~ubuntu-branches/ubuntu/precise/kubuntu-docs/precise-proposed

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<article id="cli">
<articleinfo>
<title
>Введение в командную строку</title>
&legalnotice;
<abstract>
<para
>This document provides a brief description of the Linux command line. It is not a complete guide to the command line, but rather an introduction to complement &kubuntu;&apos;s graphical tools. </para>
</abstract>
</articleinfo>

<sect1 id="introduction">
<title
>Вступление</title>

<para>
<emphasis
>"Under Linux there are GUIs (graphical user interfaces), where you can point and click and drag, and hopefully get work done without first reading lots of documentation. The traditional Unix environment is a CLI (command line interface), where you type commands to tell the computer what to do. That is faster and more powerful, but requires finding out what the commands are." -- from <emphasis role="strong"
>man intro(1)</emphasis
> </emphasis>
</para>
<para
>This guide describes some basic GNU/Linux shell commands. It is not intended to be a complete guide to the command line, just an introduction to complement &kubuntu;&apos;s graphical tools. </para>
<para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para
>All command names, file names or paths to directories will be shown using a <command
>monospace font</command
>. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para
>The commands should be issued from a command prompt within a <application
>Terminal</application
> and will be shown as: <screen
>command to type</screen>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para
><emphasis role="strong"
>Command Line Linux is case sensitive.</emphasis
> User, user, and USER are each different and distinct in Linux. </para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</sect1>

<sect1 id="terminal">
<title
>Запуск терминала</title>
<para
>&kubuntu;&apos;s Terminal application is called <application
>Konsole</application
>, and is opened by going to &menukonsole;. </para>
<para>
<example>
<title
>&kubuntu;&apos;s terminal - Konsole</title>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="help:/images/C/C/konsole.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
</example>
</para>
</sect1>

