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  • Committer: Torsten Spindler
  • Date: 2007-12-03 16:08:26 UTC
  • mfrom: (108 ubuntu-desktop-course-beta)
  • mto: This revision was merged to the branch mainline in revision 109.
  • Revision ID: torsten@canonical.com-20071203160826-dvyebvxc9knsqret
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                <para>In this lesson, you will learn how to:</para>
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                <itemizedlist>
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                        <listitem>
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                                <para>Customise the look and feel of the GNOME desktop (default Ubuntu desktop).</para>
 
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                                <para>Customise the look and feel of the Ubuntu desktop</para>
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                        </listitem>
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                        <listitem>
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                                <para>Work with the Nautilus file manager.</para>
 
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                                <para>Work with the Nautilus file manager</para>
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                        </listitem>
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                        <listitem>
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                                <para>Identify the different package (application) managers and their
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                                purpose.</para>
 
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                                purpose</para>
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                        </listitem>
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                        <listitem>
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                                <para>Add and remove an applications using three different tools:</para>
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                                <itemizedlist>
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                                        <listitem>
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                                                <para>Add and remove a software using Add/Remove Applications.</para>
 
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                                                <para>Add and remove a software using Add/Remove Applications</para>
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                                        </listitem>
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                                        <listitem>
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                                                <para>Add and remove a software package using Synaptic Package
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                                                Manager.</para>
 
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                                                Manager</para>
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                                        </listitem>
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                                        <listitem>
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                                                <para>Add and remove a software package using a command line
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                                                interface.</para>
 
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                                                interface</para>
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                                        </listitem>
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                                </itemizedlist>
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                        </listitem>
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                        <listitem>
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                                <para>Identify the types of single package files and their use.</para>
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                        </listitem>
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                        <listitem>
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                                <para>Install and uninstall Debian packages.</para>
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                        </listitem>
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                        <listitem>
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                                <para>Identify the categories of software repositories.</para>
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                        </listitem>
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                        <listitem>
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                                <para>Add extra repositories.</para>
 
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                                <para>Identify the types of single package files and their use</para>
 
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                        </listitem>
 
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                        <listitem>
 
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                                <para>Install and uninstall Debian packages</para>
 
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                        </listitem>
 
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                        <listitem>
 
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                                <para>Identify the categories of software repositories</para>
 
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                        </listitem>
 
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                        <listitem>
 
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                                <para>Add extra repositories</para>
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                        </listitem>
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                </itemizedlist>
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                <sect1>
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                </sect1>
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                <sect1>
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                        <title>Customising the Desktop</title>
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                        <para>Ubuntu comes with various GUIs (for our purpose, desktops) such as GNOME, K Desktop
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                        Environment (KDE) and Xfce. GNOME is the
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                        default desktop for Ubuntu. Though it is optional, you can also use a
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                        command line interface to perform most tasks.</para>
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                        <para>The graphical tools in GNOME are available as menu options on
 
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                        <para>Ubuntu and its derivatives can be customised through a Graphical User Interface or a Command Line Interface
 
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                        (for those who prefer).</para>
 
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                        <para>The graphical tools for Ubuntu are available as menu options in
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                        the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis> menu. Point to
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                        <emphasis role="strong">Preferences</emphasis> on the
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                        <emphasis role="strong">System menu</emphasis> to view the tools.
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                                                the <emphasis role="strong">Appearance Preferences</emphasis>
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                                                dialogue box to accept the changes. You can now
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                                                view the new desktop background.</para>
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                                                <figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Viewing Added Wallpaper</emphasis></title>
 
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                                                <figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Added Wallpaper</emphasis></title>
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                                                        <mediaobject><imageobject>
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                                                                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_007.png" format="PNG" />
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                                                        </imageobject></mediaobject>
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                                                <para>Click <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis> to
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                                                close the <emphasis role="strong">Appearance
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                                                Preferences</emphasis> dialogue box.</para>
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                                                <figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Viewing Changed Background Colour</emphasis></title>
 
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                                                <figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Changed Background Colour</emphasis></title>
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                                                        <mediaobject><imageobject>
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                                                                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_011.png" format="PNG" />
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                                                        </imageobject></mediaobject>
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                        </sect2>
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                </sect1>
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                <sect1>
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                        <title>The 3D Effects</title>
 
