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  • Date: 2007-10-12 16:38:11 UTC
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chapter1/chapter1.xml
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                <para>In this lesson, you will learn about:
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                        <itemizedlist>
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                                <listitem>
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                                        <para>The open-source philosophy</para>
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                                </listitem>
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                                <listitem>
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                                        <para>Ubuntu</para>
 
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                                        <para>The fundamentals and concept of open source</para>
 
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                                </listitem>
 
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                                <listitem>
 
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                                        <para>Connection between Open source, the Free Software Movement and Linux </para>
 
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                                </listitem>
 
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                                        <listitem>
 
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                                        <para>How Ubuntu ties in with open source</para>
 
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                                </listitem>
 
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                                <listitem>
 
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                                <para>How Ubuntu is developed</para>
 
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                                </listitem>
 
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                                        <listitem>
 
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                                        <para>Ubuntu Version releases</para>
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                                </listitem>
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                        </itemizedlist>
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                </para>
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                        <para><emphasis role="strong"><emphasis role="italic">Instructor Notes:</emphasis></emphasis></para>
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                        <para><emphasis role="italic">The focus of this topic is to help students
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                        understand the concept of open source, which is the underlying
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                        foundation of Ubuntu. Depending on you audience, you may want to skip 
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                        most of this section entirely.  If you do, it is recommended that you 
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                        still explain the release schedule, nomenclature and promise of Ubuntu.  
 
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                        foundation of Ubuntu. Depending on your audience, you may want to skip 
 
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                        most of this section.  If you do, it is recommended that you 
 
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                        still explain the release schedule, naming convention and Ubuntu promise.  
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                        Otherwise, briefly explain the dictionary meaning of 'open
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                        source' in general, and move on to establishing how the open-source
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                        ideology developed in the context of Linux. Present this as a story
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                        spread over different phases: free software movement, open-source
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                        movement initiation and formal launch of the open-source movement.
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                        Carefully weave each of these phases together by building in smooth
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                        transitions.</emphasis></para>
 
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                        movement initiation and its formal launch.Carefully weave each of 
 
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                        these phases together by building in smooth transitions.</emphasis></para>
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                        <para>Ubuntu is a Linux-based open-source operating system. The term 'open
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                        source' can be defined as a set of principles and practices that promotes
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                        access to the design and production of goods and knowledge. Open
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                        requirement or collaboratively to improve the software. Both open source
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                        and Linux have transitioned through various phases to reach their present
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                        form.</para>
 
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                        </sect2>
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                        <sect3>
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                                <title>The Open-Source Ideology</title>
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                                <para>Open source means making both software and its source code
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                                freely available for users to use, modify and redistribute.</para>
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                                <para>The idea behind openly distributed source code is to encourage
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                                the voluntary, collaborative development of software. Technical users
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                                continuously improve the software, fix defects, enhance the software
 
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                                continuously enhance the software, fix bugs, develop new features
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                                and share it with the open source community.</para>
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                                <para>As a result of collaborative software development, which involves
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                                a large number of programmers creating, enhancing, examining and
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                                fixing the software, users receive software that is usually better in
 
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                                a large number of programmers, users receive software that is usually better in
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                                quality and performance than proprietary alternatives. Users are free to
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                                customise the software to their own personal requirements, which in
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                                itself is a huge step away from the 'one size fits all' philosophy.</para>
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                                <para>Open source projects also call on the talents of people with 
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                                skills other than programming. Many open source projects also involve
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                                artists, musicians, user-interface designers and documentation authors
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                                to create a complete product.</para>
 
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                                <para>Open source projects call on the talents of many people with 
 
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                                skills other than programming. Many projects involve artists, musicians, 
 
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                                user-interface designers and documentation authors      to create a complete product.</para>
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                        </sect3>
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                </sect2>
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                <sect2>
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                        <title>Linux and Open Source</title>
 
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                        <sect2>
 
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                        <title>Open Source, Free Software movement and Linux</title>
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                        <para>The present-day Linux has evolved over the years since its
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                        inception.</para>
 
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                        inception. Taking a brief look at how this all began:</para>
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                        <sect3>
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                                <title>The Free Software Movement</title>
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                                <para>In the 1960s, it was typical for software to be distributed freely 
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                                by company such as IBM to be shared amongst users. Software was then 
 