<!-- FILES AND DIRECTORIES COMMANDS -->
<sect1 id="files-directories">
<title
>Команды для работы с файлами и каталогами</title>
<sect2 id="pwd">
<title
>pwd - print working directory</title>
<para
>The <command
>pwd</command
> command displays the directory where the user is currently located. (<acronym
>pwd</acronym
> stands for <quote
>print working directory</quote
>). For example, typing <screen
>pwd</screen
> while in the <filename class="directory"
>Desktop</filename
> will show <computeroutput
>/home/[username]/Desktop</computeroutput
>. <note
> <para
><application
>Konsole</application
> also displays this information in both the tab and title bar of its window. </para>
</note>
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="cd">
<title
>cd - смена директории</title>
<para
>The <command
>cd</command
> command changes directories. (<acronym
>cd</acronym
> stands for <quote
>change directory</quote
>). When a terminal window is opened, it will be in the user's home directory. Moving around the file system requires the use of the <command
>cd</command
>. </para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para
>To navigate into the root directory, type: <screen
>cd /</screen>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para
>To navigate to the current user's home directory, type: <screen
>cd</screen
> or <screen
>cd ~</screen>
</para>
<note>
<para
>The <command
>~</command
> character represents the current user's home directory. As shown above, <command
>cd ~</command
> is equivalent to <command
>cd /home/username/</command
>. However, when running a command as root (using <command
>sudo</command
>, for example), <command
>~</command
> points to <filename class="directory"
>/root</filename
>. When running a <command
>cd</command
> command with <command
>sudo</command
>, the full path to the home directory must be given. </para>
</note>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para
>To navigate up one directory level, type: <screen
>cd ..</screen>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para
>To navigate up two directory levels, type: <screen
>cd ../../</screen>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para
>To navigate to the previous directory (go back), type: <screen
>cd -</screen>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para
>To navigate through multiple levels of directories at once, specify the full directory path. For example, type: <screen
>cd /var/log</screen
> to go directly to the <filename class="directory"
>/log</filename
> subdirectory of <filename class="directory"
>/var/</filename
>. For another example, typing: <screen
>cd ~/Desktop</screen
> moves to the <filename class="directory"
>Desktop</filename
> subdirectory inside the current user's home directory. </para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="ls">
<title
>ls - list files</title>
<para
>The <command
>ls</command
> command outputs a list of the files in the current directory. (<acronym
>ls</acronym
> is short for <quote
>list</quote
>). For example, typing <screen
>ls ~</screen
> will display the files that are in the current user's home directory. </para>
<para
>Used with the <command
>-l</command
> option, <command
>ls</command
> outputs other information along with the filename, such as the permissions on the file, the file's owner, and more. </para>
<para
>Used with the <command
>-al</command
> options, <command
>ls</command
> outputs the information associated with the <command
>-l</command
> option in addition to showing hidden files (<command
>a</command
> option). </para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="touch">
<title
>touch - create empty file</title>
<para
>The <command
>touch</command
> command is used either to change a file's access and modification timestamps or to create a new empty file. For example, <screen
>touch foo</screen
> will create a new empty file named <filename
>foo</filename
>. If <filename
>foo</filename
> is already a file, then using <command
>touch</command
> will update the timestamps on the file which will show the last time a file was <emphasis
>touched</emphasis
>. </para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="mkdir">
<title
>mkdir - создание директории</title>
<para
>The <command
>mkdir</command
> command is used to create a new directory. (<acronym
>mkdir</acronym
> stands for <quote
>make directory</quote
>). To create a new directory named <filename class="directory"
>foobar</filename
>, type: <screen
>mkdir foobar</screen>
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="cp">
<title
>cp - копирование файлов или директорий</title>
<para
>The <command
>cp</command
> command makes a copy of a file or directory. (<acronym
>cp</acronym
> is short for <quote
>copy</quote
>). To make an exact copy of <filename
>foo</filename
> and name it <filename
>bar</filename
>, type: <screen
>cp foo bar</screen
> To make an exact copy of the <filename class="directory"
>foo_dir</filename
> directory and name it <filename class="directory"
>bar_dir</filename
>, type: <screen
>cp -r foo_dir bar_dir</screen>
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="mv">
<title
>mv - перемещение файлов или директорий</title>
<para
>The <command
>mv</command
> command moves a file or directory to a different location or will rename a file or directory. (<acronym
>mv</acronym
> is short for <quote
>move</quote
>). To rename the file <filename
>foo</filename
> to <filename
>bar</filename
>, type: <screen
>mv foo bar</screen
> To move the file <filename
>foo</filename
> into the current user's <filename class="directory"
>Desktop</filename
> directory, type: <screen
>mv foo ~/Desktop</screen
> This will not rename <filename
>foo</filename
> to <filename
>Desktop</filename
> because <filename
>foo</filename
> is a file and <filename class="directory"
>Desktop</filename
> is a directory. </para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="rm">
<title
>rm - удаление файлов или директорий</title>
<para
>The <command
>rm</command
> command is used to delete files and directories. (<acronym
>rm</acronym
> is short for <quote
>remove</quote
>). To delete the file <filename
>foo</filename
> for the current directory, type: <screen
>rm foo</screen>
</para>
<para
>By default, <command
>rm</command
> will not remove directories. To remove a directory, you must use the <command
>-r</command
> option (also can be entered as either <command
>-R</command
> or <command
>--recursive</command
>). For example, <screen
>rm -r foobar</screen
> or <screen
>rm -R foobar</screen
> or <screen
>rm --recursive foobar</screen
> will remove the directory <filename class="directory"
>foobar</filename
>, <emphasis role="strong"
> and all of its contents!</emphasis
> </para>
</sect2>