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                        <title>3D Effects</title>
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                        <para>A computer screen is two-dimensional (2D) in nature and until recently most
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                        applications were developed with a 2D layout.</para>
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                        <para>However, advancements in technology fuelled the demand for more life-like on screen visuals,
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                        reduce the burden on the operating system and increase the speed of applications, 3D
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                        accelerator cards were developed, which use the graphics processor on the graphics
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                        card instead of consuming valuable CPU resources. Almost all modern graphics cards
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                        do have a built-in acceleration for displaying 3D.</para>
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                        <para>Ubuntu can utilize the 3D capabilities of a graphics card for desktop effects. Example of these effects are the placement of the desktops on a rotating cube, windows have shadows, and motion effects.</para>
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                        <para>The effects are enabled by default and can be controlled from the <emphasis role='strong'>Appearance</emphasis> menu. From here the desktop effects can either be completely disabled or enabled. The number of effects can be controlled via the <emphasis role='strong'>normal effects</emphasis> and <emphasis role='strong'>extra effects</emphasis> setting.</para>
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                        <para>If a graphics card has either no 3D capabilities or support for 3D is missing from the Linux drivers for the card, you will be notified that <emphasis role='strong'>desktop effects could not be enabled</emphasis>.</para>
 
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                        have a built-in acceleration to display 3D.</para>
 
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                        <para>Ubuntu can utilize the 3D capabilities of a graphics card for desktop effects. An example of
 
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                         these effects are the placement of the desktops on a rotating cube, windows have shadows, and motion effects (Compiz Fusion application).</para>
 
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                        <para>The effects are enabled by default and can be controlled from the <emphasis role='strong'>Appearance</emphasis> menu. From here the 
 
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                        desktop effects can either be completely disabled or enabled. The number of effects can be controlled via the <emphasis role='strong'>normal effects</emphasis> 
 
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                        and <emphasis role='strong'>extra effects</emphasis> setting.</para>
 
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                        <para>If a graphics card does not have 3D capabilities or support for 3D is missing from the Linux drivers for the card, you will be notified that <emphasis role='strong'>desktop effects could not be enabled</emphasis>.</para>
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                </sect1>
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                <sect1>
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                        <title>Working with Files Using Nautilus</title>
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                        <sect2>
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                                <title>Features of Nautilus</title>
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                                <para>The Nautilus file manager allows you to organise files into
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                                folders and perform the following tasks:</para>
 
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                                folders and perform tasks such as:</para>
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                                <itemizedlist>
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                                        <listitem>
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                                                <para>Create and display folders and documents: You can 
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                                                create new files, organise them into folders and save them.
 
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                                                <para>Create and display folders and documents: Create new files, organise them
 
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                                                into folders and save them.
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                                                </para>
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                                        </listitem>
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                                        <listitem>
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                                                search them as per their classification.</para>
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                                        </listitem>
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                                        <listitem>
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                                                <para>Open special locations on your computer: Access the local network and                                                     save your files.
 
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                                                <para>Open special locations on your computer: Access the local network and save your files.
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                                                </para>
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                                        </listitem>
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                                        <listitem>
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                                                <itemizedlist>
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                                                        <listitem>
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                                                                <para>Spatial mode: Allows you to open each
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                                                                folder in a separate window, which helps open your files as
 
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                                                                folder in a separate window, which then helps open your files as
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                                                                physical objects in different locations. You can view the
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                                                                content of various folders simultaneously.</para>
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                                                        </listitem>
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                                                </itemizedlist>
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                                        </listitem>
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                                </itemizedlist>
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                                <instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">Compare browser mode with Firefox to help students appreciate the
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                                similarity.</emphasis></para>
 
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                                <instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">Compare browser mode with 
 
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                                Firefox to help students appreciate the similarity.</emphasis></para>
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                        </instructornote>
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                        </sect2>
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                        <sect2>
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                                <title>Nautilus</title>
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                                <note><title><emphasis role="strong">Note:</emphasis></title>
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                                <para>Spatial mode is the default mode for the Nautilus file manager in
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                                GNOME, but while compiling Ubuntu, the mode changes to
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                                browser mode. By default, your files open in browser mode in
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                                Ubuntu.</para></note>
 
