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- Committer: Doug Smythies
- Date: 2014-03-20 22:49:38 UTC
- Revision ID: dsmythies@telus.net-20140320224938-gmic1e3rni5fve7j
PO file Import
- files modified:
- serverguide/po/ace.po
added
removed
serverguide/po/fa.po
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# Persian translation for ubuntu-docs
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# Copyright (c) 2010 Rosetta Contributors and Canonical Ltd 2010
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# This file is distributed under the same license as the ubuntu-docs package.
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# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, 2010.
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# Persian translation for serverguide
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# Copyright (c) 2014 Rosetta Contributors and Canonical Ltd 2014
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# This file is distributed under the same license as the serverguide package.
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# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, 2014.
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#
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msgid ""
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msgstr ""
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"Project-Id-Version: ubuntu-docs\n"
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"Project-Id-Version: serverguide\n"
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"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
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"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-09-19 07:48-0700\n"
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"PO-Revision-Date: 2013-08-21 21:20+0000\n"
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"POT-Creation-Date: 2014-03-20 14:39-0700\n"
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"PO-Revision-Date: 2014-03-20 22:00+0000\n"
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"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
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"Language-Team: Persian <fa@li.org>\n"
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"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
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"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
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"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
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"X-Launchpad-Export-Date: 2013-10-08 17:40+0000\n"
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"X-Generator: Launchpad (build 16799)\n"
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"X-Launchpad-Export-Date: 2014-03-20 22:11+0000\n"
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"X-Generator: Launchpad (build 16967)\n"
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:11(title)
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msgid "Web Servers"
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"for the development and deployment of Web-based applications."
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:51(title) serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:689(title) serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:832(title) serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:955(title) serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:71(title) serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1891(title) serverguide/C/vcs.xml:26(title) serverguide/C/vcs.xml:87(title) serverguide/C/vcs.xml:211(title) serverguide/C/samba.xml:81(title) serverguide/C/samba.xml:292(title) serverguide/C/remote-administration.xml:46(title) serverguide/C/remote-administration.xml:269(title) serverguide/C/remote-administration.xml:465(title) serverguide/C/network-config.xml:973(title) serverguide/C/network-config.xml:1087(title) serverguide/C/network-auth.xml:119(title) serverguide/C/network-auth.xml:2771(title) serverguide/C/network-auth.xml:3243(title) serverguide/C/monitoring.xml:40(title) serverguide/C/monitoring.xml:429(title) serverguide/C/mail.xml:38(title) serverguide/C/mail.xml:548(title) serverguide/C/mail.xml:737(title) serverguide/C/mail.xml:887(title) serverguide/C/mail.xml:1377(title) serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:110(title) serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:272(title) serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:408(title) serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:512(title) serverguide/C/installation.xml:11(title) serverguide/C/installation.xml:941(title) serverguide/C/installation.xml:1222(title) serverguide/C/file-server.xml:357(title) serverguide/C/file-server.xml:645(title) serverguide/C/dns.xml:21(title) serverguide/C/databases.xml:37(title) serverguide/C/databases.xml:300(title) serverguide/C/chat.xml:35(title) serverguide/C/chat.xml:134(title) serverguide/C/backups.xml:596(title)
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:51(title) serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:703(title) serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:846(title) serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:969(title) serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:71(title) serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1487(title) serverguide/C/vcs.xml:26(title) serverguide/C/vcs.xml:87(title) serverguide/C/vcs.xml:211(title) serverguide/C/samba.xml:81(title) serverguide/C/samba.xml:292(title) serverguide/C/remote-administration.xml:46(title) serverguide/C/remote-administration.xml:269(title) serverguide/C/remote-administration.xml:465(title) serverguide/C/network-config.xml:973(title) serverguide/C/network-config.xml:1087(title) serverguide/C/network-auth.xml:119(title) serverguide/C/network-auth.xml:2771(title) serverguide/C/network-auth.xml:3243(title) serverguide/C/monitoring.xml:40(title) serverguide/C/monitoring.xml:429(title) serverguide/C/mail.xml:38(title) serverguide/C/mail.xml:548(title) serverguide/C/mail.xml:737(title) serverguide/C/mail.xml:887(title) serverguide/C/mail.xml:1377(title) serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:110(title) serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:272(title) serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:408(title) serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:512(title) serverguide/C/installation.xml:11(title) serverguide/C/installation.xml:935(title) serverguide/C/installation.xml:1216(title) serverguide/C/file-server.xml:357(title) serverguide/C/file-server.xml:645(title) serverguide/C/dns.xml:21(title) serverguide/C/databases.xml:37(title) serverguide/C/databases.xml:300(title) serverguide/C/chat.xml:35(title) serverguide/C/chat.xml:134(title) serverguide/C/backups.xml:596(title)
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msgid "Installation"
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msgstr ""
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msgid "sudo apt-get install apache2"
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:71(title) serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:742(title) serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:843(title) serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:982(title) serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1085(title) serverguide/C/vcs.xml:37(title) serverguide/C/vcs.xml:96(title) serverguide/C/samba.xml:97(title) serverguide/C/samba.xml:309(title) serverguide/C/remote-administration.xml:68(title) serverguide/C/remote-administration.xml:289(title) serverguide/C/package-management.xml:417(title) serverguide/C/network-config.xml:995(title) serverguide/C/network-config.xml:1098(title) serverguide/C/network-auth.xml:2858(title) serverguide/C/network-auth.xml:3264(title) serverguide/C/monitoring.xml:185(title) serverguide/C/monitoring.xml:455(title) serverguide/C/mail.xml:557(title) serverguide/C/mail.xml:747(title) serverguide/C/mail.xml:970(title) serverguide/C/mail.xml:1406(title) serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:130(title) serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:299(title) serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:438(title) serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:533(title) serverguide/C/installation.xml:1238(title) serverguide/C/file-server.xml:370(title) serverguide/C/file-server.xml:671(title) serverguide/C/dns.xml:37(title) serverguide/C/databases.xml:73(title) serverguide/C/databases.xml:316(title) serverguide/C/clustering.xml:45(title) serverguide/C/chat.xml:55(title) serverguide/C/chat.xml:146(title) serverguide/C/backups.xml:625(title)
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:71(title) serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:756(title) serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:857(title) serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:996(title) serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1099(title) serverguide/C/vcs.xml:37(title) serverguide/C/vcs.xml:96(title) serverguide/C/samba.xml:97(title) serverguide/C/samba.xml:309(title) serverguide/C/remote-administration.xml:68(title) serverguide/C/remote-administration.xml:289(title) serverguide/C/package-management.xml:417(title) serverguide/C/network-config.xml:995(title) serverguide/C/network-config.xml:1098(title) serverguide/C/network-auth.xml:2858(title) serverguide/C/network-auth.xml:3264(title) serverguide/C/monitoring.xml:185(title) serverguide/C/monitoring.xml:455(title) serverguide/C/mail.xml:557(title) serverguide/C/mail.xml:747(title) serverguide/C/mail.xml:970(title) serverguide/C/mail.xml:1406(title) serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:130(title) serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:299(title) serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:438(title) serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:533(title) serverguide/C/installation.xml:1232(title) serverguide/C/file-server.xml:370(title) serverguide/C/file-server.xml:671(title) serverguide/C/dns.xml:37(title) serverguide/C/databases.xml:73(title) serverguide/C/databases.xml:316(title) serverguide/C/clustering.xml:45(title) serverguide/C/chat.xml:55(title) serverguide/C/chat.xml:146(title) serverguide/C/backups.xml:625(title)
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msgid "Configuration"
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:87(para)
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msgid ""
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"<emphasis>conf.d:</emphasis> contains configuration files which apply "
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"<emphasis>globally</emphasis> to Apache2. Other packages that use Apache2 to "
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"serve content may add files, or symlinks, to this directory."
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:93(para)
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msgid ""
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"<emphasis>envvars:</emphasis> file where Apache2 "
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"<emphasis>environment</emphasis> variables are set."
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:98(para)
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msgid ""
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"<emphasis>httpd.conf:</emphasis> historically the main Apache2 configuration "
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"file, named after the <application>httpd</application> daemon. Now the file "
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"does not exist. In older versions of Ubuntu the file might be present, but "
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"directories."
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:105(para)
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:94(para)
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msgid ""
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"<emphasis>conf-available:</emphasis> this directory contains available "
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"configuration files. All files that were previously in "
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"<filename>/etc/apache2/conf.d</filename> should be moved to "
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"<filename>/etc/apache2/conf-available</filename>."
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:101(para)
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msgid ""
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"<emphasis>conf-enabled:</emphasis> holds <emphasis>symlinks</emphasis> to "
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"the files in <filename>/etc/apache2/conf-available</filename>. When a "
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"configuration file is symlinked, it will be enabled the next time "
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"<application>apache2</application> is restarted."
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:108(para)
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msgid ""
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"<emphasis>envvars:</emphasis> file where Apache2 "
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"<emphasis>environment</emphasis> variables are set."
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:113(para)
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msgid ""
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"<emphasis>mods-available:</emphasis> this directory contains configuration "
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"files to both load <emphasis>modules</emphasis> and configure them. Not all "
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"modules will have specific configuration files, however."
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:111(para)
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:119(para)
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msgid ""
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"<emphasis>mods-enabled:</emphasis> holds <emphasis>symlinks</emphasis> to "
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"the files in <filename>/etc/apache2/mods-available</filename>. When a module "
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"<application>apache2</application> is restarted."
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:118(para)
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:126(para)
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msgid ""
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"<emphasis>ports.conf:</emphasis> houses the directives that determine which "
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"TCP ports Apache2 is listening on."
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:123(para)
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:131(para)
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msgid ""
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"<emphasis>sites-available:</emphasis> this directory has configuration files "
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"for Apache2 <emphasis>Virtual Hosts</emphasis>. Virtual Hosts allow Apache2 "
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"to be configured for multiple sites that have separate configurations."
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:129(para)
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:138(para)
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msgid ""
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"<emphasis>sites-enabled:</emphasis> like mods-enabled, <filename "
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"role=\"directory\">sites-enabled</filename> contains symlinks to the "
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"it will be active once Apache2 is restarted."
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:137(para)
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:145(para)
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msgid ""
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"<emphasis>magic:</emphasis> instructions for determining MIME type based on "
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"the first few bytes of a file."
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:151(para)
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msgid ""
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"In addition, other configuration files may be added using the "
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"<emphasis>Include</emphasis> directive, and wildcards can be used to include "
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"recognized by Apache2 when it is started or restarted."
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:146(para)
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:160(para)
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msgid ""
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"The server also reads a file containing mime document types; the filename is "
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"set by the <emphasis>TypesConfig</emphasis> directive, typically via "
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"by default."
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:154(title)
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:168(title)
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msgid "Basic Settings"
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:155(para)
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:169(para)
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msgid ""
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"This section explains Apache2 server essential configuration parameters. "
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"Refer to the <ulink url=\"http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/\">Apache2 "
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"Documentation</ulink> for more details."
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:163(para)
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:177(para)
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msgid ""
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"Apache2 ships with a virtual-host-friendly default configuration. That is, "
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"it is configured with a single default virtual host (using the "
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"<filename>/etc/apache2/sites-available/default</filename>."
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:176(para)
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:190(para)
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msgid ""
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"The directives set for a virtual host only apply to that particular virtual "
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"host. If a directive is set server-wide and not defined within the virtual "
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"virtual host."
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:184(para)
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:198(para)
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msgid ""
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"If you wish to configure a new virtual host or site, copy that file into the "
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"same directory with a name you choose. For example:"
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:190(command)
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:204(command)
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msgid ""
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"sudo cp /etc/apache2/sites-available/default /etc/apache2/sites-"
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"available/mynewsite"
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:193(para)
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:207(para)
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msgid ""
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"Edit the new file to configure the new site using some of the directives "
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"described below."
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:200(para)
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:214(para)
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msgid ""
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"The <emphasis>ServerAdmin</emphasis> directive specifies the email address "
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"to be advertised for the server's administrator. The default value is "
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"configuration file in /etc/apache2/sites-available."
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:211(para)
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:225(para)
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msgid ""
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"The <emphasis>Listen</emphasis> directive specifies the port, and optionally "
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"the IP address, Apache2 should listen on. If the IP address is not "
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"<filename>/etc/apache2/ports.conf</filename>"
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:224(para)
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:238(para)
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msgid ""
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"The <emphasis>ServerName</emphasis> directive is optional and specifies what "
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"FQDN your site should answer to. The default virtual host has no ServerName "
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"available/mynewsite</filename>)."
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:236(para)
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:250(para)
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msgid ""
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"You may also want your site to respond to www.ubunturocks.com, since many "
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"users will assume the www prefix is appropriate. Use the "
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"wildcards in the ServerAlias directive."
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:243(para)
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:257(para)
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msgid ""
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"For example, the following configuration will cause your site to respond to "
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"any domain request ending in <emphasis>.ubunturocks.com</emphasis>."
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:249(programlisting)
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:263(programlisting)
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#, no-wrap
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msgid ""
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"\n"
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"ServerAlias *.ubunturocks.com\n"
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:255(para)
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:269(para)
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msgid ""
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"The <emphasis>DocumentRoot</emphasis> directive specifies where Apache2 "
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"should look for the files that make up the site. The default value is "
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"virtual host file, and remember to create that directory if necessary!"
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:264(para)
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:278(para)
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msgid ""
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"Enable the new <emphasis>VirtualHost</emphasis> using the "
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"<application>a2ensite</application> utility and restart Apache2:"
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:270(command)
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:284(command)
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msgid "sudo a2ensite mynewsite"
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:271(command) serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:289(command) serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:530(command) serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:539(command) serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:598(command) serverguide/C/mail.xml:994(command) serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:222(command) serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:574(command)
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:285(command) serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:303(command) serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:544(command) serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:553(command) serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:612(command) serverguide/C/mail.xml:994(command) serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:222(command) serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:573(command)
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msgid "sudo service apache2 restart"
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:275(para)
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:289(para)
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msgid ""
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"Be sure to replace <emphasis>mynewsite</emphasis> with a more descriptive "
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"name for the VirtualHost. One method is to name the file after the "
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"<emphasis>ServerName</emphasis> directive of the VirtualHost."
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:282(para)
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:296(para)
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msgid ""
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"Similarly, use the <application>a2dissite</application> utility to disable "
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"sites. This is can be useful when troubleshooting configuration problems "
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"with multiple VirtualHosts:"
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:288(command)
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:302(command)
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msgid "sudo a2dissite mynewsite"
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:294(title)
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:308(title)
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msgid "Default Settings"
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:296(para)
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:310(para)
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msgid ""
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"This section explains configuration of the Apache2 server default settings. "
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"For example, if you add a virtual host, the settings you configure for the "
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"defined within the virtual host settings, the default value is used."
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:308(para)
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:322(para)
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msgid ""
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"The <emphasis>DirectoryIndex</emphasis> is the default page served by the "
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"server when a user requests an index of a directory by specifying a forward "
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"slash (/) at the end of the directory name."
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:315(para)
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:329(para)
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msgid ""
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"For example, when a user requests the page "
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"http://www.example.com/this_directory/, he or she will get either the "
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"the first will be displayed."
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:336(para)
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:350(para)
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msgid ""
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"The <emphasis>ErrorDocument</emphasis> directive allows you to specify a "
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"file for Apache2 to use for specific error events. For example, if a user "
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"instructions for using ErrorDocument, including locations of example files."
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msgstr ""
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:346(para)
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#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:360(para)
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msgid ""
399
414
"By default, the server writes the transfer log to the file "
400
415
"<filename>/var/log/apache2/access.log</filename>. You can change this on a "
410
425
"/etc/apache2/apache2.conf</filename> for the default value)."
411
426
msgstr ""
412
427
413
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:361(para)
428
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:375(para)
414
429
msgid ""
415
430
"Some options are specified on a per-directory basis rather than per-server. "
416
431
"<emphasis>Options</emphasis> is one of these directives. A Directory stanza "
417
432
"is enclosed in XML-like tags, like so:"
418
433
msgstr ""
419
434
420
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:367(programlisting)
435
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:381(programlisting)
421
436
#, no-wrap
422
437
msgid ""
423
438
"\n"
426
441
"</Directory>\n"
427
442
msgstr ""
428
443
429
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:373(para)
444
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:387(para)
430
445
msgid ""
431
446
"The <emphasis>Options</emphasis> directive within a Directory stanza accepts "
432
447
"one or more of the following values (among others), separated by spaces:"
433
448
msgstr ""
434
449
435
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:385(para)
450
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:399(para)
436
451
msgid ""
437
452
"Most files should not be executed as CGI scripts. This would be very "
438
453
"dangerous. CGI scripts should kept in a directory separate from and outside "
441
456
"<filename>/usr/lib/cgi-bin</filename>."
442
457
msgstr ""
443
458
444
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:380(para)
459
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:394(para)
445
460
msgid ""
446
461
"<emphasis role=\"bold\">ExecCGI</emphasis> - Allow execution of CGI scripts. "
447
462
"CGI scripts are not executed if this option is not chosen. <placeholder-1/>"
448
463
msgstr ""
449
464
450
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:396(para)
465
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:410(para)
451
466
msgid ""
452
467
"<emphasis role=\"bold\">Includes</emphasis> - Allow server-side includes. "
453
468
"Server-side includes allow an HTML file to <emphasis> include</emphasis> "
456
471
"documentation (Ubuntu community)</ulink> for more information."
457
472
msgstr ""
458
473
459
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:405(para)
474
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:419(para)
460
475
msgid ""
461
476
"<emphasis role=\"bold\">IncludesNOEXEC</emphasis> - Allow server-side "
462
477
"includes, but disable the <emphasis>#exec</emphasis> and "
463
478
"<emphasis>#include</emphasis> commands in CGI scripts."
464
479
msgstr ""
465
480
466
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:417(para)
481
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:431(para)
467
482
msgid ""
468
483
"For security reasons, this should usually not be set, and certainly should "
469
484
"not be set on your DocumentRoot directory. Enable this option carefully on a "
471
486
"contents of the directory."
472
487
msgstr ""
473
488
474
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:412(para)
489
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:426(para)
475
490
msgid ""
476
491
"<emphasis role=\"bold\">Indexes</emphasis> - Display a formatted list of the "
477
492
"directory's contents, if no <emphasis>DirectoryIndex</emphasis> (such as "
478
493
"index.html) exists in the requested directory. <placeholder-1/>"
479
494
msgstr ""
480
495
481
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:427(para)
496
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:441(para)
482
497
msgid ""
483
498
"<emphasis role=\"bold\">Multiview</emphasis> - Support content-negotiated "
484
499
"multiviews; this option is disabled by default for security reasons. See the "
487
502
"Apache2 documentation on this option</ulink>."
488
503
msgstr ""
489
504
490
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:435(para)
505
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:449(para)
491
506
msgid ""
492
507
"<emphasis role=\"bold\">SymLinksIfOwnerMatch</emphasis> - Only follow "
493
508
"symbolic links if the target file or directory has the same owner as the "
494
509
"link."
495
510
msgstr ""
496
511
497
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:447(title)
512
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:461(title)
498
513
msgid "httpd Settings"
499
514
msgstr ""
500
515
501
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:449(para)
516
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:463(para)
502
517
msgid ""
503
518
"This section explains some basic <application>httpd</application> daemon "
504
519
"configuration settings."
505
520
msgstr ""
506
521
507
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:453(para)
522
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:467(para)
508
523
msgid ""
509
524
"<emphasis role=\"bold\">LockFile</emphasis> - The LockFile directive sets "
510
525
"the path to the lockfile used when the server is compiled with either "
515
530
"that is readable only by root."
516
531
msgstr ""
517
532
518
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:462(para)
533
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:476(para)
519
534
msgid ""
520
535
"<emphasis role=\"bold\">PidFile</emphasis> - The PidFile directive sets the "
521
536
"file in which the server records its process ID (pid). This file should only "
522
537
"be readable by root. In most cases, it should be left to the default value."
523
538
msgstr ""
524
539
525
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:468(para)
540
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:482(para)
526
541
msgid ""
527
542
"<emphasis role=\"bold\">User</emphasis> - The User directive sets the userid "
528
543
"used by the server to answer requests. This setting determines the server's "
530
545
"your website's visitors. The default value for User is \"www-data\"."
531
546
msgstr ""
532
547
533
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:475(para)
548
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:489(para)
534
549
msgid ""
535
550
"Unless you know exactly what you are doing, do not set the User directive to "
536
551
"root. Using root as the User will create large security holes for your Web "
537
552
"server."
538
553
msgstr ""
539
554
540
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:481(para)
555
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:495(para)
541
556
msgid ""
542
557
"<emphasis role=\"bold\">Group</emphasis> - The Group directive is similar to "
543
558
"the User directive. Group sets the group under which the server will answer "
544
559
"requests. The default group is also \"www-data\"."
545
560
msgstr ""
546
561
547
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:488(title)
562
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:502(title)
548
563
msgid "Apache2 Modules"
549
564
msgstr ""
550
565
551
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:490(para)
566
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:504(para)
552
567
msgid ""
553
568
"Apache2 is a modular server. This implies that only the most basic "
554
569
"functionality is included in the core server. Extended features are "
559
574
"Apache2 must be recompiled to add or remove modules."
560
575
msgstr ""
561
576
562
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:502(para)
577
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:516(para)
563
578
msgid ""
564
579
"Ubuntu compiles Apache2 to allow the dynamic loading of modules. "
565
580
"Configuration directives may be conditionally included on the presence of a "
567
582
"<emphasis><IfModule></emphasis> block."
568
583
msgstr ""
569
584
570
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:509(para)
585
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:523(para)
571
586
msgid ""
572
587
"You can install additional Apache2 modules and use them with your Web "
573
588
"server. For example, run the following command from a terminal prompt to "
574
589
"install the <emphasis>MySQL Authentication</emphasis> module:"
575
590
msgstr ""
576
591
577
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:516(command)
592
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:530(command)
578
593
msgid "sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-auth-mysql"
579
594
msgstr ""
580
595
581
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:519(para)
596
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:533(para)
582
597
msgid ""
583
598
"See the <filename>/etc/apache2/mods-available</filename> directory, for "
584
599
"additional modules."
585
600
msgstr ""
586
601
587
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:523(para)
602
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:537(para)
588
603
msgid ""
589
604
"Use the <application>a2enmod</application> utility to enable a module:"
590
605
msgstr ""
591
606
592
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:529(command)
607
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:543(command)
593
608
msgid "sudo a2enmod auth_mysql"
594
609
msgstr ""
595
610
596
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:533(para)
611
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:547(para)
597
612
msgid "Similarly, <application>a2dismod</application> will disable a module:"
598
613
msgstr ""
599
614
600
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:538(command)
615
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:552(command)
601
616
msgid "sudo a2dismod auth_mysql"
602
617
msgstr ""
603
618
604
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:545(title)
619
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:559(title)
605
620
msgid "HTTPS Configuration"
606
621
msgstr ""
607
622
608
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:547(para)
623
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:561(para)
609
624
msgid ""
610
625
"The <application>mod_ssl</application> module adds an important feature to "
611
626
"the Apache2 server - the ability to encrypt communications. Thus, when your "
614
629
"bar."
615
630
msgstr ""
616
631
617
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:556(para)
632
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:570(para)
618
633
msgid ""
619
634
"The <application>mod_ssl</application> module is available in "
620
635
"<application>apache2-common</application> package. Execute the following "
622
637
"<application>mod_ssl</application> module:"
623
638
msgstr ""
624
639
625
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:563(command)
640
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:577(command)
626
641
msgid "sudo a2enmod ssl"
627
642
msgstr ""
628
643
629
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:566(para)
644
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:580(para)
630
645
msgid ""
631
646
"There is a default HTTPS configuration file in <filename>/etc/apache2/sites-"
632
647
"available/default-ssl</filename>. In order for "
640
655
"linkend=\"certificates-and-security\"/>"
641
656
msgstr ""
642
657
643
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:576(para)
658
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:590(para)
644
659
msgid ""
645
660
"To configure <application>Apache2</application> for HTTPS, enter the "
646
661
"following:"
647
662
msgstr ""
648
663
649
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:581(command)
664
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:595(command)
650
665
msgid "sudo a2ensite default-ssl"
651
666
msgstr ""
652
667
653
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:585(para)
668
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:599(para)
654
669
msgid ""
655
670
"The directories <filename>/etc/ssl/certs</filename> and "
656
671
"<filename>/etc/ssl/private</filename> are the default locations. If you "
659
674
"<emphasis>SSLCertificateKeyFile</emphasis> appropriately."
660
675
msgstr ""
661
676
662
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:592(para)
677
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:606(para)
663
678
msgid ""
664
679
"With Apache2 now configured for HTTPS, restart the service to enable the new "
665
680
"settings:"
666
681
msgstr ""
667
682
668
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:603(para)
683
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:617(para)
669
684
msgid ""
670
685
"Depending on how you obtained your certificate you may need to enter a "
671
686
"passphrase when <application>Apache2</application> starts."
672
687
msgstr ""
673
688
674
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:609(para)
689
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:623(para)
675
690
msgid ""
676
691
"You can access the secure server pages by typing https://your_hostname/url/ "
677
692
"in your browser address bar."
678
693
msgstr ""
679
694
680
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:616(title)
695
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:630(title)
681
696
msgid "Sharing Write Permission"
682
697
msgstr ""
683
698
684
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:617(para)
699
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:631(para)
685
700
msgid ""
686
701
"For more than one user to be able to write to the same directory it will be "
687
702
"necessary to grant write permission to a group they share in common. The "
689
704
"<filename>/var/www</filename> to the group \"webmasters\"."
690
705
msgstr ""
691
706
692
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:625(command)
707
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:639(command)
693
708
msgid "sudo chgrp -R webmasters /var/www"
694
709
msgstr ""
695
710
696
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:626(command)
711
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:640(command)
697
712
msgid "sudo find /var/www -type d -exec chmod g=rwxs \"{}\" \\;"
698
713
msgstr ""
699
714
700
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:627(command)
715
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:641(command)
701
716
msgid "sudo find /var/www -type f -exec chmod g=rws \"{}\" \\;"
702
717
msgstr ""
703
718
704
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:631(para)
719
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:645(para)
705
720
msgid ""
706
721
"If access must be granted to more than one group per directory, enable "
707
722
"Access Control Lists (ACLs)."
708
723
msgstr ""
709
724
710
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:638(title) serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:788(title) serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:937(title) serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1032(title) serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1257(title) serverguide/C/vpn.xml:830(title) serverguide/C/vcs.xml:531(title) serverguide/C/security.xml:877(title) serverguide/C/security.xml:1211(title) serverguide/C/security.xml:1625(title) serverguide/C/security.xml:1811(title) serverguide/C/remote-administration.xml:196(title) serverguide/C/remote-administration.xml:802(title) serverguide/C/package-management.xml:479(title) serverguide/C/other-apps.xml:345(title) serverguide/C/network-config.xml:1033(title) serverguide/C/network-config.xml:1141(title) serverguide/C/monitoring.xml:392(title) serverguide/C/monitoring.xml:528(title) serverguide/C/mail.xml:511(title) serverguide/C/mail.xml:706(title) serverguide/C/mail.xml:859(title) serverguide/C/mail.xml:1279(title) serverguide/C/mail.xml:1750(title) serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:244(title) serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:373(title) serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:481(title) serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:637(title) serverguide/C/file-server.xml:305(title) serverguide/C/file-server.xml:445(title) serverguide/C/file-server.xml:615(title) serverguide/C/file-server.xml:802(title) serverguide/C/dns.xml:614(title) serverguide/C/clustering.xml:232(title) serverguide/C/chat.xml:105(title) serverguide/C/chat.xml:214(title) serverguide/C/backups.xml:295(title)
725
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:652(title) serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:802(title) serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:951(title) serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1046(title) serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1271(title) serverguide/C/vpn.xml:830(title) serverguide/C/vcs.xml:531(title) serverguide/C/security.xml:877(title) serverguide/C/security.xml:1211(title) serverguide/C/security.xml:1625(title) serverguide/C/security.xml:1811(title) serverguide/C/remote-administration.xml:196(title) serverguide/C/remote-administration.xml:802(title) serverguide/C/package-management.xml:479(title) serverguide/C/other-apps.xml:345(title) serverguide/C/network-config.xml:1033(title) serverguide/C/network-config.xml:1141(title) serverguide/C/monitoring.xml:392(title) serverguide/C/monitoring.xml:528(title) serverguide/C/mail.xml:511(title) serverguide/C/mail.xml:706(title) serverguide/C/mail.xml:859(title) serverguide/C/mail.xml:1279(title) serverguide/C/mail.xml:1750(title) serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:244(title) serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:373(title) serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:481(title) serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:636(title) serverguide/C/file-server.xml:305(title) serverguide/C/file-server.xml:445(title) serverguide/C/file-server.xml:615(title) serverguide/C/file-server.xml:802(title) serverguide/C/dns.xml:614(title) serverguide/C/clustering.xml:232(title) serverguide/C/chat.xml:105(title) serverguide/C/chat.xml:214(title) serverguide/C/backups.xml:295(title)
711
726
msgid "References"
712
727
msgstr ""
713
728
714
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:642(para)
729
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:656(para)
715
730
msgid ""
716
731
"<ulink url=\"http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/\">Apache2 "
717
732
"Documentation</ulink> contains in depth information on Apache2 configuration "
719
734
"the official Apache2 docs."