</sect1>

<!-- SYSTEM INFORMATION COMMANDS -->
<sect1 id="sysinfo">
<title
>System Information Commands</title>
<sect2 id="df">
<title
>df - display amount of disk space</title>
<para
>The <command
>df</command
> command displays filesystem disk space usage for all partitions. (<acronym
>df</acronym
> stands for <quote
>disk free</quote
>). <screen
>df -h</screen
> will give information using megabytes (<abbrev
>M</abbrev
>) and gigabytes (<abbrev
>G</abbrev
>) instead of blocks (<command
>-h</command
> means <quote
>human readable</quote
>). </para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="free">
<title
>free - display amount of free and used memory</title>
<para
>The <command
>free</command
> command displays the amount of free and used memory in the system. <screen
>free -m</screen
> will give the information using megabytes, which is probably the most useful for current computers. </para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="top">
<title
>top - display top consuming processes</title>
<para
>The <command
>top</command
> command displays information on the Linux system - processes that are running, system resources including <acronym
>CPU</acronym
>, <acronym
>RAM</acronym
> &amp; swap usage, and the total number of tasks being run. To exit <command
>top</command
>, press <keycap
>q</keycap
>. </para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="uname">
<title
>uname - print details about the current machine</title>
<para
>The <command
>uname</command
> command with the <command
>-a</command
> options displays all system information, including machine name, kernel name &amp; version, and other details. This command is useful for checking which kernel is in use. (<abbrev
>uname</abbrev
> is short for <quote
>unix name</quote
>). </para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="lsb_release">
<title
>lsb_release - print details about current Linux release</title>
<para
>The <command
>lsb_release</command
> with the <command
>-a</command
> option prints version information for the Linux release in use. For example, typing: <screen
>lsb_release -a</screen
> will display: <screen
>No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Description:    Ubuntu &distro-rev;
Release:        &distro-rev;
Codename:       &distro-short-codename;
</screen>
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>

<!-- ELEVATED PRIVS -->
<sect1 id="elevated-privileges">
<title
>Executing Commands with Elevated Privileges</title>
<para
>The following commands must be prefaced with the <command
>sudo</command
> command. Please see <ulink url="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RootSudo"
>RootSudo</ulink
> for information on using <command
>sudo</command
>. (<abbrev
>sudo</abbrev
> is short for <quote
>superuser do</quote
>). </para>
<sect2 id="add-group">
<title
>Добавление новой группы</title>
<para
>The <command
>addgroup</command
> command is used to create a new group in the system. To create a new group, type: <screen
>sudo addgroup foobar</screen
> The above command will create a new group called <emphasis role="strong"
>foobar</emphasis
>. </para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="add-user">
<title
>Добавление нового пользователя</title>
<para
>The <command
>adduser</command
> command is used to create a new user on the system. To create a new user, type: <screen
>adduser foobar</screen
> which will create a new user called <emphasis role="strong"
>foobar</emphasis
>. </para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="passwd">
<title
>Установить или изменить пароль пользователя</title>
<para
>The <command
>passwd</command
> command is used to assign a new password to a new user or to change the current password for an existing user. To add a password or change the password for the user <emphasis role="strong"
>foobar</emphasis
>, type: <screen
>passwd foobar</screen
> For new users, this will generate a prompt to enter the new password. For an existing user, there will be a prompt for the existing password before the prompt for a new password. </para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="assign-user-group">
<title
>Assign User to Group</title>
<para
>To assign the user <emphasis role="strong"
>foobar</emphasis
> to the group <emphasis role="strong"
>barfoo</emphasis
>, type: <screen
>adduser foobar barfoo</screen>
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>

<!-- OPTIONS -->
<sect1 id="options">
<title
>Опции</title>
<para
>The default behavior for a command may usually be modified by adding <command
>--option</command
> to the command. For example, the <link linkend="ls"
><command
>ls</command
></link
> command has an <command
>-s</command
> option. The <command
>ls -s</command
> will include file sizes in the listing. There is also a <command
>-h</command
> option to display file sizes in a <quote
>human readable</quote
> format. </para>
<para
>Options can be grouped in clusters, so <screen
>ls -sh</screen
> is the same command as <screen
> ls -s -h</screen
> Most options have a long version, prefixed with two dashes instead of one, so <screen
>ls --size --human-readable</screen
> is also the same command as <screen
>ls -sh</screen>
</para>
</sect1>