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                                GNOME but while compiling Ubuntu, the mode changes to browser mode by default.</para></note>
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                                <para>To choose the required mode:</para>
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                                <orderedlist numeration="arabic">
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                                        <listitem>
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                                        <listitem>
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                                                <para>Click any of the above items on the
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                                                <emphasis role="strong">Places</emphasis> menu.</para>
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                                                <figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Using Nautillus File Manager</emphasis></title>
 
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                                                <figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Using Nautilus File Manager</emphasis></title>
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                                                        <mediaobject><imageobject>
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                                                                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_027.png" format="PNG" />
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                                                        </imageobject></mediaobject>
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                                                </figure>
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                                                <para>As the default mode is browser mode, the Nautilus file
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                                                manager opens in this mode. If you open a folder in this mode,
 
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                                                <para>The Nautilus file manager opens files in browser mode by default. If you open a folder in this mode,
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                                                the folder will open in the same window. The location bar shows
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                                                the current location of the opened folder in the hierarchy of
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                                                folders, and the sidebar shows other folders saved on your
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                                                computer.</para>
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                                                <figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Nautillus File Manager Displaying Files Inside a Folder</emphasis></title>
 
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                                                <figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Files Display</emphasis></title>
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                                                        <mediaobject><imageobject>
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                                                                <imagedata fileref="images/Lesson07_images_028.png" format="PNG" />
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                                                        </imageobject></mediaobject>
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                </sect1>
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                <sect1>
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                        <title>Package Managers</title>
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                        <instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">Initiate a discussion on the common
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                        applications the participants use at their homes or offices and where
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                        they source it, the cost and difficulty or ease in installation and the
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                        support they get. On one side of the whiteboard, keep recording the
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                        problems they face or the good points of the applications they use.
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                        Start with the topic and tick the points on the whiteboard as and when
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                        they come up and you explain how each point is addressed by
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                        Ubuntu during the delivery of this lesson.</emphasis></para>
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                        </instructornote>
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                        <para>Similar to other operating systems, most packages in Ubuntu
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                        depend on a number of shared libraries and fail to install, uninstall and
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                        work if the associated libraries are missing. Therefore, to simplify the
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                        required, from the Internet and install it.</para>
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                        <sect2>
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                                <title>Types of Package Managers</title>
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                                <para>Ubuntu includes a few package managers by default, and
 
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                                <para>Ubuntu includes a few package managers by default and
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                                which one you use depends on how advanced the package
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                                management tasks are that you want to achieve. Depending on their
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                                features, package managers are divided into the following categories:
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                                        tarballs and are available with the tar.gz and tar.bz2 suffixes.</para>
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                                </listitem>
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                        </itemizedlist>
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                        <note><title><emphasis role="strong">Note:</emphasis></title>
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                        <para>Compiling and installing programs from source tarballs can often be quite 
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                        straightforward, however it can also be very complex to debug when things go wrong. 
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                        Tarballs are simple structures which don't specify what dependencies are required
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                        to enable compilation to take place. For this reason it can also be time consuming
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                        and complex to determine the necessary depenancies and either install or compile them
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                        also. Compiling from tarball is therefore not covered on this course.</para></note>
 
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                        and complex to determine the necessary dependencies and either install or compile them
 
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                        also. Compiling from tarball is therefore not covered on this course.</para>
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                        <note><title><emphasis role="strong">Note:</emphasis></title>
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                        <para>It is not guaranteed that these files will be compatible with your
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                        system and you will not receive security updates if you install these
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                                which are in the Ubuntu repositories, however if the package requires
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                                further dependencies which are not in the Ubuntu repositories these will also
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                                need to be installed manually.</para>
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                                <para>To install a Debian package simply open the .deb file from the folder
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                                it resides in</para>
 
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                                <para>To install a Debian package, open the .deb file from the folder
 
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                                in which it resides.</para>
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                                <para>Installing a Debian package:
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                                <orderedlist numeration="arabic">
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                                        <listitem>
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                        </sect2>
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                </sect1>
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                <sect1>
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                        <title>Software Repositories (A software depot)</title>
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                        <para>A software repository is a depot of software from where you can
 
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                        <title>Software Repositories</title>
 
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                        <para>A software repository is a library of software from where you can
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                        download and install packages (applications) over the Internet. The Ubuntu software
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                        repository contains thousands of packages that are freely available for
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                        installation over the Internet. It is easy to install these packages because
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                        they are specially built for Ubuntu.</para>
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                        <instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">This section is a recap of section 1. However, it is very critical to understand the concept of software repositories.</emphasis></para>
 
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                        <instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">This section is a recap 
 
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                        of section 1. However, it is very critical to understand the concept of software repositories.</emphasis></para>
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                        </instructornote>
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                        <sect2>
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                                <title>Software Repository Categories</title>
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                                standard Ubuntu installation CD, but they can be easily removed.
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                                </para>
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                                <para><emphasis role="strong">The Universe Component</emphasis></para>
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                                <para>The universe component includes thousands of 
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                                packages for software that are not officially supported by Canonical. The
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                                software are available under a variety of licenses reputed free, 
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                                taken from a variety of public sources. This component is
 
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                                <para>The universe component includes thousands of packages for software that 
 
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                                is not officially supported by Canonical. The software is available under
 
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                                a variety of free licenses, taken from a variety of public sources. This component is
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                                available only through the Internet.</para>
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                                <para>All the packages in this component are expected to work correctly.
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                                However, there is no guarantee of security fixes and
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                                support for these packages. The packages in this component are 
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                                maintained by the community.</para>
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                                <instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">It could be considered risky to use packages from the
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                                universe component, especially because the availability of security
 
1209
                                <instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">It could be 
 
1210
                                considered risky to use packages from the Universe component, especially because the availability of security
1223
1211
                                updates is not guaranteed.</emphasis></para>
1224
1212
                                </instructornote>
1225
1213
                                <para><emphasis role="strong">The Multiverse Component</emphasis></para>
1230
1218
                                and comply with their licensing terms. The packages in this component
1231
1219
                                do not come with any support or security updates. Examples of these
1232
1220
                                packages include VLC and the Adobe Flash plugin.</para>
1233
 
                                <instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">Software from the multiverse component could be
 
1221
                                <instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">Software from the Multiverse component could be
1234
1222
                                hindered by patents or other forms of restriction on usage and distribution.
1235
 
                                It is the responsibility of the user to determine if the software of question can be
1236
 
                                used in its juridiction and to comply with local laws.</emphasis></para></instructornote>
1237
 
                        <para>Many packages are not available in default Ubuntu
 
1223
                                It is the user's responsibility to determine if the software can be
 
1224
                                used in its jurisdiction and complies with local laws.</emphasis></para></instructornote>
 
1225
                                <para>Many packages are not available in default Ubuntu
1238
1226
                                repositories. These packages can either be installed from other
1239
1227
                                Ubuntu repositories or from third-party software. To use the packages
1240
1228
                                present in third-party software, you need to add the software. Perform
1357
1345
                                                sarge main</emphasis> in the
1358
1346
                                                <emphasis role="strong">APT line</emphasis> box. Click
1359
1347
                                                <emphasis role="strong">Add Source</emphasis>.</para>
1360
 
                                <para><emphasis role="italic">Software from the multiverse component could be
1361
 
                                hindered by patents or other forms of restriction on usage and distribution.
1362
 
                                It is the responsibility of the user to determine if the software of question can be
1363
 
                                used in its juridiction and to comply with local laws.</emphasis></para>
 
1348
                                <para><emphasis role="italic">Software from the Multiverse component could be
 
1349
                                hindered by patents and other restriction on usage and distribution.
 
1350
                                It is the user's responsibility to ascertain whether the software in question can be
 
1351
                                used in its jurisdiction and to complies with local laws.</emphasis></para>
1364
1352
                        </sect2>
1365
1353
                        <sect2>
1366
 
                                <title>Adding Repositories (More depots)</title>
 
1354
                                <title>Adding Repositories</title>
1367
1355
                                <para>Many packages are not available in default Ubuntu
1368
1356
                                repositories. These packages can either be installed from other
1369
1357
                                Ubuntu repositories or from third-party software. To use the packages
1469
1457
                </sect1>
1470
1458
                <sect1>
1471
1459
                        <title>Adding New Language Settings</title>
1472
 
                        <para>Ubuntu provides you the option to enable new language settings for your desktop.</para>
1473
 
                        <para>Support for new languages can be installed via <emphasis role="strong">Language Support</emphasis>, which is found in the <emphasis role="strong">Administration/System</emphasis> menu. When adding a new language additional packages may need to be downloaded and installed.</para>
1474
 
                        <para>Depending on the language the input method and keyboard mapping needs to be changed as well. The <emphasis>Smart Common Input Method</emphasis> (SCIM) is used in Ubuntu to switch between different input methods. The <emphasis>ctrl space</emphasis> hotkey is a convenient switch between different input methods.</para>
 
1460
                        <para>Ubuntu provides the option to enable new language settings for your desktop.</para>
 
1461
                        <para>Support for new languages can be installed via <emphasis role="strong">Language Support</emphasis>, which 
 
1462
                        is found in the <emphasis role="strong">Administration/System</emphasis> menu. When adding a new language,
 
1463
                        additional packages may need to be downloaded and installed.</para>
 
1464
                        <para>Depending on the language the input method and keyboard mapping needs to be changed as well. 
 
1465
                        The <emphasis>Smart Common Input Method</emphasis> (SCIM) is used in Ubuntu to switch between different input methods. 
 
1466
                        The <emphasis>ctrl space</emphasis> hotkey is a convenient switch between different input methods.</para>
1475
1467
                </sect1>
1476
1468
                <sect1>
1477
1469
                        <title>Lesson Summary</title>
1478
1470
                        <para>In this lesson, you learned that:
1479
1471
                        <orderedlist numeration="arabic">
1480
1472
                                <listitem>
1481
 
                                        <para>GNOME is the default graphical interface or desktop for
1482
 
                                        Ubuntu. You can use the <emphasis role="strong">Preferences</emphasis>
 
1473
                                        <para>GNOME is the default desktop for Ubuntu. You can use the <emphasis role="strong">Preferences</emphasis>
1483
1474
                                        option on the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis>
1484
 
                                        menu to customise the Ubuntu desktop for look and
1485
 
                                        feel.</para>
 
1475
                                        menu to customise the Ubuntu desktop look and feel.</para>
1486
1476
                                </listitem>
1487
1477
                                <listitem>
1488
1478
                                        <para>You can manage your file system using the Nautilus file
1516
1506
                                        code of a program. You can use advanced command line tools to install or
1517
1507
                                        uninstall the tarball file.</para>
1518
1508
                                </listitem>
1519
 
                                <listitem>
1520
 
                                        <para>You can easily install packages over the Internet from
1521
 
                                        Ubuntu software repositories because the packages are specially
1522
 
                                        built and tested for Ubuntu.</para>
1523
 
                                </listitem>
1524
 
                        </orderedlist>
 
1509
                          </orderedlist>
1525
1510
                        </para>
1526
1511
                </sect1>
1527
1512
                    <questions>
1595
1580
                    </questions>
1596
1581
                <sect1>
1597
1582
                        <title>Lab Exercise</title>
1598
 
                        <instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">Explain to the students the purpose of each
1599
 
                        application. xpdf is a suite of tools for portable document format (pdf).
1600
 
                        It is a small and efficient package for viewing pdf files. This package
1601
 
                        supports standard X fonts, true type fonts and type1 fonts. Gnumeric
 
1583
                        <instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">Explain to 
 
1584
                        the students the purpose of each application. xpdf is a suite of tools used to view Portable Document Format (pdf).
 
1585
                        This package supports standard X fonts, true type fonts and type1 fonts. Gnumeric
1602
1586
                        is a stand-alone spreadsheet application that interoperates well with
1603
1587
                        other spreadsheets. 7Zip is a package with high compression ratios.</emphasis></para>
1604
1588
                        </instructornote>
1605
1589
                        <para><emphasis role="strong">Exercise 1</emphasis></para>
1606
1590
                        <para>You have installed Ubuntu 7.10 on your personal computer. You
1607
 
                        want to view your pdf files, use an easy-to use spreadsheet application
1608
 
                        for creating your daily tasks and archive your files. Install the following
1609
 
                        packages:</para>
 
1591
                        want to view your pdf files, use a spreadsheet application for creating your daily tasks and archive your files. 
 
1592
                        Install the following packages:</para>
1610
1593
                        <para>a) xpdf</para>
1611
1594
                        <para>b) gnumeric</para>
1612
1595
                        <para>c) 7zip</para>