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.\" squeak.1 -- manual page for Unix Squeak -*- nroff -*-
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.\" Copyright (C) 1996-2004 by Ian Piumarta and other authors/contributors
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.\" listed elsewhere in this file.
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.\" All rights reserved.
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.\" This file is part of Unix Squeak.
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.\" Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
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.\" of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
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.\" in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
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.\" to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
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.\" copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
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.\" furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
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.\" The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
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.\" all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
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.\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
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.\" IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
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.\" FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
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.\" AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
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.\" LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
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.\" OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
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.\" Last edited: 2009-08-12 11:14:29 by piumarta on emilia-2.local
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. if !@@\(lq@ .ds lq "\(lq
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. if !@@\(rq@ .ds rq "\(rq
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.TH SQUEAK 1 "\*(Dt" "Squeak Smalltalk System" "Squeak Smalltalk System"
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squeak, inisqueak \- Unix Squeak virtual machine and installer
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.RI "[ " option ".\|.\|. ] [ " image " ] [ " script " [ " argument ".\|.\|. ] ]"
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is the virtual machine for the Squeak Smalltalk system. It requires three files
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to operate correctly: an
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file containing a `snapshot' of a live Squeak session, a
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file containing the source code for modified methods in the image, and
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a copy of (or a link to) a shared system
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file containing the source code for methods that have not been modified
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since the last major version increment.
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The image and changes files contain the state of a user's Squeak
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session, which is persistent between consecutive sessions. Private
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copies of these files are therefore normally required. The
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script checks that the local Squeak installation appears sane, and then
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copies the required files to the current
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encounters no problems, it will finish by running
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to start a Squeak session using the newly copied image and changes files.
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\&, when using Squeak for the first time, to create a new 'personal'
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Squeak session. Afterwards,
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should be run each time that session is to be resumed.
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has no options or arguments.
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Simply 'cd' to the directory that is to contain the working
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copies of the image and changes files, then run it.
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(described below), and then an optional
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name (which must not begin with a minus sign '\-'). If an
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name is given on the command line then
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tries to run that image. Otherwise
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checks the environment variable
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and, if it is set, uses its value as the name of the image to run.
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looks for an image called 'squeak.image' in the current directory.
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If the image file does not exist then
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prints a message indicating which image file it failed to find and then
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If the extension '.image' is missing in the
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argument or in the value of the
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variable, it will be appended automatically.
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argument can be followed by a
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name. This is the name of a 'document' that should contain
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Smalltalk code to be executed on startup. The document can be either
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the name of a file or a URL starting with 'http:'.
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s that appear after the
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name are ignored, but are made available to the
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from within Squeak via the method
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.B getSystemAttribute:\c
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is given as '--' then
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immediately stops argument processing (and behaves as if
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was not specified). This is useful to specify a
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(possibly with script arguments) without specifying an explicit
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Command line options fall into two categories: 'common' options
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that are recognised by the base VM and 'specific' options that are
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tied to a particular display or sound driver. Common options will
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always be recognised by
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, whereas a given specific option will be recognised only after
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has loaded the driver to which it relates. Refer to the '-vm'
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option below for more details.
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The common options recognised by
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.BI "\-encoding " "enc"
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specifies the internal character encoding to be used by Squeak. This
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affects the translation that the VM performs when importing text (from
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the keyboard or via 'paste' from an external selection) or exporting
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text (pasting text from Squeak to another application, or when
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generating filenames containing special characters). In other words,
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it affects the correspondence between what Squeak displays on the
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screen and what it sends to (or receives from) external applications.
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The correct value depends on the way Squeak's internal fonts are
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encoded. Current images are delivered with traditional Macintosh
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\&'New York' fonts that use
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encoding, and so this is the default internal encoding. If other
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fonts (from X11 or elsewhere) are imported into the image and used as
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system fonts then the this default translation will give incorrect
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results for diacritical marks and special characters. In such cases
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option can be used to change the internal encoding, for example
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\ \ \ \ \-encoding ISO-8859-15
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) which would be appropriate for many of the fonts designed for
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prints a short summary of the command-line syntax, options and
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available drivers, then exits.
