~ubuntu-branches/debian/lenny/ucblogo/lenny : revision 1

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<HTML>

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Written by: Lionel Cons <Lionel.Cons@cern.ch> (original author)

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Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>

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Olaf Bachmann <obachman@mathematik.uni-kl.de>

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and many others.

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Maintained by: Olaf Bachmann <obachman@mathematik.uni-kl.de>

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Send bugs and suggestions to <texi2html@mathematik.uni-kl.de>

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<HEAD>

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<TITLE>BERKELEY LOGO: COMMUNICATION</TITLE>

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</HEAD>

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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

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</TR></TABLE>

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<H1> 3. Communication </H1>

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<P>

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<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC67">3.1 Transmitters</A></TD><TD>  </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>

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<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC71">3.2 Receivers</A></TD><TD>  </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>

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<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC78">3.3 File Access</A></TD><TD>  </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>

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<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC101">3.4 Terminal Access</A></TD><TD>  </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>

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</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>

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<P>

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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

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</TR></TABLE>

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<H2> 3.1 Transmitters </H2>

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<P>

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<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC68">print</A></TD><TD>  </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>

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</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>

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<P>

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Note: If there is a variable named <VAR>PRINTDEPTHLIMIT</VAR> with a nonnegative

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integer value, then complex list and array structures will be printed

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only to the allowed depth. That is, members of members of... of members

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will be allowed only so far. The members omitted because

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they are just past the depth limit are indicated by an ellipsis for each

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one, so a too-deep list of two members will print as [<small>...</small> <small>...</small>].

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</P><P>

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If there is a variable named <VAR>PRINTWIDTHLIMIT</VAR> with a nonnegative integer

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value, then only the first so many members of any array or

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list will be printed. A single ellipsis replaces all missing data

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within the structure. The width limit also applies to the number of

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characters printed in a word, except that a <VAR>PRINTWIDTHLIMIT</VAR> between 0 and 9

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will be treated as if it were 10 when applied to words. This limit

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applies not only to the top-level printed datum but to any substructures

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within it.

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</P><P>

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See section <A HREF="usermanual_11.html#SEC349">printdepthlimit</A> ,

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<A HREF="usermanual_11.html#SEC350">printwidthlimit</A>

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</P><P>

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If there is a variable named <VAR>FULLPRINTP</VAR> whose value is TRUE, then

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words that were created using backslash or vertical bar (to include

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characters that would otherwise not be treated as part of a word) are

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printed with the backslashes or vertical bars shown, so that the printed

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result could be re-read by Logo to produce the same value. If

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FULLPRINTP is TRUE then the empty word (however it was created) prints

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as ||. (Otherwise it prints as nothing at all.)

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</P><P>

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See section <A HREF="usermanual_11.html#SEC347">fullprintp</A> .

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</P><P>

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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

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</TR></TABLE>

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<H3> print </H3>

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<P>

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<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>PRINT thing

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PR thing

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(PRINT thing1 thing2 ...)

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(PR thing1 thing2 ...)

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</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

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command. Prints the input or inputs to the current write stream

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(initially the terminal). All the inputs are printed on a single line,

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separated by spaces, ending with a newline. If an input is a list,

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square brackets are not printed around it, but brackets are printed

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around sublists. Braces are always printed around arrays.

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</P><P>

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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

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</TR></TABLE>

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<P>

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<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>TYPE thing

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(TYPE thing1 thing2 ...)

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</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

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command. Prints the input or inputs like PRINT, except that no newline

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character is printed at the end and multiple inputs are not separated by

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spaces. Note: printing to the terminal is ordinarily "line buffered";

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that is, the characters you print using TYPE will not actually appear on

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the screen until either a newline character is printed (for example, by

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PRINT or SHOW) or Logo tries to read from the keyboard (either at the

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request of your program or after an instruction prompt). This buffering

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makes the program much faster than it would be if each character

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appeared immediately, and in most cases the effect is not disconcerting.

