository at,
#   lib/Schema.pm
#   t/lib/Schema.t
# See https://launchpad.net/percona-toolkit for more information.
# ###########################################################################
{
package Schema;

use strict;
use warnings FATAL => 'all';
use English qw(-no_match_vars);
use constant PTDEBUG => $ENV{PTDEBUG} || 0;

sub new {
   my ( $class, %args ) = @_;
   my @required_args = qw();
   foreach my $arg ( @required_args ) {
      die "I need a $arg argument" unless $args{$arg};
   }

   my $self = {
      %args,
      schema  => {},  # keyed on db->tbl
   };
   return bless $self, $class;
}

sub get_schema {
   my ( $self ) = @_;
   return $self->{schema};
}

sub get_table {
   my ( $self, $db_name, $tbl_name ) = @_;
   if ( exists $self->{schema}->{$db_name}
        && exists $self->{schema}->{$db_name}->{$tbl_name} ) {
      return $self->{schema}->{$db_name}->{$tbl_name};
   }
   return;
}



sub add_schema_object {
   my ( $self, $schema_object ) = @_;
   die "I need a schema_object argument" unless $schema_object;

   my ($db, $tbl) = @{$schema_object}{qw(db tbl)};
   if ( !$db || !$tbl ) {
      warn "No database or table for schema object";
      return;
   }

   my $tbl_struct = $schema_object->{tbl_struct};
   if ( !$tbl_struct ) {
      warn "No table structure for $db.$tbl";
      return;
   }

   $self->{schema}->{lc $db}->{lc $tbl} = $schema_object;


   return;
}

sub find_column {
   my ( $self, %args ) = @_;
   my $ignore = $args{ignore};
   my $schema = $self->{schema};

   my ($col, $tbl, $db);
   if ( my $col_name = $args{col_name} ) {
      ($col, $tbl, $db) = reverse map { s/`//g; $_ } split /[.]/, $col_name;
      PTDEBUG && _d('Column', $col_name, 'has db', $db, 'tbl', $tbl,
         'col', $col);
   }
   else {
      ($col, $tbl, $db) = @args{qw(col tbl db)};
   }

   $db  = lc $db;
   $tbl = lc $tbl;
   $col = lc $col;

   if ( !$col ) {
      PTDEBUG && _d('No column specified or parsed');
      return;
   }
   PTDEBUG && _d('Finding column', $col, 'in', $db, $tbl);

   if ( $db && !$schema->{$db} ) {
      PTDEBUG && _d('Database', $db, 'does not exist');
      return;
   }

   if ( $db && $tbl && !$schema->{$db}->{$tbl} ) {
      PTDEBUG && _d('Table', $tbl, 'does not exist in database', $db);
      return;
   }

   my @tbls;
   my @search_dbs = $db ? ($db) : keys %$schema;
   DATABASE:
   foreach my $search_db ( @search_dbs ) {
      my @search_tbls = $tbl ? ($tbl) : keys %{$schema->{$search_db}};

      TABLE:
      foreach my $search_tbl ( @search_tbls ) {
         next DATABASE unless exists $schema->{$search_db}->{$search_tbl};

         if ( $ignore
              && grep { $_->{db} eq $search_db && $_->{tbl} eq $search_tbl }
                 @$ignore ) {
            PTDEBUG && _d('Ignoring', $search_db, $search_tbl, $col);
            next TABLE;
         }

         my $tbl = $schema->{$search_db}->{$search_tbl};
         if ( $tbl->{tbl_struct}->{is_col}->{$col} ) {
            PTDEBUG && _d('Column', $col, 'exists in', $tbl->{db}, $tbl->{tbl});
            push @tbls, $tbl;
         }
      }
   }

   return \@tbls;
}

sub find_table {
   my ( $self, %args ) = @_;
   my $ignore = $args{ignore};
   my $schema = $self->{schema};

   my ($tbl, $db);
   if ( my $tbl_name = $args{tbl_name} ) {
      ($tbl, $db) = reverse map { s/`//g; $_ } split /[.]/, $tbl_name;
      PTDEBUG && _d('Table', $tbl_name, 'has db', $db, 'tbl', $tbl);
   }
   else {
      ($tbl, $db) = @args{qw(tbl db)};
   }