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.BI "-memory " "size"[mk]
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requests that a fixed heap of
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bytes be allocated for the Squeak image. If the suffix `\c
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\&' is given then the argument is expressed in kilobytes. If
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\&' is given then the argument is expressed in megabytes. This option
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SHOULD NOT be used, unless there is a good reason to do so, since it
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places an arbitrary limit on Squeak's object memory size.
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.BI "-mmap " "size"[mk]
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requests that a variable heap of at most
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bytes be allocated. (The suffixes are as described for the
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\&'\-memory' option.)
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will initially allocate a heap that is large enough to hold the image,
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with a small amount of headroom. If at any time Squeak requires more
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memory for its image then additional space will be allocated
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dynamically. Likewise, when memory is no longer needed it will
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deallocated and returned to the system. The
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argument places an upper limit on how big the heap can grow in this
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uses a dynamic heap by default with the maximum size set to 75% of the
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available virtual memory or 1 gigabyte, whichever is smaller.
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disables the new (image 2.8 and later) event-driven input mechanism.
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This option is only useful for testing backwards compatibility with
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older images and should not be used.
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disables the use of the interval timer for keeping track of low-resolution
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time. (If you are having problems with file, sound or socket i/o reporting
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`interrupted system call' then setting this flag might help.)
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.BI "\-pathenc " "enc"
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specifies the external character encoding to be used by Squeak when accessing the filesystem
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(file and directory pathnames). The correct value depends on the local platform's characteristics.
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If no encoding conversion should be performed then this should be set to the same encoding
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as Squeak uses internally (see the
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) might make sense on a filesystem supporting 8\-bit characters, and
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for filesystems that use Unicode-based pathnames. The default is
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which is correct for Mac OS X and very recent GNU/Linux distributions,
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and which (in an ideal world) will eventually be adopted by all Unix
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.BI "-plugins " "path"
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specifies an alternative location for external plugins (collections of
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named primitives) and drivers (for display and sound). The
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argument contains a pattern in which any occurrences of `\c
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\&' will be replaced by the name of the plugin or driver being loaded.
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can name either a directory or the plugin itself and can be absolute or
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relative (to the directory in which
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was run). If a plugin or driver cannot be found in the location
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then the search continues in the default locations.
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.BI "\-textenc " "enc"
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specifies the external character encoding to be used by Squeak when
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exchanging clipboard text with other applications. The default is
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) on other Unix systems. Note that X11 applications requesting the
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selection converted to
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data will (correctly) receive the clipboard text encoded as
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, regardless of this setting.
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Squeak recognises a subset of the encoding names defined by the IANA.
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(If you prefer to use the international currency symbol rather than
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the Euro symbol in external text then you might want to set this to
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prints three or more lines of version information, as follows:
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the architecture configured for the virtual machine at compile time,
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the compilation `sequence number', the time and date of compilation,
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and the name (and version, if known) of the compiler that was used to
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information for the host on which the virtual machine was compiled;
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the default installed location for plugins and drivers;
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After printing the above, the virtual machine exits.
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to load a sound/display driver. For each supported device there is a
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corresponding driver that
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loads during initialisation. Unless told otherwise,
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will figure out sensible default drivers to load. This choice can be
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overridden using this option. The
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argument is a list of one or more 'assignments' of the form
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separated by spaces or commas. The supported combinations are currently:
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to display the Squeak window on a local or remote X Window System
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.B \ \ \ display=Quartz
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to display on the local Mac OS X desktop.
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.B \ \ \ display=none
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to disable the display (and keyboard/mouse) entirely. (This driver is
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useful primarily for running 'server' applications in Squeak.)
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provides sound input and output via the Open Sound System. (If you
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have a device called '/dev/dsp' then this is likely the one you
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.B \ \ \ sound=MacOSX
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provides sound input/output via Core Audio on Mac OS X.
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provides sound i/o via the Network Audio System.
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provides sound on Sun Microsystems hardware.
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disables sound entirely.
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will not attempt to play or record sounds when this driver is loaded.
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Note that only those drivers relevant to the local platform will be
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available. Attempting to load an unsupported driver will cause
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to exit with an error message. A list of available drivers is printed
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by the '-help' option. If a particular driver cannot load system
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libraries on which it depends then it will neither be listed nor
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be available to load at runtime.