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To accommodate programs that do a lot of positioned text display using

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TYPE, Logo will force printing whenever SETCURSOR is invoked. This

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solves most buffering problems. Still, on occasion you may find it

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necessary to force the buffered characters to be printed explicitly;

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this can be done using the WAIT command. <TT>WAIT 0</TT> will force printing

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without actually waiting.

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</P><P>

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See section <A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC104">setcursor</A> ,

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</P><P>

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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

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</TR></TABLE>

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<P>

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<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>SHOW thing

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(SHOW thing1 thing2 ...)

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</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

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command. Prints the input or inputs like PRINT, except that if an input

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is a list it is printed inside square brackets.

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</P><P>

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See section <A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC68">print</A> .

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</P><P>

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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

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</TR></TABLE>

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<H2> 3.2 Receivers </H2>

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<P>

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<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC72">readlist</A></TD><TD>  </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>

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<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC73">readword</A></TD><TD>  </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>

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<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC74">readrawline</A></TD><TD>  </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>

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<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC75">readchar</A></TD><TD>  </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>

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<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC76">readchars</A></TD><TD>  </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>

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<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC77">shell</A></TD><TD>  </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>

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</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>

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<P>

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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

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</TR></TABLE>

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<H3> readlist </H3>

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<P>

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<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>READLIST

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RL

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</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

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reads a line from the read stream (initially the terminal) and outputs

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that line as a list. The line is separated into members as though it

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were typed in square brackets in an instruction. If the read stream is

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a file, and the end of file is reached, READLIST outputs the empty word

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(not the empty list). READLIST processes backslash, vertical bar, and

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tilde characters in the read stream; the output list will not contain

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these characters but they will have had their usual effect. READLIST

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does not, however, treat semicolon as a comment character.

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</P><P>

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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

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</TR></TABLE>

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<H3> readword </H3>

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<P>

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<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>READWORD

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RW

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</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

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reads a line from the read stream and outputs that line as a word. The

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output is a single word even if the line contains spaces, brackets, etc.

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If the read stream is a file, and the end of file is reached, READWORD

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outputs the empty list (not the empty word). READWORD processes

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backslash, vertical bar, and tilde characters in the read stream. In

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the case of a tilde used for line continuation, the output word DOES

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include the tilde and the newline characters, so that the user program

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can tell exactly what the user entered. Vertical bars in the line are

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also preserved in the output. Backslash characters are not preserved in

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the output, but the character following the backslash has 128 added to

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its representation. Programs can use BACKSLASHEDP to check for this

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code. (Backslashedness is preserved only for certain characters.)

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</P><P>

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See section <A HREF="usermanual_2.html#SEC54">backslashedp</A> .

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</P><P>

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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

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</TR></TABLE>

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<H3> readrawline </H3>

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<P>

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<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>READRAWLINE

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</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

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reads a line from the read stream and outputs that line as a word. The

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output is a single word even if the line contains spaces, brackets, etc.

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If the read stream is a file, and the end of file is reached, READRAWLINE

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outputs the empty list (not the empty word). READRAWLINE outputs the

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exact string of characters as they appear in the line, with no special

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meaning for backslash, vertical bar, tilde, or any other formatting

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characters.

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</P><P>

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See section <A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC73">readword</A> .

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</P><P>

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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

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</TR></TABLE>

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<H3> readchar </H3>

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<P>

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<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>READCHAR

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RC

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</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

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reads a single character from the read stream and outputs that character

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as a word. If the read stream is a file, and the end of file is

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reached, READCHAR outputs the empty list (not the empty word). If the

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read stream is a terminal, echoing is turned off when READCHAR is

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invoked, and remains off until READLIST or READWORD is invoked or a Logo

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prompt is printed. Backslash, vertical bar, and tilde characters have

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no special meaning in this context.

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</P><P>

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See section <A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC72">readlist</A> .

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</P><P>

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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

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<H3> readchars </H3>

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<P>

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<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>READCHARS num

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RCS num

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</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

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reads <CODE>num</CODE> characters from the read stream and outputs those characters

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as a word. If the read stream is a file, and the end of file is

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reached, READCHARS outputs the empty list (not the empty word). If the

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read stream is a terminal, echoing is turned off when READCHARS is

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invoked, and remains off until READLIST or READWORD is invoked or a Logo

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prompt is printed. Backslash, vertical bar, and tilde characters have

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no special meaning in this context.

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</P><P>

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See section <A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC72">readlist</A> ,

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<A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC73">readword</A>

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</P><P>

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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

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</TR></TABLE>

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<H3> shell </H3>

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<P>

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<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>SHELL command

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(SHELL command wordflag)

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</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

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Under Unix, outputs the result of running <CODE>command</CODE> as a shell command.

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(The command is sent to <SAMP>`/bin/sh'</SAMP>, not <SAMP>`csh'</SAMP> or other alternatives.) If the command is a literal list in the instruction line, and if you want a

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backslash character sent to the shell, you must use \\ to get the

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backslash through Logo's reader intact. The output is a list containing

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one member for each line generated by the shell command. Ordinarily

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each such line is represented by a list in the output, as though the

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line were read using READLIST. If a second input is given, regardless

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of the value of the input, each line is represented by a word in the

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output as though it were read with READWORD. Example:

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</P><P>

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<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>to dayofweek

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output first first shell [date]

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end

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</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

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This is "first first" to extract the first word of the first (and only)

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line of the shell output.

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</P><P>

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DOS command processor but does not collect the result of the command.

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</P><P>

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The Macintosh, of course, is not programmable.

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</P><P>

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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

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</TR></TABLE>

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<H2> 3.3 File Access </H2>

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<P>

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<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC79">setprefix</A></TD><TD>  </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>

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<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC80">prefix</A></TD><TD>  </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>

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<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC81">openread</A></TD><TD>  </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>

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<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC82">openwrite</A></TD><TD>  </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>

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<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC83">openappend</A></TD><TD>  </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>

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<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC84">openupdate</A></TD><TD>  </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>

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<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC85">close</A></TD><TD>  </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>

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<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC86">allopen</A></TD><TD>  </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>

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<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC87">closeall</A></TD><TD>  </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>

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<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC88">erasefile</A></TD><TD>  </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>

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<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC89">dribble</A></TD><TD>  </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>

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<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC90">nodribble</A></TD><TD>  </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>

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<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC91">setread</A></TD><TD>  </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>

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<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC92">setwrite</A></TD><TD>  </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>

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<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC93">reader</A></TD><TD>  </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>

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<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC94">writer</A></TD><TD>  </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>

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<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC95">setreadpos</A></TD><TD>  </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>

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<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC96">setwritepos</A></TD><TD>  </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>

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<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC97">readpos</A></TD><TD>  </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>

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<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC98">writepos</A></TD><TD>  </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>

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<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC100">filep</A></TD><TD>  </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>

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</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>

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<P>

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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

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</TR></TABLE>

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<H3> setprefix </H3>

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<P>

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<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>SETPREFIX string

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</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

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command. Sets a prefix that will be used as the implicit beginning of

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filenames in OPENREAD, OPENWRITE, OPENAPPEND, OPENUPDATE, LOAD, and SAVE

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commands. Logo will put the appropriate separator character (slash for

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Unix, backslash for DOS/Windows, colon for MacOS) between the prefix and

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the filename entered by the user. The input to SETPREFIX must be a

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word, unless it is the empty list, to indicate that there should be no

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prefix.

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</P><P>

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See section <A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC81">openread</A> ,

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See section <A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC82">openwrite</A> ,

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See section <A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC83">openappend</A> ,

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See section <A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC84">openupdate</A> ,

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See section <A HREF="usermanual_7.html#SEC289">load</A> ,

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See section <A HREF="usermanual_7.html#SEC287">save</A> .