   $db  = lc $db;
   $tbl = lc $tbl;

   if ( !$tbl ) {
      PTDEBUG && _d('No table specified or parsed');
      return;
   }
   PTDEBUG && _d('Finding table', $tbl, 'in', $db);

   if ( $db && !$schema->{$db} ) {
      PTDEBUG && _d('Database', $db, 'does not exist');
      return;
   }

   if ( $db && $tbl && !$schema->{$db}->{$tbl} ) {
      PTDEBUG && _d('Table', $tbl, 'does not exist in database', $db);
      return;
   }

   my @dbs;
   my @search_dbs = $db ? ($db) : keys %$schema;
   DATABASE:
   foreach my $search_db ( @search_dbs ) {
      if ( $ignore && grep { $_->{db} eq $search_db } @$ignore ) {
         PTDEBUG && _d('Ignoring', $search_db);
         next DATABASE;
      }

      if ( exists $schema->{$search_db}->{$tbl} ) {
         PTDEBUG && _d('Table', $tbl, 'exists in', $search_db);
         push @dbs, $search_db;
      }
   }

   return \@dbs;
}

sub _d {
   my ($package, undef, $line) = caller 0;
   @_ = map { (my $temp = $_) =~ s/\n/\n# /g; $temp; }
        map { defined $_ ? $_ : 'undef' }
        @_;
   print STDERR "# $package:$line $PID ", join(' ', @_), "\n";
}

1;
}
# ###########################################################################
# End Schema package
# ###########################################################################

# ###########################################################################
# SchemaIterator package
# This package is a copy without comments from the original.  The original
# with comments and its test file can be found in the Bazaar repository at,
#   lib/SchemaIterator.pm
#   t/lib/SchemaIterator.t
# See https://launchpad.net/percona-toolkit for more information.
# ###########################################################################
{
package SchemaIterator;

use strict;
use warnings FATAL => 'all';
use English qw(-no_match_vars);
use constant PTDEBUG => $ENV{PTDEBUG} || 0;

use Data::Dumper;
$Data::Dumper::Indent    = 1;
$Data::Dumper::Sortkeys  = 1;
$Data::Dumper::Quotekeys = 0;

my $open_comment = qr{/\*!\d{5} };
my $tbl_name     = qr{
   CREATE\s+
   (?:TEMPORARY\s+)?
   TABLE\s+
   (?:IF NOT EXISTS\s+)?
   ([^\(]+)
}x;


sub new {
   my ( $class, %args ) = @_;
   my @required_args = qw(OptionParser Quoter);
   foreach my $arg ( @required_args ) {
      die "I need a $arg argument" unless $args{$arg};
   }

   my ($file_itr, $dbh) = @args{qw(file_itr dbh)};
   die "I need either a dbh or file_itr argument"
      if (!$dbh && !$file_itr) || ($dbh && $file_itr);

   my $self = {
      %args,
      filters => _make_filters(%args),
   };

   return bless $self, $class;
}

sub _make_filters {
   my ( %args ) = @_;
   my @required_args = qw(OptionParser Quoter);
   foreach my $arg ( @required_args ) {
      die "I need a $arg argument" unless $args{$arg};
   }
   my ($o, $q) = @args{@required_args};

   my %filters;


   my @simple_filters = qw(
      databases         tables         engines
      ignore-databases  ignore-tables  ignore-engines);
   FILTER:
   foreach my $filter ( @simple_filters ) {
      if ( $o->has($filter) ) {
         my $objs = $o->get($filter);
         next FILTER unless $objs && scalar keys %$objs;
         my $is_table = $filter =~ m/table/ ? 1 : 0;
         foreach my $obj ( keys %$objs ) {
            die "Undefined value for --$filter" unless $obj;
            $obj = lc $obj;
            if ( $is_table ) {
               my ($db, $tbl) = $q->split_unquote($obj);
               $db ||= '*';
               PTDEBUG && _d('Filter', $filter, 'value:', $db, $tbl);
               $filters{$filter}->{$tbl} = $db;
            }
            else { # database
               PTDEBUG && _d('Filter', $filter, 'value:', $obj);
               $filters{$filter}->{$obj} = 1;
            }
         }
      }
   }

   my @regex_filters = qw(
      databases-regex         tables-regex
      ignore-databases-regex  ignore-tables-regex);
   REGEX_FILTER:
   foreach my $filter ( @regex_filters ) {
      if ( $o->has($filter) ) {
         my $pat = $o->get($filter);
         next REGEX_FILTER unless $pat;
         $filters{$filter} = qr/$pat/;
         PTDEBUG && _d('Filter', $filter, 'value:', $filters{$filter});
      }
   }

   PTDEBUG && _d('Schema object filters:', Dumper(\%filters));
   return \%filters;
}

sub next_schema_object {
   my ( $self ) = @_;

   my $schema_obj;
   if ( $self->{file_itr} ) {
      $schema_obj= $self->_iterate_files();
   }
   else { # dbh
      $schema_obj= $self->_iterate_dbh();
   }

   if ( $schema_obj ) {
      if ( $schema_obj->{ddl} && $self->{TableParser} ) {
         $schema_obj->{tbl_struct}
            = $self->{TableParser}->parse($schema_obj->{ddl});
      }

      delete $schema_obj->{ddl} unless $self->{keep_ddl};

      if ( my $schema = $self->{Schema} ) {
         $schema->add_schema_object($schema_obj);
      }
   }

   PTDEBUG && _d('Next schema object:', $schema_obj->{db}, $schema_obj->{tbl});
   return $schema_obj;
}

sub _iterate_files {
   my ( $self ) = @_;

   if ( !$self->{fh} ) {
      my ($fh, $file) = $self->{file_itr}->();
      if ( !$fh ) {
         PTDEBUG && _d('No more files to iterate');
         return;
      }
      $self->{fh}   = $fh;
      $self->{file} = $file;
   }
   my $fh = $self->{fh};
   PTDEBUG && _d('Getting next schema object from', $self->{file});

   local $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR = '';
   CHUNK:
   while (defined(my $chunk = <$fh>)) {
      if ($chunk =~ m/Database: (\S+)/) {
         my $db = $1; # XXX
         $db =~ s/^`//;  # strip leading `
         $db =~ s/`$//;  # and trailing `
         if ( $self->database_is_allowed($db) ) {
            $self->{db} = $db;
         }
      }
      elsif ($self->{db} && $chunk =~ m/CREATE TABLE/) {
         if ($chunk =~ m/DROP VIEW IF EXISTS/) {
            PTDEBUG && _d('Table is a VIEW, skipping');
            next CHUNK;
         }

         my ($tbl) = $chunk =~ m/$tbl_name/;
         $tbl      =~ s/^\s*`//;
         $tbl      =~ s/`\s*$//;
         if ( $self->table_is_allowed($self->{db}, $tbl) ) {
            my ($ddl) = $chunk =~ m/^(?:$open_comment)?(CREATE TABLE.+?;)$/ms;
            if ( !$ddl ) {
               warn "Failed to parse CREATE TABLE from\n" . $chunk;
               next CHUNK;
            }
            $ddl =~ s/ \*\/;\Z/;/;  # remove end of version comment

            my ($engine) = $ddl =~ m/\).*?(?:ENGINE|TYPE)=(\w+)/;   

            if ( !$engine || $self->engine_is_allowed($engine) ) {
               return {
                  db  => $self->{db},
                  tbl => $tbl,
                  ddl => $ddl,
               };
            }
         }
      }
   }  # CHUNK

   PTDEBUG && _d('No more schema objects in', $self->{file});
   close $self->{fh};
   $self->{fh} = undef;

   return $self->_iterate_files();
}

sub _iterate_dbh {
   my ( $self ) = @_;
   my $q   = $self->{Quoter};
   my $dbh = $self->{dbh};
   PTDEBUG && _d('Getting next schema object from dbh', $dbh);

   if ( !defined $self->{dbs} ) {
      my $sql = 'SHOW DATABASES';
      PTDEBUG && _d($sql);
      my @dbs = grep { $self->database_is_allowed($_) }
                @{$dbh->selectcol_arrayref($sql)};
      PTDEBUG && _d('Found', scalar @dbs, 'databases');
      $self->{dbs} = \@dbs;
   }

   if ( !$self->{db} ) {
      $self->{db} = shift @{$self->{dbs}};
      PTDEBUG && _d('Next database:', $self->{db});
      return unless $self->{db};
   }

   if ( !defined $self->{tbls} ) {
      my $sql = 'SHOW /*!50002 FULL*/ TABLES FROM ' . $q->quote($self->{db});
      PTDEBUG && _d($sql);
      my @tbls = map {
         $_->[0];  # (tbl, type)
      }
      grep {
         my ($tbl, $type) = @$_;
         $self->table_is_allowed($self->{db}, $tbl)
            && (!$type || ($type ne 'VIEW'));
      }
      @{$dbh->selectall_arrayref($sql)};
      PTDEBUG && _d('Found', scalar @tbls, 'tables in database', $self->{db});
      $self->{tbls} = \@tbls;
   }

   while ( my $tbl = shift @{$self->{tbls}} ) {
      my $engine;
      if ( $self->{filters}->{'engines'}
           || $self->{filters}->{'ignore-engines'} ) {
         my $sql = "SHOW TABLE STATUS FROM " . $q->quote($self->{db})
                 . " LIKE \'$tbl\'";
         PTDEBUG && _d($sql);
         $engine = $dbh->selectrow_hashref($sql)->{engine};
         PTDEBUG && _d($tbl, 'uses', $engine, 'engine');
      }


      if ( !$engine || $self->engine_is_allowed($engine) ) {
         my $ddl;
         if ( my $du = $self->{MySQLDump} ) {
            $ddl = $du->get_create_table($dbh, $q, $self->{db}, $tbl)->[1];
         }

         return {
            db  => $self->{db},
            tbl => $tbl,
            ddl => $ddl,
         };
      }
   }

   PTDEBUG && _d('No more tables in database', $self->{db});
   $self->{db}   = undef;
   $self->{tbls} = undef;

   return $self->_iterate_dbh();
}

sub database_is_allowed {
   my ( $self, $db ) = @_;
   die "I need a db argument" unless $db;