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Note also that on Mac OS X both the X11 and Quartz display drivers are
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supported, although the former will refuse to load if the X11 client
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libraries are not installed on the local machine. The Quartz driver
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will happily load (and Squeak will run as a fully-fledged application)
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is invoked from the command line. Exercise caution when logged into
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Mac OS X from another machine: forgetting to set DISPLAY before trying
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on the remote display could cause embarrassement.
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Options specific to the X11 display driver are as follows:
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.BI "\-browserWindow " "id"
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should use for its display. This option is intended for use when Squeak is
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running as a web browser plugin.
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.BI "\-display " "server"
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specifies that Squeak should connect to the given display
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instead of looking in the environment variable
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(the default behaviour) to find the name of the server to use.
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tells the VM to map modifier key
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on the keyboard to the modifier code that the image expects for the Command key.
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tells the VM to map modifier key
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on the keyboard to the modifier code that the image expects for the Option key.
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.B \-compositioninput
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enables support for an overlay window in which individual characters
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(e.g., Japanese hiragana) are composed before being interpreted as a
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single character (e.g., Japanese kanji) by the image.
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.BI "\-xicfont " "font"
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tells the VM to use the named
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within the composition overlay window.
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causes the Squeak window to occupy as much of the screen area as possible.
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disables the graphical display and mouse/keyboard input. This mode of
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operation is useful primarily for servers.
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asks the window manager to iconify the Squeak window at startup.
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causes Squeak to `snooze' whenever the main winodw is unmapped. This can
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be used if Squeak appears to be using consuming CPU time while idling (which should
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not normally be the case). Note that if this option is in effect, when the
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Squeak window is unmapped
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will not respond to any external stimuli (other than to provide the X
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selection to requestors, when Squeak is the owner).
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maps the Delete key onto Backspace. Backspace deletes the character to the left
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of the cursor and Delete normally deletes the character
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to the right of the cursor. With this option, Deletes will behave like
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Backspace. The behaviour of Backspace is not changed.
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disables support for the X drag-and-drop protocol.
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disables the handling of dead keys on international keyboards.
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Without this option, dead key handling is enabled if either
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is set in the environment.
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disables the title bar on the Squeak window (if the window manager supports it).
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This option is implied by '\c
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swaps the yellow and blue buttons. (Traditionally, the red button is on
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the left, yellow in the middle and blue on the right. The colourful names
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come from the Xerox Alto on which Smalltalk was first implemented.)
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Squeak normally maps X buttons 1, 2 and 3 to the
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buttons, in that order. With this option, it maps X buttons
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causes Squeak to use asynchronous display updates. The virtual machine normally
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flushes and synchronises the display connection at regular intervals. Using this
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option disables synchronisation, which will be performed only when the image
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explicitly requests it.
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enables the use of the X Shared Memory extension on servers that support it.
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This can dramatically improve display performance, but works only when
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Squeak is running on the server.
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Options specific to the FBDev display driver are as follows:
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.BI "\-fbdev " "device"
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Use the given framebuffer
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instead of the default '/dev/fb0'.
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.BI "\-kbmap " "mapfile"
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Load the keyboard map from the given
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instead of reading it from the running kernel.
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cannot (currently) read compressed or 'shorthand'
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map files (as found in /usr/share/keymaps or /lib/kbd/keymaps).
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To generate a keymap file usable by
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\&, execute the following program from the console:
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\ \ \ \ dumpkeys -f -n --keys-only > key.map
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encounters a problem while trying to load
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\&, it will print an error message and exit.
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for more information about the keymap file format. The programs
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can be used to modify the keyboard map before creating a keymap file
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.BI "\-msdev " "device"
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instead of the default. The default is to try
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\&'/dev/psaux', '/dev/input/mice' and '/dev/adbmouse',
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in that order, and to use the first one that has a physical device attached.
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.BI "\-msproto " "protocol"
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instead of the default. The supported protocols are 'ps2' and 'adb'.
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The default is 'ps2' for mice attached to '/dev/psaux' or '/dev/input/mice',
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and 'adb' for mice attached to '/dev/adbmouse'.