720
735
msgstr ""
721
736
722
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:649(para)
737
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:663(para)
723
738
msgid ""
724
739
"See the <ulink url=\"http://www.modssl.org/docs/\">Mod SSL "
725
740
"Documentation</ulink> site for more SSL related information."
726
741
msgstr ""
727
742
728
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:655(para)
743
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:669(para)
729
744
msgid ""
730
745
"O'Reilly's <ulink url=\"http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596001919/\">Apache "
731
746
"Cookbook</ulink> is a good resource for accomplishing specific Apache2 "
732
747
"configurations."
733
748
msgstr ""
734
749
735
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:661(para)
750
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:675(para)
736
751
msgid ""
737
752
"For Ubuntu specific Apache2 questions, ask in the <emphasis>#ubuntu-"
738
753
"server</emphasis> IRC channel on <ulink "
739
754
"url=\"http://freenode.net/\">freenode.net</ulink>."
740
755
msgstr ""
741
756
742
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:667(para)
757
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:681(para)
743
758
msgid ""
744
759
"Usually integrated with PHP and MySQL the <ulink "
745
760
"url=\"https://help.ubuntu.com/community/ApacheMySQLPHP\">Apache MySQL PHP "
746
761
"Ubuntu Wiki </ulink> page is a good resource."
747
762
msgstr ""
748
763
749
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:678(title)
764
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:692(title)
750
765
msgid "PHP5 - Scripting Language"
751
766
msgstr ""
752
767
753
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:679(para)
768
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:693(para)
754
769
msgid ""
755
770
"PHP is a general-purpose scripting language suited for Web development. The "
756
771
"PHP script can be embedded into HTML. This section explains how to install "
757
772
"and configure PHP5 in Ubuntu System with Apache2 and MySQL."
758
773
msgstr ""
759
774
760
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:683(para)
775
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:697(para)
761
776
msgid ""
762
777
"This section assumes you have installed and configured Apache2 Web Server "
763
778
"and MySQL Database Server. You can refer to Apache2 section and MySQL "
765
780
"respectively."
766
781
msgstr ""
767
782
768
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:690(para)
783
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:704(para)
769
784
msgid ""
770
785
"The PHP5 is available in Ubuntu Linux. Unlike python and perl, which are "
771
786
"installed in the base system, PHP must be added."
772
787
msgstr ""
773
788
774
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:694(para)
789
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:708(para)
775
790
msgid ""
776
791
"To install PHP5 you can enter the following command in the terminal prompt: "
777
792
"<screen>\n"
779
794
"</screen>"
780
795
msgstr ""
781
796
782
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:703(para)
797
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:717(para)
783
798
msgid ""
784
799
"You can run PHP5 scripts from command line. To run PHP5 scripts from command "
785
800
"line you should install <application>php5-cli</application> package. To "
789
804
"</screen>"
790
805
msgstr ""
791
806
792
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:712(para)
807
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:726(para)
793
808
msgid ""
794
809
"You can also execute PHP5 scripts without installing PHP5 Apache module. To "
795
810
"accomplish this, you should install <application>php5-cgi</application> "
799
814
"</screen>"
800
815
msgstr ""
801
816
802
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:722(para)
817
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:736(para)
803
818
msgid ""
804
819
"To use <application>MySQL</application> with PHP5 you should install "
805
820
"<application>php5-mysql</application> package. To install <application>php5-"
809
824
"</screen>"
810
825
msgstr ""
811
826
812
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:730(para)
827
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:744(para)
813
828
msgid ""
814
829
"Similarly, to use <application>PostgreSQL</application> with PHP5 you should "
815
830
"install <application>php5-pgsql</application> package. To install "
819
834
"</screen>"
820
835
msgstr ""
821
836
822
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:743(para)
837
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:757(para)
823
838
msgid ""
824
839
"Once you install PHP5, you can run PHP5 scripts from your web browser. If "
825
840
"you have installed <application>php5-cli</application> package, you can run "
826
841
"PHP5 scripts from your command prompt."
827
842
msgstr ""
828
843
829
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:750(para)
844
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:764(para)
830
845
msgid ""
831
846
"By default, the Apache 2 Web server is configured to run PHP5 scripts. In "
832
847
"other words, the PHP5 module is enabled in Apache2 Web server automatically "
837
852
"command."
838
853
msgstr ""
839
854
840
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:761(para)
855
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:775(para)
841
856
msgid ""
842
857
"Once you install PHP5 related packages and enabled PHP5 Apache 2 module, you "
843
858
"should restart Apache2 Web server to run PHP5 scripts. You can run the "
845
860
"<screen><command>sudo service apache2 restart</command> </screen>"
846
861
msgstr ""
847
862
848
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:769(title) serverguide/C/network-auth.xml:1048(title) serverguide/C/mail.xml:359(title) serverguide/C/mail.xml:1673(title) serverguide/C/dns.xml:380(title) serverguide/C/clustering.xml:182(title)
863
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:783(title) serverguide/C/network-auth.xml:1048(title) serverguide/C/mail.xml:359(title) serverguide/C/mail.xml:1673(title) serverguide/C/dns.xml:380(title) serverguide/C/clustering.xml:182(title)
849
864
msgid "Testing"
850
865
msgstr ""
851
866
852
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:770(para)
867
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:784(para)
853
868
msgid ""
854
869
"To verify your installation, you can run following PHP5 phpinfo script:"
855
870
msgstr ""
856
871
857
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:773(programlisting)
872
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:787(programlisting)
858
873
#, no-wrap
859
874
msgid ""
860
875
"\n"
863
878
"?>\n"
864
879
msgstr ""
865
880
866
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:778(para)
881
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:792(para)
867
882
msgid ""
868
883
"You can save the content in a file <filename>phpinfo.php</filename> and "
869
884
"place it under <command>DocumentRoot</command> directory of Apache2 Web "
872
887
"various PHP5 configuration parameters."
873
888
msgstr ""
874
889
875
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:792(para)
890
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:806(para)
876
891
msgid ""
877
892
"For more in depth information see <ulink "
878
893
"url=\"http://www.php.net/docs.php\">php.net</ulink> documentation."
879
894
msgstr ""
880
895
881
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:797(para)
896
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:811(para)
882
897
msgid ""
883
898
"There are a plethora of books on PHP. Two good books from O'Reilly are "
884
899
"<ulink url=\"http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596005603/\">Learning PHP "
886
901
"url=\"http://oreilly.com/catalog/9781565926813/\">PHP Cook Book</ulink>."
887
902
msgstr ""
888
903
889
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:804(para)
904
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:818(para)
890
905
msgid ""
891
906
"Also, see the <ulink "
892
907
"url=\"https://help.ubuntu.com/community/ApacheMySQLPHP\">Apache MySQL PHP "
893
908
"Ubuntu Wiki</ulink> page for more information."
894
909
msgstr ""
895
910
896
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:815(title)
911
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:829(title)
897
912
msgid "Squid - Proxy Server"
898
913
msgstr ""
899
914
900
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:816(para)
915
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:830(para)
901
916
msgid ""
902
917
"Squid is a full-featured web proxy cache server application which provides "
903
918
"proxy and cache services for Hyper Text Transport Protocol (HTTP), File "
910
925
"(WCCP)."
911
926
msgstr ""
912
927
913
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:824(para)
928
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:838(para)
914
929
msgid ""
915
930
"The Squid proxy cache server is an excellent solution to a variety of proxy "
916
931
"and caching server needs, and scales from the branch office to enterprise "
922
937
"for increased performance."
923
938
msgstr ""
924
939
925
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:833(para)
940
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:847(para)
926
941
msgid ""
927
942
"At a terminal prompt, enter the following command to install the Squid "
928
943
"server:"
929
944
msgstr ""
930
945
931
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:838(command)
946
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:852(command)
932
947
msgid "sudo apt-get install squid3"
933
948
msgstr ""
934
949
935
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:844(para)
950
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:858(para)
936
951
msgid ""
937
952
"Squid is configured by editing the directives contained within the "
938
953
"<filename>/etc/squid3/squid.conf</filename> configuration file. The "
941
956
"of Squid, see the References section."
942
957
msgstr ""
943
958
944
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:850(para)
959
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:864(para)
945
960
msgid ""
946
961
"Prior to editing the configuration file, you should make a copy of the "
947
962
"original file and protect it from writing so you will have the original "
949
964
"protect it from writing using the following commands:"
950
965
msgstr ""
951
966
952
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:856(command)
967
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:870(command)
953
968
msgid "sudo cp /etc/squid3/squid.conf /etc/squid3/squid.conf.original"
954
969
msgstr ""
955
970
956
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:857(command)
971
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:871(command)
957
972
msgid "sudo chmod a-w /etc/squid3/squid.conf.original"
958
973
msgstr ""
959
974
960
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:864(para)
975
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:878(para)
961
976
msgid ""
962
977
"To set your Squid server to listen on TCP port 8888 instead of the default "
963
978
"TCP port 3128, change the http_port directive as such:"
964
979
msgstr ""
965
980
966
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:868(programlisting)
981
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:882(programlisting)
967
982
#, no-wrap
968
983
msgid ""
969
984
"\n"
970
985
"http_port 8888\n"
971
986
msgstr ""
972
987
973
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:873(para)
988
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:887(para)
974
989
msgid ""
975
990
"Change the visible_hostname directive in order to give the Squid server a "
976
991
"specific hostname. This hostname does not necessarily need to be the "
977
992
"computer's hostname. In this example it is set to <emphasis>weezie</emphasis>"
978
993
msgstr ""
979
994
980
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:877(programlisting)
995
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:891(programlisting)
981
996
#, no-wrap
982
997
msgid ""
983
998
"\n"
984
999
"visible_hostname weezie\n"
985
1000
msgstr ""
986
1001
987
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:882(para)
1002
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:896(para)
988
1003
msgid ""
989
1004
"Using Squid's access control, you may configure use of Internet services "
990
1005
"proxied by Squid to be available only users with certain Internet Protocol "
992
1007
"192.168.42.0/24 subnetwork only:"
993
1008
msgstr ""
994
1009
995
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:887(para) serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:907(para)
1010
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:901(para) serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:921(para)
996
1011
msgid ""
997
1012
"Add the following to the <emphasis role=\"bold\">bottom</emphasis> of the "
998
1013
"ACL section of your <filename>/etc/squid3/squid.conf</filename> file:"
999
1014
msgstr ""
1000
1015
1001
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:890(programlisting)
1016
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:904(programlisting)
1002
1017
#, no-wrap
1003
1018
msgid ""
1004
1019
"\n"
1005
1020
"acl fortytwo_network src 192.168.42.0/24\n"
1006
1021
msgstr ""
1007
1022
1008
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:893(para) serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:914(para)
1023
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:907(para) serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:928(para)
1009
1024
msgid ""
1010
1025
"Then, add the following to the <emphasis role=\"bold\">top</emphasis> of the "
1011
1026
"http_access section of your <filename>/etc/squid3/squid.conf</filename> file:"
1012
1027
msgstr ""
1013
1028
1014
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:897(programlisting)
1029
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:911(programlisting)
1015
1030
#, no-wrap
1016
1031
msgid ""
1017
1032
"\n"
1018
1033
"http_access allow fortytwo_network\n"
1019
1034
msgstr ""
1020
1035
1021
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:902(para)
1036
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:916(para)
1022
1037
msgid ""
1023
1038
"Using the excellent access control features of Squid, you may configure use "
1024
1039
"of Internet services proxied by Squid to be available only during normal "
1027
1042
"Friday, and which uses the 10.1.42.0/24 subnetwork:"
1028
1043
msgstr ""
1029
1044
1030
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:910(programlisting)
1045
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:924(programlisting)
1031
1046
#, no-wrap
1032
1047
msgid ""
1033
1048
"\n"
1035
1050
"acl biz_hours time M T W T F 9:00-17:00\n"
1036
1051
msgstr ""
1037
1052
1038
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:918(programlisting)
1053
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:932(programlisting)
1039
1054
#, no-wrap
1040
1055
msgid ""
1041
1056
"\n"
1042
1057
"http_access allow biz_network biz_hours\n"
1043
1058
msgstr ""
1044
1059
1045
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:925(para)
1060
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:939(para)
1046
1061
msgid ""
1047
1062
"After making changes to the <filename>/etc/squid3/squid.conf</filename> "
1048
1063
"file, save the file and restart the <application>squid</application> server "
1050
1065
"terminal prompt:"
1051
1066
msgstr ""
1052
1067
1053
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:931(command)
1068
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:945(command)
1054
1069
msgid "sudo service squid3 restart"
1055
1070
msgstr ""
1056
1071
1057
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:939(ulink)
1072
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:953(ulink)
1058
1073
msgid "Squid Website"
1059
1074
msgstr ""
1060
1075
1061
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:941(para)
1076
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:955(para)
1062
1077
msgid ""
1063
1078
"<ulink url=\"https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Squid\">Ubuntu Wiki "
1064
1079
"Squid</ulink> page."
1065
1080
msgstr ""
1066
1081
1067
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:948(title)
1082
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:962(title)
1068
1083
msgid "Ruby on Rails"
1069
1084
msgstr ""
1070
1085
1071
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:949(para)
1086
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:963(para)
1072
1087
msgid ""
1073
1088
"Ruby on Rails is an open source web framework for developing database backed "
1074
1089
"web applications. It is optimized for sustainable productivity of the "
1076
1091
"convention over configuration."
1077
1092
msgstr ""
1078
1093
1079
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:956(para)
1094
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:970(para)
1080
1095
msgid ""
1081
1096
"Before installing <application>Rails</application> you should install "
1082
1097
"<application>Apache</application> and <application>MySQL</application>. To "
1085
1100
"<application>MySQL</application> refer to <xref linkend=\"mysql\"/>."
1086
1101
msgstr ""
1087
1102
1088
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:964(para)
1103
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:978(para)
1089
1104
msgid ""
1090
1105
"Once you have <application>Apache</application> and "
1091
1106
"<application>MySQL</application> packages installed, you are ready to "
1092
1107
"install <application>Ruby on Rails</application> package."
1093
1108
msgstr ""
1094
1109
1095
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:971(para)
1110
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:985(para)
1096
1111
msgid ""
1097
1112
"To install the <application>Ruby</application> base packages and "
1098
1113
"<application>Ruby on Rails</application>, you can enter the following "
1099
1114
"command in the terminal prompt:"
1100
1115
msgstr ""
1101
1116
1102
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:977(command)
1117
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:991(command)
1103
1118
msgid "sudo apt-get install rails"
1104
1119
msgstr ""
1105
1120
1106
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:983(para)
1121
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:997(para)
1107
1122
msgid ""
1108
1123
"Modify the <filename>/etc/apache2/sites-available/default</filename> "
1109
1124
"configuration file to setup your domains."
1110
1125
msgstr ""
1111
1126
1112
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:987(para)
1127
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1001(para)
1113
1128
msgid ""
1114
1129
"The first thing to change is the <emphasis>DocumentRoot</emphasis> directive:"
1115
1130
msgstr ""
1116
1131
1117
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:991(programlisting)
1132
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1005(programlisting)
1118
1133
#, no-wrap
1119
1134
msgid ""
1120
1135
"\n"
1121
1136
"DocumentRoot /path/to/rails/application/public\n"
1122
1137
msgstr ""
1123
1138
1124
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:994(para)
1139
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1008(para)
1125
1140
msgid ""
1126
1141
"Next, change the <Directory \"/path/to/rails/application/public\"> "
1127
1142
"directive:"
1128
1143
msgstr ""
1129
1144
1130
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:998(programlisting)
1145
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1012(programlisting)
1131
1146
#, no-wrap
1132
1147
msgid ""
1133
1148
"\n"
1140
1155
"</Directory>\n"
1141
1156
msgstr ""
1142
1157
1143
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1008(para)
1158
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1022(para)
1144
1159
msgid ""
1145
1160
"You should also enable the <application>mod_rewrite</application> module for "
1146
1161
"Apache. To enable <application>mod_rewrite</application> module, please "
1147
1162
"enter the following command in a terminal prompt:"
1148
1163
msgstr ""
1149
1164
1150
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1014(command)
1165
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1028(command)
1151
1166
msgid "sudo a2enmod rewrite"
1152
1167
msgstr ""
1153
1168
1154
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1017(para)
1169
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1031(para)
1155
1170
msgid ""
1156
1171
"Finally you will need to change the ownership of the "
1157
1172
"<filename>/path/to/rails/application/public</filename> and "
1159
1174
"used to run the <application>Apache</application> process:"
1160
1175
msgstr ""
1161
1176
1162
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1023(command)
1177
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1037(command)
1163
1178
msgid "sudo chown -R www-data:www-data /path/to/rails/application/public"
1164
1179
msgstr ""
1165
1180
1166
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1024(command)
1181
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1038(command)
1167
1182
msgid "sudo chown -R www-data:www-data /path/to/rails/application/tmp"
1168
1183
msgstr ""
1169
1184
1170
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1027(para)
1185
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1041(para)
1171
1186
msgid ""
1172
1187
"That's it! Now you have your Server ready for your <application>Ruby on "
1173
1188
"Rails</application> applications."
1174
1189
msgstr ""
1175
1190
1176
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1036(para)
1191
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1050(para)
1177
1192
msgid ""
1178
1193
"See the <ulink url=\"http://rubyonrails.org/\">Ruby on Rails</ulink> website "
1179
1194
"for more information."
1180
1195
msgstr ""
1181
1196
1182
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1041(para)
1197
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1055(para)
1183
1198
msgid ""
1184
1199
"Also <ulink url=\"http://pragprog.com/titles/rails3/agile-web-development-"
1185
1200
"with-rails-third-edition\">Agile Development with Rails</ulink> is a great "
1186
1201
"resource."
1187
1202
msgstr ""
1188
1203
1189
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1047(para)
1204
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1061(para)
1190
1205
msgid ""
1191
1206
"Another place for more information is the <ulink "
1192
1207
"url=\"https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RubyOnRails\">Ruby on Rails Ubuntu "
1193
1208
"Wiki</ulink> page."
1194
1209
msgstr ""
1195
1210
1196
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1058(title)
1211
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1072(title)
1197
1212
msgid "Apache Tomcat"
1198
1213
msgstr ""
1199
1214
1200
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1059(para)
1215
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1073(para)
1201
1216
msgid ""
1202
1217
"Apache Tomcat is a web container that allows you to serve Java Servlets and "
1203
1218
"JSP (Java Server Pages) web applications."
1204
1219
msgstr ""
1205
1220
1206
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1061(para)
1221
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1075(para)
1207
1222
msgid ""
1208
1223
"Ubuntu has supported packages for both Tomcat 6 and 7. Tomcat 6 is the "
1209
1224
"legacy version, and Tomcat 7 is the current version where new features are "
1211
1226
"but most configuration details are valid for both versions."
1212
1227
msgstr ""
1213
1228
1214
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1064(para)
1229
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1078(para)
1215
1230
msgid ""
1216
1231
"The Tomcat packages in Ubuntu support two different ways of running Tomcat. "
1217
1232
"You can install them as a classic unique system-wide instance, that will be "
1222
1237
"need to test on their own private Tomcat instances."
1223
1238
msgstr ""
1224
1239
1225
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1074(title)
1240
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1088(title)
1226
1241
msgid "System-wide installation"
1227
1242
msgstr ""
1228
1243
1229
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1075(para)
1244
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1089(para)
1230
1245
msgid ""
1231
1246
"To install the Tomcat server, you can enter the following command in the "
1232
1247
"terminal prompt:"
1233
1248
msgstr ""
1234
1249
1235
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1078(command)
1250
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1092(command)
1236
1251
msgid "sudo apt-get install tomcat7"
1237
1252
msgstr ""
1238
1253
1239
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1080(para)
1254
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1094(para)
1240
1255
msgid ""
1241
1256
"This will install a Tomcat server with just a default ROOT webapp that "
1242
1257
"displays a minimal \"It works\" page by default."
1243
1258
msgstr ""
1244
1259
1245
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1086(para)
1260
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1100(para)
1246
1261
msgid ""
1247
1262
"Tomcat configuration files can be found in "
1248
1263
"<filename>/etc/tomcat7</filename>. Only a few common configuration tweaks "
1251
1266
"documentation</ulink> for more."
1252
1267
msgstr ""
1253
1268
1254
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1092(title)
1269
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1106(title)
1255
1270
msgid "Changing default ports"
1256
1271
msgstr ""
1257
1272
1258
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1093(para)
1273
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1107(para)
1259
1274
msgid ""
1260
1275
"By default Tomcat runs a HTTP connector on port 8080 and an AJP connector on "
1261
1276
"port 8009. You might want to change those default ports to avoid conflict "
1263
1278
"following lines in <filename>/etc/tomcat7/server.xml</filename>:"
1264
1279
msgstr ""
1265
1280
1266
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1098(programlisting)
1281
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1112(programlisting)
1267
1282
#, no-wrap
1268
1283
msgid ""
1269
1284
"\n"
1275
1290
"/>\n"
1276
1291
msgstr ""
1277
1292
1278
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1107(title)
1293
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1121(title)
1279
1294
msgid "Changing JVM used"
1280
1295
msgstr ""
1281
1296
1282
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1108(para)
1297
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1122(para)
1283
1298
msgid ""
1284
1299
"By default Tomcat will run preferably with OpenJDK JVMs, then try the Sun "
1285
1300
"JVMs, then try some other JVMs. You can force Tomcat to use a specific JVM "
1286
1301
"by setting JAVA_HOME in <filename>/etc/default/tomcat7</filename>:"
1287
1302
msgstr ""
1288
1303
1289
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1112(programlisting)
1304
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1126(programlisting)
1290
1305
#, no-wrap
1291
1306
msgid ""
1292
1307
"\n"
1293
1308
"JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/java-6-sun\n"
1294
1309
msgstr ""
1295
1310
1296
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1117(title)
1311
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1131(title)
1297
1312
msgid "Declaring users and roles"
1298
1313
msgstr ""
1299
1314
1300
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1118(para)
1315
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1132(para)
1301
1316
msgid ""
1302
1317
"Usernames, passwords and roles (groups) can be defined centrally in a "
1303
1318
"Servlet container. This is done in the <filename>/etc/tomcat7/tomcat-"
1304
1319
"users.xml</filename> file:"
1305
1320
msgstr ""
1306
1321
1307
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1121(programlisting)
1322
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1135(programlisting)
1308
1323
#, no-wrap
1309
1324
msgid ""
1310
1325
"\n"
1312
1327
"<user username=\"tomcat\" password=\"s3cret\" roles=\"admin\"/>\n"
1313
1328
msgstr ""
1314
1329
1315
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1129(title)
1330
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1143(title)
1316
1331
msgid "Using Tomcat standard webapps"
1317
1332
msgstr ""
1318
1333
1319
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1130(para)
1334
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1144(para)
1320
1335
msgid ""
1321
1336
"Tomcat is shipped with webapps that you can install for documentation, "
1322
1337
"administration or demo purposes."
1323
1338
msgstr ""
1324
1339
1325
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1133(title)
1340
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1147(title)
1326
1341
msgid "Tomcat documentation"
1327
1342
msgstr ""
1328
1343
1329
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1134(para)
1344
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1148(para)
1330
1345
msgid ""
1331
1346
"The <application>tomcat7-docs</application> package contains Tomcat "
1332
1347
"documentation, packaged as a webapp that you can access by default at "
1334
1349
"command in the terminal prompt:"
1335
1350
msgstr ""
1336
1351
1337
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1139(command)
1352
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1153(command)
1338
1353
msgid "sudo apt-get install tomcat7-docs"
1339
1354
msgstr ""
1340
1355
1341
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1143(title)
1356
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1157(title)
1342
1357
msgid "Tomcat administration webapps"
1343
1358
msgstr ""
1344
1359
1345
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1144(para)
1360
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1158(para)
1346
1361
msgid ""
1347
1362
"The <application>tomcat7-admin</application> package contains two webapps "
1348
1363
"that can be used to administer the Tomcat server using a web interface. You "
1349
1364
"can install them by entering the following command in the terminal prompt:"
1350
1365
msgstr ""
1351
1366
1352
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1149(command)
1367
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1163(command)
1353
1368
msgid "sudo apt-get install tomcat7-admin"
1354
1369
msgstr ""
1355
1370
1356
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1151(para)
1371
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1165(para)
1357
1372
msgid ""
1358
1373
"The first one is the <emphasis>manager</emphasis> webapp, which you can "
1359
1374
"access by default at http://yourserver:8080/manager/html. It is primarily "
1360
1375
"used to get server status and restart webapps."
1361
1376
msgstr ""
1362
1377
1363
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1154(para)
1378
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1168(para)
1364
1379
msgid ""
1365
1380
"Access to the <emphasis>manager</emphasis> application is protected by "
1366
1381
"default: you need to define a user with the role \"manager-gui\" in "
1367
1382
"<filename>/etc/tomcat7/tomcat-users.xml</filename> before you can access it."
1368
1383
msgstr ""
1369
1384
1370
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1158(para)
1385
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1172(para)
1371
1386
msgid ""
1372
1387
"The second one is the <emphasis>host-manager</emphasis> webapp, which you "
1373
1388
"can access by default at http://yourserver:8080/host-manager/html. It can be "
1374
1389
"used to create virtual hosts dynamically."
1375
1390
msgstr ""
1376
1391
1377
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1162(para)
1392
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1176(para)
1378
1393
msgid ""
1379
1394
"Access to the <emphasis>host-manager</emphasis> application is also "
1380
1395
"protected by default: you need to define a user with the role \"admin-gui\" "
1382
1397
"it."
1383
1398
msgstr ""
1384
1399
1385
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1167(para)
1400
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1181(para)
1386
1401
msgid ""
1387
1402
"For security reasons, the tomcat7 user cannot write to the "
1388
1403
"<filename>/etc/tomcat7</filename> directory by default. Some features in "
1391
1406
"the following, to give users in the tomcat7 group the necessary rights:"
1392
1407
msgstr ""
1393
1408
1394
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1174(command)
1409
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1188(command)
1395
1410
msgid "sudo chgrp -R tomcat7 /etc/tomcat7"
1396
1411
msgstr ""
1397
1412
1398
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1175(command)
1413
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1189(command)
1399
1414
msgid "sudo chmod -R g+w /etc/tomcat7"
1400
1415
msgstr ""
1401
1416
1402
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1180(title)
1417
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1194(title)
1403
1418
msgid "Tomcat examples webapps"
1404
1419
msgstr ""
1405
1420
1406
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1181(para)
1421
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1195(para)
1407
1422
msgid ""
1408
1423
"The <application>tomcat7-examples</application> package contains two webapps "
1409
1424
"that can be used to test or demonstrate Servlets and JSP features, which you "
1411
1426
"install them by entering the following command in the terminal prompt:"
1412
1427
msgstr ""
1413
1428
1414
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1187(command)
1429
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1201(command)
1415
1430
msgid "sudo apt-get install tomcat7-examples"
1416
1431
msgstr ""
1417
1432
1418
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1193(title)
1433
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1207(title)
1419
1434
msgid "Using private instances"
1420
1435
msgstr ""
1421
1436
1422
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1194(para)
1437
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1208(para)
1423
1438
msgid ""
1424
1439
"Tomcat is heavily used in development and testing scenarios where using a "
1425
1440
"single system-wide instance doesn't meet the requirements of multiple users "
1429
1444
"system-installed libraries."