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</P><P>

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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

555

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

556

557

</TR></TABLE>

558

<H3> prefix </H3>

559

560

<P>

561

562

<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>PREFIX

563

</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

564

565

outputs the current file prefix, or [] if there is no prefix.

566

</P><P>

567

568

See section <A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC79">setprefix</A> .

569

</P><P>

570

571

572

573

574

575

576

577

578

579

580

581

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

582

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

583

584

</TR></TABLE>

585

<H3> openread </H3>

586

587

<P>

588

589

<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>OPENREAD filename

590

</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

591

592

command. Opens the named file for reading. The read position is

593

initially at the beginning of the file.

594

</P><P>

595

596

597

598

599

600

601

602

603

604

605

606

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

607

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

608

609

</TR></TABLE>

610

<H3> openwrite </H3>

611

612

<P>

613

614

<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>OPENWRITE filename

615

</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

616

617

command. Opens the named file for writing. If the file already

618

existed, the old version is deleted and a new, empty file created.

619

</P><P>

620

621

622

623

624

625

626

627

628

629

630

631

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

632

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

633

634

</TR></TABLE>

635

<H3> openappend </H3>

636

637

<P>

638

639

<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>OPENAPPEND filename

640

</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

641

642

command. Opens the named file for writing. If the file already exists,

643

the write position is initially set to the end of the old file, so that

644

newly written data will be appended to it.

645

</P><P>

646

647

648

649

650

651

652

653

654

655

656

657

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

658

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

659

660

</TR></TABLE>

661

<H3> openupdate </H3>

662

663

<P>

664

665

<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>OPENUPDATE filename

666

</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

667

668

command. Opens the named file for reading and writing. The read and

669

write position is initially set to the end of the old file, if any.

670

Note: each open file has only one position, for both reading and

671

writing. If a file opened for update is both READER and WRITER at the

672

same time, then SETREADPOS will also affect WRITEPOS and vice versa.

673

Also, if you alternate reading and writing the same file, you must

674

SETREADPOS between a write and a read, and SETWRITEPOS between a read

675

and a write.

676

</P><P>

677

678

See section <A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC93">reader</A> ,

679

<A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC94">writer</A> ,

680

<A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC95">setreadpos</A> ,

681

<A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC96">setwritepos</A>

682

</P><P>

683

684

685

686

687

688

689

690

691

692

693

694

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

695

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

696

697

</TR></TABLE>

698

<H3> close </H3>

699

700

<P>

701

702

<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>CLOSE filename

703

</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

704

705

command. Closes the named file.

706

</P><P>

707

708

709

710

711

712

713

714

715

716

717

718

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

719

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

720

721

</TR></TABLE>

722

<H3> allopen </H3>

723

724

<P>

725

726

<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>ALLOPEN

727

</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

728

729

outputs a list whose members are the names of all files currently open.

730

This list does not include the dribble file, if any.

731

</P><P>

732

733

734

735

736

737

738

739

740

741

742

743

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

744

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

745

746

</TR></TABLE>

747

<H3> closeall </H3>

748

749

<P>

750

751

<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>CLOSEALL (library procedure)

752

</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

753

754

command. Closes all open files. Abbreviates <TT>FOREACH ALLOPEN [CLOSE ?]</TT>

755

</P><P>

756

757

See section <A HREF="usermanual_8.html#SEC326">foreach</A> ,

758

<A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC85">close</A>

759

</P><P>

760

761

762

763

764

765

766

767

768

769

770

771

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

772

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

773

774

</TR></TABLE>

775

<H3> erasefile </H3>

776

777

<P>

778

779

<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>ERASEFILE filename

780

ERF filename

781

</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

782

783

command. Erases (deletes, removes) the named file, which should not

784

currently be open.

785

</P><P>

786

787

788

789

790

791

792

793

794

795

796

797

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

798

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

799

800

</TR></TABLE>

801

<H3> dribble </H3>

802

803

<P>

804

805

<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>DRIBBLE filename

806

</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

807

808

command. Creates a new file whose name is the input, like OPENWRITE,

809

and begins recording in that file everything that is read from the

810

keyboard or written to the terminal. That is, this writing is in

811

addition to the writing to WRITER. The intent is to create a transcript

812

of a Logo session, including things like prompt characters and

813

interactions.

814

</P><P>

815

816

See section <A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC82">openwrite</A> ,

817

<A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC94">writer</A>

818

</P><P>

819

820

821

822

823

824

825

826

827

828

829

830

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

831

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

832

833

</TR></TABLE>

834

<H3> nodribble </H3>

835

836

<P>

837

838

<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>NODRIBBLE

839

</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

840

841

command. Stops copying information into the dribble file, and closes

842

the file.

843

</P><P>

844

845

846

847

848

849

850

851

852

853

854

855

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

856

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

857

858

</TR></TABLE>

859

<H3> setread </H3>

860

861

<P>

862

863

<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>SETREAD filename

864

</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

865

866

command. Makes the named file the read stream, used for READLIST, etc.

867

The file must already be open with OPENREAD or OPENUPDATE. If the input

868

is the empty list, then the read stream becomes the terminal, as usual.

869

Changing the read stream does not close the file that was previously the

870

read stream, so it is possible to alternate between files.

871

</P><P>

872

873

See section <A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC72">readlist</A> ,

874

<A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC81">openread</A> ,

875

<A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC84">openupdate</A>

876

</P><P>

877

878

879

880

881

882

883

884

885

886

887

888

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

889

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

890

891

</TR></TABLE>

892

<H3> setwrite </H3>

893

894

<P>

895

896

<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>SETWRITE filename

897

</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

898

899

command. Makes the named file the write stream, used for PRINT, etc.

900

The file must already be open with OPENWRITE, OPENAPPEND, or OPENUPDATE.

901

If the input is the empty list, then the write stream becomes the

902

terminal, as usual. Changing the write stream does not close the file

903

that was previously the write stream, so it is possible to alternate

904

between files.

905

</P><P>

906

907

See section <A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC68">print</A> ,

908

<A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC82">openwrite</A> ;

909

<A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC83">openappend</A> ;

910

<A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC84">openupdate</A>

911

</P><P>

912

913

914

915

916

917

918

919

920

921

922

923

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

924

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

925

926

</TR></TABLE>

927

<H3> reader </H3>

928

929

<P>

930

931

<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>READER

932

</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

933

934

outputs the name of the current read stream file, or the empty list if

935

the read stream is the terminal.

936

</P><P>

937

938

939

940

941

942

943

944

945

946

947

948

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

949

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

950

951

</TR></TABLE>

952

<H3> writer </H3>

953

954

<P>

955

956

<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>WRITER

957

</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

958

959

outputs the name of the current write stream file, or the empty list if

960

the write stream is the terminal.

961

</P><P>

962

963

964

965

966

967

968

969

970

971

972

973

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

974

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

975

976

</TR></TABLE>

977

<H3> setreadpos </H3>

978

979

<P>

980

981

<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>SETREADPOS charpos

982

</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

983

984

command. Sets the file pointer of the read stream file so that the next

985

READLIST, etc., will begin reading at the <CODE>charpos</CODE>th character in the

986

file, counting from 0. (That is, <TT>SETREADPOS 0</TT> will start reading from

987

the beginning of the file.) Meaningless if the read stream is the

988

terminal.

989

</P><P>

990

991

See section <A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC72">readlist</A> .

992

</P><P>

993

994

995

996

997

998

999

1000

1001

1002

1003

1004

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

1005

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

1006

1007

</TR></TABLE>

1008

<H3> setwritepos </H3>

1009

1010

<P>

1011

1012

<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>SETWRITEPOS charpos

1013

</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

1014

1015

command. Sets the file pointer of the write stream file so that the

1016

next PRINT, etc., will begin writing at the <CODE>charpos</CODE>th character in the

1017

file, counting from 0. (That is, <TT>SETWRITEPOS 0</TT> will start writing from

1018

the beginning of the file.) Meaningless if the write stream is the

1019

terminal.

1020

</P><P>

1021

1022

See section <A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC68">print</A> .

1023

</P><P>

1024

1025

1026

1027

1028

1029

1030

1031

1032

1033

1034

1035

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

1036

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

1037

1038

</TR></TABLE>

1039

<H3> readpos </H3>

1040

1041

<P>

1042

1043

<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>READPOS

1044

</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

1045

1046

outputs the file position of the current read stream file.

1047

</P><P>

1048

1049

1050

1051

1052

1053

1054

1055

1056

1057

1058

1059

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

1060

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

1061

1062

</TR></TABLE>

1063

<H3> writepos </H3>

1064

1065

<P>

1066

1067

<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>WRITEPOS

1068

</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

1069

1070

outputs the file position of the current write stream file.

1071

</P><P>

1072

1073

1074

1075

1076

1077

1078

1079

1080

1081

1082

1083

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

1084

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

1085

1086

</TR></TABLE>

1087

1088

1089

<P>

1090

1091

<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>EOFP

1092

EOF?

1093

</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

1094

1095

predicate, outputs TRUE if there are no more characters to be read in

1096

the read stream file, FALSE otherwise.

1097

</P><P>

1098

1099

1100

1101

1102

1103

1104

1105

1106

1107

1108

1109

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

1110

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

1111

1112

</TR></TABLE>

1113

<H3> filep </H3>

1114

1115

<P>

1116

1117

<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>FILEP filename

1118

FILE? filename (library procedure)

1119

</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

1120

1121

predicate, outputs TRUE if a file of the specified name exists and can

1122

be read, FALSE otherwise.

1123

</P><P>

1124

1125

1126

1127

1128

1129

1130

1131

1132

1133

1134

1135

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

1136

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

1137

1138

</TR></TABLE>

1139

<H2> 3.4 Terminal Access </H2>

1140

1141

<P>

1142

1143

1144

1145

<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC103">cleartext</A></TD><TD>  </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>

1146

<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC104">setcursor</A></TD><TD>  </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>

1147

<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC105">cursor</A></TD><TD>  </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>

1148

<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC106">setmargins</A></TD><TD>  </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>

1149

<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC107">settextcolor</A></TD><TD>  </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>

1150

</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>

1151

<P>

1152

1153

1154

1155

1156

1157

1158

1159

1160

1161

1162

1163

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

1164

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

1165

1166

</TR></TABLE>

1167

1168

1169

<P>

1170

1171

<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>KEYP

1172

KEY?

1173

</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

1174

1175

predicate, outputs TRUE if there are characters waiting to be read from

1176

the read stream. If the read stream is a file, this is equivalent to

1177

<TT>NOT EOFP</TT>. If the read stream is the terminal, then echoing is turned

1178

off and the terminal is set to CBREAK (character at a time instead of

1179

line at a time) mode. It remains in this mode until some line-mode

1180

reading is requested (e.g., READLIST). The Unix operating system

1181

forgets about any pending characters when it switches modes, so the

1182

first KEYP invocation will always output FALSE.

1183

</P><P>

1184

1185

See section <A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC99">eofp</A> ,

1186

<A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC72">readlist</A>

1187

</P><P>

1188

1189

1190

1191

1192

1193

1194

1195

1196

1197

1198

1199

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

1200

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

1201

1202

</TR></TABLE>

1203

<H3> cleartext </H3>

1204

1205

<P>

1206

1207

<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>CLEARTEXT

1208

CT

1209

</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

1210

1211

command. Clears the text screen of the terminal.

1212

</P><P>

1213

1214

1215

1216

1217

1218

1219

1220

1221

1222

1223

1224

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

1225

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

1226

1227

</TR></TABLE>

1228

<H3> setcursor </H3>

1229

1230

<P>

1231

1232

<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>SETCURSOR vector

1233

</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

1234

1235

command. The input is a list of two numbers, the x and y coordinates of

1236

a screen position (origin in the upper left corner, positive direction

1237

is southeast). The screen cursor is moved to the requested position.

1238

This command also forces the immediate printing of any buffered

1239

characters.

1240

</P><P>

1241

1242

1243

1244

1245

1246

1247

1248

1249

1250

1251

1252

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

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</TR></TABLE>

1256

<H3> cursor </H3>

1257

1258

<P>

1259

1260

<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>CURSOR

1261

</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

1262

1263

outputs a list containing the current x and y coordinates of the screen

1264

cursor. Logo may get confused about the current cursor position if,

1265

e.g., you type in a long line that wraps around or your program prints

1266

escape codes that affect the terminal strangely.

1267

</P><P>

1268

1269

1270

1271

1272

1273

1274

1275

1276

1277

1278

1279

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

1280

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

1281

1282

</TR></TABLE>

1283

<H3> setmargins </H3>

1284

1285

<P>

1286

1287

<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>SETMARGINS vector

1288

</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

1289

1290

command. The input must be a list of two numbers, as for SETCURSOR.

1291

The effect is to clear the screen and then arrange for all further

1292

printing to be shifted down and to the right according to the indicated

1293

margins. Specifically, every time a newline character is printed

1294

(explicitly or implicitly) Logo will type x_margin spaces, and on every

1295

invocation of SETCURSOR the margins will be added to the input x and y

1296

coordinates. (CURSOR will report the cursor position relative to the

1297

margins, so that this shift will be invisible to Logo programs.) The

1298

purpose of this command is to accommodate the display of terminal

1299

screens in lecture halls with inadequate TV monitors that miss the top

1300

and left edges of the screen.

1301

</P><P>

1302

1303

See section <A HREF="usermanual_3.html#SEC104">setcursor</A> .

1304

</P><P>

1305

1306

1307

1308

1309

1310

1311

1312

1313

1314

1315

1316

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

1317

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

1318

1319

</TR></TABLE>

1320

<H3> settextcolor </H3>

1321

1322

<P>

1323

1324

<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>SETTEXTCOLOR foreground background

1325

SETTC foreground background

1326

</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>

1327

1328

Command (Windows and DOS extended only). The inputs are color numbers,

1329

as for turtle graphics. Future printing to the text window will use the

1330

specified colors for foreground (the characters printed) and background

1331

(the space under those characters). Using STANDOUT will revert to the

1332

default text window colors. In the DOS extended (ucblogo.exe) version,

1333

colors in textscreen mode are limited to numbers 0-7, and the coloring

1334

applies only to text printed by the program, not to the echoing of text

1335

typed by the user. Neither limitation applies to the text portion of

1336

splitscreen mode, which is actually drawn as graphics internally.

1337

</P><P>

1338

1339

See section <A HREF="usermanual_2.html#SEC63">standout</A> .

1340

</P><P>

1341

1342

1343

1344

1345

1346

1347

1348

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>

1349

<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="usermanual_12.html#SEC354">Index</A>]</TD>

1350

1351

</TR></TABLE>

1352

<BR>

1353

1354

This document was generated

1355

by <I>Brian Harvey</I> on <I>July, 24 2001</I>

1356

using <A HREF="http://www.mathematik.uni-kl.de/~obachman/Texi2html

1357

"><I>texi2html</I></A>

1358

1359

</BODY>

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</HTML>