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Disallows VT switching, regardless of whether the request comes from
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the keyboard or from another program such as
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Enables keyboard VT switching. Note that this option is effectively
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\&' option is also enabled.
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Options specific to the OSS and MacOSX sound drivers are as follows:
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disables the primitives that change mixer (sound) settings. If you
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prefer that Squeak leave these alone (they are, after all, really the
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reponsibility of whichever mixer program or sound control panel you
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use) then this option is for you.
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Options specific to the ALSA sound driver are as follows:
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.BI "\-capture " "device"
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.BI "\-playback " "device"
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Uses the named output
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Several common options are deprecated and are provided only for
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backward compatibility. These options should not be used and will be
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removed in a future release:
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.BI "\-display " "dpy"
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is equivalent to '\-vm display=X11 \-display
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is equivalent to '\-vm display=X11 \-headless'.
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is equivalent to '\-vm display=none'.
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is equivalent to '\-vm sound=none'.
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is equivalent to '-vm display=Quartz'.
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Many of the options that can be set on the command line can
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also be set from environment variables.
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if set in the environment then equivalent to the '\c
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\&' flag. (The value is ignored.)
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.B SQUEAK_COMPOSITIONINPUT
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if set in the environment then equivalent to the '\c
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.B \-compositioninput\c
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\&' flag. (The value is ignored.)
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the name of the internal character encoding used by Squeak. Equivalent to giving the '\c
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\&' command-line option if set.
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the name of the framebuffer device to use when running on the console. See the '\c
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equivalent to the '\c
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the name of the image file to execute if no
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argument is given on the command line.
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the name of the keymap file to use when running on the console. See the '\c
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equivalent to the '\c
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equivalent to the '\c
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the initial size of the heap, with optional 'k' or 'm' suffix. Equivalent
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.BI "-memory " size [km]\c
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the name of the mouse device to use when running on the console. See the '\c
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the name of the mouse protocl to use when running on the console. See the '\c
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if set then equivalent to specifying the '\c
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\&' option on the command line.
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if set then equivalent to specifying the '\c
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\&' option on the command line.
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if set, equivalent to '\c
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if set, equivalent to '\c
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the name of the character encoding used to construct file and directory names.
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Equivalent to giving the '\c
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\&' command-line option if set.
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the name of the character encoding used to copy/paste text from/to external applications.
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Equivalent to giving the '\c
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\&' command-line option if set.
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contains the names of one or more drivers to be loaded during initialisation.
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\&' option for details.
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if set in the environment then it provides a default name for the composition overlay font; see the '\c
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If an environment variable and a command-line option conflict over a
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particular value then normally the value in the command line takes
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precedence. The exception to this rule is the '\-vm' option.
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Environment variables are processed before command-line arguments and
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\&'\-vm' cannnot be used to unload a driver that was loaded while
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processing the contents of 'SQUEAK_VM'.
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also checks the environment for
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\&. If either of these variables is set then support for
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international keyboards (including dead keys for diacritical marks) is
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enabled. To prevent this support being enabled even when one or both
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of these variables is set, use the '\-nointl' option (or set
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in the environment). For example, to start
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with support for dead keys on Spanish keyboards, with Latin-1 encoding
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of external characters and the default MacRoman internal font
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export LC_CTYPE=es_ES
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export SQUEAK_TEXTENC=latin1
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Squeak can load and execute a 'script' file containing Smalltalk code at
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startup. The name of the file should be given as the
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For example, assuming that the image 'foo.image'
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contains an open Transcript window, then the following represents
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the 'hello world' program for Squeak:
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Transcript cr; show: 'Hello, world'.
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If this script is in a file called 'hello.sq', then it could be run like this:
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squeak foo.image hello.sq
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It is also possible to make 'self interpreting' scripts by adding an 'interpreter
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line' to the start of the script. The 'hello.sq' file could be changed to
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Transcript cr; show: 'Hello, world'.
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and then made executable with
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and then invoked by running the script file directly:
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SQUEAK_IMAGE="foo.image"
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s are present after the
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name then they can be retrieved from within the script using the method
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Smalltalk getSystemAttribute: \c
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is the index of the argument, starting at 3 for the first argument. (See the
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SystemDictionary>>getSystemAttribute:
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in the image for an explanation of the meanings of the indices.)