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                                by companies such as IBM and shared amongst users. Software was then 
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                                considered an enabler for the hardware, around which the business model of 
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                                these corporations was built.
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                                Software came with source code that could be improved and
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                                modified. This was the very early seeds of open source software.</para>
 
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                                these corporations was built. Software came with source code that could be improved and
 
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                                modified.This was therefor the very early seeds of open source software. However, as
 
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                                 hardware became cheaper in the 1970s, manufacturers looked at software to provide
 
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                                 additional revenue streams.</para>
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                                <para>In September 1983, Richard Matthew Stallman, former
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                                programmer at the MIT AI Lab, software freedom activist, hacker and
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                                software developer, launched the GNU project to create a free UNIX-like
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                                operating system (OS). With the launch of the GNU project, Stallman
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                                started the free software movement and in October 1985, set up the
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                                Free Software Foundation.</para>
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                                <para>Stallman pioneered the concept of copyleft and is the main
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                                author of several copyleft licenses, including the GNU General Public
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                                License (GPL), which is the most widely used free software
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                                license.</para>
 
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                                programmer at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab launched the GNU project
 
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                                to create a free UNIX-like      operating system (OS). He was concerned with growth in proprietary software and
 
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                                users' inability to access and modify programmes on their computers. Developer constraint, 
 
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                                as opposed to freedom was prevalent. With the launch of the GNU project, Stallman
 
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                                started the Free Software Movement and in October 1985, set up the Free Software Foundation.</para>
 
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                                <para>Stallman pioneered the definition and characteristics of open source software and 
 
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                                the concept of copyleft. He is the main author of several copyleft licenses, including the GNU General Public
 
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                                License (GPL), which is the most widely used free software license.</para>
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                                <screen><para><emphasis role="strong">Nice to Know:</emphasis></para>
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                                <para>For more information on Richard Stallman and the GNU project,
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                                refer to the following URL:
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                                tools.</para>
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                        </sect3>
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                        <sect3>
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                                <title>The Open-Source Movement Initiation</title>
 
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                                <title>The Open-Source Movement and Linux</title>
 
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                                <para>The difference between free software and open source can be defined as the
 
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                                difference between a social movement (free software) and a development methodology (open source). 
 
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                                Linux refers to the kernel or, the backbones of the open source architecture.</para>
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                                <para>In August 1991, Linus Benedict Torvalds, a second-year Finnish
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                                student of computer science at the University of Helsinki, started
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                                working on Minix.</para>
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                                version 0.01. In 1994, the Linux kernel version 1.0 was released under the GNU GPL.
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                                This move heralded the first free operating system. The free kernel and the free GNU tools
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                                provided a fertile environment for enthusiasts. By staying close to its
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                                UNIX roots, Linux provided a command line interface first. The adaptation of the X Window System made 
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                                a graphical user interface (GUI) avaialable at a later stage.</para>
 
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                                UNIX roots, Linux provided a command line interface first; the adaptation of the X Window System made 
 
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                                a graphical user interface (GUI) available at a later stage.</para>
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                                <screen><para><emphasis role="strong">Nice to Know:</emphasis></para>
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                                <para>No company or individual owns Linux, not even Linus Torvalds
 
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                                <para>Linux is not owned by any individual or company , not even Linus Torvalds
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                                who started Linux. However, Torvalds is heavily involved in the main kernel 
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                                development process and he owns the trademark Linux.</para></screen>
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                                <para>With Linux as open-source software, its source code:
 
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                                development process and owns the trademark, Linux.</para></screen>
 
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                                <para>The Linux open source code:
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                                        <itemizedlist>
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                                                <listitem>
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                                                        <para>Is available and accessible to everyone</para>
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                                                </listitem>
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                                        </itemizedlist>
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                                </para>
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                                <para>This led to the rapid development of Linux in both commercial and non-commercial distribution versions.</para>
 
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                                <para>Initially, Linux was seen as (and indeed used by)a very technical, hard core open source programming tool.
 