1430
1445
msgstr ""
1431
1446
1432
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1201(para)
1447
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1215(para)
1433
1448
msgid ""
1434
1449
"It is possible to run the system-wide instance and the private instances in "
1435
1450
"parallel, as long as they do not use the same TCP ports."
1436
1451
msgstr ""
1437
1452
1438
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1205(title)
1453
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1219(title)
1439
1454
msgid "Installing private instance support"
1440
1455
msgstr ""
1441
1456
1442
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1206(para)
1457
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1220(para)
1443
1458
msgid ""
1444
1459
"You can install everything necessary to run private instances by entering "
1445
1460
"the following command in the terminal prompt:"
1446
1461
msgstr ""
1447
1462
1448
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1209(command)
1463
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1223(command)
1449
1464
msgid "sudo apt-get install tomcat7-user"
1450
1465
msgstr ""
1451
1466
1452
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1213(title)
1467
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1227(title)
1453
1468
msgid "Creating a private instance"
1454
1469
msgstr ""
1455
1470
1456
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1214(para)
1471
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1228(para)
1457
1472
msgid ""
1458
1473
"You can create a private instance directory by entering the following "
1459
1474
"command in the terminal prompt:"
1460
1475
msgstr ""
1461
1476
1462
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1217(command)
1477
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1231(command)
1463
1478
msgid "tomcat7-instance-create my-instance"
1464
1479
msgstr ""
1465
1480
1466
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1219(para)
1481
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1233(para)
1467
1482
msgid ""
1468
1483
"This will create a new <filename>my-instance</filename> directory with all "
1469
1484
"the necessary subdirectories and scripts. You can for example install your "
1472
1487
"are deployed by default."
1473
1488
msgstr ""
1474
1489
1475
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1227(title)
1490
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1241(title)
1476
1491
msgid "Configuring your private instance"
1477
1492
msgstr ""
1478
1493
1479
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1228(para)
1494
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1242(para)
1480
1495
msgid ""
1481
1496
"You will find the classic Tomcat configuration files for your private "
1482
1497
"instance in the <filename>conf/</filename> subdirectory. You should for "
1485
1500
"conflict with other instances that might be running."
1486
1501
msgstr ""
1487
1502
1488
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1236(title)
1503
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1250(title)
1489
1504
msgid "Starting/stopping your private instance"
1490
1505
msgstr ""
1491
1506
1492
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1237(para)
1507
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1251(para)
1493
1508
msgid ""
1494
1509
"You can start your private instance by entering the following command in the "
1495
1510
"terminal prompt (supposing your instance is located in the <filename>my-"
1496
1511
"instance</filename> directory):"
1497
1512
msgstr ""
1498
1513
1499
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1241(command)
1514
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1255(command)
1500
1515
msgid "my-instance/bin/startup.sh"
1501
1516
msgstr ""
1502
1517
1503
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1243(para)
1518
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1257(para)
1504
1519
msgid ""
1505
1520
"You should check the <filename>logs/</filename> subdirectory for any error. "
1506
1521
"If you have a <emphasis>java.net.BindException: Address already in "
1508
1523
"is already taken and that you should change it."
1509
1524
msgstr ""
1510
1525
1511
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1248(para)
1526
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1262(para)
1512
1527
msgid ""
1513
1528
"You can stop your instance by entering the following command in the terminal "
1514
1529
"prompt (supposing your instance is located in the <filename>my-"
1515
1530
"instance</filename> directory):"
1516
1531
msgstr ""
1517
1532
1518
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1252(command)
1533
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1266(command)
1519
1534
msgid "my-instance/bin/shutdown.sh"
1520
1535
msgstr ""
1521
1536
1522
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1261(para)
1537
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1275(para)
1523
1538
msgid ""
1524
1539
"See the <ulink url=\"http://tomcat.apache.org/\">Apache Tomcat</ulink> "
1525
1540
"website for more information."
1526
1541
msgstr ""
1527
1542
1528
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1266(para)
1543
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1280(para)
1529
1544
msgid ""
1530
1545
"<ulink url=\"http://shop.oreilly.com/product/9780596003180.do\">Tomcat: The "
1531
1546
"Definitive Guide</ulink> is a good resource for building web applications "
1532
1547
"with Tomcat."
1533
1548
msgstr ""
1534
1549
1535
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1272(para)
1550
#: serverguide/C/web-servers.xml:1286(para)
1536
1551
msgid ""
1537
1552
"For additional books see the <ulink "
1538
1553
"url=\"http://wiki.apache.org/tomcat/Tomcat/Books\">Tomcat Books</ulink> list "
2237
2252
msgid "Make sure you have the bridge-utils package installed:"
2238
2253
msgstr ""
2239
2254
2240
#: serverguide/C/vpn.xml:497(command) serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1437(command) serverguide/C/network-config.xml:542(command)
2255
#: serverguide/C/vpn.xml:497(command) serverguide/C/network-config.xml:542(command)
2241
2256
msgid "sudo apt-get install bridge-utils"
2242
2257
msgstr ""
2243
2258
2297
2312
2298
2313
#: serverguide/C/vpn.xml:539(para)
2299
2314
msgid ""
2300
"At this point you need to restart networking. Be prepared that this might "
2315
"At this point you need to bring up the bridge. Be prepared that this might "
2301
2316
"not work as expected and that you will lose remote connectivity. Make sure "
2302
2317
"you can solve problems having local access."
2303
2318
msgstr ""
2304
2319
2305
#: serverguide/C/vpn.xml:543(command) serverguide/C/network-config.xml:578(command)
2306
msgid "sudo service networking restart"
2320
#: serverguide/C/vpn.xml:543(command)
2321
msgid "sudo ifdown eth1 && sudo ifup -a"
2307
2322
msgstr ""
2308
2323
2309
2324
#: serverguide/C/vpn.xml:548(title)
2808
2823
msgid ""
2809
2824
"There are several ways to automate the Ubuntu installation process, for "
2810
2825
"example using preseeds, kickstart, etc. Refer to the <ulink "
2811
"url=\"https://help.ubuntu.com/13.10/installation-guide/\">Ubuntu "
2826
"url=\"https://help.ubuntu.com/14.04/installation-guide/\">Ubuntu "
2812
2827
"Installation Guide</ulink> for details."
2813
2828
msgstr ""
2814
2829
2852
2867
msgid ""
2853
2868
"sudo virt-install -n web_devel -r 256 \\ --disk "
2854
2869
"path=/var/lib/libvirt/images/web_devel.img,bus=virtio,size=4 -c \\ ubuntu-"
2855
"13.10-server-i386.iso --network network=default,model=virtio \\ --graphics "
2870
"14.04-server-i386.iso --network network=default,model=virtio \\ --graphics "
2856
2871
"vnc,listen=0.0.0.0 --noautoconsole -v"
2857
2872
msgstr ""
2858
2873
2880
2895
2881
2896
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:169(para)
2882
2897
msgid ""
2883
"<emphasis>-c ubuntu-13.10-server-i386.iso:</emphasis> file to be used as a "
2898
"<emphasis>-c ubuntu-14.04-server-i386.iso:</emphasis> file to be used as a "
2884
2899
"virtual CDROM. The file can be either an ISO file or the path to the host's "
2885
2900
"CDROM device."
2886
2901
msgstr ""
3161
3176
"bridging\"/> for more details."
3162
3177
msgstr ""
3163
3178
3164
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:423(title) serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1335(title) serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1754(title) serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3739(title) serverguide/C/samba.xml:248(title) serverguide/C/samba.xml:347(title) serverguide/C/samba.xml:704(title) serverguide/C/samba.xml:1100(title) serverguide/C/samba.xml:1299(title) serverguide/C/reporting-bugs.xml:302(title) serverguide/C/remote-administration.xml:414(title) serverguide/C/network-config.xml:588(title) serverguide/C/network-config.xml:843(title) serverguide/C/network-auth.xml:2112(title) serverguide/C/network-auth.xml:2646(title) serverguide/C/network-auth.xml:3362(title) serverguide/C/network-auth.xml:3915(title) serverguide/C/installation.xml:875(title) serverguide/C/installation.xml:1161(title) serverguide/C/installation.xml:1366(title) serverguide/C/databases.xml:264(title) serverguide/C/databases.xml:419(title) serverguide/C/backups.xml:864(title)
3179
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:423(title) serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1335(title) serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1412(title) serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2386(title) serverguide/C/samba.xml:248(title) serverguide/C/samba.xml:347(title) serverguide/C/samba.xml:704(title) serverguide/C/samba.xml:1100(title) serverguide/C/samba.xml:1299(title) serverguide/C/reporting-bugs.xml:302(title) serverguide/C/remote-administration.xml:414(title) serverguide/C/network-config.xml:588(title) serverguide/C/network-config.xml:843(title) serverguide/C/network-auth.xml:2112(title) serverguide/C/network-auth.xml:2646(title) serverguide/C/network-auth.xml:3362(title) serverguide/C/network-auth.xml:3915(title) serverguide/C/installation.xml:869(title) serverguide/C/installation.xml:1155(title) serverguide/C/installation.xml:1360(title) serverguide/C/databases.xml:264(title) serverguide/C/databases.xml:419(title) serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:211(title) serverguide/C/backups.xml:864(title)
3165
3180
msgid "Resources"
3166
3181
msgstr ""
3167
3182
3208
3223
msgid "Cloud images and vmbuilder"
3209
3224
msgstr ""
3210
3225
3211
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:469(title) serverguide/C/security.xml:367(title) serverguide/C/samba.xml:23(title) serverguide/C/remote-administration.xml:18(title) serverguide/C/package-management.xml:18(title) serverguide/C/introduction.xml:11(title) serverguide/C/installation.xml:1195(title)
3226
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:469(title) serverguide/C/security.xml:367(title) serverguide/C/samba.xml:23(title) serverguide/C/remote-administration.xml:18(title) serverguide/C/package-management.xml:18(title) serverguide/C/introduction.xml:11(title) serverguide/C/installation.xml:1189(title)
3212
3227
msgid "Introduction"
3213
3228
msgstr ""
3214
3229
3525
3540
3526
3541
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:723(para)
3527
3542
msgid ""
3528
"Vmbuilder will fetch the various package and build a virtual machine "
3529
"tailored for your needs in about a minute. vmbuilder is a script that "
3543
"Vmbuilder will fetch the various packages and build a virtual machine "
3544
"tailored for your needs in about a minute. Vmbuilder is a script that "
3530
3545
"automates the process of creating a ready to use Linux based VM. The "
3531
3546
"currently supported hypervisors are KVM and Xen."
3532
3547
msgstr ""
3663
3678
3664
3679
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:850(para)
3665
3680
msgid ""
3666
"As this example is based on <application>KVM</application> and Ubuntu 13.10 "
3667
"(Saucy Salamander), and we are likely to rebuild the same virtual machine "
3681
"As this example is based on <application>KVM</application> and Ubuntu 14.04 "
3682
"LTS (Trusty Tahr), and we are likely to rebuild the same virtual machine "
3668
3683
"multiple time, we'll invoke vmbuilder with the following first parameters:"
3669
3684
msgstr ""
3670
3685
3671
3686
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:856(command)
3672
3687
msgid ""
3673
"sudo vmbuilder kvm ubuntu --suite saucy --flavour virtual --arch i386 \\ -o -"
3674
"-libvirt qemu:///system"
3688
"sudo vmbuilder kvm ubuntu --suite trusty --flavour virtual --arch i386 \\ -o "
3689
"--libvirt qemu:///system"
3675
3690
msgstr ""
3676
3691
3677
3692
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:860(para)
3773
3788
3774
3789
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:949(command)
3775
3790
msgid ""
3776
"sudo vmbuilder kvm ubuntu --suite saucy --flavour virtual --arch i386 \\ -o -"
3777
"-libvirt qemu:///system --ip 192.168.0.100 --hostname myvm"
3791
"sudo vmbuilder kvm ubuntu --suite trusty --flavour virtual --arch i386 \\ -o "
3792
"--libvirt qemu:///system --ip 192.168.0.100 --hostname myvm"
3778
3793
msgstr ""
3779
3794
3780
3795
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:954(title) serverguide/C/network-config.xml:527(title)
3790
3805
3791
3806
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:962(command)
3792
3807
msgid ""
3793
"sudo vmbuilder kvm ubuntu --suite saucy --flavour virtual --arch i386 \\ -o -"
3794
"-libvirt qemu:///system --ip 192.168.0.100 --hostname myvm --bridge br0"
3808
"sudo vmbuilder kvm ubuntu --suite trusty --flavour virtual --arch i386 \\ -o "
3809
"--libvirt qemu:///system --ip 192.168.0.100 --hostname myvm --bridge br0"
3795
3810
msgstr ""
3796
3811
3797
3812
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:967(para)
3802
3817
"interface."
3803
3818
msgstr ""
3804
3819
3805
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:976(title) serverguide/C/installation.xml:435(title)
3820
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:976(title) serverguide/C/installation.xml:429(title)
3806
3821
msgid "Partitioning"
3807
3822
msgstr ""
3808
3823
3867
3882
3868
3883
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1020(command)
3869
3884
msgid ""
3870
"sudo vmbuilder kvm ubuntu --suite saucy --flavour virtual --arch i386 \\ -o -"
3871
"-libvirt qemu:///system --ip 192.168.0.100 --hostname myvm --part "
3885
"sudo vmbuilder kvm ubuntu --suite trusty --flavour virtual --arch i386 \\ -o "
3886
"--libvirt qemu:///system --ip 192.168.0.100 --hostname myvm --part "
3872
3887
"vmbuilder.partition"
3873
3888
msgstr ""
3874
3889
3921
3936
3922
3937
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1064(command)
3923
3938
msgid ""
3924
"sudo vmbuilder kvm ubuntu --suite saucy --flavour virtual --arch i386 \\ -o -"
3925
"-libvirt qemu:///system --ip 192.168.0.100 --hostname myvm --part \\ "
3939
"sudo vmbuilder kvm ubuntu --suite trusty --flavour virtual --arch i386 \\ -o "
3940
"--libvirt qemu:///system --ip 192.168.0.100 --hostname myvm --part \\ "
3926
3941
"vmbuilder.partition --user user --name user --pass default"
3927
3942
msgstr ""
3928
3943
4109
4124
#, no-wrap
4110
4125
msgid ""
4111
4126
"\n"
4112
"deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu saucy main restricted universe "
4127
"deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty main restricted universe "
4113
4128
"multiverse \n"
4114
"/deb-i386 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu saucy main restricted universe "
4129
"/deb-i386 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty main restricted universe "
4115
4130
"multiverse\n"
4116
4131
"\n"
4117
"deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu saucy-updates main restricted universe "
4118
"multiverse \n"
4119
"/deb-i386 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu saucy-updates main\n"
4120
" restricted universe multiverse \n"
4121
"\n"
4122
"deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ saucy-backports main restricted "
4123
"universe multiverse \n"
4124
"/deb-i386 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu saucy-backports main\n"
4125
" restricted universe multiverse \n"
4126
"\n"
4127
"deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu saucy-security main restricted "
4128
"universe multiverse \n"
4129
"/deb-i386 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu saucy-security main\n"
4130
" restricted universe multiverse \n"
4131
"\n"
4132
"deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu saucy main/debian-installer\n"
4132
"deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty-updates main restricted "
4133
"universe multiverse \n"
4134
"/deb-i386 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty-updates main\n"
4135
" restricted universe multiverse \n"
4136
"\n"
4137
"deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-backports main restricted "
4138
"universe multiverse \n"
4139
"/deb-i386 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty-backports main\n"
4140
" restricted universe multiverse \n"
4141
"\n"
4142
"deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty-security main restricted "
4143
"universe multiverse \n"
4144
"/deb-i386 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty-security main\n"
4145
" restricted universe multiverse \n"
4146
"\n"
4147
"deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty main/debian-installer\n"
4133
4148
" restricted/debian-installer universe/debian-installer multiverse/debian-"
4134
4149
"installer \n"
4135
"/deb-i386 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu saucy main/debian-installer\n"
4150
"/deb-i386 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty main/debian-installer\n"
4136
4151
" restricted/debian-installer universe/debian-installer multiverse/debian-"
4137
4152
"installer \n"
4138
4153
msgstr ""
4240
4255
4241
4256
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1319(command)
4242
4257
msgid ""
4243
"sudo vmbuilder kvm ubuntu --suite saucy --flavour virtual --arch i386 -o \\ -"
4244
"-libvirt qemu:///system --ip 192.168.0.100 --hostname myvm \\ --part "
4258
"sudo vmbuilder kvm ubuntu --suite trusty --flavour virtual --arch i386 -o \\ "
4259
"--libvirt qemu:///system --ip 192.168.0.100 --hostname myvm \\ --part "
4245
4260
"vmbuilder.partition --user user --name user --pass default \\ --addpkg "
4246
4261
"apache2 --addpkg apache2-mpm-prefork --addpkg apache2-utils \\ --addpkg "
4247
4262
"apache2.2-common --addpkg dbconfig-common \\ --addpkg libapache2-mod-php5 --"
4290
4305
"build highly scalable, cloud computing for both public and private clouds."
4291
4306
msgstr ""
4292
4307
4293
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1374(title) serverguide/C/network-auth.xml:2702(title) serverguide/C/monitoring.xml:13(title) serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:15(title) serverguide/C/installation.xml:911(title) serverguide/C/dns.xml:62(title) serverguide/C/dm-multipath.xml:135(title) serverguide/C/chat.xml:15(title) serverguide/C/backups.xml:545(title)
4294
msgid "Overview"
4308
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1374(title)
4309
msgid "Installation and Configuration"
4295
4310
msgstr ""
4296
4311
4297
4312
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1376(para)
4298
4313
msgid ""
4299
"This tutorial covers the OpenStack installation from the Ubuntu 12.10 Server "
4300
"Edition CD, and assumes a basic network topology, with a single system "
4301
"serving as the \"all-in-one cloud infrastructure\".Due to the tutorial's "
4302
"simplicity, the instructions as-is are not intended to set up production "
4303
"servers although it allows you to have a POC (proof of concept) of the "
4304
"Ubuntu Cloud using OpenStack."
4314
"Due to the current high rate of development of this complex technology we "
4315
"refer the reader to <ulink url=\"http://docs.openstack.org/havana/install-"
4316
"guide/install/apt/content/\"> upstream documentation</ulink> for all matters "
4317
"concerning installation and configuration."
4305
4318
msgstr ""
4306
4319
4307
4320
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1385(title)
4308
msgid "Prerequisites"
4321
msgid "Support and Troubleshooting"
4309
4322
msgstr ""
4310
4323
4311
4324
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1387(para)
4312
msgid ""
4313
"To deploy a minimal Ubuntu Cloud infrastructure, you'll need at least:"
4314
msgstr ""
4315
4316
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1392(para)
4317
msgid "One dedicated system."
4318
msgstr ""
4319
4320
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1396(para)
4321
msgid "Two network address ranges (private network and public network)."
4322
msgstr ""
4323
4324
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1401(para)
4325
msgid ""
4326
"Make sure the host in question supports VT ( Virtualization Technology ) "
4327
"since we will be using KVM as the virtualization technology. Other "
4328
"hypervisors are also supported such as QEMU, UML, Vmware ESX/ESXi and XEN. "
4329
"LXC (Linux Containers) is also supported through libvirt."
4330
msgstr ""
4331
4332
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1407(para)
4333
msgid ""
4334
"Check if your system supports kvm issuing <application><command>sudo kvm-"
4335
"ok</command></application> in a linux terminal."
4336
msgstr ""
4337
4338
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1413(para)
4339
msgid ""
4340
"The <command>\"Minimum Topology\"</command> recommended for production use "
4341
"is using three nodes - One master server running nova services (except "
4342
"compute) and two servers running nova-compute. This setup is not redundant "
4343
"and the master server is a SPoF (Single Point of Failure)."
4344
msgstr ""
4345
4346
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1421(title)
4347
msgid "Preconfiguring the network"
4348
msgstr ""
4349
4350
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1423(para)
4351
msgid ""
4352
"Before we start installing OpenStack we need to make sure we have bridging "
4353
"support installed, a MySQL database, and a central time server (ntp). This "
4354
"will assure that we have instantiated machines and hosts in sync."
4355
msgstr ""
4356
4357
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1428(para)
4358
msgid ""
4359
"In this example the \"private network\" will be in the 10.0.0.0/24 range on "
4360
"eth1. All the internal communication between instances will happen there "
4361
"while the \"public network\" will be in the 10.153.107.0/29 range on eth0."
4362
msgstr ""
4363
4364
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1434(title)
4365
msgid "Install bridging support"
4366
msgstr ""
4367
4368
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1442(title)
4369
msgid "Install and configure NTP"
4370
msgstr ""
4371
4372
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1445(command) serverguide/C/network-config.xml:1093(command)
4373
msgid "sudo apt-get install ntp"
4374
msgstr ""
4375
4376
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1448(para)
4377
msgid ""
4378
"Add these two lines at the end of the <filename>/etc/ntp.conf</filename> "
4379
"file."
4380
msgstr ""
4381
4382
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1451(programlisting)
4383
#, no-wrap
4384
msgid ""
4385
"\n"
4386
"server 127.127.1.0\n"
4387
"fudge 127.127.1.0 stratum 10\n"
4388
msgstr ""
4389
4390
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1456(para)
4391
msgid "Restart ntp service"
4392
msgstr ""
4393
4394
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1459(command)
4395
msgid "sudo service ntp restart"
4396
msgstr ""
4397
4398
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1464(title)
4399
msgid "Install and configure MySQL"
4400
msgstr ""
4401
4402
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1467(command) serverguide/C/databases.xml:42(command)
4403
msgid "sudo apt-get install mysql-server"
4404
msgstr ""
4405
4406
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1470(para)
4407
msgid "Create a database and mysql user for OpenStack"
4408
msgstr ""
4409
4410
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1473(command)
4411
msgid "sudo mysql -uroot -ppassword -e \"CREATE DATABASE nova;\""
4412
msgstr ""
4413
4414
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1474(command)
4415
msgid ""
4416
"sudo mysql -uroot -ppassword -e \"GRANT ALL ON nova.* TO novauser@localhost "
4417
"\\"
4418
msgstr ""
4419
4420
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1475(command)
4421
msgid "IDENTIFIED BY 'novapassword';\""
4422
msgstr ""
4423
4424
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1478(para)
4425
msgid ""
4426
"The line continuation character <application>\"\\\"</application> implies "
4427
"that you must include the subsequent line as part of the current command."
4428
msgstr ""
4429
4430
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1485(title)
4431
msgid "Install OpenStack Compute (Nova)"
4432
msgstr ""
4433
4434
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1487(para)
4435
msgid ""
4436
"<command>OpenStack Compute (Nova)</command> is a cloud computing fabric "
4437
"controller (the main part of an IaaS system). It is written in Python, using "
4438
"the Eventlet and Twisted frameworks, and relies on the standard AMQP "
4439
"messaging protocol, and SQLAlchemy for data store access."
4440
msgstr ""
4441
4442
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1493(para)
4443
msgid "Install OpenStack Nova components"
4444
msgstr ""
4445
4446
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1496(command)
4447
msgid ""
4448
"sudo apt-get install nova-api nova-network nova-volume nova-objectstore nova-"
4449
"scheduler \\"
4450
msgstr ""
4451
4452
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1497(command)
4453
msgid "nova-compute euca2ools unzip"
4454
msgstr ""
4455
4456
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1500(para)
4457
msgid "Restart libvirt-bin just to make sure libvirtd is aware of ebtables."
4458
msgstr ""
4459
4460
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1504(command)
4461
msgid "sudo service libvirt-bin restart"
4462
msgstr ""
4463
4464
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1507(para)
4465
msgid "Install RabbitMQ - Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP)"
4466
msgstr ""
4467
4468
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1510(command)
4469
msgid "sudo apt-get install rabbitmq-server"
4470
msgstr ""
4471
4472
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1513(para)
4473
msgid "Edit <filename>/etc/nova/nova.conf</filename> and add the following:"
4474
msgstr ""
4475
4476
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1516(programlisting)
4477
#, no-wrap
4478
msgid ""
4479
"\n"
4480
"# Nova config FlatDHCPManager\n"
4481
"--sql_connection=mysql://novauser:novapassword@localhost/nova\n"
4482
"--flat_injected=true\n"
4483
"--network_manager=nova.network.manager.FlatDHCPManager\n"
4484
"--fixed_range=10.0.0.0/24\n"
4485
"--floating_range=10.153.107.72/29\n"
4486
"--flat_network_dhcp_start=10.0.0.2\n"
4487
"--flat_network_bridge=br100\n"
4488
"--flat_interface=eth1\n"
4489
"--public_interface=eth0\n"
4490
msgstr ""
4491
4492
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1529(para)
4493
msgid "Restart OpenStack services"
4494
msgstr ""
4495
4496
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1532(command) serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1537(command)
4497
msgid ""
4498
"for i in nova-api nova-network nova-objectstore nova-scheduler nova-volume "
4499
"nova-compute; \\"
4500
msgstr ""
4501
4502
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1533(command)
4503
msgid "do sudo stop $i; sleep 2; done"
4504
msgstr ""
4505
4506
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1538(command)
4507
msgid "do sudo start $i; sleep 2; done"
4508
msgstr ""
4509
4510
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1541(para)
4511
msgid ""
4512
"Migrate Nova database from sqlite db to MySQL db. It may take a while."
4513
msgstr ""
4514
4515
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1545(command)
4516
msgid "sudo nova-manage db sync"
4517
msgstr ""
4518
4519
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1548(para)
4520
msgid ""
4521
"Define a specific <application>private network</application> where all your "
4522
"Instances will run. This will be used in the network of fixed Ips set inside "
4523
"<filename>nova.conf </filename>."
4524
msgstr ""
4525
4526
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1553(command)
4527
msgid ""
4528
"sudo nova-manage network create --fixed_range_v4 10.0.0.0/24 --label private "
4529
"\\"
4530
msgstr ""
4531
4532
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1554(command)
4533
msgid "--bridge_interface br100"
4534
msgstr ""
4535
4536
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1557(para)
4537
msgid ""
4538
"Define a specific public network and allocate 6 (usable) Floating Public IP "
4539
"addresses for use with the instances starting from 10.153.107.72."
4540
msgstr ""
4541
4542
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1562(command)
4543
msgid "sudo nova-manage floating create --ip_range=10.153.107.72/29"
4544
msgstr ""
4545
4546
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1565(para)
4547
msgid ""
4548
"Create a user (user1), a project (project1), download credentials and source "
4549
"its configuration file."
4550
msgstr ""
4551
4552
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1569(command)
4553
msgid "cd ; mkdir nova ; cd nova"
4554
msgstr ""
4555
4556
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1570(command)
4557
msgid "sudo nova-manage user admin user1"
4558
msgstr ""
4559
4560
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1571(command)
4561
msgid "sudo nova-manage project create project1 user1"
4562
msgstr ""
4563
4564
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1572(command)
4565
msgid "sudo nova-manage project zipfile project1 user1"
4566
msgstr ""
4567
4568
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1573(command)
4569
msgid "unzip nova.zip"
4570
msgstr ""
4571
4572
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1574(command) serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1657(command)
4573
msgid "source novarc"
4574
msgstr ""
4575
4576
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1577(para)
4577
msgid "Verify the OpenStack Compute installation by typing:"
4578
msgstr ""
4579
4580
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1580(command)
4581
msgid "sudo nova-manage service list"
4582
msgstr ""
4583
4584
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1581(command)
4585
msgid "sudo nova-manage version list"
4586
msgstr ""
4587
4588
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1584(para)
4589
msgid ""
4590
"If nova services don't show up correctly restart OpenStack services as "
4591
"described previously. For more information please refer to the "
4592
"troubleshooting section on this guide."
