~ubuntu-branches/ubuntu/precise/kubuntu-docs/precise-proposed

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<article id="hardware">
<articleinfo>
<title
>Апаратура</title>
&legalnotice;
<abstract>
<para
>This document covers the basics of working with hardware in a Linux system. </para>
</abstract>
</articleinfo>

<sect1 id="introduction">
<title
>Introduction</title>

<para
>A computer consists of a number of connected devices that are collectively known as computer <emphasis
>hardware</emphasis
>. &kubuntu; normally configures hardware automatically, but there may be occasions when it is necessary to make manual changes to hardware settings. This section provides information on tools for configuring hardware. </para>
</sect1>

<!-- PROPRIETARY DRIVERS -->
<sect1 id="proprietary">
<title
>Proprietary Devices</title>
<para
>Some devices attached to the computer may need proprietary drivers in order to work properly. Most often, these devices are used for video and wireless networking. </para>
<para>
<emphasis
>A proprietary driver is a hardware management software application that is not free and open-source. Typically, the software is concealed and controlled by the company selling the hardware.</emphasis>
</para>
<para
>Most of the devices (hardware) attached to computers should function properly in &kubuntu;. The devices are likely to have <emphasis
>free</emphasis
> drivers. These drivers can be freely modified by developers, and any problems or incompatibilities with Linux can be fixed. </para>
<para
>Some hardware does not have free drivers, usually because the hardware manufacturer has not released details of their hardware which would make it possible to create such a driver for a Linux system. If such a manufacturer has not created Linux drivers, the hardware may have limited functionality or may not work at all. </para>
<para
>If an appropriate <emphasis
>proprietary driver</emphasis
> is available for a certain device, it can be installed in order to allow that device to function properly or to add new features. For example, installing proprietary drivers for certain graphics cards allows for the use of advanced visual effects. </para>
<para
>Some computers may not have any devices that can use proprietary drivers, either because all of the devices are fully supported by free drivers or because proprietary drivers are not yet available. </para>
<caution>
<para
>Proprietary drivers are usually maintained by the hardware manufacturer, and so cannot be modified by developers if there is a problem. </para>
</caution>
<sect2 id="proprietary-jockey">
<title
>Managing proprietary drivers</title>
<para
>&kubuntu; ships with an application developed by Ubuntu developers that maintains proprietary drivers. This application is known as <application
>Jockey</application
> and in &kubuntu; is named <application
>jockey-kde</application
>
>. It can be opened by going to &menujockey;. </para>
<procedure
><title
>To use a proprietary driver for a device:</title>
<step>
<para
>Open <application
>Jockey</application
> by going to &menujockey;. </para>
</step>
<step>
<para
>Find the driver to be enabled and verify the description. </para>
</step>
<step>
<para
><mousebutton
>Press</mousebutton
> <guibutton
>Activate</guibutton
> to enable the driver. A password may be required. </para>
</step>
<step>
<para
>The proprietary driver may have to be downloaded and installed. </para>
</step>
<step>
<para
>It may be necessary to restart the computer to finish enabling the driver; the driver installation process will not always indicate this requirement. </para>
</step>
</procedure>
<procedure
><title
>Disabling a proprietary driver for a device:</title>
<step>
<para
>Open <application
>Jockey</application
> by going to &menujockey;. </para>
</step>
<step>
<para
>Find the driver to be disabled and verify the description. </para>
</step>
<step>
<para
><mousebutton
>Press</mousebutton
> <guibutton
>Remove</guibutton
> to disable the driver and continue using a free driver, if available. A password may be required. </para>
</step>
<step>
<para
>It may be necessary to restart the computer to finish disabling the driver. </para>
</step>
</procedure>
</sect2>
</sect1>

<!-- DISKS -->
<sect1 id="disks">
<title
>Disks and Partitions</title>
<para
>This section provides instructions on how to handle disks and drives such as removable hard disks. </para>
<indexterm zone="partitioning-device">
<primary
>partition</primary>
<secondary
>partitions</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="partitioning-device">
<primary
>partitioning</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="partition-formatting">
<primary
>format</primary>
<secondary
>formatting</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="mount-and-umount">
<primary
>mount</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="mount-and-umount">
<primary
>unmount</primary>
<secondary
>umount</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm zone="what-is-filesystem">
<primary
>filesystem</primary>
<secondary
>file system</secondary>
</indexterm>
<sect2 id="checking-usage">
<title
>Checking how much disk space is available</title>
<para