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                                Thousands of developers contributed to its success as it transitioned from this to the stage of 
 
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                                rapid development in both commercial and non-commercial distribution versions.</para>
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                        </sect3>
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                        <sect3>
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                                <title>The Open-Source Movement's Formal Launch</title>
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                                <para>In 1998, Jon "maddog" Hall, Larry Augustin, Eric S. Raymond,
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                                Bruce Perens et al formally launched the open-source movement. They
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                                promoted open source software exclusively on the basis of technical
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                                excellence.</para>
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                                <para>The open-source movement and the dot-com boom of
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                                1998–2000 coincided, resulting in the popularity of Linux and the
 
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                                <para>The open source movement and the dot.com boom of the late 1990s
 
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                                coincided, resulting in the popularity of Linux and the
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                                evolution of many open-source-friendly companies such as Corel (Corel
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                                Linux), Sun Microsystems (OpenOffice.org) and IBM (OpenAFS). In the
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                                early turn of the 21st century, when the dot-com crash was at its peak,
 
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                                early 21st century, when the dot.com crash was at its peak,
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                                open source was in a prime position as a viable alternative to expensive
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                                proprietary software. Its momentum has strengthened since with the availability of many easy to use
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                                free appplications.</para>
 
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                                free applications.</para>
 
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                                <para>As such, what started off as an idea, became a passion to revolutionise a patent and license intense
 
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                                industry. Linux is now rooted as viable option for enterprises and home users.</para>
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                        </sect3>
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                </sect2>
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                <sect2>
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                        <title>About Ubuntu</title>
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                        <para><emphasis role="strong"><emphasis role="italic">Instructor Notes:</emphasis></emphasis></para>
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                        <para><emphasis role="italic">The focus of this topic is to make the students
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                        aware of different versions of Ubuntu and help them understand how the
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                        community contributes towards Ubuntu development.</emphasis></para>
 
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                        aware of different versions of Ubuntu and the importance of community 
 
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                        contributions towards its development.</emphasis></para>
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                        <para>Ubuntu is a community developed, Linux-based operating system
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                        that is perfect for laptops, desktops and servers. It contains all the
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                        applications you need - a web browser, presentation, document and
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                        <para>Ubuntu derives its name from a South African saying, &ldquo;Umuntu
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                        ngumuntu ngamuntu&rdquo;, which means humanity towards others.</para></screen>
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                        <para>The history of Ubuntu dates back to 2004 when Mark Shuttleworth
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                        formed a group of open-source developers to create a new Linux desktop.
 
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                        formed a group of open source developers to create a new Linux desktop.
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                        Shuttleworth had envisaged an OS that combines the GNOME desktop
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                        and a derivative of Debian. To achieve his vision, Shuttleworth started a
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                        Web site,
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                        <ulink url="http://no-name-yet.com">http://no-name-yet.com</ulink>,
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                        and founded the Ubuntu community and project, which is sponsered by
 
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                        and founded the Ubuntu community and project, which is sponsored by
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                        Canonical Ltd.</para>
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                        <para>Ubuntu consists of over 12,000 community members and some estimated 8 million users worldwide, (as of June 2007). </para>
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                        <para><emphasis role="strong"><emphasis role="italic">Instructor Notes:</emphasis></emphasis></para>
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                                </imageobject>
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                        </figure>
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                        <sect3>
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                                <title>Ubuntu 4.10</title>
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                                <para>Ubuntu 4.10, codenamed "Warty Warthog",  was the first release of Ubuntu; it was released in
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                                October 2004.</para>
 
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                                <title>Ubuntu 4.10 (Warty Warthog)</title>
 
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                                <para>Ubuntu 4.10  was the first release of Ubuntu in   October 2004.</para>
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                                <screen><para><emphasis role="strong">Nice to Know:</emphasis></para>
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                                <para>The early testing community of version 4.10 was called the Sounder,
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                                named after the collective noun for warthogs. The Sounder mailing list
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                                continues today as an open discussion forum for the community.</para></screen>
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                        </sect3>
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                        <sect3>
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                                <title>Ubuntu 5.04</title>
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                                <para>Ubuntu 5.04, codenamed "Hoary Hedgehog", was the second release of Ubuntu; it was released
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                                in April 2005.</para>
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                        </sect3>
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                        <sect3>
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                                <title>Ubuntu 5.10</title>
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                                <para>Ubuntu 5.10, codenamed "Breezy Badger", was the third release of Ubuntu; it was released in
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                                October 2005.</para>
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                        </sect3>
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                        <sect3>
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                                <title>Ubuntu 6.06 LTS</title>
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                                <para>Ubuntu 6.06 LTS, codenamed "Dapper Drake", was the fourth release of Ubuntu and the first
 