4593
msgstr ""
4594
4595
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1590(title)
4596
msgid "Install Imaging Service (Glance)"
4597
msgstr ""
4598
4599
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1592(para)
4600
msgid ""
4601
"Nova uses Glance service to manage Operating System images that it needs for "
4602
"bringing up instances. Glance can use several types of storage backends such "
4603
"as filestore, s3 etc. Glance has two components - <emphasis>glance-api and "
4604
"glance-registry</emphasis>. These can be controlled using the concerned "
4605
"upstart service jobs. For this specific case we will be using mysql as a "
4606
"storage backend."
4607
msgstr ""
4608
4609
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1599(para)
4610
msgid "Install Glance"
4611
msgstr ""
4612
4613
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1602(command)
4614
msgid "sudo apt-get install glance"
4615
msgstr ""
4616
4617
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1605(para)
4618
msgid "Create a database and user for glance"
4619
msgstr ""
4620
4621
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1608(command)
4622
msgid "sudo mysql -uroot -ppassword -e \"CREATE DATABASE glance;\""
4623
msgstr ""
4624
4625
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1609(command)
4626
msgid ""
4627
"sudo mysql -uroot -ppassword -e \"GRANT ALL ON glance.* TO "
4628
"glanceuser@localhost \\"
4629
msgstr ""
4630
4631
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1610(command)
4632
msgid "IDENTIFIED BY 'glancepassword';\""
4633
msgstr ""
4634
4635
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1613(para)
4636
msgid ""
4637
"Edit the file /etc/glance/glance-registry.conf and edit the line which "
4638
"contains the option \"sql_connection =\" to this:"
4639
msgstr ""
4640
4641
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1616(programlisting)
4642
#, no-wrap
4643
msgid "sql_connection = mysql://glanceuser:glancepassword@localhost/glance"
4644
msgstr ""
4645
4646
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1618(para)
4647
msgid "Remove the sqlite database"
4648
msgstr ""
4649
4650
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1621(command)
4651
msgid "rm -rf /var/lib/glance/glance.sqlite"
4652
msgstr ""
4653
4654
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1624(para)
4655
msgid ""
4656
"Restart glance-registry after making changes to /etc/glance/glance-"
4657
"registry.conf. The MySQL database will be automatically populated."
4658
msgstr ""
4659
4660
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1629(command)
4661
msgid "sudo restart glance-registry"
4662
msgstr ""
4663
4664
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1632(para)
4665
msgid ""
4666
"If you find issues take a look at the log file in /var/log/glance/api.log "
4667
"and /var/log/glance/registry.log."
4668
msgstr ""
4669
4670
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1637(title)
4671
msgid "Running Instances"
4672
msgstr ""
4673
4674
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1639(para)
4675
msgid ""
4676
"Before you can instantiate images, you first need to setup user credentials. "
4677
"Once this first step is achieved you also need to upload images that you "
4678
"want to run in the cloud. Once you have these images uploaded to the cloud "
4679
"you will be able to run and connect to them. Here are the steps you should "
4680
"follow to get OpenStack Nova running instances:"
4681
msgstr ""
4682
4683
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1646(para)
4684
msgid "Download, register and publish an Ubuntu cloud image"
4685
msgstr ""
4686
4687
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1649(command)
4688
msgid ""
4689
"wget http://cloud-images.ubuntu.com/saucy/current/saucy-server-cloudimg-"
4690
"amd64.tar.gz"
4691
msgstr ""
4692
4693
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1650(command)
4694
msgid "cloud-publish-tarball saucy-server-cloudimg-amd64.tar.gz saucy_amd64"
4695
msgstr ""
4696
4697
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1653(para)
4698
msgid "Create a key pair and start an instance"
4699
msgstr ""
4700
4701
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1656(command)
4702
msgid "cd ~/nova"
4703
msgstr ""
4704
4705
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1658(command)
4706
msgid "euca-add-keypair user1 > user1.priv"
4707
msgstr ""
4708
4709
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1659(command)
4710
msgid "chmod 0600 user1.priv"
4711
msgstr ""
4712
4713
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1662(para)
4714
msgid "Allow icmp (ping) and ssh access to instances"
4715
msgstr ""
4716
4717
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1665(command)
4718
msgid "euca-authorize default -P tcp -p 22 -s 0.0.0.0/0"
4719
msgstr ""
4720
4721
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1666(command)
4722
msgid "euca-authorize -P icmp -t -1:-1 default"
4723
msgstr ""
4724
4725
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1669(para)
4726
msgid "Run an instance"
4727
msgstr ""
4728
4729
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1672(command)
4730
msgid "ami=`euca-describe-images | awk {'print $2'} | grep -m1 ami`"
4731
msgstr ""
4732
4733
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1673(command)
4734
msgid "euca-run-instances $ami -k user1 -t m1.tiny"
4735
msgstr ""
4736
4737
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1674(command) serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1682(command)
4738
msgid "euca-describe-instances"
4739
msgstr ""
4740
4741
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1677(para)
4742
msgid "Assign public address to the instance."
4743
msgstr ""
4744
4745
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1680(command)
4746
msgid "euca-allocate-address"
4747
msgstr ""
4748
4749
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1681(command)
4750
msgid "euca-associate-address -i instance_id public_ip_address"
4751
msgstr ""
4752
4753
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1685(para)
4754
msgid ""
4755
"You must enter above the <application>instance_id (ami)</application> and "
4756
"<application>public_ip_address</application> shown above by euca-describe-"
4757
"instances and euca-allocate-address commands."
4758
msgstr ""
4759
4760
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1690(para)
4761
msgid "Now you should be able to SSH to the instance"
4762
msgstr ""
4763
4764
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1693(application)
4765
msgid "ipaddress"
4766
msgstr ""
4767
4768
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1693(command)
4769
msgid "ssh -i user1.priv ubuntu@<placeholder-1/>"
4770
msgstr ""
4771
4772
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1696(para)
4773
msgid "To terminate instances"
4774
msgstr ""
4775
4776
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1699(application)
4777
msgid "instance_id"
4778
msgstr ""
4779
4780
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1699(command)
4781
msgid "euca-terminate-instances <placeholder-1/>"
4782
msgstr ""
4783
4784
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1704(title)
4785
msgid "Install the Storage Infrastructure (Swift)"
4786
msgstr ""
4787
4788
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1706(para)
4789
msgid ""
4790
"Swift is a highly available, distributed, eventually consistent object/blob "
4791
"store. It is used by the OpenStack Infrastructure to provide S3 like cloud "
4792
"storage services. It is also S3 api compatible with amazon."
4793
msgstr ""
4794
4795
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1711(para)
4796
msgid ""
4797
"Organizations use Swift to store lots of data efficiently, safely, and "
4798
"cheaply where applications use an special api to interface between the "
4799
"applications and objects stored in Swift."
4800
msgstr ""
4801
4802
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1715(para)
4803
msgid ""
4804
"Although you can install Swift on a single server, a multiple-server "
4805
"installation is required for production environments. If you want to install "
4806
"OpenStack Object Storage (Swift) on a single node for development or testing "
4807
"purposes, use the Swift All In One instructions on Ubuntu."
4808
msgstr ""
4809
4810
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1721(para)
4811
msgid ""
4812
"For more information see: <ulink "
4813
"url=\"http://swift.openstack.org/development_saio.html\">http://swift.opensta"
4814
"ck.org/development_saio.html </ulink> ."
4815
msgstr ""
4816
4817
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1727(title)
4818
msgid "Support and Troubleshooting"
4819
msgstr ""
4820
4821
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1729(para)
4822
4325
msgid "Community Support"
4823
4326
msgstr ""
4824
4327
4825
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1733(ulink)
4328
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1391(ulink)
4826
4329
msgid "OpenStack Mailing list"
4827
4330
msgstr ""
4828
4331
4829
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1738(ulink)
4332
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1396(ulink)
4830
4333
msgid "The OpenStack Wiki search"
4831
4334
msgstr ""
4832
4335
4833
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1743(ulink)
4336
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1401(ulink)
4834
4337
msgid "Launchpad bugs area"
4835
4338
msgstr ""
4836
4339
4837
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1748(para)
4340
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1406(para)
4838
4341
msgid "Join the IRC channel #openstack on freenode."
4839
4342
msgstr ""
4840
4343
4841
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1759(ulink)
4344
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1417(ulink)
4842
4345
msgid "Cloud Computing - Service models"
4843
4346
msgstr ""
4844
4347
4845
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1765(ulink)
4348
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1423(ulink)
4846
4349
msgid "OpenStack Compute"
4847
4350
msgstr ""
4848
4351
4849
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1771(ulink)
4352
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1429(ulink)
4850
4353
msgid "OpenStack Image Service"
4851
4354
msgstr ""
4852
4355
4853
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1777(ulink)
4356
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1435(ulink)
4854
4357
msgid "OpenStack Object Storage Administration Guide"
4855
4358
msgstr ""
4856
4359
4857
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1783(ulink)
4360
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1441(ulink)
4858
4361
msgid "Installing OpenStack Object Storage on Ubuntu"
4859
4362
msgstr ""
4860
4363
4861
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1789(ulink)
4364
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1447(ulink)
4862
4365
msgid "http://cloudglossary.com/"
4863
4366
msgstr ""
4864
4367
4865
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1797(title)
4866
msgid "Glossary"
4867
msgstr ""
4868
4869
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1799(para)
4870
msgid ""
4871
"The Ubuntu Cloud documentation uses terminology that might be unfamiliar to "
4872
"some readers. This page is intended to provide a glossary of such terms and "
4873
"acronyms."
4874
msgstr ""
4875
4876
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1805(para)
4877
msgid ""
4878
"<emphasis>Cloud</emphasis> - A federated set of physical machines that offer "
4879
"computing resources through virtual machines, provisioned and recollected "
4880
"dynamically."
4881
msgstr ""
4882
4883
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1811(para)
4884
msgid ""
4885
"<emphasis>IaaS</emphasis> - Infrastructure as a Service -- Cloud "
4886
"infrastructure services, whereby a virtualized environment is delivered as a "
4887
"service over the Internet by the provider. The infrastructure can include "
4888
"servers, network equipment, and software."
4889
msgstr ""
4890
4891
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1819(para)
4892
msgid "<emphasis>EBS</emphasis> - Elastic Block Storage."
4893
msgstr ""
4894
4895
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1823(para)
4896
msgid ""
4897
"<emphasis>EC2</emphasis> - Elastic Compute Cloud. Amazon's pay-by-the-hour, "
4898
"pay-by-the-gigabyte public cloud computing offering."
4899
msgstr ""
4900
4901
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1829(para)
4902
msgid ""
4903
"<emphasis>Node</emphasis> - A node is a physical machine that's capable of "
4904
"running virtual machines, running a node controller. Within Ubuntu, this "
4905
"generally means that the CPU has VT extensions, and can run the KVM "
4906
"hypervisor."
4907
msgstr ""
4908
4909
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1836(para)
4910
msgid ""
4911
"<emphasis>S3</emphasis> - Simple Storage Service. Amazon's pay-by-the-"
4912
"gigabyte persistent storage solution for EC2."
4913
msgstr ""
4914
4915
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1841(para)
4916
msgid ""
4917
"<emphasis>Ubuntu Cloud</emphasis> - Ubuntu Cloud. Ubuntu's cloud computing "
4918
"solution, based on OpenStack."
4919
msgstr ""
4920
4921
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1846(para)
4922
msgid "<emphasis>VM</emphasis> - Virtual Machine."
4923
msgstr ""
4924
4925
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1850(para)
4926
msgid ""
4927
"<emphasis>VT</emphasis> - Virtualization Technology. An optional feature of "
4928
"some modern CPUs, allowing for accelerated virtual machine hosting."
4929
msgstr ""
4930
4931
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1859(title)
4368
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1457(title)
4932
4369
msgid "LXC"
4933
4370
msgstr ""
4934
4371
4935
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1861(para)
4372
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1459(para)
4936
4373
msgid ""
4937
4374
"Containers are a lightweight virtualization technology. They are more akin "
4938
4375
"to an enhanced chroot than to full virtualization like Qemu or VMware, both "
4941
4378
"Solaris zones or BSD jails. Linux-vserver and OpenVZ are two pre-existing, "
4942
4379
"independently developed implementations of containers-like functionality for "
4943
4380
"Linux. In fact, containers came about as a result of the work to upstream "
4944
"the vserver and OpenVZ functionality. Some vserver and OpenVZ functionality "
4945
"is still missing in containers, however containers can "
4946
"<emphasis>boot</emphasis> many Linux distributions and have the advantage "
4947
"that they can be used with an un-modified upstream kernel."
4381
"the vserver and OpenVZ functionality."
4948
4382
msgstr ""
4949
4383
4950
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1874(para)
4384
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1469(para)
4951
4385
msgid ""
4952
4386
"There are two user-space implementations of containers, each exploiting the "
4953
4387
"same kernel features. Libvirt allows the use of containers through the LXC "
4958
4392
"there are peculiarities which can cause confusion."
4959
4393
msgstr ""
4960
4394
4961
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1883(para)
4395
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1478(para)
4962
4396
msgid ""
4963
4397
"In this document we will mainly describe the <application>lxc</application> "
4964
"package. Toward the end, we will describe how to use the libvirt LXC driver."
4398
"package. Use of libvirt-lxc is not generally recommended due to a lack of "
4399
"Apparmor protection for libvirt-lxc containers."
4965
4400
msgstr ""
4966
4401
4967
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1887(para)
4402
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1483(para)
4968
4403
msgid "In this document, a container name will be shown as CN, C1, or C2."
4969
4404
msgstr ""
4970
4405
4971
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1893(para)
4406
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1489(para)
4972
4407
msgid "The <application>lxc</application> package can be installed using"
4973
4408
msgstr ""
4974
4409
4975
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1897(command)
4410
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1493(command)
4976
4411
msgid "sudo apt-get install lxc"
4977
4412
msgstr ""
4978
4413
4979
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1902(para)
4980
msgid ""
4981
"This will pull in the required and recommended dependencies, including "
4982
"cgroup-lite, lvm2, and debootstrap. To use libvirt-lxc, install libvirt-bin. "
4983
"LXC and libvirt-lxc can be installed and used at the same time."
4984
msgstr ""
4985
4986
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1909(title)
4987
msgid "Host Setup"
4988
msgstr ""
4989
4990
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1912(title)
4991
msgid "Basic layout of LXC files"
4992
msgstr ""
4993
4994
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1914(para)
4995
msgid ""
4996
"Following is a description of the files and directories which are installed "
4997
"and used by LXC."
4998
msgstr ""
4999
5000
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1919(para)
5001
msgid "There are two upstart jobs:"
5002
msgstr ""
5003
5004
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1925(para)
4414
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1498(para)
4415
msgid ""
4416
"This will pull in the required and recommended dependencies, as well as set "
4417
"up a network bridge for containers to use. If you wish to use unprivileged "
4418
"containers, you will need to ensure that users have sufficient allocated "
4419
"subuids and subgids, and will likely want to allow users to connect "
4420
"containers to a bridge (see <xref linkend=\"lxc-unpriv\"/>)."
4421
msgstr ""
4422
4423
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1508(title) serverguide/C/vcs.xml:104(title)
4424
msgid "Basic usage"
4425
msgstr ""
4426
4427
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1509(para)
4428
msgid ""
4429
"LXC can be used in two distinct ways - privileged, by running the lxc "
4430
"commands as the root user; or unprivileged, by running the lxc commands as a "
4431
"non-root user. (The starting of unprivileged containers by the root user is "
4432
"possible, but not described here.) Unprivileged containers are more limited, "
4433
"for instance being unable to create device nodes or mount block-backed "
4434
"filesystems. However they are less dangerous to the host, as the root userid "
4435
"in the container is mapped to a non-root userid on the host."
4436
msgstr ""
4437
4438
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1521(title)
4439
msgid "Basic privileged usage"
4440
msgstr ""
4441
4442
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1522(para)
4443
msgid "To create a privileged container, you can simply to"
4444
msgstr ""
4445
4446
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1526(command)
4447
msgid "sudo lxc-create --template download --name u1"
4448
msgstr ""
4449
4450
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1530(command)
4451
msgid "sudo lxc-create -t download -n u1"
4452
msgstr ""
4453
4454
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1525(screen)
4455
#, no-wrap
4456
msgid ""
4457
"\n"
4458
"<placeholder-1/>\n"
4459
"or, abbreviated\n"
4460
"<placeholder-2/>\n"
4461
msgstr ""
4462
4463
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1534(para)
4464
msgid ""
4465
"This will interactively ask for a container root filesystem type to download "
4466
"- in particular the distribution, release, and architecture. To create the "
4467
"container non-interactively, you can specify these values on the command "
4468
"line:"
4469
msgstr ""
4470
4471
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1541(command)
4472
msgid ""
4473
"sudo lxc-create -t download -n u1 -- --dist ubuntu --release trusty --arch "
4474
"amd64"
4475
msgstr ""
4476
4477
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1545(command)
4478
msgid "sudo lxc-create -t download -n u1 -- -d ubuntu -r trusty -a amd64"
4479
msgstr ""
4480
4481
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1540(screen)
4482
#, no-wrap
4483
msgid ""
4484
"\n"
4485
"<placeholder-1/>\n"
4486
"or\n"
4487
"<placeholder-2/>\n"
4488
msgstr ""
4489
4490
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1550(para)
4491
msgid ""
4492
"You can now use <command>lxc-ls</command> to list containers, <command>lxc-"
4493
"info</command> to obtain detailed container information, <command>lxc-"
4494
"start</command> to start and <command>lxc-stop</command> to stop the "
4495
"container. <command>lxc-attach</command> and <command>lxc-console</command> "
4496
"allow you to enter a container, if ssh is not an option. <command>lxc-"
4497
"destroy</command> removes the container, including its rootfs. See the "
4498
"manual pages for more information on each command. An example session might "
4499
"look like:"
4500
msgstr ""
4501
4502
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1561(command)
4503
msgid ""
4504
"sudo lxc-ls --fancy sudo lxc-start --name u1 --daemon sudo lxc-info --name "
4505
"u1 sudo lxc-stop --name u1 sudo lxc-destroy --name u1"
4506
msgstr ""
4507
4508
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1573(title)
4509
msgid "User namespaces"
4510
msgstr ""
4511
4512
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1574(para)
4513
msgid ""
4514
"Unprivileged containers allow users to create and administer containers "
4515
"without having any root privilege. The feature underpinning this is called "
4516
"user namespaces. User namespaces are hierarchical, with privileged tasks in "
4517
"a parent namespace being able to map its ids into child namespaces. By "
4518
"default every task on the host runs in the initial user namespace, where the "
4519
"full range of ids is mapped onto the full range. This can be seen by looking "
4520
"at /proc/self/uid_map and /proc/self/gid_map, which both will show \"0 0 "
4521
"4294967295\" when read from the initial user namespace. As of Ubuntu 14.04, "
4522
"when new users are created they are by default offered a range of userids. "
4523
"The list of assigned ids can be seen in the files "
4524
"<filename>/etc/subuid</filename> and <filename>/etc/subgid</filename> See "
4525
"their respective manpages for more information. Subuids and subgids are by "
4526
"convention started at id 100000 to avoid conflicting with system users."
4527
msgstr ""
4528
4529
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1592(para)
4530
msgid ""
4531
"If a user was created on an earlier release, it can be granted a range of "
4532
"ids using <command>usermod</command>, as follows:"
4533
msgstr ""
4534
4535
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1597(command)
4536
msgid "sudo usermod -v 100000-200000 -w 100000-200000 user1"
4537
msgstr ""
4538
4539
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1602(para)
4540
msgid ""
4541
"The programs <command>newuidmap</command> and <command> newgidmap</command> "
4542
"are setuid-root programs in the <filename>uidmap</filename> package, which "
4543
"are used internally by lxc to map subuids and subgids from the host into the "
4544
"unprivileged container. They ensure that the user only maps ids which are "
4545
"authorized by the host configuration."
4546
msgstr ""
4547
4548
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1613(title)
4549
msgid "Basic unprivileged usage"
4550
msgstr ""
4551
4552
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1617(para)
4553
msgid ""
4554
"To create unprivileged containers, a few first steps are needed. You will "
4555
"need to create a default container configuration file, specifying your "
4556
"desired id mappings and network setup, as well as configure the host to "
4557
"allow the unprivileged user to hook into the host network. The example below "
4558
"assumes that your mapped user and group id ranges are 100000-166000."
4559
msgstr ""
4560
4561
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1626(command)
4562
msgid ""
4563
"mkdir -p ~/.config/lxc echo \"lxc.id_map u 0 100000 66000\" > "
4564
"~/.config/lxc/default.conf echo \"lxc.id_map g 0 100000 66000\" >> "
4565
"~/.config/lxc/default.conf echo \"lxc.network.type = veth\" >> "
4566
"~/.config/lxc/default.conf echo \"lxc.network.link = lxcbr0\" >> "
4567
"~/.config/lxc/default.conf echo \"$USER veth lxcbr0 2\" >> "
4568
"/etc/lxc/lxc-usernet.conf"
4569
msgstr ""
4570
4571
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1636(para)
4572
msgid ""
4573
"After this, you can create unprivileged containers the same way as "
4574
"privileged ones, simply without using sudo."
4575
msgstr ""
4576
4577
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1641(command)
4578
msgid ""
4579
"lxc-create -t download -n u1 -- -d ubuntu -r trusty -a amd64 lxc-start -n u1 "
4580
"-d lxc-attach -n u1 lxc-stop -n u1 lxc-destroy -n u1"
4581
msgstr ""
4582
4583
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1654(title)
4584
msgid "Global configuration"
4585
msgstr ""
4586
4587
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1661(para)
4588
msgid ""
4589
"<filename>lxc.conf</filename> may optionally specify alternate values for "
4590
"several lxc settings, including the lxcpath, the default configuration, "
4591
"cgroups to use, a cgroup creation pattern, and storage backend settings for "
4592
"lvm and zfs."
4593
msgstr ""
4594
4595
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1668(para)
4596
msgid ""
4597
"<filename>default.conf</filename> specifies configuration which every newly "
4598
"created container should contain. This usually contains at least a network "
4599
"section, and, for unprivileged users, an id mapping section"
4600
msgstr ""
4601
4602
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1675(para)
4603
msgid ""
4604
"<filename>lxc-usernet.conf</filename> specifies how unprivileged users may "
4605
"connect their containers to the host-owned network."
4606
msgstr ""
4607
4608
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1655(para)
4609
msgid ""
4610
"The following configuration files are consulted by LXC. For privileged use, "
4611
"they are found under <filename>/etc/lxc</filename>, while for unprivileged "
4612
"use they are under <filename>~/.config/lxc</filename>. <placeholder-1/>"
4613
msgstr ""
4614
4615
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1681(para)
4616
msgid ""
4617
"<filename>lxc.conf</filename> and <filename>default.conf</filename> are "
4618
"exist both under <filename>/etc/lxc</filename> and "
4619
"<filename>$HOME/.config/lxc</filename>, while <filename>lxc-"
4620
"usernet.conf</filename> is only host-wide."
4621
msgstr ""
4622
4623
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1686(para)
4624
msgid ""
4625
"By default, containers are located under /var/lib/lxc for the root user, and "
4626
"$HOME/.local/share/lxc otherwise. The location can be specified for all lxc "
4627
"commands using the \"-P|--lxcpath\" argument."
4628
msgstr ""
4629
4630
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1695(title) serverguide/C/network-config.xml:11(title)
4631
msgid "Networking"
4632
msgstr ""
4633
4634
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1696(para)
4635
msgid ""
4636
"By default LXC creates a private network namespace for each container, which "
4637
"includes a layer 2 networking stack. Containers usually connect to the "
4638
"outside world by either having a physical NIC or a veth tunnel endpoint "
4639
"passed into the container. LXC creates a NATed bridge, lxcbr0, at host "
4640
"startup. Containers created using the default configuration will have one "
4641
"veth NIC with the remote end plugged into the lxcbr0 bridge. A NIC can only "
4642
"exist in one namespace at a time, so a physical NIC passed into the "
4643
"container is not usable on the host."
4644
msgstr ""
4645
4646
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1704(para)
4647
msgid ""
4648
"It is possible to create a container without a private network namespace. In "
4649
"this case, the container will have access to the host networking like any "
4650
"other application. Note that this is particularly dangerous if the container "
4651
"is running a distribution with upstart, like Ubuntu, since programs which "
4652
"talk to init, like <command>shutdown</command>, will talk over the abstract "
4653
"Unix domain socket to the host's upstart, and shut down the host."
4654
msgstr ""
4655
4656
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1711(para)
4657
msgid ""
4658
"There are several ways to determine the ip address for a container. First, "
4659
"you can use <command>lxc-ls --fancy</command> which will print the ip "
4660
"addresses for all running containers, or <command>lxc-info -i -H -n "
4661
"C1</command> which will print C1's ip address. If dnsmasq is installedon the "
4662
"host, you can also add an entry to <filename>/etc/dnsmasq.conf</filename> as "
4663
"follows <screen>\n"
4664
"server=/lxc/10.0.3.1\n"
4665
"</screen> after which dnsmasq will resolve C1.lxc locally, so that you can "
4666
"do: <screen>\n"
4667
"ping C1\n"
4668
"ssh C1\n"
4669
"</screen>"
4670
msgstr ""
4671
4672
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1726(para)
4673
msgid ""
4674
"For more information, see the lxc.conf manpage as well as the example "
4675
"network configurations under "
4676
"<filename>/usr/share/doc/lxc/examples/</filename>."
4677
msgstr ""
4678
4679
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1732(title)
4680
msgid "LXC startup"
4681
msgstr ""
4682
4683
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1734(para)
4684
msgid ""
4685
"LXC does not have a long-running daemon. However it does have three upstart "
4686
"jobs."
4687
msgstr ""
4688
4689
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1740(para)
5005
4690
msgid ""
5006
4691
"<filename>/etc/init/lxc-net.conf:</filename> is an optional job which only "
5007
"runs if <filename> /etc/default/lxc</filename> specifies USE_LXC_BRIDGE "
4692
"runs if <filename> /etc/default/lxc-net</filename> specifies USE_LXC_BRIDGE "
5008
4693
"(true by default). It sets up a NATed bridge for containers to use."
5009
4694
msgstr ""
5010
4695
5011
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1933(para)
5012
msgid ""
5013
"<filename>/etc/init/lxc.conf:</filename> runs if LXC_AUTO (true by default) "
5014
"is set to true in <filename>/etc/default/lxc</filename>. It looks for "
5015
"entries under <filename>/etc/lxc/auto/</filename> which are symbolic links "
5016
"to configuration files for the containers which should be started at boot."
5017
msgstr ""
5018
5019
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1944(para)
5020
msgid ""
5021
"<filename>/etc/lxc/lxc.conf:</filename> There is a default container "
5022
"creation configuration file, <filename>/etc/lxc/lxc.conf</filename>, which "
5023
"directs containers to use the LXC bridge created by the lxc-net upstart job. "
5024
"If no configuration file is specified when creating a container, then this "
5025
"one will be used."
5026
msgstr ""
5027
5028
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1953(para)
5029
msgid ""
5030
"Examples of other container creation configuration files are found under "
5031
"<filename>/usr/share/doc/lxc/examples</filename>. These show how to create "
5032
"containers without a private network, or using macvlan, vlan, or other "
5033
"network layouts."
5034
msgstr ""
5035
5036
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1960(para)
5037
msgid ""
5038
"The various container administration tools are found under "
5039
"<filename>/usr/bin</filename>."
5040
msgstr ""
5041
5042
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1965(para)
5043
msgid ""
5044
"<filename>/usr/lib/lxc/lxc-init</filename> is a very minimal and lightweight "
5045
"init binary which is used by lxc-execute. Rather than `booting' a full "
5046
"container, it manually mounts a few filesystems, especially "
5047
"<filename>/proc</filename>, and executes its arguments. You are not likely "
5048
"to need to manually refer to this file."