>There are several ways to see how much disk space is available on a &kubuntu; system. </para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<link linkend="checking-usage-cli"
>Check via the command line</link>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<link linkend="checking-usage-filemanager"
>Check via the file manager</link>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<link linkend="checking-usage-partitionmanager"
>Check via Partition Manager</link>
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<sect3 id="checking-usage-cli">
<title
>Check how much disk space is available via the command line</title>
<procedure>
<step>
<para
>Open <application
>Konsole</application
> by going to &menukonsole;. </para>
</step>
<step>
<para
>At the prompt, type <userinput
>df -h</userinput
> </para>
</step>
</procedure>
<para
>Output similar to the following should be displayed: </para>
<screen
>Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda5              37G  7.6G   28G  22% /
/dev/sda1             122M   50M   67M  43% /boot
/dev/sda6              70G   34G   33G  52% /home
</screen>
<para
>The command <command
>df</command
> reports file system disk space usage. The <userinput
>-h</userinput
> tells <command
>df</command
> to make the output human readable. </para>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="checking-usage-filemanager">
<title
>Check how much disk space is available via the file manager</title>
<note
><title
>File managers</title>
<para
>The following procedure can be completed with either <application
>Dolphin</application
> or <application
>Konqueror</application
>. <application
>Dolphin</application
> will be shown in this example because it is the default file manager in &kubuntu;. </para>
</note>
<procedure>
<step>
<para
>Open <application
>Dolphin</application
> by going to &menudolphin;. </para>
</step>
<step>
<para
><mousebutton
>Click</mousebutton
> on the <guibutton
>Root</guibutton
> shortcut button on the left. </para>
</step>
<step>
<para
>To find out how much space is available in the root partition, <mousebutton
>right click</mousebutton
> in any of the white space in the main window. Select <guimenuitem
>Properties</guimenuitem
> from the list that is displayed. </para>
<note
><title
>Avoid highlighting an icon</title>
<para
>When right clicking in the white space, avoid accidentally highlighting any of the folder icons, because this will display information pertaining only to that folder. </para>
</note>
<example
><title
>Available disk space for the root device</title>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="help:/images/C/checking-usage-filemanager.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
</example>
</step>
</procedure>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="checking-usage-partitionmanager">
<title
>Checking usage via Partition Manager</title>
<para
>By default in &kubuntu;, the application <application
>Partition Manager</application
> is not installed. Please <ulink url="apt:partitionmanager"
>install the <application
>Partition Manager</application
> package</ulink
> prior to doing the following procedure. </para>
<procedure>
<step>
<para
>Open <application
>Partition Manager</application
> by going to &menupartman;. A password may be required. </para>
</step>
<step>
<para
><mousebutton
>Click</mousebutton
> on the device in the <guilabel
>Device</guilabel
> section in the left-hand side of the main window. </para>
</step>
<step>
<para
>Remaining space can be determined by subtracting the amount in the <guilabel
>Used</guilabel
> column from the amount in the <guilabel
>Size</guilabel
> column. The information can also be displayed by <mousebutton
>right clicking</mousebutton
> on the partition in the list and selecting <guimenuitem
>Properties</guimenuitem
>. </para>
<example
><title
>Available disk space with Partition Manager</title>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="help:/images/C/check-usage-partman.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
</example>
</step>
</procedure>
</sect3>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="free-disk-space">
<title
>How can some disk space be freed up?</title>
<para
>There are several ways of making more disk space available: </para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para
>Empty the trash. Open <application
>Dolphin</application
> by going to &menudolphin;. <mousebutton
>Click</mousebutton
> the <guibutton
>Trash</guibutton
> on the left, <mousebutton
>right click</mousebutton
> in the white space and select <guimenuitem
>Empty Trash</guimenuitem
>. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para
><ulink url="apt:computer-janitor-gtk"
>Install Computer Janitor for GTK</ulink
> first. Once installed, open <application
>Computer Janitor</application
> by going to &menucomputerjanitor;. Select the <guilabel
>Packages</guilabel
> to be removed. When completed, <mousebutton
>click</mousebutton
> the <guibutton
>Do selected tasks</guibutton
> button. </para>
<example
><title
>Freeing disk space with Computer Janitor</title>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="help:/images/C/free-disk-space-compjan.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
</example>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para