<!-- MANPAGES AND GETTING HELP -->
<sect1 id="man-help">
<title
><quote
>Man</quote
> and Getting Help</title>
<para
><emphasis role="strong"
><emphasis
>command</emphasis
> --help</emphasis
> and <command
>man</command
> <emphasis role="strong"
><emphasis
>command</emphasis
></emphasis
> are the two most important tools at the command line. </para>
<para
>Virtually all commands understand the <command
>-h</command
> (or <command
>--help</command
>) option which will produce a short usage description of the command and its options, then exit back to the command prompt. Type: <screen
>man -h</screen
> or <screen
>man --help</screen
> to see this in action. </para>
<para
>Every command and nearly every application in Linux has a <abbrev
>man</abbrev
> (manual) file. It is as simple as typing <command
>man command</command
> to bring up a longer manual entry for the specified command. For example: <screen
>man mv</screen
> brings up the <command
>mv</command
> manual. </para>
<para
>Move up and down the man file with the arrow keys, and quit back to the command prompt with <keycap
>q</keycap
>. </para>
<para>
<screen
>man man</screen>
brings up the manual entry for the <command
>man</command
> command, which is a good place to start. </para>
<para>
<screen
>man intro</screen>
is especially useful. It displays the <quote
>introduction to user commands</quote
> which is a well-written, brief introduction to the Linux command line. </para>
<para
>There are also <command
>info</command
> pages, which generally go into more detail than <command
>man</command
> pages. Try: <screen
>info info</screen
> for the introduction to info pages. </para>
<sect2 id="searching-for-man-files">
<title
>Поиск файлов man</title>
<para
>If you aren't sure which command or application you need to use, you can search the <command
>man</command
> files. </para>
<para
>To search the <command
>man</command
> files for <command
>konsole</command
>, try: <screen
>man -k konsole</screen>
</para>
<note>
<para
>Это то же самое, что и команда <command
>apropos</command
>. </para>
</note>
<para
>To search only the titles of your system's <command
>man</command
> files, try: <screen
>man -f kde</screen>
</para>
<note>
<para
>Это то же самое, что и команда <command
>whatis</command
>. </para>
</note>
</sect2>
</sect1>

<!-- CUTTING AND PASTING -->
<sect1 id="cut-and-paste">
<title
>Cutting and Pasting</title>
<para
>There are often situations that require text to be pasted into the terminal. </para>
<para
>Text copied from a web page using <keycombo
><keycap
>Ctrl</keycap
><keycap
>C</keycap
></keycombo
> won't paste with <keycombo
><keycap
>Ctrl</keycap
><keycap
>V</keycap
></keycombo
> as it does in other applications because the terminal uses a different combination for paste, <keycombo
><keycap
>Shift</keycap
><keycap
>Insert</keycap
></keycombo
>. Pasting can also be done using the mouse by <mousebutton
>right-clicking</mousebutton
> in the terminal and selecting <guimenuitem
>Paste</guimenuitem
> from the menu. </para>
<para
>Text can also be copied by selecting (highlighting) the text to be copied. Clicking the <mousebutton
>middle</mousebutton
> button on the mouse (or both buttons simultaneously on a two-button mouse) in the terminal pastes the selected text. </para>
<note>
<para
>These actions may work differently in other terminal emulators than <application
>Konsole</application
>. Consult your terminal emulator's documentation for details. </para>
</note>
</sect1>

<!-- TIPS -->
<sect1 id="tips">
<title
>Подсказки</title>
<variablelist
><title
>Save on Typing</title>
<varlistentry>
<term
><keycap
>Up Arrow</keycap
> or <keycombo
><keycap
>Ctrl</keycap
><keycap
>p</keycap
></keycombo
> </term>
<listitem>
<para
>Scrolls backwards through the commands entered previously </para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term
><keycap
>Down Arrow</keycap
> or <keycombo
><keycap
>Ctrl</keycap
><keycap
>n</keycap
></keycombo
> </term>
<listitem>
<para
>Scrolls forward through previous commands </para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<keycap
>Ввод</keycap>
</term>
<listitem>
<para
>Executes the command selected </para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<keycap
>Tab</keycap>
</term>
<listitem>
<para
>Tab is a useful feature. It autocompletes any commands or filenames if there is one option, otherwise it displays a list of options that fit the information entered. Using tab in this way reduces typing errors. </para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>

<variablelist
><title
>Change the Text</title>
<note>
<para
>The mouse won't work to position the cursor in a command line entry. Use the <keycap
>Left Arrow</keycap
> or the <keycap
>Right Arrow</keycap
> keys to move within the line. </para>
</note>
<note>
<para
>Typing at the cursor <emphasis
>inserts</emphasis
> text there. It doesn't overwrite what is already there. </para>
</note>
<varlistentry>
<term
><keycombo
><keycap
>Ctrl</keycap
><keycap
>a</keycap
></keycombo
> or <keycap
>Home</keycap
> </term>
<listitem>
<para
>Moves the cursor to the <emphasis
>start</emphasis
> of the line </para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term
><keycombo
><keycap
>Ctrl</keycap
><keycap
>e</keycap
></keycombo
> or <keycap
>End</keycap
> </term>
<listitem>
<para
>Moves the cursor to the <emphasis
>end</emphasis
> of the line </para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<keycombo
><keycap
>Ctrl</keycap
><keycap
>k</keycap
></keycombo>
</term>
<listitem>
<para
>Deletes from the current cursor position to the end of the line </para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<keycombo
><keycap
>Ctrl</keycap
><keycap
>u</keycap
></keycombo>
</term>
<listitem>
<para
>Deletes the entire current line </para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<keycombo
><keycap
>Ctrl</keycap
><keycap
>w</keycap
></keycombo>
</term>
<listitem>
<para
>Deletes the word before the cursor </para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</sect1>

<!-- MORE INFORMATION -->
<sect1 id="more-information">
<title
>Больше информации</title>
<para
>Доступны следующие онлайн-руководства: </para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para
><ulink url="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/AptGetHowto"
>AptGetHowto</ulink
> - using <command
>apt-get</command
> to install packages from the command line. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para
><ulink url="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Repositories/CommandLine"
>Commandline Repository Editing</ulink
> - managing software repositories through the command line. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para
><ulink url="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/grep"
><command
>grep</command
> Howto</ulink
> - <command
>grep</command
> is a powerful command line search tool. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para
><ulink url="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/find"
><command
>find</command
></ulink
> - locate files from the command line. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para
><ulink url="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/CommandlineHowto"
>Commandline Howto</ulink
> - longer and more complete than this basic guide; still not finished however. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para
><ulink url="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/HowToReadline"
>Howto Readline</ulink
> - information on more advanced customization for the command line. </para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para
>Для более подробных руководств по командной строке Linux посмотрите: </para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para
><ulink url="http://ss64.com/bash/"
></ulink
> - an A-Z index of the Bash command line for Linux. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para
><ulink url="http://linuxcommand.org/"
></ulink
> - basic <acronym
>BASH</acronym
> tutorials, including <acronym
>BASH</acronym
> scripting. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para
><ulink url="http://linuxsurvival.com/index.php"
></ulink
> - Java-based tutorials. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para
><ulink url="http://rute.2038bug.com/index.html.gz"
></ulink
> - a massive online book about system administration, almost all from the command line. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para
><ulink url="http://www.commandlinefu.com/"
></ulink
> - a place to record command-line favorites and view other's gems as well. </para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect1>

</article>
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