   $db = lc $db;

   my $filter = $self->{filters};

   if ( $db =~ m/information_schema|performance_schema|lost\+found/ ) {
      PTDEBUG && _d('Database', $db, 'is a system database, ignoring');
      return 0;
   }

   if ( $self->{filters}->{'ignore-databases'}->{$db} ) {
      PTDEBUG && _d('Database', $db, 'is in --ignore-databases list');
      return 0;
   }

   if ( $filter->{'ignore-databases-regex'}
        && $db =~ $filter->{'ignore-databases-regex'} ) {
      PTDEBUG && _d('Database', $db, 'matches --ignore-databases-regex');
      return 0;
   }

   if ( $filter->{'databases'}
        && !$filter->{'databases'}->{$db} ) {
      PTDEBUG && _d('Database', $db, 'is not in --databases list, ignoring');
      return 0;
   }

   if ( $filter->{'databases-regex'}
        && $db !~ $filter->{'databases-regex'} ) {
      PTDEBUG && _d('Database', $db, 'does not match --databases-regex, ignoring');
      return 0;
   }

   return 1;
}

sub table_is_allowed {
   my ( $self, $db, $tbl ) = @_;
   die "I need a db argument"  unless $db;
   die "I need a tbl argument" unless $tbl;

   $db  = lc $db;
   $tbl = lc $tbl;

   my $filter = $self->{filters};

   if ( $filter->{'ignore-tables'}->{$tbl}
        && ($filter->{'ignore-tables'}->{$tbl} eq '*'
            || $filter->{'ignore-tables'}->{$tbl} eq $db) ) {
      PTDEBUG && _d('Table', $tbl, 'is in --ignore-tables list');
      return 0;
   }

   if ( $filter->{'ignore-tables-regex'}
        && $tbl =~ $filter->{'ignore-tables-regex'} ) {
      PTDEBUG && _d('Table', $tbl, 'matches --ignore-tables-regex');
      return 0;
   }

   if ( $filter->{'tables'}
        && !$filter->{'tables'}->{$tbl} ) { 
      PTDEBUG && _d('Table', $tbl, 'is not in --tables list, ignoring');
      return 0;
   }

   if ( $filter->{'tables-regex'}
        && $tbl !~ $filter->{'tables-regex'} ) {
      PTDEBUG && _d('Table', $tbl, 'does not match --tables-regex, ignoring');
      return 0;
   }

   if ( $filter->{'tables'}
        && $filter->{'tables'}->{$tbl}
        && $filter->{'tables'}->{$tbl} ne '*'
        && $filter->{'tables'}->{$tbl} ne $db ) {
      PTDEBUG && _d('Table', $tbl, 'is only allowed in database',
         $filter->{'tables'}->{$tbl});
      return 0;
   }

   return 1;
}

sub engine_is_allowed {
   my ( $self, $engine ) = @_;
   die "I need an engine argument" unless $engine;

   $engine = lc $engine;

   my $filter = $self->{filters};

   if ( $filter->{'ignore-engines'}->{$engine} ) {
      PTDEBUG && _d('Engine', $engine, 'is in --ignore-databases list');
      return 0;
   }

   if ( $filter->{'engines'}
        && !$filter->{'engines'}->{$engine} ) {
      PTDEBUG && _d('Engine', $engine, 'is not in --engines list, ignoring');
      return 0;
   }

   return 1;
}

sub _d {
   my ($package, undef, $line) = caller 0;
   @_ = map { (my $temp = $_) =~ s/\n/\n# /g; $temp; }
        map { defined $_ ? $_ : 'undef' }
        @_;
   print STDERR "# $package:$line $PID ", join(' ', @_), "\n";
}

1;
}
# ###########################################################################
# End SchemaIterator package
# ###########################################################################

# #############################################################################
# This is a combination of modules and programs in one -- a runnable module.
# http://www.perl.com/pub/a/2006/07/13/lightning-articles.html?page=last
# Or, look it up in the Camel book on pages 642 and 643 in the 3rd edition.
#
# Check at the end of this package for the call to main() which actually runs
# the program.
# #############################################################################
package pt_duplicate_key_checker;

use strict;
use warnings FATAL => 'all';
use English qw(-no_match_vars);
use constant PTDEBUG => $ENV{PTDEBUG} || 0;

use List::Util qw(max);

$OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH = 1;

my $max_width = 74;
my $hdr_width = $max_width - 2;  # for '# '
my $hdr_fmt   = "# %-${hdr_width}s\n";

sub main {
   @ARGV = @_;  # set global ARGV for this package

   my %summary = ( 'Total Indexes' => 0 );
   my %seen_tbl;

   my $q  = new Quoter();
   my $tp = new TableParser(Quoter => $q);

   # #######################################################################
   # Get configuration information and parse command line options.
   # #######################################################################
   my $o = new OptionParser();
   $o->get_specs();
   $o->get_opts();

   my $dp = $o->DSNParser();
   $dp->prop('set-vars', $o->get('set-vars'));

   $o->usage_or_errors();

   # ########################################################################
   # If --pid, check it first since we'll die if it already exits.
   # ########################################################################
   my $daemon;
   if ( $o->get('pid') ) {
      # We're not daemoninzing, it just handles PID stuff.  Keep $daemon
      # in the the scope of main() because when it's destroyed it automatically
      # removes the PID file.
      $daemon = new Daemon(o=>$o);
      $daemon->make_PID_file();
   }

   # #######################################################################
   # Connect to MySQL.
   # #######################################################################
   if ( $o->got('ask-pass') ) {
      $o->set('password', OptionParser::prompt_noecho("Enter password: "));
   }
   my $dsn_defaults = $dp->parse_options($o);
   my $dsn          = @ARGV ? $dp->parse(shift @ARGV, $dsn_defaults)
                    :         $dsn_defaults;
   my $dbh          = $dp->get_dbh($dp->get_cxn_params($dsn),
                              { AutoCommit => 1, });

   my $vp = new VersionParser();
   my $version = $vp->parse($dbh->selectrow_array('SELECT VERSION()'));

   # #######################################################################
   # Do the main work.
   # #######################################################################
   my $ks = $o->get('summary') ? new KeySize(q=>$q) : undef;
   my $dk = new DuplicateKeyFinder();
   my $du = new MySQLDump();

   my %tp_opts = (
      ignore_type  => $o->get('all-structs'),
      ignore_order => $o->get('ignore-order'),
      clustered    => $o->get('clustered'),
   );

   my $get_keys = $o->get('key-types') =~ m/k/ ? 1 : 0;
   my $get_fks  = $o->get('key-types') =~ m/f/ ? 1 : 0;

   my $schema     = new Schema();
   my $schema_itr = new SchemaIterator(
      dbh          => $dbh,
      OptionParser => $o,
      Quoter       => $q,
      MySQLDump    => $du,
      TableParser  => $tp,
      Schema       => $schema,
      keep_ddl     => 1,
   );
   TABLE:
   while ( my $tbl = $schema_itr->next_schema_object() ) {
      $tbl->{engine} = $tp->get_engine($tbl->{ddl});

      my ($keys, $clustered_key, $fks);
      if ( $get_keys ) {
         ($keys, $clustered_key)
            = $tp->get_keys($tbl->{ddl}, {version => $version});
      }
      if ( $get_fks ) {
         $fks = $tp->get_fks($tbl->{ddl},  {database => $tbl->{db}});
      }

      next TABLE unless %$keys || %$fks;

      if ( $o->got('verbose') ) {
         print_all_keys($keys, $tbl, \%seen_tbl) if $keys;
         print_all_keys($fks,  $tbl, \%seen_tbl) if $fks;
      }
      else {
         PTDEBUG && _d('Getting duplicate keys on', $tbl->{db}, $tbl->{tbl});
         eval {
            if ( $keys ) {
               $dk->get_duplicate_keys(
                  $keys,
                  clustered_key => $clustered_key,
                  tbl_info      => $tbl,
                  callback      => \&print_duplicate_key,
                  %tp_opts,
                  # get_duplicate_keys() ignores these args but passes them
                  # to the callback:
                     dbh      => $dbh,
                     is_fk    => 0,
                     o        => $o,
                     ks       => $ks,
                     tp       => $tp,
                     q        => $q,
                     seen_tbl => \%seen_tbl,
                     summary  => \%summary,
               );
            }
            if ( $fks ) {
               $dk->get_duplicate_fks(
                  $fks,
                  tbl_info => $tbl,
                  callback => \&print_duplicate_key,
                  %tp_opts,
                  # get_duplicate_fks() ignores these args but passes them
                  # to the callback:
                     dbh   => $dbh,
                     is_fk => 1,
                     o     => $o,
                     ks    => $ks,
                     tp       => $tp,
                     q        => $q,
                     seen_tbl => \%seen_tbl,
                     summary  => \%summary,
               );
            }
         };
         if ( $EVAL_ERROR ) {
            warn "Error checking `$tbl->{db}`.`$tbl->{tbl}` for duplicate keys: "
               . $EVAL_ERROR;
            next TABLE;
         }
      }