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As an example of this, here is the 'echo' program written as a Squeak script:
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"Echo arguments to the Transcript."
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[(a := Smalltalk getSystemAttribute: (i := i + 1))
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whileTrue: [Transcript space; show: a].
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\&./echo.sq one two three
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this would print 'one two three' in the Transcript window.
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prints several informational messages while doing its stuff. If it encounters
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a problem it prints an appropriate message before bailing out. The messages
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should be self-explanatory.
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normally does not print anything at all. If it prints something then there
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is a problem. The messages should be self-explanatory.
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.\" a SIGHUP or SIGQUIT signal will cause it dump the executing image into
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.\" the working directy and then exit. Both of these should be
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.\" considered 'last resort' measures to save an image that contains
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.\" valuable recent changes. SIGHUP is synchronous (it works when the VM
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.\" is in a known state) and the chances of obtaining a working image are
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.\" fairly good, but it relies on the event polling loop being called.
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.\" SIGQUIT is asynchronous, and the chances of recovering a working image
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.\" after using it are fairly poor. In either case, when restaring the
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.\" "dumped" image, the first think that should be done is to execute
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.\" Smalltalk processStartUpList: true
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.\" in a workspace. Recover what is needed from the image, then destroy
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.\" the image (whose integrity should certainly not be trusted).
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.I [imgdir]/SqueakV[major].sources
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Shared system sources file for the Squeak image. There must be a
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copy of (or link to) this file in the working directory when running
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.I [imgdir]/Squeak*.image
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.I [imgdir]/Squeak*.changes
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Distributed image and changes files holding a `shapshot' of a
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live Squeak session. (The contents of these files change during a
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session, and so private copies should always be made before running
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for the first time. See
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.I ./SqueakV[major].sources
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A link to the system sources file.
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Private copies of image and changes files.
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Virtual machine 'plugins' (containing primitives that are loaded on
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demand) and drivers (for different types of display and sound
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.I [bindir]/inisqueak
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The Squeak virtual machine and personal image installer script.
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Miscellaneous documentation.
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This manual page documents version [version] of Unix Squeak. It may
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not be appropriate for any other version.
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The image and changes files containing a saved Squeak session are
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intimately related. They should always be used together, never be
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separated, and under no circumstances should an image be run with a
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changes file that has been used with a different image. Failure to
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adhere to the above could cause the source code for the methods in the
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image to become garbled and impossible to retrieve.
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The Unix Squeak virtual machine fully supports OpenGL in both the X11
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and Quartz display drivers. Open Croquet will run just fine with
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either of these drivers (and many Mac OS X users will even have the
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choice of which driver to use :).
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If a 'binary' option is enabled by an environment variable, there is no
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way to disable it on the command line.
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Similarly, drivers specified in the
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environment variable cannot be overridden by passing options on the
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should never crash. In the unlikely event that it does crash, or
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prints any kind of message that
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appear to be caused by incorrect arguments or illegal operations from
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within a Squeak program, please send a bug report to:
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<ian.piumarta@squeakland.org>. (Do not send bug reports to the
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general-purpose 'squeak-dev' mailing list. They will not be read. If
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you feel you must post a bug report to a mailing list, send it to the
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Squeak 'vm-dev' mailing list in addition to the above email address.)
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This manual page was written by Ian Piumarta.
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Dan Ingalls, Ted Kaehler, John Maloney, Scott Wallace and Alan Kay, \c
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.I Back to the Future: The Story of Squeak, A Practical Smalltalk Written in Itself\c
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\&. Proc. OOPSLA'97.
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The official Squeak home page:
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.B http://squeak.org
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The general-purpose 'squeak-dev' mailing list (not for VM-related bug reports):
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.B http://lists.squeakfoundation.org/listinfo/squeak-dev
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The Squeak 'vm-dev' mailing list (amongst others):
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.B http://discuss.squeakfoundation.org/
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The latest source and binary distributions of Unix Squeak:
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.B http://squeakvm.org/unix
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.\"The list of IANA-registered character encoding names, of which a proper subset is recognised by Squeak:
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.\".B http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets