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.TH SG_FORMAT "8" "June 2006" "sg3_utils-1.21" SG3_UTILS
.SH NAME
sg_format \- format or resize a SCSI disk (perhaps change its block size)
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B sg_format
[\fI--count=<n>\fR] [\fI--early\fR] [\fI--format\fR] [\fI--help\fR]
[\fI--long\fR] [\fI--resize\fR] [\fI--six\fR] [\fI--size=<n>\fR]
[\fI--verbose\fR] [\fI--version\fR] [\fI--wait\fR]
\fI<scsi_device>\fR
.SH DESCRIPTION
.\" Add any additional description here
.PP
Not all SCSI direct access devices need to be formatted and some have
vendor specific formatting procedures. SCSI disks with rotating media are
probably the largest group that do support a 'standard' format operation.
They are typically factory formatted to a block size of 512 bytes with the
largest number of blocks that the manufacturer recommends. That number of
blocks typically leaves aside a certain number of tracks and sectors for
reassignment of logical block addresses during the life of the disk.
.PP
This utility can format modern SCSI disks and potentially change their
block size (if permitted) and the block count (i.e. number of accessible
blocks on the media also known as "resizing"). Resizing a disk to less
than the manufacturer's recommended block count is sometimes called "short
stroking" (see NOTES section). Resizing the block count while not changing
the block size may not require a format operation. Recent changes to the
SBC-2 draft standard (see www.t10.org) have obsoleted the "format device"
mode page. Many of the low level details found in that mode page are now
left up to the discretion of the manufacturer.
.PP
When this utility is used without options (apart from a device name)
then it prints out the existing block size and block count derived
from two sources. These two sources are a block descriptor in the response
to a MODE SENSE command and the response to a READ CAPACITY command.
The reason for this double check is to detect a "format corrupt"
state (see NOTES section).
.PP
A recent addition in the SBC-2 is "protection information". See
the section of that name (section 4.16 in draft SBC-2 rev 16). It adds
an extra 8 bytes of protection information to each block (a 2 byte "logical
block guard" (CRC), a 2 byte "logical block application guard", and a
4 byte "logical block reference tag"). A device that supports
protection information sets the "protect" bit in a standard INQUIRY
response. The "FMTPINFO" and "RTO_REQ" bits in the FORMAT command cdb
are associated with protection information and can be set by this
utility.
.TP
--count=<n> | -c <n>
count of blocks to be formatted or media to be resized to. Can be
used with either "--format" or "--resize". With "--format" this
option need not be given in which case it is assumed to be zero.
With "--format" the interpretation of <n> is:
.br
  (n > 0) : only format the first <n> blocks and READ
.br
            CAPACITY will report <n> blocks after format
.br
  (n = 0) and block size unchanged : use existing block count
.br
  (n = 0) and block size changed : recommended maximum block
.br
                                   count for new block size
.br
  (n = -1) : use recommended maximum block count
.br
  (n < -1) : illegal
.br
With "--resize" this option must be given and <n> has this
interpretation:
.br
  (n > 0) : after resize READ CAPACITY will report <n>
.br
            blocks
.br
  (n = 0) : after resize READ CAPACITY will report 0 blocks
.br
  (n = -1) : after resize READ CAPACITY will report its
.br
             maximum number of blocks
.br
  (n < -1) : illegal
.br
In both cases if the given <n> exceeds the maximum number of
blocks (for the block size) then the disk reports an error.
See NOTES section below.
.TP
--early | -e
this option is active when "--format" is given. The default action of this
utility is to poll the disk every 30 seconds to determine the progress of
the format operation until it is finished. When this option is given this
utility will exit "early" as soon as the format has commenced. Then the
user can monitor the progress of the ongoing format operation with other
utilities (e.g. sg_turs or sg_requests). This option and "--wait" cannot
both be given.
.TP
--format | -F
issue a SCSI FORMAT command.
.B This will destroy all the data held on the media.
This option is required to change the block size of a disk.
See NOTES section for implementation details and EXAMPLES
section for typical use.
.TP
--help | -h
print out the usage information then exit.
.TP
--long | -l
the default action of this utility is to assume 32 bit logical block
addresses. With 512 byte block size this permits almost 2
terabytes (almost 2 ** 41 bytes) on a single disk. This option selects
commands and parameters that allow for 64 bit logical block addresses.