      # Always count Total Keys so print_key_summary won't die
      # because %summary is empty.
      $summary{'Total Indexes'} += (scalar keys %$keys) + (scalar keys %$fks)
   }  # TABLE

   print_key_summary(%summary) if $o->get('summary');

   return 0;
}

# ##########################################################################
# Subroutines
# ##########################################################################

sub print_all_keys {
   my ( $keys, $tbl_info, $seen_tbl ) = @_;
   return unless $keys;
   my $db  = $tbl_info->{db};
   my $tbl = $tbl_info->{tbl};
   if ( !$seen_tbl->{"$db$tbl"}++ ) {
      printf $hdr_fmt, ('#' x $hdr_width);
      printf $hdr_fmt, "$db.$tbl";
      printf $hdr_fmt, ('#' x $hdr_width);
   }
   foreach my $key ( values %$keys ) {
      print "\n# $key->{name} ($key->{colnames})";
   }
   print "\n";
   return;
}

sub print_duplicate_key {
   my ( $dupe, %args ) = @_;
   return unless $dupe;
   foreach my $arg ( qw(tbl_info dbh is_fk o ks q tp seen_tbl) ) {
      die "I need a $arg argument" unless exists $args{$arg};
   }
   PTDEBUG && _d('Printing duplicate key', $dupe->{key});
   my $db       = $args{tbl_info}->{db};
   my $tbl      = $args{tbl_info}->{tbl};
   my $dbh      = $args{dbh};
   my $o        = $args{o};
   my $ks       = $args{ks};
   my $seen_tbl = $args{seen_tbl};
   my $q        = $args{q};
   my $tp       = $args{tp};
   my $summary  = $args{summary};
   my $struct   = $tp->parse($args{tbl_info}->{ddl});

   if ( !$seen_tbl->{"$db$tbl"}++ ) {
      printf $hdr_fmt, ('#' x $hdr_width);
      printf $hdr_fmt, "$db.$tbl";
      printf $hdr_fmt, ('#' x $hdr_width);
      print "\n";
   }

   $dupe->{reason} =~ s/\n/\n# /g;
   print "# $dupe->{reason}\n";

   print "# Key definitions:\n";
   print "#   " . ($dupe->{ddl} || '') . "\n";
   print "#   " . ($dupe->{duplicate_of_ddl} || '') . "\n";

   print "# Column types:\n";
   my %seen;  # print each column only once
   foreach my $col ( @{$dupe->{cols}}, @{$dupe->{duplicate_of_cols}} ) {
      next if $seen{$col}++;
      PTDEBUG && _d('col', $col);
      print "#\t" . lc($struct->{defs}->{lc $col}) . "\n";
   }

   if ( $o->get('sql') ) {
      if ( $dupe->{dupe_type} ne 'clustered' ) {
         print "# To remove this duplicate "
            . ($args{is_fk} ? 'foreign key' : 'index')
            . ", execute:\n"
            . 'ALTER TABLE ' . $q->quote($db, $tbl)
            . ($args{is_fk} ? ' DROP FOREIGN KEY ' : ' DROP INDEX ')
            . "`$dupe->{key}`;\n";
      }
      else {
         # Suggest shortening clustered dupes instead of
         # removing them (issue 295).
         print "# To shorten this duplicate clustered index, execute:\n"
            . 'ALTER TABLE '.$q->quote($db, $tbl)." DROP INDEX `$dupe->{key}`, "
            . "ADD INDEX `$dupe->{key}` ($dupe->{short_key});\n";
      }
   }
   print "\n";

   if ( $o->get('summary') && $summary ) {
      $summary->{'Total Duplicate Indexes'} += 1;
      my ($size, $chosen_key) = $ks->get_key_size(
         name        => $dupe->{key},
         cols        => $dupe->{cols},
         tbl_name    => $q->quote($db, $tbl),
         tbl_struct  => $struct,
         dbh         => $dbh,
      );
      if ( $args{is_fk} ) {
         # Foreign keys have no size because they're just constraints.
         print "# MySQL uses the $chosen_key index for this "
            . "foreign key constraint\n\n";
      }
      else {
         $size ||= 0;

         # Create Size Duplicate Keys summary even if there's no valid keys.
         $summary->{'Size Duplicate Indexes'} += $size;

         if ( $size ) {
            if ( $chosen_key && $chosen_key ne $dupe->{key} ) {
               # This shouldn't happen. But in case it does, we should know.
               print "# MySQL chose the $chosen_key index despite FORCE INDEX\n\n";
            }
         }
      }
   }
   return;
}

sub print_key_summary {
   my ( %summary ) = @_;
   printf $hdr_fmt, ('#' x $hdr_width);
   printf $hdr_fmt, 'Summary of indexes';
   printf $hdr_fmt, ('#' x $hdr_width);
   print "\n";
   my $max_item = max(map { length($_) } keys %summary);
   my $line_fmt = "# %-${max_item}s  %-s\n";
   foreach my $item ( sort keys %summary ) {
      printf $line_fmt, $item, $summary{$item};
   }
   return;
}

sub _d {
   my ($package, undef, $line) = caller 0;
   @_ = map { (my $temp = $_) =~ s/\n/\n# /g; $temp; }
        map { defined $_ ? $_ : 'undef' }
        @_;
   print STDERR "# $package:$line $PID ", join(' ', @_), "\n";
}

# ############################################################################
# Run the program.
# ############################################################################
if ( !caller ) { exit main(@ARGV); }

1; # Because this is a module as well as a script.

# ############################################################################
# Documentation
# ############################################################################

=pod

=head1 NAME

pt-duplicate-key-checker - Find duplicate indexes and foreign keys on MySQL tables.

=head1 SYNOPSIS

Usage: pt-duplicate-key-checker [OPTION...] [DSN]

pt-duplicate-key-checker examines MySQL tables for duplicate or redundant
indexes and foreign keys.  Connection options are read from MySQL option files.

   pt-duplicate-key-checker --host host1

=head1 RISKS

The following section is included to inform users about the potential risks,
whether known or unknown, of using this tool.  The two main categories of risks
are those created by the nature of the tool (e.g. read-only tools vs. read-write
tools) and those created by bugs.

pt-duplicate-key-checker is a read-only tool that executes SHOW CREATE TABLE and
related queries to inspect table structures, and thus is very low-risk.

At the time of this release, there is an unconfirmed bug that causes the tool
to crash.

The authoritative source for updated information is always the online issue
tracking system.  Issues that affect this tool will be marked as such.  You can
see a list of such issues at the following URL:
L<http://www.percona.com/bugs/pt-duplicate-key-checker>.

See also L<"BUGS"> for more information on filing bugs and getting help.

=head1 DESCRIPTION

This program examines the output of SHOW CREATE TABLE on MySQL tables, and if
it finds indexes that cover the same columns as another index in the same
order, or cover an exact leftmost prefix of another index, it prints out
the suspicious indexes.  By default, indexes must be of the same type, so a
BTREE index is not a duplicate of a FULLTEXT index, even if they have the same
columns.  You can override this.

It also looks for duplicate foreign keys.  A duplicate foreign key covers the
same columns as another in the same table, and references the same parent
table.

=head1 OPTIONS

This tool accepts additional command-line arguments.  Refer to the
L<"SYNOPSIS"> and usage information for details.

=over

=item --all-structs

Compare indexes with different structs (BTREE, HASH, etc).

By default this is disabled, because a BTREE index that covers the same columns
as a FULLTEXT index is not really a duplicate, for example.

=item --ask-pass

Prompt for a password when connecting to MySQL.

=item --charset

short form: -A; type: string

Default character set.  If the value is utf8, sets Perl's binmode on
STDOUT to utf8, passes the mysql_enable_utf8 option to DBD::mysql, and runs SET
NAMES UTF8 after connecting to MySQL.  Any other value sets binmode on STDOUT
without the utf8 layer, and runs SET NAMES after connecting to MySQL.

=item --[no]clustered

default: yes

PK columns appended to secondary key is duplicate.

Detects when a suffix of a secondary key is a leftmost prefix of the primary
key, and treats it as a duplicate key.  Only detects this condition on storage
engines whose primary keys are clustered (currently InnoDB and solidDB).

Clustered storage engines append the primary key columns to the leaf nodes of
all secondary keys anyway, so you might consider it redundant to have them
appear in the internal nodes as well.  Of course, you may also want them in the
internal nodes, because just having them at the leaf nodes won't help for some
queries.  It does help for covering index queries, however.

Here's an example of a key that is considered redundant with this option:

  PRIMARY KEY  (`a`)
  KEY `b` (`b`,`a`)

The use of such indexes is rather subtle.  For example, suppose you have the
following query:

  SELECT ... WHERE b=1 ORDER BY a;

This query will do a filesort if we remove the index on C<b,a>.  But if we
shorten the index on C<b,a> to just C<b> and also remove the ORDER BY, the query
should return the same results.

The tool suggests shortening duplicate clustered keys by dropping the key
and re-adding it without the primary key prefix.  The shortened clustered
key may still duplicate another key, but the tool cannot currently detect
when this happens without being ran a second time to re-check the newly
shortened clustered keys.  Therefore, if you shorten any duplicate clustered
keys, you should run the tool again.

=item --config

type: Array

Read this comma-separated list of config files; if specified, this must be the
first option on the command line.

=item --databases

short form: -d; type: hash

Check only this comma-separated list of databases.

=item --defaults-file

short form: -F; type: string

Only read mysql options from the given file.  You must give an absolute pathname.

=item --engines

short form: -e; type: hash

Check only tables whose storage engine is in this comma-separated list.

=item --help

Show help and exit.

=item --host

short form: -h; type: string

Connect to host.

=item --ignore-databases

type: Hash

Ignore this comma-separated list of databases.

=item --ignore-engines

type: Hash

Ignore this comma-separated list of storage engines.

=item --ignore-order

Ignore index order so KEY(a,b) duplicates KEY(b,a).

=item --ignore-tables

type: Hash

Ignore this comma-separated list of tables.  Table names may be qualified with
the database name.

=item --key-types

type: string; default: fk

Check for duplicate f=foreign keys, k=keys or fk=both.

=item --password

short form: -p; type: string

Password to use when connecting.

=item --pid

type: string

Create the given PID file.  The file contains the process ID of the script.
The PID file is removed when the script exits.  Before starting, the script
checks if the PID file already exists.  If it does not, then the script creates
and writes its own PID to it.  If it does, then the script checks the following:
if the file contains a PID and a process is running with that PID, then
the script dies; or, if there is no process running with that PID, then the
script overwrites the file with its own PID and starts; else, if the file
contains no PID, then the script dies.

=item --port

short form: -P; type: int

Port number to use for connection.

=item --set-vars

type: string; default: wait_timeout=10000

Set these MySQL variables.  Immediately after connecting to MySQL, this string
will be appended to SET and executed.

=item --socket

short form: -S; type: string

Socket file to use for connection.

=item --[no]sql

default: yes

Print DROP KEY statement for each duplicate key.  By default an ALTER TABLE
DROP KEY statement is printed below each duplicate key so that, if you want to
remove the duplicate key, you can copy-paste the statement into MySQL.

To disable printing these statements, specify --nosql.

=item --[no]summary

default: yes

Print summary of indexes at end of output.

=item --tables

short form: -t; type: hash

Check only this comma-separated list of tables.

Table names may be qualified with the database name.

=item --user

short form: -u; type: string

User for login if not current user.

=item --verbose

short form: -v

Output all keys and/or foreign keys found, not just redundant ones.

=item --version

Show version and exit.

=back

=head1 DSN OPTIONS

These DSN options are used to create a DSN.  Each option is given like
C<option=value>.  The options are case-sensitive, so P and p are not the
same option.  There cannot be whitespace before or after the C<=> and
if the value contains whitespace it must be quoted.  DSN options are
comma-separated.  See the L<percona-toolkit> manpage for full details.

=over

=item * A

dsn: charset; copy: yes

Default character set.

=item * D

dsn: database; copy: yes

Default database.

=item * F

dsn: mysql_read_default_file; copy: yes

Only read default options from the given file

=item * h

dsn: host; copy: yes

Connect to host.

=item * p

dsn: password; copy: yes

Password to use when connecting.

=item * P

dsn: port; copy: yes

Port number to use for connection.

=item * S

dsn: mysql_socket; copy: yes

Socket file to use for connection.

=item * u

dsn: user; copy: yes

User for login if not current user.

=back

=head1 ENVIRONMENT

The environment variable C<PTDEBUG> enables verbose debugging output to STDERR.
To enable debugging and capture all output to a file, run the tool like:

   PTDEBUG=1 pt-duplicate-key-checker ... > FILE 2>&1

Be careful: debugging output is voluminous and can generate several megabytes
of output.

=head1 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

You need Perl, DBI, DBD::mysql, and some core packages that ought to be
installed in any reasonably new version of Perl.

=head1 BUGS

For a list of known bugs, see L<http://www.percona.com/bugs/pt-duplicate-key-checker>.

Please report bugs at L<https://bugs.launchpad.net/percona-toolkit>.
Include the following information in your bug report:

=over

=item * Complete command-line used to run the tool

=item * Tool L<"--version">

=item * MySQL version of all servers involved

=item * Output from the tool including STDERR

=item * Input files (log/dump/config files, etc.)

=back

If possible, include debugging output by running the tool with C<PTDEBUG>;
see L<"ENVIRONMENT">.

=head1 DOWNLOADING

Visit L<http://www.percona.com/software/percona-toolkit/> to download the
latest release of Percona Toolkit.  Or, get the latest release from the
command line:

   wget percona.com/get/percona-toolkit.tar.gz

   wget percona.com/get/percona-toolkit.rpm

   wget percona.com/get/percona-toolkit.deb

You can also get individual tools from the latest release:

   wget percona.com/get/TOOL

Replace C<TOOL> with the name of any tool.

=head1 AUTHORS

Baron Schwartz and Daniel Nichter

=head1 ABOUT PERCONA TOOLKIT

This tool is part of Percona Toolkit, a collection of advanced command-line
tools developed by Percona for MySQL support and consulting.  Percona Toolkit
was forked from two projects in June, 2011: Maatkit and Aspersa.  Those
projects were created by Baron Schwartz and developed primarily by him and
Daniel Nichter, both of whom are employed by Percona.  Visit
L<http://www.percona.com/software/> for more software developed by Percona.

=head1 COPYRIGHT, LICENSE, AND WARRANTY

This program is copyright 2007-2011 Baron Schwartz, 2011-2012 Percona Inc.
Feedback and improvements are welcome.

THIS PROGRAM IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
Foundation, version 2; OR the Perl Artistic License.  On UNIX and similar
systems, you can issue `man perlgpl' or `man perlartistic' to read these
licenses.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple
Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA.

=head1 VERSION

pt-duplicate-key-checker 2.0.3

=cut