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                                <title>Ubuntu 5.04 (Hoary Hedgehog)</title>
 
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                                <para>Ubuntu 5.04 was the second release of Ubuntu in April 2005.</para>
 
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                        </sect3>
 
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                        <sect3>
 
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                                <title>Ubuntu 5.10 (Breezy Badger)</title>
 
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                                <para>Ubuntu 5.10 was the third release of Ubuntu in October 2005.</para>
 
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                        </sect3>
 
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                        <sect3>
 
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                                <title>Ubuntu 6.06 LTS (Dapper Drake)</title>
 
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                                <para>Ubuntu 6.06 LTS was the fourth release of Ubuntu and the first
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                                one with Long Time Support (LTS); it was released in June 2006.
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                                Ubuntu 6.06 LTS is a long-term support version that provides three
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                                years of support on the desktop and five years of support on the server.
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                                All other releases provide 18-month support for desktops and
 
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                                Long-term support version refers to guaranteed three years of support on the desktop and five years
 
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                                on the server.  All other releases are provided with 18 month support for desktops and
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                                servers.</para>
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                        </sect3>
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                        <sect3>
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                                <title>Ubuntu 6.10</title>
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                                <para>Ubuntu 6.10, codenamed "Edgy Eft", was the fifth release of Ubuntu; it was released in
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                                October 2006, on a particularly short cycle, following Ubuntu 6.06 LTS
 
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                                <title>Ubuntu 6.10 (Edgy Eft)</title>
 
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                                <para>Ubuntu 6.10, was the fifth release of Ubuntu in   October 2006, on a particularly short cycle, following Ubuntu 6.06 LTS
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                                by only four months. Ubuntu 6.10 marks the introduction of Upstart,
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                                which is a modern event-based system that is better able to guarantee
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                                a robust boot process and deal with events from the modern kernel and
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                                removable hardware and replaces the SysV init.</para>
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                        </sect3>
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                        <sect3>
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                                <title>Ubuntu 7.04</title>
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                                <para>The sixth release of Ubuntu, codenamed "Feisty Fawn", marks the
266
 
                                introduction of hardware-accelerated desktop features and dramatic
 
270
                                <title>Ubuntu 7.04 (Feisty Fawn)</title>
 
271
                                <para>The sixth release of Ubuntu, marks the    introduction of hardware-accelerated desktop features and dramatic
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                                improvements to network roaming. It was released in April 2007.</para>
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                        </sect3>
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                        <sect3>
270
 
                                <title>Ubuntu 7.10</title>
271
 
                                <para>The seventh iteration of Ubuntu, codenamed "Gutsy Gibbon, was released in October
 
275
                                <title>Ubuntu 7.10 (Gutsy Gibbon)</title>
 
276
                                <para>The seventh iteration of Ubuntu, was released in October
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                                2007. The key features of this version are improved plug-in handling for
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                                Mozilla Firefox and a revamped printing system with PDF printing by
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                                default.</para>
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                                <para><emphasis role="strong"><emphasis role="italic">Instructor Notes:</emphasis></emphasis></para>
276
 
                                <para><emphasis role="italic">This version will have Compiz Fusion, 
 
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                                <para><emphasis role="italic">This version has Compiz Fusion, 
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                                the AppArmor security framework, fast
278
 
                                desktop search, fast user switching, improvements in plug-in
 
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                                desktop search and user switching, improvements in plug-in
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                                handling for Mozilla Firefox, a graphical configuration tool for X.org
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                                and a revamped printing system with PDF printing by
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                                default.</emphasis></para>
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                                <para><emphasis role="strong"><emphasis role="italic">Compiz Fusion:</emphasis></emphasis>
283
 
                                <emphasis role="italic">Compiz Fusion is a collection of plug-ins and a
 
288
                                <emphasis role="italic"> a collection of plug-ins and a
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                                configuration system.</emphasis></para>
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                                <para><emphasis role="strong"><emphasis role="italic">AppArmor:</emphasis></emphasis>
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                                <emphasis role="italic">AppArmor, or Application Armor, is a software security
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                                        framework for Linux.</emphasis></para>
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                                <para><emphasis role="strong"><emphasis role="italic">X.Org Server:</emphasis></emphasis>
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                                <emphasis role="italic">X.org is the official reference implementation of
 
294
                                <emphasis role="italic">the official reference implementation of
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                                X Window System.</emphasis></para>
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                        </sect3>
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                        <sect3>
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                                <title>Ubuntu 8.04 LTS</title>
294
 
                                <para>The eighth release of Ubuntu, codenamed "Hardy Heron", is planned for
 
298
                                <title>Ubuntu 8.04 LTS (Hardy Heron)</title>
 
299
                                <para>The eighth release of Ubuntu, is planned for
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                                April 2008 and will form the second long term support release of Ubuntu.</para>
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                        </sect3>
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                </sect2>
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                <sect2>
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                        <title>Ubuntu Development and the Community</title>
300
 
                        <para>Ubuntu is open-source software developed in a joint collaboration
301
 
                        between Ubuntu community members and Canonical developers. Since its
 
305
                        <para>Ubuntu is a joint collaboration project between Ubuntu community members and Canonical developers. Since its
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                        inception in 2004, thousands of users have joined the Ubuntu community.
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                        These users contribute towards Ubuntu development through code writing,
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                        advocacy, artwork and documentation. The development process of
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                                resources.</para>
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                        </sect3>
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                        <sect3>
329
 
                                <title>Developer Bounties</title>
330
 
                                <para>This section should be retitled and rephrased to remove reference to "bounties".</para>
 
333
                                <title>Idea Pool</title>
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                                <para>If you have ideas for projects, proposals and enhancements but
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                                do not want to implement them, you can add the ideas into the idea
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                                pool available at <ulink url="https://wiki.ubuntu.com/IdeaPool">
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                </sect2>
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                <sect2>
415
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                        <title>Lesson Summary</title>
416
 
                        <para>In this lesson, you learnt that:
 
419
                        <para>In this lesson, you learnt that:</para>
417
420
                                <itemizedlist>
418
 
                                        <listitem>
419
 
                                                <para>The concepts of free software and open software originated
420
 
                                                in the 1960s.</para>
421
 
                                        </listitem>
422
 
                                        <listitem>
423
 
                                                <para>Linux, an open-source OS, was started in 1991. Its
424
 
                                                source code is available and accessible to everyone.</para>
425
 
                                        </listitem>
426
 
                                        <listitem>
427
 
                                                <para>The open-source movement was formally launched in
428
 
                                                1998.</para>
429
 
                                        </listitem>
430
 
                                        <listitem>
431
 
                                                <para>The main principle behind the open-source philosophy lies within
432
 
                                                openly distributed source code and voluntary, joint development of
433
 
                                                software.</para>
434
 
                                        </listitem>
435
 
                                        <listitem>
436
 
                                                <para>Ubuntu is an open-source operating system developed by a joint
437
 
                                                collaboration between Ubuntu community members and Canonical developers.</para>
438
 
                                        </listitem>
439
 
                                </itemizedlist>
440
 
                        </para>
441
 
                </sect2>
 
421
                                <listitem>
 
422
                                        <para>The fundamentals and concept of open source</para>
 
423
                                </listitem>
 
424
                                <listitem>
 
425
                                        <para>Connection between Open source, the Free Software Movement and Linux </para>
 
426
                                </listitem>
 
427
                                        <listitem>
 
428
                                        <para>How Ubuntu ties in with open source</para>
 
429
                                </listitem>
 
430
                                <listitem>
 
431
                                <para>How Ubuntu is developed</para>
 
432
                                </listitem>
 
433
                                        <listitem>
 
434
                                        <para>Ubuntu Version releases</para>
 
435
                                </listitem>
 
436
                        </itemizedlist>
 
437
                        </sect2>
442
438
                <sect2>
443
439
                        <title>Review Exercise</title>
444
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                        <para><emphasis role="strong"><emphasis role="italic">Instructor Notes:</emphasis></emphasis></para>