>Remove software packages that are no longer being used. See <ulink type="help" url="help:/kubuntu/manage-software/"
>Managing Software</ulink
> for information on removing packages. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para
>Delete files that are no longer needed. </para>
<caution>
<para
>Be careful not to delete files that are still needed! </para>
</caution>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para
>Compress and archive old, rarely-used documents: </para>
<procedure>
<step>
<para
>Select the files and folders to be compressed, <mousebutton
>right click</mousebutton
> one of them and select <menuchoice
><guimenu
>Compress</guimenu
><guimenuitem
>As ZIP/TAR Archive</guimenuitem
></menuchoice
> or any of the other choices. </para>
</step>
</procedure>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="partitioning-device">
<title
>Partitioning a device</title>
<para
><application
>Partition Manager</application
> can be used to partition storage devices. <ulink url="apt:partitionmanager"
>Install the <application
>Partition Manager</application
> package</ulink
> first, as it is not installed by default in &kubuntu;. Once installed, open <application
>Partition Manager</application
> by going to &menupartman;. </para>
<caution>
<para
>Be careful when altering disk partitions, as it is possible to lose data by deleting or changing the wrong partition. </para>
</caution>
<para
>For more information on using <application
>Partition Manager</application
> to resize, copy, or install a new operating system, please review <ulink url="http://docs.kde.org/development/en/extragear-sysadmin/partitionmanager/index.html"
></ulink
>. </para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="partition-formatting">
<title
>Formatting a partition</title>
<para
><application
>Partition Manager</application
> can be used to format disk partitions. Please review <ulink url="http://docs.kde.org/development/en/extragear-sysadmin/partitionmanager/index.html"
></ulink
>. </para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="to-format-meaning">
<title
>What is formatting?</title>
<para
>To format a hard disk, device or partition means to prepare that particular device to store data. </para>
<para
>When a hard disk or partition is formatted, a specific data-storage format is applied to that device; this format is the <quote
>filesystem</quote
>. </para>
<para
>A newly purchased disk is usually not formatted, and cannot yet be used for storing data. After the device has been formatted, the free space on it is less than the original size. Some of the disk space is used to make the device usable; this space is occupied by the filesystem. Also, disk manufacturers use different standards to express disk capacity, which results in further discrepancies. </para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="what-is-filesystem">
<title
>What is a filesystem</title>
<para
>A filesystem is a particular way of storing and organizing files on a storage device such as a hard disk, and is an important part of an operating system. Without a filesystem, accessing and storing files would be difficult. </para>
<para
>There are different types of filesystem. The most common are: </para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para
>ext2, ext3, and ext4: these are usually found on GNU/Linux operating systems. &kubuntu; uses <emphasis
>ext4</emphasis
> as its default filesystem. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para
><acronym
>FAT16</acronym
> and <acronym
>FAT32</acronym
> are Microsoft Windows filesystems found on older computers. To share data between two computers, the <emphasis
><acronym
>FAT32</acronym
></emphasis
> format is a good choice. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para
><acronym
>NTFS</acronym
> is the filesystem type used by more modern versions of Microsoft Windows. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para
><acronym
>HFS+</acronym
> is the Mac OS X default filesystem type. </para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="partition-meaning">
<title
>What is a partition?</title>
<para
>A partition is a means of dividing the storage capacity of a device, such as a hard disk, into several parts which can then be treated as separate storage devices (<quote
>logical devices</quote
>). </para>
<para
>Each logical device is seen by the operating system as a distinct device, and thus is treated as an independent disk. </para>
<para
>Partitioning a hard disk can be done for several reasons: </para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para
>To retrieve free space </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para
>To install different operating systems </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para
>To organize data better on the hard disk </para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="mount-and-umount">
<title
>Mounting and unmounting devices</title>
<para
>When a removable storage device is connected to a computer, it must be <emphasis
>mounted</emphasis
> by the operating system so the files on the device can be accessed. </para>
<para
>When files are copied to a storage device, they are not always written to the device immediately. Instead, they are often stored in a queue so that they can all be transferred to the device at the same time (for efficiency). If the device is disconnected before all of the files have been transferred, some or all of the files may be lost. To prevent this, a storage device must be <emphasis
>unmounted</emphasis
> before being disconnected. </para>
<procedure
><title
>Mounting a device</title>
<step>
<para
>Plug in the removable storage device. </para>
</step>
<step>
<para
>A notification menu and blue circle icon will appear in the bottom right corner of the screen. By <mousebutton
>clicking</mousebutton
> the device in the popup menu, the device will be <emphasis
>mounted</emphasis
>. As soon as it is mounted, either the file manager will appear or a dialog will be presented that contains a list of options for the device. </para>
</step>
</procedure>
<procedure
><title
>Unmounting a device</title>
<step>
<para
>In the system tray, there is an icon that looks like a computer monitor that represents the Device Notifier. <mousebutton
>Click</mousebutton
> on the icon, and a popup menu will appear. </para>
</step>
<step>
<para
>Hovering above the device description with the cursor will display an eject icon on the right side. <mousebutton
>Click</mousebutton
> on the icon to <emphasis
>unmount</emphasis
> the removable device. </para>
</step>
</procedure>
</sect2>
</sect1>

<!-- LAPTOPS -->
<sect1 id="laptops">
<title
>Laptops</title>
<para
>This section contains information for people using &kubuntu; on a laptop computer. </para>
<sect2 id="laptops-pm">
<title
>Power management settings</title>
<para
>Changing the power management settings of a laptop may help extend its battery life and reduce energy waste. </para>
<procedure>
<step>
<para
><mousebutton
>Press</mousebutton
> the power management icon which looks like a battery in the system tray. </para>
</step>
<step>
<para
>Change the settings as appropriate. Changes are applied instantly. </para>
</step>
</procedure>
<para
>Displaying a screensaver may use more power than simply letting the screen go blank. Turning off the screensaver could slightly improve the laptop battery life. In &kubuntu;, the screensaver is set to blank as default. </para>
<procedure>
<step>
<para
>Open <application
>System Settings</application
> by going to &menusysset;. </para>
</step>
<step>
<para
><mousebutton
>Press</mousebutton
> the <guibutton
>Desktop</guibutton
> icon. </para>
</step>
<step>
<para
><mousebutton
>Press</mousebutton
> the <guibutton
>Screen Saver</guibutton
> icon. </para>
</step>
<step>
<para
>Select screen saver and then press <guibutton
>Apply</guibutton
>. </para>
</step>
</procedure>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="laptops-touchpads">
<title
>Touchpads</title>
<para
>Most laptop computers come with a touchpad, which is used to control the mouse pointer. There are many ways of changing the way the touchpad behaves. Most basic touchpad settings can be configured in the following way: </para>
<procedure>
<step>
<para
>Open <application
>System Settings</application
> by going to &menusysset;. </para>
</step>
<step>
<para
><mousebutton
>Press</mousebutton
> the <guibutton
>Keyboard and Mouse</guibutton
> button. </para>
</step>
<step>
<para
><mousebutton
>Press</mousebutton
> the <guibutton
>Touchpad</guibutton
> icon. </para>
</step>
<step>
<para
>Make any desired touchpad setting changes. Changes should take effect immediately. </para>
</step>
</procedure>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="laptops-testing-reports">
<title
>Finding laptop testing reports</title>
<para
>Some laptops are tested by the Ubuntu community to ensure that various features work correctly. The results of these tests are available for reading, and may offer insights into any laptop problems. </para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para
>Review the Laptop Testing <ulink url="https://wiki.ubuntu.com/LaptopTestingTeam"
>community support pages</ulink
> for a full listing of available laptop tests. </para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para
>You can participate in laptop testing yourself by visiting <ulink url="https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Testing/Laptop"
>Ubuntu Laptop Testing</ulink
>. </para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="pm-suspending">
<title
>Suspending and Hibernating</title>
<para
>In order to save power, a computer can be put into one of a number of power-saving modes when it is not being used. </para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para
><emphasis role="strong"
>Suspending</emphasis
> a computer is like putting the computer to sleep. The computer will still be turned on and all work will be left open, but it will use much less power. Wake the computer by pressing a key or clicking the mouse. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para
><emphasis role="strong"
>Hibernating</emphasis
> means turning the computer off completely while saving the current state of the computer (such as keeping all open documents). When the computer is turned back on after hibernation, all work will be restored as it was before hibernation. No power is used when the computer is hibernating. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para
><emphasis role="strong"
>Shutting down</emphasis
> is turning the computer off completely, without saving the current state of the computer. No power is used when the computer is shut down. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para
><emphasis role="strong"
>Resuming</emphasis
> is bringing the computer out of a power-saving mode and back into normal operation. The computer can be resumed from being suspended by pressing a keyboard button or by clicking the mouse. Resume from being hibernated by pressing the power button on the computer. </para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para
>Manually put the computer into power-saving mode by selecting one of the options in the <guilabel
>System</guilabel
> section of the <guisubmenu
>Leave</guisubmenu
> menu in Kickoff. </para>
<caution>
<para
>Some computers may have problems going into and resuming from certain power-saving modes. The best way of checking if a computer can handle a power-saving mode is to try it. Switch to that mode and see if it behaves as expected. Always save important documents before suspending or hibernating. </para>
</caution>
<sect2 id="pm-suspend-hibernate-fails">
<title
>The computer does not suspend or hibernate correctly</title>
<para
>Some computers are unable to suspend or hibernate correctly with &kubuntu;, and may show some of the following symptoms: </para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para
>The computer does not turn off after hibernate has been clicked. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para
>When the computer is turned back on after hibernating, previously open programs are not restored. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para
>The computer will not wake up after it has been suspended. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para
>Certain programs or hardware devices stop working correctly after resuming from hibernation or waking-up from being suspended. </para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para
>If any of these problems occur, a bug should be reported to <ulink url="https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+filebug"
>Launchpad</ulink
>. The problems may be fixed in a subsequent version of &kubuntu;. </para>
<para
>If the hardware does not work properly after suspending or hibernating, restart the computer and it should return to normal. If a program does not work properly, try closing the program and then starting it again. </para>
<caution>
<para
>Make sure to save all open documents before testing for suspend and hibernate problems. </para>
</caution>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="pm-hibernate-pattern">
<title
>There's a strange pattern on the screen when the computer is hibernated</title>
<para
>The screen may show a black and white pattern just after it is clicked to hibernate. This is usually nothing to worry about and is just how the graphics cards of some computers respond to the initial stages of the hibernation process. </para>
<para
>If the computer displays the pattern for a prolonged period of time without turning itself off then there may be a problem with hibernation. Refer to <link linkend="pm-suspend-hibernate-fails"
>The computer does not suspend or hibernate correctly</link
> for more information. </para>
</sect2>
</sect1>

<!-- INPUT DEVICES -->
<sect1 id="input-devices">
<title
>Mice and Keyboards</title>
<para
>This section provides instructions on using and configuring mice, keyboards and other input devices to make them more comfortable to use. </para>
<sect2 id="input-mice">
<title
>Mice and other pointing devices</title>
<para
>Numerous mouse options can be changed, such as how fast the pointer moves and how clicks are interpreted by the computer. </para>
<procedure>
<step>
<para
>Open <application
>System Settings</application
> by going to &menusysset;. </para>
</step>
<step>
<para
><mousebutton
>Press</mousebutton
> the <guibutton
>Keyboard and Mouse</guibutton
> icon. </para>
</step>
<step>
<para
><mousebutton
>Press</mousebutton
> the <guibutton
>Mouse</guibutton
> icon. </para>
</step>
</procedure>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="input-keyboard">
<title
>Keyboards</title>
<para
>There are several keyboard options, such as the keyboard language and keyboard shortcuts. </para>
<procedure>
<step>
<para
>Open <application
>System Settings</application
> by going to &menusysset;. </para>
</step>
<step>
<para
><mousebutton
>Press</mousebutton
> the <guibutton
>Keyboard and Mouse</guibutton
> icon. </para>
</step>
<step>
<para
><mousebutton
>Press</mousebutton
> the <guibutton
>Keyboard</guibutton
> icon. </para>
</step>
</procedure>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="input-touchpads">
<title
>Touchpads and graphics tablets</title>
<para
>A touchpad or graphics tablet can be used to move a mouse pointer. </para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis role="strong"
><link
linkend="laptops-touchpads"
>Touchpads</link
></emphasis>
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
</sect1>
</article>
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