Specifically this is the "longlba" flag in the MODE SENSE (10) command
and READ CAPACITY (16) rather than READ CAPACITY (10). When a disk
supports "protection information" then this option may also be useful. 
.TP
--pinfo | -p
instructs a '--format' to add an extra 8 bytes of protection information.
Default action is not to format with protection information. Has no action
unless '--format' is given.
.TP
--resize | -r
rather than format the disk, it can be resized. This means changing the
number of blocks on the device reported by the READ CAPACITY command.
This option should be used with the '--count=<new_blk_count>' option.
The contents of all logical blocks on the media remain unchanged when
this option is used. This means that any resize operation can be
reversed. This option cannot be used together with either "--format"
or a "--size" whose argument is different to the existing block size. 
.TP
--rto_req | -R
instructs a format to enable application client ownership of
the "logical block reference tag" field. The default action is to
disable application client ownership of that field. Has no action
unless both '--format' and '--pinfo' are given.
.TP
--six | -6
Use 6 byte variants of MODE SENSE and MODE SELECT. The default action
is to use the 10 byte variants. Some MO drives need this option set
when doing a format.
.TP
--size=<n> | -s <n>
block size (i.e. number of bytes in each block) to format the device to.
The default value is whatever is currently reported by the block descriptor
in a MODE SENSE command.  This option is only active when the "--format"
option is also given. If the block size given by this option is different
from the current value then a MODE SELECT command is used to change it
prior to the FORMAT command being started (as recommended in the draft
standard). Recent SCSI disks usually have 512 byte sectors by default
and allow up to 16 bytes extra in a sector (i.e. 528 byte sectors).
If the given size in unacceptable to the disk, most likely an "Invalid
field in parameter list" message will appear in sense data (requires the
use of '-v' to decode sense data).
.TP
--verbose | -v
increase the level of verbosity, (i.e. debug output). "-vvv" gives
the maximum debug output.
.TP
--version | -V
print the version string and then exit.
.TP
--wait | -w
this option only has an effect when used together with the "--format"
option. The default format action is to set the "IMMED" bit in the FORMAT
UNIT command's (short) parameter header. If this option (i.e. "--wait") is
given then the "IMMED" bit is not set. Then the FORMAT UNIT command waits
until the format operation completes before returning its response. This
can be several hours on large disks. This utility sets a four hour timeout
on such a FORMAT UNIT command.
.SH NOTES
The format command is still quite complicated and a large set
of variables in the format command itself and associated parameters
are set to default values by this utility. These include: LONGLIST,
CMPLIST and the defect list format (in the command) and all flags within
the parameter header apart from IMMED (as explained in the "--wait" option).
.PP
The SBC-2 draft standard (revision 16) says that the REQUEST SENSE command
should be used for obtaining a progress indication when the format
command returns prior to the completion of the format operation.
However, tests on a selection of recent disks shows that TEST UNIT READY
commands yield progress indications (but not REQUEST SENSE commands). A
new option may be required to handle this when disks catch up to the current
draft.
.PP
When the "--format" option is given then there is a 10 second window
during which the user is invited to abort sg_format. This is just prior
the FORMAT UNIT SCSI command being issued. If the "--wait" option is not
given then the FORMAT UNIT SCSI command is issued with the IMMED bit set
which causes the SCSI command to return after it has started the format
operation. The "--early" option will cause sg_format to exit at that
point. Otherwise the given device is polled every 30 seconds with
TEST UNIT READY commands until it reports an "all clear" (i.e. the
format operation has completed). Normally these polling commands will
result in a progress indicator (expressed as a percentage) being output
to the screen. If the user gets bored watching the progress report then
sg_format process can be terminated (e.g. with control-C) without
affecting the format operation which continues. However a bus or device
reset (or a power cycle) may well cause the device to become "format
corrupt".
.PP
When the "--format" and "--wait" options are both given then this utility
may take a long time to return. In this case care should be taken not to
send any other SCSI commands to the disk as it may not respond leaving
those commands queued behind the active format command. This may
cause a timeout in the OS driver (in a lot shorter period than 4 hours
applicable to the format command). This may result in the OS resetting
the disk leaving the format operation incomplete. This may leave the
disk in a "format corrupt" state requiring another format to remedy
the situation.
.PP
When the block size (i.e. the number of bytes in each block) is changed
on a disk two SCSI commands must be sent: a MODE SELECT to change the block
size followed by a FORMAT command. If the MODE SELECT command succeeds and
the FORMAT fails then the disk may be in a state that the draft standard
calls "format corrupt". A block descriptor in a subsequent MODE SENSE
will report the requested new block size while a READ CAPACITY command
will report the existing (i.e. different) block size. Alternatively
the READ CAPACITY command may fail, reporting the device is not ready,
potentially requiring a format. The solution to this situation is to
do a format again (and this time the new block size does not have to
be given) or change the block size back to the original size.
.PP
The draft SBC-2 standard states that the block count can be set back
to the manufacturer's maximum recommended value in a format or resize
operation. This can be done by placing an address of 0xffffffff (or the
64 bit equivalent) in the appropriate block descriptor field to a MODE
SELECT command. In signed (two's complement) arithmetic that value
corresponds to '-1'. So a "--count" argument of '-1' causes the block count
to be set back to the manufacturer's maximum recommended value. To see
exactly which SCSI commands are being executed and parameters passed
add "-vvv" to the sg_format command line.
.PP
Short stroking is a technique to trade off capacity for performance.
Disk performance is usually highest on the outer tracks (i.e. lower
logical block addresses) so by resizing or reformatting a disk to
a smaller capacity, average performance will usually be increased.
.PP
Other utilities may be useful in finding information associated with
formatting. These include sg_inq to fetch standard INQUIRY
information (e.g. the PROTECT bit) and to fetch the extended INQUIRY
VPD page (e.g. RTO and GRD_CHK bits). The sdparm (or sginfo) utility can be
used to access and potentially change the now obsolete format mode page.
.PP
scsiformat is another utility available for formatting SCSI disks
with linux. It dates from 1997 (most recent update) and may be useful for
disks whose firmware is of that vintage.
.PP
The argument to "--count" is a number which may be followed by one of
these multiplicative suffixes: c C *1; w W *2; b B *512; k K KiB *1,024;
KB *1,000; m M MiB *1,048,576; MB *1,000,000 . This pattern continues
for "G", "T" and "P". Also a suffix of the form "x<n>" multiplies the
leading number by <n>. Alternatively numerical values can be given in
hexadecimal preceded by either "0x" or "0X" (or with a trailing "h"
or "H"). When hex numbers are given, multipliers cannot be used.
.SH EXAMPLES
First, do not alter anything but print out the existing block count and size
derived from two sources: a block descriptor in a MODE SELECT command
response and from the response of a READ CAPACITY commands:
.PP
   sg_format /dev/sdm
.PP
Now a simple format, leaving the block count and size as they
were previously, executing the format command in IMMED mode and
polling every 30 seconds to print out a progress indication:
.PP
   sg_format --format /dev/sdm
.PP
Now the same format, but waiting (passively) until the format
operation is complete:
.PP
   sg_format --format --wait /dev/sdm
.PP
Next is a format in which the block size is changed to 520 bytes
and the block count is set to the manufacturer's maximum
value (for that block size). Note, not all disks support changing
the block size:
.PP
   sg_format --format --size=520 /dev/sdm
.PP
Now a resize operation so that only the first 0x10000 (65536)
blocks on a disk are accessible. The remaining blocks remain
unaltered.
.PP
   sg_format --resize --count=0x10000 /dev/sdm
.PP
Now resize the disk back to its normal (maximum) block count:
.PP
   sg_format --resize --count=-1 /dev/sdm
.PP
.SH EXIT STATUS
The exit status of sg_format is 0 when it is successful. Otherwise see
the sg3_utils(8) man page.
.SH AUTHORS
Written by Grant Grundler, James Bottomley and Douglas Gilbert.
.SH "REPORTING BUGS"
Report bugs to <dgilbert at interlog dot com>.
.SH COPYRIGHT
Copyright \(co 2005-2006 Grant Grundler, James Bottomley and Douglas Gilbert
.br
This software is distributed under the GPL version 2. There is NO
warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.B sg_turs, sg_requests, sg_inq, sg_modes, sginfo, sg_wr_mode
.B (all in sg3_utils), sdparm, scsiformat, setblocksize