5049
msgstr ""
5050
5051
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1974(para)
5052
msgid ""
5053
"<filename>/usr/lib/lxc/templates/</filename> contains the `templates' which "
5054
"can be used to create new containers of various distributions and flavors. "
5055
"Not all templates are currently supported."
5056
msgstr ""
5057
5058
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1981(para)
5059
msgid ""
5060
"<filename>/etc/apparmor.d/lxc/lxc-default</filename> contains the default "
5061
"Apparmor MAC policy which works to protect the host from containers. Please "
5062
"see the <xref linkend=\"lxc-apparmor\"/> for more information."
5063
msgstr ""
5064
5065
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1988(para)
5066
msgid ""
5067
"<filename>/etc/apparmor.d/usr.bin.lxc-start</filename> contains a profile to "
5068
"protect the host from <command>lxc-start</command> while it is setting up "
5069
"the container."
5070
msgstr ""
5071
5072
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1995(para)
5073
msgid ""
5074
"<filename>/etc/apparmor.d/lxc-containers</filename> causes all the profiles "
5075
"defined under <filename>/etc/apparmor.d/lxc</filename> to be loaded at boot."
5076
msgstr ""
5077
5078
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2002(para)
5079
msgid ""
5080
"There are various man pages for the LXC administration tools as well as the "
5081
"<filename>lxc.conf</filename> container configuration file."
5082
msgstr ""
5083
5084
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2008(para)
5085
msgid ""
5086
"<filename>/var/lib/lxc</filename> is where containers and their "
5087
"configuration information are stored."
5088
msgstr ""
5089
5090
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2013(para)
5091
msgid ""
5092
"<filename>/var/cache/lxc</filename> is where caches of distribution data are "
5093
"stored to speed up multiple container creations."
5094
msgstr ""
5095
5096
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2021(title)
5097
msgid "lxcbr0"
5098
msgstr ""
5099
5100
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2023(para)
5101
msgid ""
5102
"When USE_LXC_BRIDGE is set to true in /etc/default/lxc (as it is by "
5103
"default), a bridge called lxcbr0 is created at startup. This bridge is given "
5104
"the private address 10.0.3.1, and containers using this bridge will have a "
5105
"10.0.3.0/24 address. A dnsmasq instance is run listening on that bridge, so "
5106
"if another dnsmasq has bound all interfaces before the lxc-net upstart job "
5107
"runs, lxc-net will fail to start and lxcbr0 will not exist."
5108
msgstr ""
5109
5110
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2031(para)
5111
msgid ""
5112
"If you have another bridge - libvirt's default virbr0, or a br0 bridge for "
5113
"your default NIC - you can use that bridge in place of lxcbr0 for your "
5114
"containers."
5115
msgstr ""
5116
5117
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2037(title)
5118
msgid "Using a separate filesystem for the container store"
5119
msgstr ""
5120
5121
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2039(para)
5122
msgid ""
5123
"LXC stores container information and (with the default backing store) root "
5124
"filesystems under <filename>/var/lib/lxc</filename>. Container creation "
5125
"templates also tend to store cached distribution information under "
5126
"<filename>/var/cache/lxc</filename>."
5127
msgstr ""
5128
5129
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2044(para)
5130
msgid ""
5131
"If you wish to use another filesystem than <filename>/var</filename>, you "
5132
"can mount a filesystem which has more space into those locations. If you "
5133
"have a disk dedicated for this, you can simply mount it at "
5134
"<filename>/var/lib/lxc</filename>. If you'd like to use another location, "
5135
"like <filename>/srv</filename>, you can bind mount it or use a symbolic "
5136
"link. For instance, if <filename>/srv</filename> is a large mounted "
5137
"filesystem, create and symlink two directories:"
5138
msgstr ""
5139
5140
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2054(command)
5141
msgid ""
5142
"sudo mkdir /srv/lxclib /srv/lxccache sudo rm -rf /var/lib/lxc /var/cache/lxc "
5143
"sudo ln -s /srv/lxclib /var/lib/lxc sudo ln -s /srv/lxccache /var/cache/lxc"
5144
msgstr ""
5145
5146
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2062(para)
5147
msgid "or, using bind mounts:"
5148
msgstr ""
5149
5150
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2065(command)
5151
msgid ""
5152
"sudo mkdir /srv/lxclib /srv/lxccache sudo sed -i '$a \\ /srv/lxclib "
5153
"/var/lib/lxc none defaults,bind 0 0 \\ /srv/lxccache /var/cache/lxc none "
5154
"defaults,bind 0 0' /etc/fstab sudo mount -a"
5155
msgstr ""
5156
5157
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2076(title)
5158
msgid "Containers backed by lvm"
5159
msgstr ""
5160
5161
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2078(para)
5162
msgid ""
5163
"It is possible to use LVM partitions as the backing stores for containers. "
5164
"Advantages of this include flexibility in storage management and fast "
5165
"container cloning. The tools default to using a VG (volume group) named "
5166
"<emphasis>lxc</emphasis>, but another VG can be used through command line "
5167
"options. When a LV is used as a container backing store, the container's "
5168
"configuration file is still <filename>/var/lib/lxc/CN/config</filename>, but "
5169
"the root fs entry in that file (<emphasis>lxc.rootfs</emphasis>) will point "
5170
"to the lV block device name, i.e. <filename>/dev/lxc/CN</filename>."
5171
msgstr ""
5172
5173
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2088(para)
5174
msgid "Containers with directory tree and LVM backing stores can co-exist."
5175
msgstr ""
5176
5177
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2093(title)
5178
msgid "Btrfs"
5179
msgstr ""
5180
5181
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2095(para)
5182
msgid ""
5183
"If your host has a btrfs <filename>/var</filename>, the LXC administration "
5184
"tools will detect this and automatically exploit it by cloning containers "
5185
"using btrfs snapshots."
5186
msgstr ""
5187
5188
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2101(title)
4696
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1748(para)
4697
msgid ""
4698
"<filename>/etc/init/lxc.conf</filename> loads the lxc apparmor profiles and "
4699
"optionally starts any autostart containers. The autostart containers will be "
4700
"ignored if LXC_AUTO (true by default) is set to true in "
4701
"<filename>/etc/default/lxc</filename>. See the lxc-autostart manual page for "
4702
"more information on autostarted containers."
4703
msgstr ""
4704
4705
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1758(para)
4706
msgid ""
4707
"<filename>/etc/init/lxc-instance.conf:</filename> is used by "
4708
"<filename>/etc/init/lxc.conf</filename> to autostart a container."
4709
msgstr ""
4710
4711
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1767(title)
4712
msgid "Backing Stores"
4713
msgstr ""
4714
4715
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1768(para)
4716
msgid ""
4717
"LXC supports several backing stores for container root filesystems. The "
4718
"default is a simple directory backing store, because it requires no prior "
4719
"host customization, so long as the underlying filesystem is large enough. It "
4720
"also requires no root privilege to create the backing store, so that it is "
4721
"seamless for unprivileged use. The rootfs for a privileged directory backed "
4722
"container is located (by default) under "
4723
"<filename>/var/lib/lxc/C1/rootfs</filename>, while the rootfs for an "
4724
"unprivileged container is under "
4725
"<filename>~/.local/share/lxc/C1/rootfs</filename>. If a custom lxcpath is "
4726
"specified in lxc.system.com, then the container rootfs will be under "
4727
"<filename>$lxcpath/C1/rootfs</filename>."
4728
msgstr ""
4729
4730
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1782(para)
4731
msgid ""
4732
"A snapshot clone C2 of a a directory backed container C1 becomes an "
4733
"overlayfs backed container, with a rootfs called "
4734
"<filename>overlayfs:/var/lib/lxc/C1/rootfs:/var/lib/lxc/C2/delta0</filename>."
4735
" Other backing store types include loop, btrfs, LVM and zfs."
4736
msgstr ""
4737
4738
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1790(para)
4739
msgid ""
4740
"A btrfs backed container mostly looks like a directory backed container, "
4741
"with its root filesystem in the same location. However, the root filesystem "
4742
"comprises a subvolume, so that a snapshot clone is created using a subvolume "
4743
"snapshot."
4744
msgstr ""
4745
4746
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1797(para)
4747
msgid ""
4748
"The root filesystem for an LVM backed container can be any separate LV. The "
4749
"default VG name can be specified in lxc.conf. The filesystem type and size "
4750
"are configurable per-container using lxc-create."
4751
msgstr ""
4752
4753
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1803(para)
4754
msgid ""
4755
"The rootfs for a zfs backed container is a separate zfs filesystem, mounted "
4756
"under the traditional <filename>/var/lib/lxc/C1/rootfs</filename> location. "
4757
"The zfsroot can be specified at lxc-create, and a default can be specified "
4758
"in lxc.system.conf."
4759
msgstr ""
4760
4761
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1810(para)
4762
msgid ""
4763
"More information on creating containers with the various backing stores can "
4764
"be found in the lxc-create manual page."
4765
msgstr ""
4766
4767
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1817(title)
4768
msgid "Templates"
4769
msgstr ""
4770
4771
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1818(para)
4772
msgid ""
4773
"Creating a container generally involves creating a root filesystem for the "
4774
"container. <command>lxc-create</command> delegates this work to "
4775
"<emphasis>templates</emphasis>, which are generally per-distribution. The "
4776
"lxc templates shipped with lxc can be found under "
4777
"<filename>/usr/share/lxc/templates</filename>, and include templates to "
4778
"create Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, Oracle, centos, and gentoo containers among "
4779
"others."
4780
msgstr ""
4781
4782
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1827(para)
4783
msgid ""
4784
"Creating distribution images in most cases requires the ability to create "
4785
"device nodes, often requires tools which are not available in other "
4786
"distributions, and usually is quite time-consuming. Therefore lxc comes with "
4787
"a special <emphasis>download</emphasis> template, which downloads pre-built "
4788
"container images from a central lxc server. The most important use case is "
4789
"to allow simple creation of unprivileged containers by non-root users, who "
4790
"could not for instance easily run the <command>debootstrap</command> command."
4791
msgstr ""
4792
4793
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1837(para)
4794
msgid ""
4795
"When running <command>lxc-create</command>, all options which come after "
4796
"<emphasis>--</emphasis> are passed to the template. In the following "
4797
"command, <emphasis>--name</emphasis>, <emphasis>--template</emphasis> and "
4798
"<emphasis>--bdev</emphasis> are passed to <command>lxc-create</command>, "
4799
"while <emphasis>--release</emphasis> is passed to the template: <screen>\n"
4800
"<command>\n"
4801
"lxc-create --template ubuntu --name c1 --bdev loop -- --release trusty\n"
4802
"</command>\n"
4803
"</screen>"
4804
msgstr ""
4805
4806
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1849(para)
4807
msgid ""
4808
"You can obtain help for the options supported by any particular container by "
4809
"passing <emphasis>--help</emphasis> and the template name to <command>lxc-"
4810
"create</command>. For instance, for help with the download template,"
4811
msgstr ""
4812
4813
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1856(command)
4814
msgid "lxc-create --template download --help"
4815
msgstr ""
4816
4817
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1862(title)
4818
msgid "Autostart"
4819
msgstr ""
4820
4821
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1863(para)
4822
msgid ""
4823
"LXC supports marking containers to be started at system boot. Prior to "
4824
"Ubuntu 14.04, this was done using symbolic links under the directory "
4825
"<filename>/etc/lxc/auto</filename>. Starting with Ubuntu 14.04, it is done "
4826
"through the container configuration files. An entry <screen>\n"
4827
"<command>\n"
4828
"lxc.start.auto = 1\n"
4829
"lxc.start.dely = 5\n"
4830
"</command>\n"
4831
"</screen> would mean that the container should be started at boot, and the "
4832
"system should wait 5 seconds before starting the next container. LXC also "
4833
"supports ordering and grouping of containers, as well as reboot and shutdown "
4834
"by autostart groups. See the manual pages for lxc-autostart and "
4835
"lxc.container.conf for more information."
4836
msgstr ""
4837
4838
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1881(title)
5189
4839
msgid "Apparmor"
5190
4840
msgstr ""
5191
4841
5192
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2103(para)
4842
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1883(para)
5193
4843
msgid ""
5194
"LXC ships with an Apparmor profile intended to protect the host from "
4844
"LXC ships with a default Apparmor profile intended to protect the host from "
5195
4845
"accidental misuses of privilege inside the container. For instance, the "
5196
4846
"container will not be able to write to <filename>/proc/sysrq-"
5197
4847
"trigger</filename> or to most <filename>/sys</filename> files."
5198
4848
msgstr ""
5199
4849
5200
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2109(para)
4850
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1889(para)
5201
4851
msgid ""
5202
4852
"The <filename>usr.bin.lxc-start</filename> profile is entered by running "
5203
4853
"<command>lxc-start</command>. This profile mainly prevents <command>lxc-"
5210
4860
"dangerous paths, and from mounting most filesystems."
5211
4861
msgstr ""
5212
4862
5213
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2120(para)
4863
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1900(para)
4864
msgid ""
4865
"Prior to 14.04, programs in a container could not be further confined - for "
4866
"instance, MySQL would run under the container profile (protecting the host) "
4867
"but would not be able to enter the MySQL profile (to protect the container). "
4868
"As of Ubuntu 14.04, the container profile starts a new stacked namespace. "
4869
"All tasks in the container are confined by the container profile. "
4870
"Furthermore containers can load their own profiles. Programs started under "
4871
"those profiles are doubly constrained, first by the container profile, and "
4872
"secondly by the application profile."
4873
msgstr ""
4874
4875
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1910(para)
5214
4876
msgid ""
5215
4877
"If you find that <command>lxc-start</command> is failing due to a legitimate "
5216
4878
"access which is being denied by its Apparmor policy, you can disable the lxc-"
5217
4879
"start profile by doing:"
5218
4880
msgstr ""
5219
4881
5220
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2124(screen)
4882
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1914(screen)
5221
4883
#, no-wrap
5222
4884
msgid ""
5223
4885
"\n"
5225
4887
"sudo ln -s /etc/apparmor.d/usr.bin.lxc-start /etc/apparmor.d/disabled/\n"
5226
4888
msgstr ""
5227
4889
5228
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2129(para)
4890
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1919(para)
5229
4891
msgid ""
5230
4892
"This will make <command>lxc-start</command> run unconfined, but continue to "
5231
4893
"confine the container itself. If you also wish to disable confinement of the "
5233
4895
"start</filename> profile, you must add:"
5234
4896
msgstr ""
5235
4897
5236
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2134(screen)
4898
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1924(screen)
5237
4899
#, no-wrap
5238
4900
msgid ""
5239
4901
"\n"
5240
4902
"lxc.aa_profile = unconfined\n"
5241
4903
msgstr ""
5242
4904
5243
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2138(para)
4905
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1928(para)
5244
4906
msgid ""
5245
4907
"to the container's configuration file. If you wish to run a container in a "
5246
4908
"custom profile, you can create a new profile under "
5253
4915
"permissions at the bottom of your policy."
5254
4916
msgstr ""
5255
4917
5256
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2149(para)
4918
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1939(para)
5257
4919
msgid "After creating the policy, load it using:"
5258
4920
msgstr ""
5259
4921
5260
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2151(screen)
4922
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1941(screen)
5261
4923
#, no-wrap
5262
4924
msgid ""
5263
4925
"\n"
5264
4926
"sudo apparmor_parser -r /etc/apparmor.d/lxc-containers\n"
5265
4927
msgstr ""
5266
4928
5267
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2155(para)
4929
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1945(para)
5268
4930
msgid ""
5269
4931
"The profile will automatically be loaded after a reboot, because it is "
5270
4932
"sourced by the file <filename>/etc/apparmor.d/lxc-containers</filename>. "
5273
4935
"configuration file:"
5274
4936
msgstr ""
5275
4937
5276
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2162(screen)
4938
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1952(screen)
5277
4939
#, no-wrap
5278
4940
msgid ""
5279
4941
"\n"
5280
4942
"lxc.aa_profile = lxc-CN-profile\n"
5281
4943
msgstr ""
5282
4944
5283
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2166(para)
4945
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1956(para)
5284
4946
msgid ""
5285
4947
"<command>lxc-execute</command> does not enter an Apparmor profile, but the "
5286
4948
"container it spawns will be confined."
5287
4949
msgstr ""
5288
4950
5289
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2171(title)
4951
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1961(title) serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:11(title)
5290
4952
msgid "Control Groups"
5291
4953
msgstr ""
5292
4954
5293
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2173(para)
4955
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1963(para)
5294
4956
msgid ""
5295
4957
"Control groups (cgroups) are a kernel feature providing hierarchical task "
5296
4958
"grouping and per-cgroup resource accounting and limits. They are used in "
5297
4959
"containers to limit block and character device access and to freeze "
5298
4960
"(suspend) containers. They can be further used to limit memory use and block "
5299
"i/o, guarantee minimum cpu shares, and to lock containers to specific cpus. "
5300
"By default, LXC depends on the cgroup-lite package to be installed, which "
5301
"provides the proper cgroup initialization at boot. The cgroup-lite package "
5302
"mounts each cgroup subsystem separately under "
5303
"<filename>/sys/fs/cgroup/SS</filename>, where SS is the subsystem name. For "
5304
"instance the freezer subsystem is mounted under "
5305
"<filename>/sys/fs/cgroup/freezer</filename>. LXC cgroup are kept under "
5306
"<filename>/sys/fs/cgroup/SS/INIT/lxc</filename>, where INIT is the init "
5307
"task's cgroup. This is <filename>/</filename> by default, so in the end the "
5308
"freezer cgroup for container CN would be "
5309
"<filename>/sys/fs/cgroup/freezer/lxc/CN</filename>."
5310
msgstr ""
5311
5312
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2192(title)
5313
msgid "Privilege"
5314
msgstr ""
5315
5316
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2194(para)
5317
msgid ""
5318
"The container administration tools must be run with root user privilege. A "
5319
"utility called <filename>lxc-setup</filename> was written with the intention "
5320
"of providing the tools with the needed file capabilities to allow non-root "
5321
"users to run the tools with sufficient privilege. However, as root in a "
5322
"container cannot yet be reliably contained, this is not worthwhile. It is "
5323
"therefore recommended to not use <filename>lxc-setup</filename>, and to "
5324
"provide the LXC administrators the needed sudo privilege."
5325
msgstr ""
5326
5327
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2203(para)
5328
msgid ""
5329
"The user namespace, which is expected to be available in the next Long Term "
5330
"Support (LTS) release, will allow containment of the container root user, as "
5331
"well as reduce the amount of privilege required for creating and "
5332
"administering containers."
5333
msgstr ""
5334
5335
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2210(title)
5336
msgid "LXC Upstart Jobs"
5337
msgstr ""
5338
5339
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2212(para)
5340
msgid ""
5341
"As listed above, the <application>lxc</application> package includes two "
5342
"upstart jobs. The first, <filename>lxc-net</filename>, is always started "
5343
"when the other, <filename>lxc</filename>, is about to begin, and stops when "
5344
"it stops. If the USE_LXC_BRIDGE variable is set to false in "
5345
"<filename>/etc/defaults/lxc</filename>, then it will immediately exit. If it "
5346
"is true, and an error occurs bringing up the LXC bridge, then the "
5347
"<filename>lxc</filename> job will not start. <filename>lxc-net</filename> "
5348
"will bring down the LXC bridge when stopped, unless a container is running "
5349
"which is using that bridge."
5350
msgstr ""
5351
5352
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2223(para)
5353
msgid ""
5354
"The <filename>lxc</filename> job starts on runlevel 2-5. If the LXC_AUTO "
5355
"variable is set to true, then it will look under "
5356
"<filename>/etc/lxc</filename> for containers which should be started "
5357
"automatically. When the <filename>lxc</filename> job is stopped, either "
5358
"manually or by entering runlevel 0, 1, or 6, it will stop those containers."
5359
msgstr ""
5360
5361
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2230(para)
5362
msgid ""
5363
"To register a container to start automatically, create a symbolic link "
5364
"<filename>/etc/lxc/auto/name.conf</filename> pointing to the container's "
5365
"config file. For instance, the configuration file for a container "
5366
"<filename>CN</filename> is <filename>/var/lib/lxc/CN/config</filename>. To "
5367
"make that container auto-start, use the command:"
5368
msgstr ""
5369
5370
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2238(command)
5371
msgid "sudo ln -s /var/lib/lxc/CN/config /etc/lxc/auto/CN.conf"
5372
msgstr ""
5373
5374
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2246(title)
5375
msgid "Container Administration"
5376
msgstr ""
5377
5378
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2249(title)
5379
msgid "Creating Containers"
5380
msgstr ""
5381
5382
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2251(para)
5383
msgid ""
5384
"The easiest way to create containers is using <command>lxc-create</command>. "
5385
"This script uses distribution-specific templates under "
5386
"<filename>/usr/lib/lxc/templates/</filename> to set up container-friendly "
5387
"chroots under <filename>/var/lib/lxc/CN/rootfs</filename>, and initialize "
5388
"the configuration in <filename>/var/lib/lxc/CN/fstab</filename> and "
5389
"<filename>/var/lib/lxc/CN/config</filename>, where CN is the container name"
5390
msgstr ""
5391
5392
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2260(para)
5393
msgid "The simplest container creation command would look like:"
5394
msgstr ""
5395
5396
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2263(command)
5397
msgid "sudo lxc-create -t ubuntu -n CN"
5398
msgstr ""
5399
5400
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2268(para)
5401
msgid ""
5402
"This tells lxc-create to use the ubuntu template (-t ubuntu) and to call the "
5403
"container CN (-n CN). Since no configuration file was specified (which would "
5404
"have been done with `-f file'), it will use the default configuration file "
5405
"under <filename>/etc/lxc/lxc.conf</filename>. This gives the container a "
5406
"single veth network interface attached to the lxcbr0 bridge."
5407
msgstr ""
5408
5409
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2275(para)
5410
msgid ""
5411
"The container creation templates can also accept arguments. These can be "
5412
"listed after --. For instance"
5413
msgstr ""
5414
5415
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2279(command)
5416
msgid "sudo lxc-create -t ubuntu -n oneiric1 -- -r oneiric"
5417
msgstr ""
5418
5419
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2284(para)
5420
msgid "passes the arguments '-r oneiric1' to the ubuntu template."
5421
msgstr ""
5422
5423
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2288(title)
5424
msgid "Help"
5425
msgstr ""
5426
5427
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2290(para)
5428
msgid ""
5429
"Help on the lxc-create command can be seen by using<command> lxc-create -"
5430
"h</command>. However, the templates also take their own options. If you do"
5431
msgstr ""
5432
5433
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2295(command)
5434
msgid "sudo lxc-create -t ubuntu -h"
5435
msgstr ""
5436
5437
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2300(para)
5438
msgid ""
5439
"then the general <command>lxc-create</command> help will be followed by help "
5440
"output specific to the ubuntu template. If no template is specified, then "
5441
"only help for <command>lxc-create</command> itself will be shown."
5442
msgstr ""
5443
5444
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2307(title)
5445
msgid "Ubuntu template"
5446
msgstr ""
5447
5448
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2309(para)
5449
msgid ""
5450
"The ubuntu template can be used to create Ubuntu system containers with any "
5451
"release at least as new as 10.04 LTS. It uses debootstrap to create a cached "
5452
"container filesystem which gets copied into place each time a container is "
5453
"created. The cached image is saved and only re-generated when you create a "
5454
"container using the <emphasis>-F</emphasis> (flush) option to the template, "
5455
"i.e.:"
5456
msgstr ""
5457
5458
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2317(command)
5459
msgid "sudo lxc-create -t ubuntu -n CN -- -F"
5460
msgstr ""
5461
5462
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2322(para)
5463
msgid ""
5464
"The Ubuntu release installed by the template will be the same as that on the "
5465
"host, unless otherwise specified with the <emphasis>-r</emphasis> option, "
5466
"i.e."
5467
msgstr ""
5468
5469
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2327(command)
5470
msgid "sudo lxc-create -t ubuntu -n CN -- -r lucid"
5471
msgstr ""
5472
5473
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2332(para)
5474
msgid ""
5475
"If you want to create a 32-bit container on a 64-bit host, pass <emphasis>-a "
5476
"i386</emphasis> to the container. If you have the qemu-user-static package "
5477
"installed, then you can create a container using any architecture supported "
5478
"by qemu-user-static."
5479
msgstr ""
5480
5481
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2337(para)
5482
msgid ""
5483
"The container will have a user named <emphasis>ubuntu</emphasis> whose "
5484
"password is <emphasis>ubuntu</emphasis> and who is a member of the "
5485
"<emphasis>sudo</emphasis> group. If you wish to inject a public ssh key for "
5486
"the <emphasis>ubuntu</emphasis> user, you can do so with <emphasis>-S "
5487
"sshkey.pub</emphasis>."
5488
msgstr ""
5489
5490
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2344(para)
5491
msgid ""
5492
"You can also <emphasis>bind</emphasis> user jdoe from the host into the "
5493
"container using the <emphasis>-b jdoe</emphasis> option. This will copy "
5494
"jdoe's password and shadow entries into the container, make sure his default "
5495
"group and shell are available, add him to the sudo group, and bind-mount his "
5496
"home directory into the container when the container is started."
5497
msgstr ""
5498
5499
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2351(para)
5500
msgid ""
5501
"When a container is created, the <filename>release-updates</filename> "
5502
"archive is added to the container's <filename>sources.list</filename>, and "
5503
"its package archive will be updated. If the container release is older than "
5504
"12.04 LTS, then the lxcguest package will be automatically installed. "
5505
"Alternatively, if the <emphasis>--trim</emphasis> option is specified, then "
5506
"the lxcguest package will not be installed, and many services will be "
5507
"removed from the container. This will result in a faster-booting, but less "
5508
"upgrade-able container."
5509
msgstr ""
5510
5511
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2363(title)
5512
msgid "Ubuntu-cloud template"
5513
msgstr ""
5514
5515
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2365(para)
5516
msgid ""
5517
"The ubuntu-cloud template creates Ubuntu containers by downloading and "
5518
"extracting the published Ubuntu cloud images. It accepts some of the same "
5519
"options as the ubuntu template, namely <emphasis>-r release</emphasis>, "
5520
"<emphasis>-S sshkey.pub</emphasis>, <emphasis>-a arch</emphasis>, and "
5521
"<emphasis>-F</emphasis> to flush the cached image. It also accepts a few "
5522
"extra options. The <emphasis>-C</emphasis> option will create a "
5523
"<emphasis>cloud</emphasis> container, configured for use with a metadata "
5524
"service. The <emphasis>-u</emphasis> option accepts a cloud-init user-data "
5525
"file to configure the container on start. If <emphasis>-L</emphasis> is "
5526
"passed, then no locales will be installed. The <emphasis>-T</emphasis> "
5527
"option can be used to choose a tarball location to extract in place of the "
5528
"published cloud image tarball. Finally the <emphasis>-i</emphasis> option "
5529
"sets a host id for cloud-init, which by default is set to a random string."
5530
msgstr ""
5531
5532
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2383(title)
5533
msgid "Other templates"
5534
msgstr ""
5535
5536
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2385(para)
5537
msgid ""
5538
"The ubuntu and ubuntu-cloud templates are well supported. Other templates "
5539
"are available however. The debian template creates a Debian based container, "
5540
"using debootstrap much as the ubuntu template does. By default it installs a "
5541
"<emphasis>debian squeeze</emphasis> image. An alternate release can be "
5542
"chosen by setting the SUITE environment variable, i.e.:"
5543
msgstr ""
5544
5545
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2393(command)
5546
msgid "sudo SUITE=sid lxc-create -t debian -n d1"
5547
msgstr ""
5548
5549
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2398(para)
5550
msgid ""
5551
"To purge the container image cache, call the template directly and pass it "
5552
"the <emphasis>--clean</emphasis> option."
5553
msgstr ""
5554
5555
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2402(command)
5556
msgid "sudo SUITE=sid /usr/lib/lxc/templates/lxc-debian --clean"
5557
msgstr ""
5558
5559
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2407(para)
5560
msgid ""
5561
"A fedora template exists, which creates containers based on fedora releases "
5562
"<= 14. Fedora release 15 and higher are based on systemd, which the "
5563
"template is not yet able to convert into a container-bootable setup. Before "
5564
"the fedora template is able to run, you'll need to make sure that "
5565
"<command>yum</command> and <command>curl</command> are installed. A fedora "
5566
"12 container can be created with"
5567
msgstr ""
5568
5569
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2416(command)
5570
msgid "sudo lxc-create -t fedora -n fedora12 -- -R 12"
5571
msgstr ""
5572
5573
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2421(para)
5574
msgid ""
5575
"A OpenSuSE template exists, but it requires the <command>zypper</command> "
5576
"program, which is not yet packaged. The OpenSuSE template is therefore not "
5577
"supported."
5578
msgstr ""
5579
5580
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2425(para)
5581
msgid ""
5582
"Two more templates exist mainly for experimental purposes. The busybox "
5583
"template creates a very small system container based entirely on busybox. "
5584
"The sshd template creates an application container running sshd in a private "
5585
"network namespace. The host's library and binary directories are bind-"
5586
"mounted into the container, though not its <filename>/home</filename> or "
5587
"<filename>/root</filename>. To create, start, and ssh into an ssh container, "
5588
"you might:"
5589
msgstr ""
5590
5591
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2435(command)
5592
msgid ""
5593
"sudo lxc-create -t sshd -n ssh1 ssh-keygen -f id sudo mkdir "
5594
"/var/lib/lxc/ssh1/rootfs/root/.ssh sudo cp id.pub "
5595
"/var/lib/lxc/ssh1/rootfs/root/.ssh/authorized_keys sudo lxc-start -n ssh1 -d "
5596
"ssh -i id root@ssh1."
5597
msgstr ""
5598
5599
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2447(title)
5600
msgid "Backing Stores"
5601
msgstr ""
5602
5603
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2449(para)
5604
msgid ""
5605
"By default, <command>lxc-create</command> places the container's root "
5606
"filesystem as a directory tree at "
5607
"<filename>/var/lib/lxc/CN/rootfs</filename>. Another option is to use LVM "
5608
"logical volumes. If a volume group named <emphasis>lxc</emphasis> exists, "
5609
"you can create an lvm-backed container called CN using:"
5610
msgstr ""
5611
5612
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2457(command)
5613
msgid "sudo lxc-create -t ubuntu -n CN -B lvm"
5614
msgstr ""
5615
5616
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2462(para)
5617
msgid ""
5618
"If you want to use a volume group named schroots, with a 5G xfs filesystem, "
5619
"then you would use"
5620
msgstr ""
5621
5622
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2466(command)
5623
msgid ""
5624
"sudo lxc-create -t ubuntu -n CN -B lvm --vgname schroots --fssize 5G --"
5625
"fstype xfs"
5626
msgstr ""
5627
5628
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2474(title)
4961
"i/o, guarantee minimum cpu shares, and to lock containers to specific cpus."
4962
msgstr ""
4963
4964
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1971(para)
4965
msgid ""
4966
"By default, a privileged container CN will be assigned a cgroup called "
4967
"<filename>/lxc/CN</filename>. In the case of name conflicts (which can occur "
4968
"when using custom lxcpaths) a suffix \"-n\", where n is an integer starting "
4969
"at 0, will be appended to the cgroup name."
4970
msgstr ""
4971
4972
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1977(para)
4973
msgid ""
4974
"By default, a privileged container CN will be assigned a cgroup called "
4975
"<filename>CN</filename> under the cgroup of the task which started the "
4976
"container, for instance <filename>/usr/1000.user/1.session/CN</filename>. "
4977
"The container root will be given group ownership of the directory (but not "
4978
"all files) so that it is allowed to create new child cgroups."
4979
msgstr ""
4980
4981
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:1984(para)
4982
msgid ""
4983
"As of Ubuntu 14.04, LXC uses the cgroup manager (cgmanager) to administer "
4984
"cgroups. The cgroup manager receives D-Bus requests over the Unix socket "
4985
"<filename>/sys/fs/cgroup/cgmanager/sock</filename>. To fascilitate safe "
4986
"nested containers, the line <screen>\n"
4987
"<command>\n"
4988
"lxc.mount.auto = cgroup\n"
4989
"</command>\n"
4990
"</screen> can be added to the container configuration causing the "
4991
"<filename>/sys/fs/cgroup/cgmanager</filename> directory to be bind-mounted "
4992
"into the container. The container in turn should start the cgroup management "
4993
"proxy (done by default if the cgmanager package is installed in the "
4994
"container) which will move the <filename>/sys/fs/cgroup/cgmanager</filename> "
4995
"directory to <filename>/sys/fs/cgroup/cgmanager.lower</filename>, then start "
4996
"listening for requests to proxy on its own socket "
4997
"<filename>/sys/fs/cgroup/cgmanager/sock</filename>. The host cgmanager will "
4998
"ensure that nested containers cannot escape their assigned cgroups or make "
4999
"requests for which they are not authorized."
5000
msgstr ""
5001
5002
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2008(title)
5629
5003
msgid "Cloning"
5630
5004
msgstr ""
5631
5005
5632
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2476(para)
5006
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2010(para)
5633
5007
msgid ""
5634
5008
"For rapid provisioning, you may wish to customize a canonical container "
5635
5009
"according to your needs and then make multiple copies of it. This can be "
5636
"done with the <command>lxc-clone</command> program. Given an existing "
5637
"container called C1, a new container called C2 can be created using:"
5638
msgstr ""
5639
5640
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2483(command)
5010
"done with the <command>lxc-clone</command> program."
5011
msgstr ""
5012
5013
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2014(para)
5014
msgid ""
5015
"Clones are either snapshots or copies of another container. A copy is a new "
5016
"container copied from the original, and takes as much space on the host as "
5017
"the original. A snapshot exploits the underlying backing store's "
5018
"snapshotting ability to make a copy-on-write container referencing the "
5019
"first. Snapshots can be created from btrfs, LVM, zfs, and directory backed "
5020
"containers. Each backing store has its own peculiarities - for instance, LVM "
5021
"containers which are not thinpool-provisioned cannot support snapshots of "
5022
"snapshots; zfs containers with snapshots cannot be removed until all "
5023
"snapshots are released; LVM containers must be more carefully planned as the "
5024
"underlying filesystem may not support growing; btrfs does not suffer any of "
5025
"these shortcomings, but suffers from reduced fsync performance causing dpkg "
5026
"and apt-get to be slower."
5027
msgstr ""
5028
5029
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2028(para)
5030
msgid ""
5031
"Snapshots of directory-packed containers are created using the overlay "
5032
"filesystem. For instance, a privileged directory-backed container C1 will "
5033
"have its root filesystem under <filename>/var/lib/lxc/C1/rootfs</filename>. "
5034
"A snapshot clone of C1 called C2 will be started with C1's rootfs mounted "
5035
"readonly under <filename>/var/lib/lxc/C2/delta0</filename>. Importantly, in "
5036
"this case C1 should not be allowed to run or be removed while C2 is running. "
5037
"It is advised instead to consider C1 a <emphasis> canonical</emphasis> base "
5038
"container, and to only use its snapshots."
5039
msgstr ""
5040
5041
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2040(para)
5042
msgid "Given an existing container called C1, a copy can be created using:"
5043
msgstr ""
5044
5045
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2044(command)
5641
5046
msgid "sudo lxc-clone -o C1 -n C2"
5642
5047
msgstr ""
5643
5048
5644
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2488(para)
5645
msgid ""
5646
"If <filename>/var/lib/lxc</filename> is a btrfs filesystem, then "
5647
"<command>lxc-clone</command> will create C2's filesystem as a snapshot of "
5648
"C1's. If the container's root filesystem is lvm backed, then you can specify "
5649
"the <emphasis>-s</emphasis> option to create the new rootfs as a lvm "
5650
"snapshot of the original as follows:"
5049
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2049(para)
5050
msgid "A snapshot can be created using"
5651
5051
msgstr ""
5652
5052
5653
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2495(command)
5053
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2051(command)
5654
5054
msgid "sudo lxc-clone -s -o C1 -n C2"
5655
5055
msgstr ""
5656
5056
5657
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2500(para)
5658
msgid ""
5659
"Both lvm and btrfs snapshots will provide fast cloning with very small "
5660
"initial disk usage."
5661
msgstr ""
5662
5663
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2505(title)
5664
msgid "Starting and stopping"
5665
msgstr ""
5666
5667
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2508(para)
5668
msgid ""
5669
"The default login/password combination for the newly created container is "
5670
"ubuntu/ubuntu."
5671
msgstr ""
5672
5673
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2512(para)
5674
msgid ""
5675
"To start a container, use <command>lxc-start -n CN</command>. By default "
5676
"<command>lxc-start</command> will execute <filename>/sbin/init</filename> in "
5677
"the container. You can provide a different program to execute, plus "
5678
"arguments, as further arguments to <command>lxc-start</command>:"
5679
msgstr ""
5680
5681
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2519(command)
5682
msgid "sudo lxc-start -n container /sbin/init loglevel=debug"
5683
msgstr ""
5684
5685
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2524(para)
5686
msgid ""
5687
"If you do not specify the <emphasis>-d</emphasis> (daemon) option, then you "
5688
"will see a console (on the container's <filename>/dev/console</filename>, "
5689
"see <xref linkend=\"lxc-consoles\"/> for more information) on the terminal. "
5690
"If you specify the <emphasis>-d</emphasis> option, you will not see that "
5691
"console, and lxc-start will immediately exit success - even if a later part "
5692
"of container startup has failed. You can use <command>lxc-wait</command> or "
5693
"<command>lxc-monitor</command> (see <xref linkend=\"lxc-monitoring\"/>) to "
5694
"check on the success or failure of the container startup."
5695
msgstr ""
5696
5697
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2535(para)
5698
msgid ""
5699
"To obtain LXC debugging information, use <emphasis>-o filename -l "
5700
"debuglevel</emphasis>, for instance:"
5701
msgstr ""
5702
5703
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2539(command)
5704
msgid "sudo lxc-start -o lxc.debug -l DEBUG -n container"
5705
msgstr ""
5706
5707
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2544(para)
5708
msgid ""
5709
"Finally, you can specify configuration parameters inline using <emphasis>-"
5710
"s</emphasis>. However, it is generally recommended to place them in the "
5711
"container's configuration file instead. Likewise, an entirely alternate "
5712
"config file can be specified with the <emphasis>-f</emphasis> option, but "
5713
"this is not generally recommended."
5714
msgstr ""
5715
5716
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2551(para)
5717
msgid ""
5718
"While <command>lxc-start</command> runs the container's "
5719
"<filename>/sbin/init</filename>, <command>lxc-execute</command> uses a "
5720
"minimal init program called <command>lxc-init</command>, which attempts to "
5721
"mount <filename>/proc</filename>, <filename>/dev/mqueue</filename>, and "
5722
"<filename>/dev/shm</filename>, executes the programs specified on the "
5723
"command line, and waits for those to finish executing. <command>lxc-"
5724
"start</command> is intended to be used for <emphasis>system "
5725
"containers</emphasis>, while <command>lxc-execute</command> is intended for "
5726
"<emphasis>application containers</emphasis> (see <ulink "
5727
"url=\"https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-lxc-containers/\"> "
5728
"this article</ulink> for more)."
5729
msgstr ""
5730
5731
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2564(para)
5732
msgid ""
5733
"You can stop a container several ways. You can use "
5734
"<command>shutdown</command>, <command>poweroff</command> and "
5735
"<command>reboot</command> while logged into the container. To cleanly shut "
5736
"down a container externally (i.e. from the host), you can issue the "
5737
"<command>sudo lxc-shutdown -n CN</command> command. This takes an optional "
5738
"timeout value. If not specified, the command issues a SIGPWR signal to the "
5739
"container and immediately returns. If the option is used, as in "
5740
"<command>sudo lxc-shutdown -n CN -t 10</command>, then the command will wait "
5741
"the specified number of seconds for the container to cleanly shut down. "
5742
"Then, if the container is still running, it will kill it (and any running "
5743
"applications). You can also immediately kill the container (without any "
5744
"chance for applications to cleanly shut down) using <command>sudo lxc-stop -"
5745
"n CN</command>. Finally, <command>lxc-kill</command> can be used more "
5746
"generally to send any signal number to the container's init."
5747
msgstr ""
5748
5749
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2580(para)
5750
msgid ""
5751
"While the container is shutting down, you can expect to see some (harmless) "
5752
"error messages, as follows:"
5753
msgstr ""
5754
5755
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2583(screen)
5756
#, no-wrap
5757
msgid ""
5758
"\n"
5759
"$ sudo poweroff\n"
5760
"[sudo] password for ubuntu: =\n"
5761
"\n"
5762
"$ =\n"
5763
"\n"
5764
"Broadcast message from ubuntu@cn1\n"
5765
" (/dev/lxc/console) at 18:17 ...\n"
5766
"\n"
5767
"The system is going down for power off NOW!\n"
5768
" * Asking all remaining processes to terminate...\n"
5769
" ...done.\n"
5770
" * All processes ended within 1 seconds....\n"
5771
" ...done.\n"
5772
" * Deconfiguring network interfaces...\n"
5773
" ...done.\n"
5774
" * Deactivating swap...\n"
5775
" ...fail!\n"
5776
"umount: /run/lock: not mounted\n"
5777
"umount: /dev/shm: not mounted\n"
5778
"mount: / is busy\n"
5779
" * Will now halt\n"
5780
msgstr ""
5781
5782
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2607(para)
5783
msgid ""
5784
"A container can be frozen with <command>sudo lxc-freeze -n CN</command>. "
5785
"This will block all its processes until the container is later unfrozen "
5786
"using <command>sudo lxc-unfreeze -n CN</command>."
5787
msgstr ""
5788
5789
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2614(title)
5057
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2055(para)
5058
msgid "See the lxc-clone manpage for more information."
5059
msgstr ""
5060
5061
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2058(title)
5062
msgid "Snapshots"
5063
msgstr ""
5064
5065
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2059(para)
5066
msgid ""
5067
"To more easily support the use of snapshot clones for iterative container "
5068
"development, LXC supports <emphasis>snapshots</emphasis>. When working on a "
5069
"container C1, before making a potentially dangerous or hard-to-revert "
5070
"change, you can create a snapshot <screen>\n"
5071
"<command>\n"
5072
"sudo lxc-snapshot -n C1\n"
5073
"</command>\n"
5074
"</screen> which is a snapshot-clone called 'snap0' under /var/lib/lxcsnaps "
5075
"or $HOME/.local/share/lxcsnaps. The next snapshot will be called 'snap1', "
5076
"etc. Existing snapshots can be listed using <command>lxc-snapshot -L -n "
5077
"C1</command>, and a snapshot can be restored - erasing the current C1 "
5078
"container - using <command>lxc-snapshot -r snap1 -n C1</command>. After the "
5079
"restore command, the snap1 snapshot continues to exist, and the previous C1 "
5080
"is erased and replaced with the snap1 snapshot."
5081
msgstr ""
5082
5083
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2078(para)
5084
msgid ""
5085
"Snapshots are supported for btrfs, lvm, zfs, and overlayfs containers. If "
5086
"lxc-snapshot is called on a directory-backed container, an error will be "
5087
"logged and the snapshot will be created as a copy-clone. The reason for this "
5088
"is that if the user creates an overlayfs snapshot of a directory-backed "
5089
"container and then makes changes to the directory-backed container, then the "
5090
"original container changes will be partially reflected in the snapshot. If "
5091
"snapshots of a directory backed container C1 are desired, then an overlayfs "
5092
"clone of C1 should be created, C1 should not be touched again, and the "
5093
"overlayfs clone can be edited and snapshotted at will, as such <screen>\n"
5094
"<command>\n"
5095
"lxc-clone -s -o C1 -n C2\n"
5096
"lxc-start -n C2 -d # make some changes\n"
5097
"lxc-stop -n C2\n"
5098
"lxc-snapshot -n C2\n"
5099
"lxc-start -n C2 # etc\n"
5100
"</command>\n"
5101
"</screen>"
5102
msgstr ""
5103
5104
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2102(title)
5105
msgid "Ephemeral Containers"
5106
msgstr ""
5107
5108
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2103(para)
5109
msgid ""
5110
"While snapshots are useful for longer-term incremental development of "
5111
"images, ephemeral containers utilize snapshots for quick, single-use "
5112
"throwaway containers. Given a base container C1, you can start an ephemeral "
5113
"container using <screen>\n"
5114
"<command>\n"
5115
"lxc-start-ephemeral -o C1\n"
5116
"</command>\n"
5117
"</screen> The container begins as a snapshot of C1. Instructions for logging "
5118
"into the container will be printed to the console. After shutdown, the "
5119
"ephemeral container will be destroyed. See the lxc-start-ephemeral manual "
5120
"page for more options."
5121
msgstr ""
5122
5123
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2121(title)
5790
5124
msgid "Lifecycle management hooks"
5791
5125
msgstr ""
5792
5126
5793
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2616(para)
5127
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2123(para)
5794
5128
msgid ""
5795
5129
"Beginning with Ubuntu 12.10, it is possible to define hooks to be executed "
5796
5130
"at specific points in a container's lifetime:"
5797
5131
msgstr ""
5798
5132
5799
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2621(para)
5133
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2128(para)
5800
5134
msgid ""
5801
5135
"Pre-start hooks are run in the host's namespace before the container ttys, "
5802
5136
"consoles, or mounts are up. If any mounts are done in this hook, they should "
5803
5137
"be cleaned up in the post-stop hook."
5804
5138
msgstr ""
5805
5139
5806
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2628(para)
5140
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2135(para)
5807
5141
msgid ""
5808
5142
"Pre-mount hooks are run in the container's namespaces, but before the root "
5809
5143
"filesystem has been mounted. Mounts done in this hook will be automatically "
5810
5144
"cleaned up when the container shuts down."
5811
5145
msgstr ""
5812
5146
5813
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2635(para)
5147
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2142(para)
5814
5148
msgid ""
5815
5149
"Mount hooks are run after the container filesystems have been mounted, but "
5816
5150
"before the container has called <command>pivot_root</command> to change its "
5817
5151
"root filesystem."
5818
5152
msgstr ""
5819
5153
5820
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2642(para)
5154
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2149(para)
5821
5155
msgid ""
5822
5156
"Start hooks are run immediately before executing the container's init. Since "
5823
5157
"these are executed after pivoting into the container's filesystem, the "
5824
5158
"command to be executed must be copied into the container's filesystem."
5825
5159
msgstr ""
5826
5160
5827
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2649(para)
5161
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2156(para)
5828
5162
msgid "Post-stop hooks are executed after the container has been shut down."
5829
5163
msgstr ""
5830
5164
5831
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2654(para)
5165
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2161(para)
5832
5166
msgid ""
5833
5167
"If any hook returns an error, the container's run will be aborted. Any "
5834
5168
"<emphasis>post-stop</emphasis> hook will still be executed. Any output "
5835
5169
"generated by the script will be logged at the debug priority."
5836
5170
msgstr ""
5837
5171
5838
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2659(para)
5839
msgid ""
5840
"See <xref linkend=\"lxc-conf-other\"/> for the configuration file format "
5841
"with which to specify hooks. Some sample hooks are shipped with the lxc "
5842
"package to serve as an example of how to write and use such hooks."
5843
msgstr ""
5844
5845
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2666(title)
5846
msgid "Monitoring container status"
5847
msgstr ""
5848
5849
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2668(para)
5850
msgid ""
5851
"Two commands are available to monitor container state changes. <command>lxc-"
5852
"monitor</command> monitors one or more containers for any state changes. It "
5853
"takes a container name as usual with the <emphasis>-n</emphasis> option, but "
5854
"in this case the container name can be a posix regular expression to allow "
5855
"monitoring desirable sets of containers. <command>lxc-monitor</command> "
5856
"continues running as it prints container changes. <command>lxc-"
5857
"wait</command> waits for a specific state change and then exits. For "
5858
"instance,"
5859
msgstr ""
5860
5861
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2678(command)
5862
msgid "sudo lxc-monitor -n cont[0-5]*"
5863
msgstr ""
5864
5865
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2683(para)
5866
msgid ""
5867
"would print all state changes to any containers matching the listed regular "
5868
"expression, whereas"
5869
msgstr ""
5870
5871
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2687(command)
5872
msgid "sudo lxc-wait -n cont1 -s 'STOPPED|FROZEN'"
5873
msgstr ""
5874
5875
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2692(para)
5876
msgid ""
5877
"will wait until container cont1 enters state STOPPED or state FROZEN and "
5878
"then exit."
5879
msgstr ""
5880
5881
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2697(title)
5172
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2166(para)
5173
msgid ""
5174
"Please see the lxc.container.conf manual page for the configuration file "
5175
"format with which to specify hooks. Some sample hooks are shipped with the "
5176
"lxc package to serve as an example of how to write and use such hooks."
5177
msgstr ""
5178
5179
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2173(title)
5882
5180
msgid "Consoles"
5883
5181
msgstr ""
5884
5182
5885
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2699(para)
5183
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2175(para)
5886
5184
msgid ""
5887
5185
"Containers have a configurable number of consoles. One always exists on the "
5888
5186
"container's <filename>/dev/console</filename>. This is shown on the terminal "
5896
5194
"3 from the host, use"
5897
5195
msgstr ""
5898
5196
5899
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2712(command)
5197
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2188(command)
5900
5198
msgid "sudo lxc-console -n container -t 3"
5901
5199
msgstr ""
5902
5200
5903
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2717(para)
5201
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2193(para)
5904
5202
msgid ""
5905
5203
"or if the <emphasis>-t N</emphasis> option is not specified, an unused "
5906
5204
"console will be automatically chosen. To exit the console, use the escape "
5909
5207
"d</emphasis> option."
5910
5208
msgstr ""
5911
5209
5912
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2723(para)
5210
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2199(para)
5913
5211
msgid ""
5914
5212
"Each container console is actually a Unix98 pty in the host's (not the "
5915
5213
"guest's) pty mount, bind-mounted over the guest's "
5922
5220
"<filename>/dev</filename>."
5923
5221
msgstr ""
5924
5222
5925
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2735(title)
5926
msgid "Container Inspection"
5927
msgstr ""
5928
5929
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2737(para)
5930
msgid ""
5931
"Several commands are available to gather information on existing containers. "
5932
"<command>lxc-ls</command> will report all existing containers in its first "
5933
"line of output, and all running containers in the second line. <command>lxc-"
5934
"list</command> provides the same information in a more verbose format, "
5935
"listing running containers first and stopped containers next. <command>lxc-"
5936
"ps</command> will provide lists of processes in containers. To provide "
5937
"<command>ps</command> arguments to <command>lxc-ps</command>, prepend them "
5938
"with <command>--</command>. For instance, for listing of all processes in "
5939
"container plain,"
5940
msgstr ""
5941
5942
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2749(command)
5943
msgid "sudo lxc-ps -n plain -- -ef"
5944
msgstr ""
5945
5946
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2754(para)
5947
msgid ""
5948
"<command>lxc-info</command> provides the state of a container and the pid of "
5949
"its init process. <command>lxc-cgroup</command> can be used to query or set "
5950
"the values of a container's control group limits and information. This can "
5951
"be more convenient than interacting with the <command>cgroup</command> "
5952
"filesystem. For instance, to query the list of devices which a running "
5953
"container is allowed to access, you could use"
5954
msgstr ""
5955
5956
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2763(command)
5957
msgid "sudo lxc-cgroup -n CN devices.list"
5958
msgstr ""
5959
5960
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2768(para)
5961
msgid ""
5962
"or to add mknod, read, and write access to <filename>/dev/sda</filename>,"
5963
msgstr ""
5964
5965
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2772(command)
5966
msgid "sudo lxc-cgroup -n CN devices.allow \"b 8:* rwm\""
5967
msgstr ""
5968
5969
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2777(para)
5970
msgid "and, to limit it to 300M of RAM,"
5971
msgstr ""
5972
5973
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2780(command)
5974
msgid "lxc-cgroup -n CN memory.limit_in_bytes 300000000"
5975
msgstr ""
5976
5977
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2785(para)
5978
msgid ""
5979
"<command>lxc-netstat</command> executes <command>netstat</command> in the "
5980
"running container, giving you a glimpse of its network state."
5981
msgstr ""
5982
5983
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2789(para)
5984
msgid ""
5985
"<command>lxc-backup</command> will create backups of the root filesystems of "
5986
"all existing containers (except lvm-based ones), using "
5987
"<command>rsync</command> to back the contents up under "
5988
"<filename>/var/lib/lxc/CN/rootfs.backup.1</filename>. These backups can be "
5989
"restored using <command>lxc-restore.</command> However, <command>lxc-"
5990
"backup</command> and <command>lxc-restore</command> are fragile with respect "
5991
"to customizations and therefore their use is not recommended."
5992
msgstr ""
5993
5994
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2800(title)
5995
msgid "Destroying containers"
5996
msgstr ""
5997
5998
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2802(para)
5999
msgid "Use <command>lxc-destroy</command> to destroy an existing container."
6000
msgstr ""
6001
6002
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2806(command)
6003
msgid "sudo lxc-destroy -n CN"
6004
msgstr ""
6005
6006
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2811(para)
6007
msgid ""
6008
"If the container is running, <command>lxc-destroy</command> will exit with a "
6009
"message informing you that you can force stopping and destroying the "
6010
"container with"
6011
msgstr ""
6012
6013
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2816(command)
6014
msgid "sudo lxc-destroy -n CN -f"
6015
msgstr ""
6016
6017
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2823(title)
6018
msgid "Advanced namespace usage"
6019
msgstr ""
6020
6021
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2825(para)
6022
msgid ""
6023
"One of the Linux kernel features used by LXC to create containers is private "
6024
"namespaces. Namespaces allow a set of tasks to have private mappings of "
6025
"names to resources for things like pathnames and process IDs. (See <xref "
6026
"linkend=\"lxc-resources\"/> for a link to more information). Unlike control "
6027
"groups and other mount features which are also used to create containers, "
6028
"namespaces cannot be manipulated using a filesystem interface. Therefore, "
6029
"LXC ships with the <command>lxc-unshare</command> program, which is mainly "
6030
"for testing. It provides the ability to create new tasks in private "
6031
"namespaces. For instance,"
6032
msgstr ""
6033
6034
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2837(command)
6035
msgid "sudo lxc-unshare -s 'MOUNT|PID' /bin/bash"
6036
msgstr ""
6037
6038
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2842(para)
6039
msgid ""
6040
"creates a bash shell with private pid and mount namespaces. In this shell, "
6041
"you can do"
6042
msgstr ""
6043
6044
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2845(screen)
6045
#, no-wrap
6046
msgid ""
6047
"\n"
6048
"root@ubuntu:~# mount -t proc proc /proc\n"
6049
"root@ubuntu:~# ps -ef\n"
6050
"UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD\n"
6051
"root 1 0 6 10:20 pts/9 00:00:00 /bin/bash\n"
6052
"root 110 1 0 10:20 pts/9 00:00:00 ps -ef\n"
6053
msgstr ""
6054
6055
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2853(para)
6056
msgid ""
6057
"so that <command>ps</command> shows only the tasks in your new namespace."
6058
msgstr ""
6059
6060
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2858(title)
6061
msgid "Ephemeral containers"
6062
msgstr ""
6063
6064
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2860(para)
6065
msgid ""
6066
"Ephemeral containers are one-time containers. Given an existing container "
6067
"CN, you can run a command in an ephemeral container created based on CN, "
6068
"with the host's jdoe user bound into the container, using:"
6069
msgstr ""
6070
6071
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2866(command)
6072
msgid "lxc-start-ephemeral -b jdoe -o CN -- /home/jdoe/run_my_job"
6073
msgstr ""
6074
6075
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2871(para)
6076
msgid "When the job is finished, the container will be discarded."
6077
msgstr ""
6078
6079
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2876(title)
6080
msgid "Container Commands"
6081
msgstr ""
6082
6083
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2878(para)
6084
msgid "Following is a table of all container commands:"
6085
msgstr ""
6086
6087
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2881(title)
6088
msgid "Container commands"
6089
msgstr ""
6090
6091
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2890(para)
6092
msgid "Command"
6093
msgstr ""
6094
6095
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2892(para)
6096
msgid "Synopsis"
6097
msgstr ""
6098
6099
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2898(para)
6100
msgid "lxc-attach"
6101
msgstr ""
6102
6103
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2900(para)
6104
msgid "(NOT SUPPORTED) Run a command in a running container"
6105
msgstr ""
6106
6107
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2905(para)
6108
msgid "lxc-backup"
6109
msgstr ""
6110
6111
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2907(para)
6112
msgid "Back up the root filesystems for all lvm-backed containers"
6113
msgstr ""
6114
6115
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2912(para)
6116
msgid "lxc-cgroup"
6117
msgstr ""
6118
6119
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2914(para)
6120
msgid "View and set container control group settings"
6121
msgstr ""
6122
6123
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2919(para)
6124
msgid "lxc-checkconfig"
6125
msgstr ""
6126
6127
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2921(para)
6128
msgid "Verify host support for containers"
6129
msgstr ""
6130
6131
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2925(para)
6132
msgid "lxc-checkpoint"
6133
msgstr ""
6134
6135
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2927(para)
6136
msgid "(NOT SUPPORTED) Checkpoint a running container"
6137
msgstr ""
6138
6139
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2932(para)
6140
msgid "lxc-clone"
6141
msgstr ""
6142
6143
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2934(para)
6144
msgid "Clone a new container from an existing one"
6145
msgstr ""
6146
6147
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2939(para)
6148
msgid "lxc-console"
6149
msgstr ""
6150
6151
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2941(para)
6152
msgid "Open a console in a running container"
6153
msgstr ""
6154
6155
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2946(para)
6156
msgid "lxc-create"
6157
msgstr ""
6158
6159
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2948(para)
6160
msgid "Create a new container"
6161
msgstr ""
6162
6163
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2952(para)
6164
msgid "lxc-destroy"
6165
msgstr ""
6166
6167
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2954(para)
6168
msgid "Destroy an existing container"
6169
msgstr ""
6170
6171
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2958(para)
6172
msgid "lxc-execute"
6173
msgstr ""
6174
6175
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2960(para)
6176
msgid "Run a command in a (not running) application container"
6177
msgstr ""
6178
6179
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2965(para)
6180
msgid "lxc-freeze"
6181
msgstr ""
6182
6183
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2967(para)
6184
msgid "Freeze a running container"
6185
msgstr ""
6186
6187
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2971(para)
6188
msgid "lxc-info"
6189
msgstr ""
6190
6191
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2973(para)
6192
msgid "Print information on the state of a container"
6193
msgstr ""
6194
6195
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2978(para)
6196
msgid "lxc-kill"
6197
msgstr ""
6198
6199
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2980(para)
6200
msgid "Send a signal to a container's init"
6201
msgstr ""
6202
6203
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2985(para)
6204
msgid "lxc-list"
6205
msgstr ""
6206
6207
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2987(para)
6208
msgid "List all containers"
6209
msgstr ""
6210
6211
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2991(para)
6212
msgid "lxc-ls"
6213
msgstr ""
6214
6215
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2993(para)
6216
msgid "List all containers with shorter output than lxc-list"
6217
msgstr ""
6218
6219
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2998(para)
6220
msgid "lxc-monitor"
6221
msgstr ""
6222
6223
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3000(para)
6224
msgid "Monitor state changes of one or more containers"
6225
msgstr ""
6226
6227
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3005(para)
6228
msgid "lxc-netstat"
6229
msgstr ""
6230
6231
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3007(para)
6232
msgid "Execute netstat in a running container"
6233
msgstr ""
6234
6235
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3012(para)
6236
msgid "lxc-ps"
6237
msgstr ""
6238
6239
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3014(para)
6240
msgid "View process info in a running container"
6241
msgstr ""
6242
6243
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3019(para)
6244
msgid "lxc-restart"
6245
msgstr ""
6246
6247
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3021(para)
6248
msgid "(NOT SUPPORTED) Restart a checkpointed container"
6249
msgstr ""
6250
6251
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3026(para)
6252
msgid "lxc-restore"
6253
msgstr ""
6254
6255
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3028(para)
6256
msgid "Restore containers from backups made by lxc-backup"
6257
msgstr ""
6258
6259
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3033(para)
6260
msgid "lxc-setcap"
6261
msgstr ""
6262
6263
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3035(para)
6264
msgid "(NOT RECOMMENDED) Set file capabilities on LXC tools"
6265
msgstr ""
6266
6267
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3040(para)
6268
msgid "lxc-setuid"
6269
msgstr ""
6270
6271
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3042(para)
6272
msgid "(NOT RECOMMENDED) Set or remove setuid bits on LXC tools"
6273
msgstr ""
6274
6275
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3047(para)
6276
msgid "lxc-shutdown"
6277
msgstr ""
6278
6279
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3049(para)
6280
msgid "Safely shut down a container"
6281
msgstr ""
6282
6283
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3053(para)
6284
msgid "lxc-start"
6285
msgstr ""
6286
6287
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3055(para)
6288
msgid "Start a stopped container"
6289
msgstr ""
6290
6291
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3059(para)
6292
msgid "lxc-start-ephemeral"
6293
msgstr ""
6294
6295
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3061(para)
6296
msgid "Start an ephemeral (one-time) container"
6297
msgstr ""
6298
6299
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3066(para)
6300
msgid "lxc-stop"
6301
msgstr ""
6302
6303
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3068(para)
6304
msgid "Immediately stop a running container"
6305
msgstr ""
6306
6307
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3073(para)
6308
msgid "lxc-unfreeze"
6309
msgstr ""
6310
6311
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3075(para)
6312
msgid "Unfreeze a frozen container"
6313
msgstr ""
6314
6315
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3079(para)
6316
msgid "lxc-unshare"
6317
msgstr ""
6318
6319
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3081(para)
6320
msgid "Testing tool to manually unshare namespaces"
6321
msgstr ""
6322
6323
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3086(para)
6324
msgid "lxc-version"
6325
msgstr ""
6326
6327
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3088(para)
6328
msgid "Print the version of the LXC tools"
6329
msgstr ""
6330
6331
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3092(para)
6332
msgid "lxc-wait"
6333
msgstr ""
6334
6335
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3094(para)
6336
msgid "Wait for a container to reach a particular state"
6337
msgstr ""
6338
6339
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3104(title)
6340
msgid "Configuration File"
6341
msgstr ""
6342
6343
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3106(para)
6344
msgid ""
6345
"LXC containers are very flexible. The Ubuntu <application>lxc</application> "
6346
"package sets defaults to make creation of Ubuntu system containers as simple "
6347
"as possible. If you need more flexibility, this chapter will show how to "
6348
"fine-tune your containers as you need."
6349
msgstr ""
6350
6351
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3112(para)
6352
msgid ""
6353
"Detailed information is available in the <command>lxc.conf(5)</command> man "
6354
"page. Note that the default configurations created by the ubuntu templates "
6355
"are reasonable for a system container and usually do not need customization."
6356
msgstr ""
6357
6358
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3118(title)
6359
msgid "Choosing configuration files and options"
6360
msgstr ""
6361
6362
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3120(para)
6363
msgid ""
6364
"The container setup is controlled by the LXC configuration options. Options "
6365
"can be specified at several points:"
6366
msgstr ""
6367
6368
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3125(para)
6369
msgid ""
6370
"During container creation, a configuration file can be specified. However, "
6371
"creation templates often insert their own configuration options, so we "
6372
"usually specify only network configuration options at this point. For other "
6373
"configuration, it is usually better to edit the configuration file after "
6374
"container creation."
6375
msgstr ""
6376
6377
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3134(para)
6378
msgid ""
6379
"The file <filename>/var/lib/lxc/CN/config</filename> is used at container "
6380
"startup by default."
6381
msgstr ""
6382
6383
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3139(para)
6384
msgid ""
6385
"<command>lxc-start</command> accepts an alternate configuration file with "
6386
"the <emphasis>-f filename</emphasis> option."
6387
msgstr ""
6388
6389
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3145(para)
6390
msgid ""
6391
"Specific configuration variables can be overridden at <command>lxc-"
6392
"start</command> using <emphasis>-s key=value</emphasis>. It is generally "
6393
"better to edit the container configuration file."
6394
msgstr ""
6395
6396
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3154(title) serverguide/C/network-config.xml:25(title)
6397
msgid "Network Configuration"
6398
msgstr ""
6399
6400
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3156(para)
6401
msgid ""
6402
"Container networking in LXC is very flexible. It is triggered by the "
6403
"<command>lxc.network.type</command> configuration file entries. If no such "
6404
"entries exist, then the container will share the host's networking stack. "
6405
"Services and connections started in the container will be using the host's "
6406
"IP address. If at least one <command>lxc.network.type</command> entry is "
6407
"present, then the container will have a private (layer 2) network stack. It "
6408
"will have its own network interfaces and firewall rules. There are several "
6409
"options for <command>lxc.network.type</command>:"
6410
msgstr ""
6411
6412
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3168(para)
6413
msgid ""
6414
"<command>lxc.network.type=empty</command>: The container will have no "
6415
"network interfaces other than loopback."
6416
msgstr ""
6417
6418
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3173(para)
6419
msgid ""
6420
"<command>lxc.network.type=veth</command>: This is the default when using the "
6421
"ubuntu or ubuntu-cloud templates, and creates a veth network tunnel. One end "
6422
"of this tunnel becomes the network interface inside the container. The other "
6423
"end is attached to a bridged on the host. Any number of such tunnels can be "
6424
"created by adding more <command>lxc.network.type=veth</command> entries in "
6425
"the container configuration file. The bridge to which the host end of the "
6426
"tunnel will be attached is specified with <command>lxc.network.link = "
6427
"lxcbr0</command>."
6428
msgstr ""
6429
6430
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3185(para)
6431
msgid ""
6432
"<command>lxc.network.type=phys</command> A physical network interface (i.e. "
6433
"eth2) is passed into the container."
6434
msgstr ""
6435
6436
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3190(para)
6437
msgid ""
6438
"Two other options are to use vlan or macvlan, however their use is more "
6439
"complicated and is not described here. A few other networking options exist:"
6440
msgstr ""
6441
6442
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3196(para)
6443
msgid ""
6444
"<command>lxc.network.flags</command> can only be set to "
6445
"<emphasis>up</emphasis> and ensures that the network interface is up."
6446
msgstr ""
6447
6448
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3202(para)
6449
msgid ""
6450
"<command>lxc.network.hwaddr</command> specifies a mac address to assign to "
6451
"the nic inside the container."
6452
msgstr ""
6453
6454
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3207(para)
6455
msgid ""
6456
"<command>lxc.network.ipv4</command> and <command>lxc.network.ipv6</command> "
6457
"set the respective IP addresses, if those should be static."
6458
msgstr ""
6459
6460
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3213(para)
6461
msgid ""
6462
"<command>lxc.network.name</command> specifies a name to assign inside the "
6463
"container. If this is not specified, a good default (i.e. eth0 for the first "
6464
"nic) is chosen."
6465
msgstr ""
6466
6467
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3219(para)
6468
msgid ""
6469
"<command>lxc.network.lxcscript.up</command> specifies a script to be called "
6470
"after the host side of the networking has been set up. See the "
6471
"<command>lxc.conf(5)</command> manual page for details."
6472
msgstr ""
6473
6474
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3228(title)
6475
msgid "Control group configuration"
6476
msgstr ""
6477
6478
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3230(para)
6479
msgid ""
6480
"Cgroup options can be specified using <command>lxc.cgroup</command> entries. "
6481
"<command>lxc.cgroup.subsystem.item = value</command> instructs LXC to set "
6482
"cgroup <command>subsystem</command>'s <command>item</command> to "
6483
"<command>value</command>. It is perhaps simpler to realize that this will "
6484
"simply write <command>value</command> to the file <command>item</command> "
6485
"for the container's control group for subsystem "
6486
"<command>subsystem</command>. For instance, to set the memory limit to 320M, "
6487
"you could add"
6488
msgstr ""
6489
6490
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3241(command)
6491
msgid "lxc.cgroup.memory.limit_in_bytes = 320000000"
6492
msgstr ""
6493
6494
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3246(para)
6495
msgid ""
6496
"which will cause 320000000 to be written to the file "
6497
"<filename>/sys/fs/cgroup/memory/lxc/CN/limit_in_bytes</filename>."
6498
msgstr ""
6499
6500
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3251(title)
6501
msgid "Rootfs, mounts and fstab"
6502
msgstr ""
6503
6504
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3253(para)
6505
msgid ""
6506
"An important part of container setup is the mounting of various filesystems "
6507
"into place. The following is an example configuration file excerpt "
6508
"demonstrating the commonly used configuration options:"
6509
msgstr ""
6510
6511
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3258(command)
6512
msgid ""
6513
"lxc.rootfs = /var/lib/lxc/CN/rootfs lxc.mount.entry=proc "
6514
"/var/lib/lxc/CN/rootfs/proc proc nodev,noexec,nosuid 0 0 lxc.mount = "
6515
"/var/lib/lxc/CN/fstab"
6516
msgstr ""
6517
6518
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3265(para)
6519
msgid ""
6520
"The first line says that the container's root filesystem is already mounted "
6521
"at <filename>/var/lib/lxc/CN/rootfs</filename>. If the filesystem is a block "
6522
"device (such as an LVM logical volume), then the path to the block device "
6523
"must be given instead."
6524
msgstr ""
6525
6526
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3270(para)
6527
msgid ""
6528
"Each <command>lxc.mount.entry</command> line should contain an item to mount "
6529
"in valid fstab format. The target directory should be prefixed by "
6530
"<filename>/var/lib/lxc/CN/rootfs</filename>, even if "
6531
"<command>lxc.rootfs</command> points to a block device."
6532
msgstr ""
6533
6534
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3275(para)
6535
msgid ""
6536
"Finally, <command>lxc.mount</command> points to a file, in fstab format, "
6537
"containing further items to mount. Note that all of these entries will be "
6538
"mounted by the host before the container init is started. In this way it is "
6539
"possible to bind mount various directories from the host into the container."
6540
msgstr ""
6541
6542
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3283(title)
6543
msgid "Other configuration options"
6544
msgstr ""
6545
6546
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3287(para)
6547
msgid ""
6548
"<command>lxc.cap.drop</command> can be used to prevent the container from "
6549
"having or ever obtaining the listed capabilities. For instance, including"
6550
msgstr ""
6551
6552
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3292(command)
6553
msgid "lxc.cap.drop = sys_admin"
6554
msgstr ""
6555
6556
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3297(para)
6557
msgid ""
6558
"will prevent the container from mounting filesystems, as well as all other "
6559
"actions which require cap_sys_admin. See the "
6560
"<command>capabilities(7)</command> manual page for a list of capabilities "
6561
"and their meanings."
6562
msgstr ""
6563
6564
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3304(para)
6565
msgid ""
6566
"<command>lxc.aa_profile = lxc-CN-profile</command> specifies a custom "
6567
"Apparmor profile in which to start the container. See <xref linkend=\"lxc-"
6568
"apparmor\"/> for more information."
6569
msgstr ""
6570
6571
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3310(para)
6572
msgid ""
6573
"<command>lxc.console=/path/to/consolefile</command> will cause console "
6574
"messages to be written to the specified file."
6575
msgstr ""
6576
6577
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3315(para)
6578
msgid ""
6579
"<command>lxc.arch</command> specifies the architecture for the container, "
6580
"for instance x86, or x86_64."
6581
msgstr ""
6582
6583
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3320(para)
6584
msgid ""
6585
"<command>lxc.tty=5</command> specifies that 5 consoles (in addition to "
6586
"<filename>/dev/console</filename>) should be created. That is, consoles will "
6587
"be available on <filename>/dev/tty1</filename> through "
6588
"<filename>/dev/tty5</filename>. The ubuntu templates set this value to 4."
6589
msgstr ""
6590
6591
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3329(para)
6592
msgid ""
6593
"<command>lxc.pts=1024</command> specifies that the container should have a "
6594
"private (Unix98) devpts filesystem mount. If this is not specified, then the "
6595
"container will share <filename>/dev/pts</filename> with the host, which is "
6596
"rarely desired. The number 1024 means that 1024 ptys should be allowed in "
6597
"the container, however this number is currently ignored. Before starting the "
6598
"container init, LXC will do (essentially) a"
6599
msgstr ""
6600
6601
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3338(command)
6602
msgid "sudo mount -t devpts -o newinstance devpts /dev/pts"
6603
msgstr ""
6604
6605
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3343(para)
6606
msgid ""
6607
"inside the container. It is important to realize that the container should "
6608
"not mount devpts filesystems of its own. It may safely do bind or move "
6609
"mounts of its mounted <filename>/dev/pts</filename>. But if it does"
6610
msgstr ""
6611
6612
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3349(command)
6613
msgid "sudo mount -t devpts devpts /dev/pts"
6614
msgstr ""
6615
6616
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3354(para)
6617
msgid ""
6618
"it will remount the host's devpts instance. If it adds the newinstance mount "
6619
"option, then it will mount a new private (empty) instance. In neither case "
6620
"will it remount the instance which was set up by LXC. For this reason, and "
6621
"to prevent the container from using the host's ptys, the default Apparmor "
6622
"policy will not allow containers to mount devpts filesystems after the "
6623
"container's init has been started."
6624
msgstr ""
6625
6626
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3364(para)
6627
msgid ""
6628
"<command>lxc.devttydir</command> specifies a directory under "
6629
"<filename>/dev</filename> in which LXC will create its console devices. If "
6630
"this option is not specified, then the ptys will be bind-mounted over "
6631
"<filename>/dev/console</filename> and <filename>/dev/ttyN.</filename> "
6632
"However, rare package updates may try to blindly <emphasis>rm -f</emphasis> "
6633
"and then <emphasis>mknod</emphasis> those devices. They will fail (because "
6634
"the file has been bind-mounted), causing the package update to fail. When "
6635
"<command>lxc.devttydir</command> is set to LXC, for instance, then LXC will "
6636
"bind-mount the console ptys onto <filename>/dev/lxc/console</filename> and "
6637
"<filename>/dev/lxc/ttyN,</filename> and subsequently symbolically link them "
6638
"to <filename>/dev/console</filename> and <filename>/dev/ttyN.</filename> "
6639
"This allows the package updates to succeed, at the risk of making future "
6640
"gettys on those consoles fail until the next reboot. This problem will be "
6641
"ideally solved with device namespaces."
6642
msgstr ""
6643
6644
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3384(para)
6645
msgid ""
6646
"The <command>lxc.hook.</command> options specify programs to run at various "
6647
"points in a container's life cycle. See <xref linkend=\"lxc-hooks\"/> for "
6648
"more information on these hooks. To have multiple hooks called at any point, "
6649
"list them in multiple entries. The possible values, whose precise meanings "
6650
"are described in <xref linkend=\"lxc-hooks\"/>, are"
6651
msgstr ""
6652
6653
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3393(command)
6654
msgid "lxc.hook.pre-start"
6655
msgstr ""
6656
6657
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3397(command)
6658
msgid "lxc.hook.pre-mount"
6659
msgstr ""
6660
6661
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3401(command)
6662
msgid "lxc.hook.mount"
6663
msgstr ""
6664
6665
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3405(command)
6666
msgid "lxc.hook.start"
6667
msgstr ""
6668
6669
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3409(command)
6670
msgid "lxc.hook.post-stop"
6671
msgstr ""
6672
6673
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3415(para)
6674
msgid ""
6675
"The <command>lxc.include</command> option specifies another configuration "
6676
"file to be loaded. This allows common configuration sections to be defined "
6677
"once and included by several containers, simplifying updates of the common "
6678
"section."
6679
msgstr ""
6680
6681
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3422(para)
6682
msgid ""
6683
"The <command>lxc.seccomp</command> option (introduced with Ubuntu 12.10) "
6684
"specifies a file containing a <emphasis>seccomp</emphasis> policy to load. "
6685
"See <xref linkend=\"lxc-security\"/> for more information on seccomp in lxc."
6686
msgstr ""
6687
6688
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3433(title)
6689
msgid "Updates in Ubuntu containers"
6690
msgstr ""
6691
6692
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3435(para)
6693
msgid ""
6694
"Because of some limitations which are placed on containers, package upgrades "
6695
"at times can fail. For instance, a package install or upgrade might fail if "
6696
"it is not allowed to create or open a block device. This often blocks all "
6697
"future upgrades until the issue is resolved. In some cases, you can work "
6698
"around this by chrooting into the container, to avoid the container "
6699
"restrictions, and completing the upgrade in the chroot."
6700
msgstr ""
6701
6702
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3443(para)
6703
msgid ""
6704
"Some of the specific things known to occasionally impede package upgrades "
6705
"include:"
6706
msgstr ""
6707
6708
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3448(para)
6709
msgid ""
6710
"The container modifications performed when creating containers with the --"
6711
"trim option."
6712
msgstr ""
6713
6714
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3453(para)
6715
msgid ""
6716
"Actions performed by lxcguest. For instance, because "
6717
"<filename>/lib/init/fstab</filename> is bind-mounted from another file, "
6718
"mountall upgrades which insist on replacing that file can fail."
6719
msgstr ""
6720
6721
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3460(para)
6722
msgid ""
6723
"The over-mounting of console devices with ptys from the host can cause "
6724
"trouble with udev upgrades."
6725
msgstr ""
6726
6727
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3465(para)
6728
msgid ""
6729
"Apparmor policy and devices cgroup restrictions can prevent package upgrades "
6730
"from performing certain actions."
6731
msgstr ""
6732
6733
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3470(para)
6734
msgid ""
6735
"Capabilities dropped by use of <command>lxc.cap.drop</command> can likewise "
6736
"stop package upgrades from performing certain actions."
6737
msgstr ""
6738
6739
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3478(title)
6740
msgid "Libvirt LXC"
6741
msgstr ""
6742
6743
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3480(para)
6744
msgid ""
6745
"Libvirt is a powerful hypervisor management solution with which you can "
6746
"administer Qemu, Xen and LXC virtual machines, both locally and remote. The "
6747
"libvirt LXC driver is a separate implementation from what we normally call "
6748
"<emphasis>LXC</emphasis>. A few differences include:"
6749
msgstr ""
6750
6751
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3488(para)
6752
msgid "Configuration is stored in xml format"
6753
msgstr ""
6754
6755
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3492(para)
6756
msgid "There no tools to facilitate container creation"
6757
msgstr ""
6758
6759
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3496(para)
6760
msgid "By default there is no console on <filename>/dev/console</filename>"
6761
msgstr ""
6762
6763
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3501(para)
6764
msgid "There is no support (yet) for container reboot or full shutdown"
6765
msgstr ""
6766
6767
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3519(title)
6768
msgid "Converting a LXC container to libvirt-lxc"
6769
msgstr ""
6770
6771
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3521(para)
6772
msgid ""
6773
"<xref linkend=\"lxc-creation\"/> showed how to create LXC containers. If "
6774
"you've created a valid LXC container in this way, you can manage it with "
6775
"libvirt. Fetch a sample xml file from"
6776
msgstr ""
6777
6778
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3526(command) serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3571(command)
6779
msgid "wget http://people.canonical.com/~serge/o1.xml"
6780
msgstr ""
6781
6782
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3531(para)
6783
msgid ""
6784
"Edit this file to replace the container name and root filesystem locations. "
6785
"Then you can define the container with:"
6786
msgstr ""
6787
6788
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3535(command)
6789
msgid "virsh -c lxc:/// define o1.xml"
6790
msgstr ""
6791
6792
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3542(title)
6793
msgid "Creating a container from cloud image"
6794
msgstr ""
6795
6796
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3544(para)
6797
msgid ""
6798
"If you prefer to create a pristine new container just for LXC, you can "
6799
"download an ubuntu cloud image, extract it, and point a libvirt LXC xml file "
6800
"to it. For instance, find the url for a root tarball for the latest daily "
6801
"Ubuntu 12.04 LTS cloud image using"
6802
msgstr ""
6803
6804
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3550(command)
6805
msgid ""
6806
"url1=`ubuntu-cloudimg-query precise daily $arch --format \"%{url}\\n\"` "
6807
"url=`echo $url1 | sed -e 's/.tar.gz/-root\\0/'` wget $url filename=`basename "
6808
"$url`"
6809
msgstr ""
6810
6811
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3558(para)
6812
msgid "Extract the downloaded tarball, for instance"
6813
msgstr ""
6814
6815
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3561(command)
6816
msgid "mkdir $HOME/c1 cd $HOME/c1 sudo tar zxf $filename"
6817
msgstr ""
6818
6819
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3568(para)
6820
msgid "Download the xml template"
6821
msgstr ""
6822
6823
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3576(para)
6824
msgid ""
6825
"In the xml template, replace the name o1 with c1 and the source directory "
6826
"<filename>/var/lib/lxc/o1/rootfs</filename> with "
6827
"<filename>$HOME/c1</filename>. Then define the container using"
6828
msgstr ""
6829
6830
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3581(command)
6831
msgid "virsh define o1.xml"
6832
msgstr ""
6833
6834
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3588(title)
6835
msgid "Interacting with libvirt containers"
6836
msgstr ""
6837
6838
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3590(para)
6839
msgid "As we've seen, you can create a libvirt-lxc container using"
6840
msgstr ""
6841
6842
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3594(command)
6843
msgid "virsh -c lxc:/// define container.xml"
6844
msgstr ""
6845
6846
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3599(para)
6847
msgid "To start a container called <emphasis>container</emphasis>, use"
6848
msgstr ""
6849
6850
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3603(command)
6851
msgid "virsh -c lxc:/// start container"
6852
msgstr ""
6853
6854
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3608(para)
6855
msgid "To stop a running container, use"
6856
msgstr ""
6857
6858
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3611(command)
6859
msgid "virsh -c lxc:/// destroy container"
6860
msgstr ""
6861
6862
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3616(para)
6863
msgid ""
6864
"Note that whereas the <command>lxc-destroy</command> command deletes the "
6865
"container, the <command>virsh destroy</command> command stops a running "
6866
"container. To delete the container definition, use"
6867
msgstr ""
6868
6869
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3622(command)
6870
msgid "virsh -c lxc:/// undefine container"
6871
msgstr ""
6872
6873
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3627(para)
6874
msgid "To get a console to a running container, use"
6875
msgstr ""
6876
6877
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3630(command)
6878
msgid "virsh -c lxc:/// console container"
6879
msgstr ""
6880
6881
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3635(para)
6882
msgid "Exit the console by simultaneously pressing control and ]."
6883
msgstr ""
6884
6885
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3641(title)
6886
msgid "The lxcguest package"
6887
msgstr ""
6888
6889
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3643(para)
6890
msgid ""
6891
"In the 11.04 (Natty) and 11.10 (Oneiric) releases of Ubuntu, a package was "
6892
"introduced called <emphasis role=\"italic\">lxcguest</emphasis>. An "
6893
"unmodified root image could not be safely booted inside a container, but an "
6894
"image with the lxcguest package installed could be booted as a container, on "
6895
"bare hardware, or in a Xen, kvm, or VMware virtual machine."
6896
msgstr ""
6897
6898
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3650(para)
6899
msgid ""
6900
"As of the 12.04 LTS release, the work previously done by the lxcguest "
6901
"package was pushed into the core packages, and the lxcguest package was "
6902
"removed. As a result, an unmodified 12.04 LTS image can be booted as a "
6903
"container, on bare hardware, or in a Xen, kvm, or VMware virtual machine. To "
6904
"use an older release, the lxcguest package should still be used."
6905
msgstr ""
6906
6907
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3659(title)
6908
msgid "Python api"
6909
msgstr ""
6910
6911
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3661(para)
6912
msgid ""
6913
"As of 12.10 (Quantal) a <application>python3-lxc</application> package is "
6914
"available which provides a python module, called <command>lxc</command>, for "
6915
"managing <application>lxc</application> containers. An example python "
6916
"session to create and start an Ubuntu container called "
6917
"<filename>C1</filename>, then wait until it has been shut down, would look "
6918
"like:"
6919
msgstr ""
6920
6921
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3668(programlisting)
5223
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2211(title) serverguide/C/mail.xml:390(title) serverguide/C/mail.xml:1702(title) serverguide/C/dns.xml:375(title)
5224
msgid "Troubleshooting"
5225
msgstr ""
5226
5227
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2213(title) serverguide/C/network-auth.xml:765(title) serverguide/C/dns.xml:517(title)
5228
msgid "Logging"
5229
msgstr ""
5230
5231
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2214(para)
5232
msgid ""
5233
"If something goes wrong when starting a container, the first step should be "
5234
"to get full logging from LXC: <screen>\n"
5235
"<command>\n"
5236
"sudo lxc-start -n C1 -l trace -o debug.out\n"
5237
"</command>\n"
5238
"</screen> This will cause lxc to log at the most verbose level, "
5239
"<filename>trace</filename>, and to output log information to a file called "
5240
"'debug.out'. If the file <filename>debug.out</filename> already exists, the "
5241
"new log information will be appended."
5242
msgstr ""
5243
5244
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2229(title)
5245
msgid "Monitoring container status"
5246
msgstr ""
5247
5248
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2231(para)
5249
msgid ""
5250
"Two commands are available to monitor container state changes. <command>lxc-"
5251
"monitor</command> monitors one or more containers for any state changes. It "
5252
"takes a container name as usual with the <emphasis>-n</emphasis> option, but "
5253
"in this case the container name can be a posix regular expression to allow "
5254
"monitoring desirable sets of containers. <command>lxc-monitor</command> "
5255
"continues running as it prints container changes. <command>lxc-"
5256
"wait</command> waits for a specific state change and then exits. For "
5257
"instance,"
5258
msgstr ""
5259
5260
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2241(command)
5261
msgid "sudo lxc-monitor -n cont[0-5]*"
5262
msgstr ""
5263
5264
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2246(para)
5265
msgid ""
5266
"would print all state changes to any containers matching the listed regular "
5267
"expression, whereas"
5268
msgstr ""
5269
5270
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2250(command)
5271
msgid "sudo lxc-wait -n cont1 -s 'STOPPED|FROZEN'"
5272
msgstr ""
5273
5274
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2255(para)
5275
msgid ""
5276
"will wait until container cont1 enters state STOPPED or state FROZEN and "
5277
"then exit."
5278
msgstr ""
5279
5280
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2260(title)
5281
msgid "Attach"
5282
msgstr ""
5283
5284
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2261(para)
5285
msgid ""
5286
"As of Ubuntu 14.04, it is possible to attach to a container's namespaces. "
5287
"The simplest case is to simply do <screen>\n"
5288
"<command>\n"
5289
"sudo lxc-attach -n C1\n"
5290
"</command>\n"
5291
"</screen> which will start a shell attached to C1's namespaces, or, "
5292
"effectively inside the container. The attach functionality is very flexible, "
5293
"allowing attaching to a subset of the container's namespaces and security "
5294
"context. See the manual page for more information."
5295
msgstr ""
5296
5297
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2277(title)
5298
msgid "Container init verbosity"
5299
msgstr ""
5300
5301
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2278(para)
5302
msgid ""
5303
"If LXC completes the container startup, but the container init fails to "
5304
"complete (for instance, no login prompt is shown), it can be useful to "
5305
"request additional verbosity from the init process. For an upstart "
5306
"container, this might be: <screen>\n"
5307
"<command>\n"
5308
"sudo lxc-start -n C1 /sbin/init loglevel=debug\n"
5309
"</command>\n"
5310
"</screen> You can also start an entirely different program in place of init, "
5311
"for instance <screen>\n"
5312
"<command>\n"
5313
"sudo lxc-start -n C1 /bin/bash\n"
5314
"sudo lxc-start -n C1 /bin/sleep 100\n"
5315
"sudo lxc-start -n C1 /bin/cat /proc/1/status\n"
5316
"</command>\n"
5317
"</screen>"
5318
msgstr ""
5319
5320
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2302(title)
5321
msgid "LXC API"
5322
msgstr ""
5323
5324
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2304(para)
5325
msgid ""
5326
"Most of the LXC functionality can now be accessed through an API exported by "
5327
"<filename>liblxc</filename> for which bindings are available in several "
5328
"languages, including Python, lua, ruby, and go."
5329
msgstr ""
5330
5331
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2308(para)
5332
msgid ""
5333
"Below is an example using the python bindings (which are available in the "
5334
"<application>python3-lxc</application> package) which creates and starts a "
5335
"container, then waits until it has been shut down:"
5336
msgstr ""
5337
5338
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2314(programlisting)
6922
5339
#, no-wrap
6923
5340
msgid ""
6924
5341
"\n"
6940
5357
"True\n"
6941
5358
msgstr ""
6942
5359
6943
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3685(para)
6944
msgid ""
6945
"Debug information for containers started with the python API will be placed "
6946
"in <filename>/var/log/lxccontainer.log</filename>."
6947
msgstr ""
6948
6949
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3690(title) serverguide/C/security.xml:11(title)
5360
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2334(title) serverguide/C/security.xml:11(title)
6950
5361
msgid "Security"
6951
5362
msgstr ""
6952
5363
6953
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3692(para)
5364
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2336(para)
6954
5365
msgid ""
6955
5366
"A namespace maps ids to resources. By not providing a container any id with "
6956
5367
"which to reference a resource, the resource can be protected. This is the "
6961
5372
"host."
6962
5373
msgstr ""
6963
5374
6964
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3701(para)
5375
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2345(para)
6965
5376
msgid ""
6966
5377
"By default, LXC containers are started under a Apparmor policy to restrict "
6967
"some actions. However, while stronger security is a goal for future "
6968
"releases, in 12.04 LTS the goal of the Apparmor policy is not to stop "
6969
"malicious actions but rather to stop accidental harm of the host by the "
6970
"guest. The details of AppArmor integration with lxc are in section <xref "
6971
"linkend=\"lxc-apparmor\"/>"
5378
"some actions. The details of AppArmor integration with lxc are in section "
5379
"<xref linkend=\"lxc-apparmor\"/>. Unprivileged containers go further by "
5380
"mapping root in the container to an unprivileged host userid. This prevents "
5381
"access to <filename>/proc</filename> and <filename>/sys</filename> files "
5382
"representing host resources, as well as any other files owned by root on the "
5383
"host."
6972
5384
msgstr ""
6973
5385
6974
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3709(title)
5386
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2356(title)
6975
5387
msgid "Exploitable system calls"
6976
5388
msgstr ""
6977
5389
6978
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3711(para)
5390
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2358(para)
6979
5391
msgid ""
6980
5392
"It is a core container feature that containers share a kernel with the host. "
6981
5393
"Therefore if the kernel contains any exploitable system calls the container "
6983
5395
"fully control any resource known to the host."
6984
5396
msgstr ""
6985
5397
6986
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3717(para)
5398
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2364(para)
6987
5399
msgid ""
6988
5400
"Since Ubuntu 12.10 (Quantal) a container can also be constrained by a "
6989
5401
"seccomp filter. Seccomp is a new kernel feature which filters the system "
6995
5407
"by a list of numbers, one per line."
6996
5408
msgstr ""
6997
5409
6998
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3727(para)
5410
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2374(para)
6999
5411
msgid ""
7000
5412
"In general to run a full distribution container a large number of system "
7001
5413
"calls will be needed. However for application containers it may be possible "
7002
5414
"to reduce the number of available system calls to only a few. Even for "
7003
5415
"system containers running a full distribution security gains may be had, for "
7004
5416
"instance by removing the 32-bit compatibility system calls in a 64-bit "
7005
"container. See <xref linkend=\"lxc-conf-other\"/> for details of how to "
5417
"container. See the lxc.container.conf manual page for details of how to "
7006
5418
"configure a container to use seccomp. By default, no seccomp policy is "
7007
5419
"loaded."
7008
5420
msgstr ""
7009
5421
7010
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3743(para)
5422
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2390(para)
7011
5423
msgid ""
7012
5424
"The DeveloperWorks article <ulink "
7013
5425
"url=\"https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-lxc-"
7015
5427
"to the use of containers."
7016
5428
msgstr ""
7017
5429
7018
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3750(para)
5430
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2397(para)
7019
5431
msgid ""
7020
5432
"The <ulink url=\"http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-lxc-"
7021
5433
"security/index.html\"> Secure Containers Cookbook</ulink> demonstrated the "
7022
5434
"use of security modules to make containers more secure."
7023
5435
msgstr ""
7024
5436
7025
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3757(para)
5437
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2404(para) serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:215(para)
7026
5438
msgid "Manual pages referenced above can be found at:"
7027
5439
msgstr ""
7028
5440
7029
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3759(ulink)
5441
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2406(ulink)
7030
5442
msgid "capabilities"
7031
5443
msgstr ""
7032
5444
7033
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3760(ulink)
5445
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2407(ulink)
7034
5446
msgid "lxc.conf"
7035
5447
msgstr ""
7036
5448
7037
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3765(para)
5449
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2412(para)
7038
5450
msgid ""
7039
5451
"The upstream LXC project is hosted at <ulink "
7040
"url=\"http://lxc.sf.net\">Sourceforge</ulink>."
5452
"url=\"http://linuxcontainers.org\">linuxcontainers.org</ulink>."
7041
5453
msgstr ""
7042
5454
7043
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3770(para)
5455
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2417(para)
7044
5456
msgid ""
7045
5457
"LXC security issues are listed and discussed at <ulink "
7046
5458
"url=\"http://wiki.ubuntu.com/LxcSecurity\">the LXC Security wiki page</ulink>"
7047
5459
msgstr ""
7048
5460
7049
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:3776(para)
5461
#: serverguide/C/virtualization.xml:2423(para)
7050
5462
msgid ""
7051
5463
"For more on namespaces in Linux, see: S. Bhattiprolu, E. W. Biederman, S. E. "
7052
5464
"Hallyn, and D. Lezcano. Virtual Servers and Check- point/Restart in "
7053
"Mainstream Linux. SIGOPS Op- erating Systems Review, 42(5), 2008."
5465
"Mainstream Linux. SIGOPS Operating Systems Review, 42(5), 2008."
7054
5466
msgstr ""
7055
5467
7056
5468
#: serverguide/C/vcs.xml:11(title)
7170
5582
msgid "git config --global user.name \"Your Name\""
7171
5583
msgstr ""
7172
5584
7173
#: serverguide/C/vcs.xml:104(title)
7174
msgid "Basic usage"
7175
msgstr ""
7176
7177
5585
#: serverguide/C/vcs.xml:105(para)
7178
5586
msgid ""
7179
5587
"The above is already sufficient to use git in a distributed and secure way, "
7326
5734
#: serverguide/C/vcs.xml:176(para)
7327
5735
msgid ""
7328
5736
"Adding new users to gitolite is simple: just obtain their public SSH key and "
7329
"add it to the keydir directory as $DESIRED_USER_NAME.pub. Note that the the "
5737
"add it to the keydir directory as $DESIRED_USER_NAME.pub. Note that the "
7330
5738
"gitolite usernames don't have to match the system usernames - they are only "
7331
5739
"used in the gitolite configuration file to manage access control. Similarly, "
7332
5740
"users are deleted by deleting their public key file. After each change, do "
7380
5788
7381
5789
#: serverguide/C/vcs.xml:199(para)
7382
5790
msgid ""
7383
"Or add the server's project as a remote for an existing git repostory:"
5791
"Or add the server's project as a remote for an existing git repository:"
7384
5792
msgstr ""
7385
5793
7386
5794
#: serverguide/C/vcs.xml:201(command)
7921
6329
7922
6330
#: serverguide/C/serverguide.xml:16(para)
7923
6331
msgid ""
7924
"Contributors to the <ulink url=\"https://help.ubuntu.com/community/\">Ubuntu "
7925
"Documentation Wiki</ulink>"
6332
"Contributors to the <ulink "
6333
"url=\"https://help.ubuntu.com/community/\">Community Help Wiki</ulink>"
7926
6334
msgstr ""
7927
6335
7928
6336
#: serverguide/C/serverguide.xml:17(para)
7938
6346
msgstr ""
7939
6347
7940
6348
#: serverguide/C/serverguide.xml:22(year)
7941
msgid "2012"
6349
msgid "2014"
7942
6350
msgstr ""
7943
6351
7944
6352
#: serverguide/C/serverguide.xml:23(holder)
7969
6377
#: serverguide/C/security.xml:15(para)
7970
6378
msgid ""
7971
6379
"This chapter provides an overview of security related topics as they pertain "
7972
"to Ubuntu 13.10 Server Edition, and outlines simple measures you may use to "
7973
"protect your server and network from any number of potential security "
6380
"to Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Server Edition, and outlines simple measures you may use "
6381
"to protect your server and network from any number of potential security "
7974
6382
"threats."
7975
6383
msgstr ""
7976
6384
10218
8626
msgid "Now unmount <filename>/srv</filename>, and try to view a file:"
10219
8627
msgstr ""
10220
8628
10221
#: serverguide/C/security.xml:1707(command) serverguide/C/installation.xml:1126(command) serverguide/C/clustering.xml:198(command)
8629
#: serverguide/C/security.xml:1707(command) serverguide/C/installation.xml:1120(command) serverguide/C/clustering.xml:198(command)
10222
8630
msgid "sudo umount /srv"
10223
8631
msgstr ""
10224
8632
10360
8768
#: serverguide/C/security.xml:1825(para)
10361
8769
msgid ""
10362
8770
"Also, for more <application>ecryptfs</application> options see the <ulink "
10363
"url=\"http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/saucy/en/man7/ecryptfs.7.html\">ecr"
10364
"yptfs man page</ulink>."
8771
"url=\"http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/trusty/en/man7/ecryptfs.7.html\">ec"
8772
"ryptfs man page</ulink>."
10365
8773
msgstr ""
10366
8774
10367
8775
#: serverguide/C/security.xml:1831(para)
11677
10085
msgid ""
11678
10086
"For more <application>smbclient</application> options see the man page: "
11679
10087
"<command>man smbclient</command>, also available <ulink "
11680
"url=\"http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/saucy/en/man1/smbclient.1.html\">on"
11681
"line</ulink>."
10088
"url=\"http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/trusty/en/man1/smbclient.1.html\">o"
10089
"nline</ulink>."
11682
10090
msgstr ""
11683
10091
11684
10092
#: serverguide/C/samba.xml:1306(para)
11685
10093
msgid ""
11686
10094
"The <application>mount.cifs</application><ulink "
11687
"url=\"http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/saucy/en/man8/mount.cifs.8.html\">m"
11688
"an page</ulink> is also useful for more detailed information."
10095
"url=\"http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/trusty/en/man8/mount.cifs.8.html\">"
10096
"man page</ulink> is also useful for more detailed information."
11689
10097
msgstr ""
11690
10098
11691
10099
#: serverguide/C/reporting-bugs.xml:11(title)
12547
10955
12548
10956
#: serverguide/C/remote-administration.xml:450(para)
12549
10957
msgid ""
12550
"<application>Zentyal</application> consists of a serie of packages (usually "
10958
"<application>Zentyal</application> consists of a series of packages (usually "
12551
10959
"one for each module) that provide a web interface to configure the different "
12552
10960
"servers or services. The configuration is stored on a key-value "
12553
10961
"<application>Redis</application> database but users, groups and domains "
12687
11095
#: serverguide/C/remote-administration.xml:598(para)
12688
11096
msgid ""
12689
11097
"If you need more information on how to add packages from a PPA see <ulink "
12690
"url=\"https://help.ubuntu.com/13.10/ubuntu-help/addremove-ppa.html\"> Add a "
11098
"url=\"https://help.ubuntu.com/14.04/ubuntu-help/addremove-ppa.html\"> Add a "
12691
11099
"Personal Package Archive (PPA)</ulink>."
12692
11100
msgstr ""
12693
11101
13355
11763
msgid ""
13356
11764
"\n"
13357
11765
"Unattended-Upgrade::Allowed-Origins {\n"
13358
" \"Ubuntu saucy-security\";\n"
13359
"// \"Ubuntu saucy-updates\";\n"
11766
" \"Ubuntu trusty-security\";\n"
11767
"// \"Ubuntu trusty-updates\";\n"
13360
11768
"};\n"
13361
11769
msgstr ""
13362
11770
13490
11898
msgid ""
13491
11899
"\n"
13492
11900
"# no more prompting for CD-ROM please\n"
13493
"# deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 13.10 _Saucy Salamander_ - Release i386 (20111013.1)]/ "
13494
"saucy main restricted\n"
11901
"# deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 14.04 _Trusty Tahr_ - Release i386 (20111013.1)]/ trusty "
11902
"main restricted\n"
13495
11903
msgstr ""
13496
11904
13497
11905
#: serverguide/C/package-management.xml:435(title)
13547
11955
#, no-wrap
13548
11956
msgid ""
13549
11957
"\n"
13550
"deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu saucy universe multiverse\n"
13551
"deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu saucy universe multiverse\n"
13552
"\n"
13553
"deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ saucy universe\n"
13554
"deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ saucy universe\n"
13555
"deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ saucy-updates universe\n"
13556
"deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ saucy-updates universe\n"
13557
"\n"
13558
"deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ saucy multiverse\n"
13559
"deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ saucy multiverse\n"
13560
"deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ saucy-updates multiverse\n"
13561
"deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ saucy-updates multiverse\n"
13562
"\n"
13563
"deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu saucy-security universe\n"
13564
"deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu saucy-security universe\n"
13565
"deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu saucy-security multiverse\n"
13566
"deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu saucy-security multiverse\n"
11958
"deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty universe multiverse\n"
11959
"deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty universe multiverse\n"
11960
"\n"
11961
"deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty universe\n"
11962
"deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty universe\n"
11963
"deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates universe\n"
11964
"deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates universe\n"
11965
"\n"
11966
"deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty multiverse\n"
11967
"deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty multiverse\n"
11968
"deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates multiverse\n"
11969
"deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates multiverse\n"
11970
"\n"
11971
"deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty-security universe\n"
11972
"deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty-security universe\n"
11973
"deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty-security multiverse\n"
11974
"deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty-security multiverse\n"
13567
11975
msgstr ""
13568
11976
13569
11977
#: serverguide/C/package-management.xml:481(para)
13582
11990
#: serverguide/C/package-management.xml:493(para)
13583
11991
msgid ""
13584
11992
"For more <application>dpkg</application> details see the <ulink "
13585
"url=\"http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/saucy/en/man1/dpkg.1.html\">dpkg "
11993
"url=\"http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/trusty/en/man1/dpkg.1.html\">dpkg "
13586
11994
"man page</ulink>."
13587
11995
msgstr ""
13588
11996
13590
11998
msgid ""
13591
11999
"The <ulink url=\"http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/apt-howto/\">APT "
13592
12000
"HOWTO</ulink> and <ulink "
13593
"url=\"http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/saucy/en/man8/apt-get.8.html\">apt-"
13594
"get man page</ulink> contain useful information regarding <application>apt-"
13595
"get</application> usage."
12001
"url=\"http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/trusty/en/man8/apt-"
12002
"get.8.html\">apt-get man page</ulink> contain useful information regarding "
12003
"<application>apt-get</application> usage."
13596
12004
msgstr ""
13597
12005
13598
12006
#: serverguide/C/package-management.xml:506(para)
13599
12007
msgid ""
13600
12008
"See the <ulink "
13601
"url=\"http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/saucy/man8/aptitude.8.html\">aptitu"
13602
"de man page</ulink> for more <application>aptitude</application> options."
12009
"url=\"http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/trusty/man8/aptitude.8.html\">aptit"
12010
"ude man page</ulink> for more <application>aptitude</application> options."
13603
12011
msgstr ""
13604
12012
13605
12013
#: serverguide/C/package-management.xml:512(para)
14059
12467
#: serverguide/C/other-apps.xml:349(para)
14060
12468
msgid ""
14061
12469
"See the <ulink "
14062
"url=\"http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/saucy/en/man5/update-motd.5.html\">"
14063
"update-motd man page</ulink> for more options available to "
12470
"url=\"http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/trusty/en/man5/update-"
12471
"motd.5.html\">update-motd man page</ulink> for more options available to "
14064
12472
"<application>update-motd</application>."
14065
12473
msgstr ""
14066
12474
14110
12518
"information."
14111
12519
msgstr ""
14112
12520
14113
#: serverguide/C/network-config.xml:11(title)
14114
msgid "Networking"
14115
msgstr ""
14116
14117
12521
#: serverguide/C/network-config.xml:12(para)
14118
12522
msgid ""
14119
12523
"Networks consist of two or more devices, such as computer systems, printers, "
14129
12533
"discussion of popular network protocols."
14130
12534
msgstr ""
14131
12535
12536
#: serverguide/C/network-config.xml:25(title)
12537
msgid "Network Configuration"
12538
msgstr ""
12539
14132
12540
#: serverguide/C/network-config.xml:26(para)
14133
12541
msgid ""
14134
12542
"Ubuntu ships with a number of graphical utilities to configure your network "
14847
13255
msgstr ""
14848
13256
14849
13257
#: serverguide/C/network-config.xml:573(para)
14850
msgid "Now restart networking to enable the bridge interface:"
13258
msgid "Now bring up the bridge:"
13259
msgstr ""
13260
13261
#: serverguide/C/network-config.xml:578(command)
13262
msgid "sudo ifup br0"
14851
13263
msgstr ""
14852
13264
14853
13265
#: serverguide/C/network-config.xml:580(para)
15169
13581
#: serverguide/C/network-config.xml:847(para)
15170
13582
msgid ""
15171
13583
"There are man pages for <ulink "
15172
"url=\"http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/saucy/en/man7/tcp.7.html\">TCP</uli"
15173
"nk> and <ulink "
15174
"url=\"http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/saucy/man7/ip.7.html\">IP</ulink> "
13584
"url=\"http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/trusty/en/man7/tcp.7.html\">TCP</ul"
13585
"ink> and <ulink "
13586
"url=\"http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/trusty/man7/ip.7.html\">IP</ulink> "
15175
13587
"that contain more useful information."
15176
13588
msgstr ""
15177
13589
15394
13806
#: serverguide/C/network-config.xml:1042(para)
15395
13807
msgid ""
15396
13808
"For more <filename>/etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf</filename> options see the <ulink "
15397
"url=\"http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/saucy/en/man5/dhcpd.conf.5.html\">d"
15398
"hcpd.conf man page</ulink>."
13809
"url=\"http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/trusty/en/man5/dhcpd.conf.5.html\">"
13810
"dhcpd.conf man page</ulink>."
15399
13811
msgstr ""
15400
13812
15401
13813
#: serverguide/C/network-config.xml:1049(ulink)
15462
13874
msgid "To install ntpd, from a terminal prompt enter:"
15463
13875
msgstr ""
15464
13876
13877
#: serverguide/C/network-config.xml:1093(command)
13878
msgid "sudo apt-get install ntp"
13879
msgstr ""
13880
15465
13881
#: serverguide/C/network-config.xml:1100(para)
15466
13882
msgid ""
15467
13883
"Edit <filename>/etc/ntp.conf</filename> to add/remove server lines. By "
16300
14716
"client-side documentation for details."
16301
14717
msgstr ""
16302
14718
16303
#: serverguide/C/network-auth.xml:765(title) serverguide/C/dns.xml:517(title)
16304
msgid "Logging"
16305
msgstr ""
16306
16307
14719
#: serverguide/C/network-auth.xml:767(para)
16308
14720
msgid ""
16309
14721
"Activity logging for slapd is indispensible when implementing an OpenLDAP-"
18591
17003
"some example client configurations."
18592
17004
msgstr ""
18593
17005
17006
#: serverguide/C/network-auth.xml:2702(title) serverguide/C/monitoring.xml:13(title) serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:15(title) serverguide/C/installation.xml:905(title) serverguide/C/dns.xml:62(title) serverguide/C/dm-multipath.xml:135(title) serverguide/C/chat.xml:15(title) serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:38(title) serverguide/C/backups.xml:545(title)
17007
msgid "Overview"
17008
msgstr ""
17009
18594
17010
#: serverguide/C/network-auth.xml:2704(para)
18595
17011
msgid ""
18596
17012
"If you are new to Kerberos there are a few terms that are good to understand "
19877
18293
"url=\"http://web.mit.edu/Kerberos/krb5-1.6/krb5-1.6.3/doc/krb5-"
19878
18294
"admin.html#Global-Operations-on-the-Kerberos-LDAP-Database\"> Section "
19879
18295
"5.6</ulink> and the <ulink "
19880
"url=\"http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/saucy/en/man8/kdb5_ldap_util.8.html"
19881
"\">kdb5_ldap_util man page</ulink>."
18296
"url=\"http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/trusty/en/man8/kdb5_ldap_util.8.htm"
18297
"l\">kdb5_ldap_util man page</ulink>."
19882
18298
msgstr ""
19883
18299
19884
18300
#: serverguide/C/network-auth.xml:3933(para)
19885
18301
msgid ""
19886
18302
"Another useful link is the <ulink "
19887
"url=\"http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/saucy/en/man5/krb5.conf.5.html\">kr"
19888
"b5.conf man page</ulink>."
18303
"url=\"http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/trusty/en/man5/krb5.conf.5.html\">k"
18304
"rb5.conf man page</ulink>."
19889
18305
msgstr ""
19890
18306
19891
18307
#: serverguide/C/network-auth.xml:3938(para)
21632
20048
"250 8BITMIME\n"
21633
20049
msgstr ""
21634
20050
21635
#: serverguide/C/mail.xml:390(title) serverguide/C/mail.xml:1702(title) serverguide/C/dns.xml:375(title)
21636
msgid "Troubleshooting"
21637
msgstr ""
21638
21639
20051
#: serverguide/C/mail.xml:391(para)
21640
20052
msgid ""
21641
20053
"This section introduces some common ways to determine the cause if problems "
21993
20405
msgstr ""
21994
20406
21995
20407
#: serverguide/C/mail.xml:656(command)
21996
msgid "sudo /usr/share/doc/exim4/examples/exim-adduser"
20408
msgid "sudo /usr/share/doc/exim4-base/examples/exim-adduser"
21997
20409
msgstr ""
21998
20410
21999
20411
#: serverguide/C/mail.xml:658(para)
23622
22034
"server:"
23623
22035
msgstr ""
23624
22036
23625
#: serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:227(title) serverguide/C/installation.xml:1247(title)
22037
#: serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:227(title) serverguide/C/installation.xml:1241(title)
23626
22038
msgid "Verification"
23627
22039
msgstr ""
23628
22040
23673
22085
msgid ""
23674
22086
"Before installing <application>MediaWiki</application> you should also "
23675
22087
"install <application>Apache2</application>, the "
23676
"<application>PHP5</application> scripting language and Database a Management "
22088
"<application>PHP5</application> scripting language and a Database Management "
23677
22089
"System. <application>MySQL</application> or "
23678
22090
"<application>PostgreSQL</application> are the most common, choose one "
23679
22091
"depending on your need. Please refer to those sections in this manual for "
23836
22248
#: serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:425(para)
23837
22249
msgid ""
23838
22250
"In a browser go to <emphasis>http://servername/phpmyadmin</emphasis>, "
23839
"replacing <emphasis role=\"italic\">serveranme</emphasis> with the server's "
22251
"replacing <emphasis role=\"italic\">servername</emphasis> with the server's "
23840
22252
"actual hostname. At the login, page enter <emphasis>root</emphasis> for the "
23841
22253
"<emphasis>username</emphasis>, or another <application>MySQL</application> "
23842
"user if you any setup, and enter the <application>MySQL</application> user's "
23843
"password."
22254
"user, if you have any setup, and enter the <application>MySQL</application> "
22255
"user's password."
23844
22256
msgstr ""
23845
22257
23846
22258
#: serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:432(para)
23962
22374
msgid ""
23963
22375
"For configuring your first <application>WordPress</application> application, "
23964
22376
"configure an apache site. Open <filename>/etc/apache2/sites-"
23965
"available/wordpress</filename> and write the following lines:"
22377
"available/wordpress.conf</filename> and write the following lines:"
23966
22378
msgstr ""
23967
22379
23968
22380
#: serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:542(programlisting)
23970
22382
msgid ""
23971
22383
"\n"
23972
22384
" Alias /blog /usr/share/wordpress\n"
23973
" Alias /blog/wp-content /var/lib/wordpress/wp-content\n"
23974
22385
" <Directory /usr/share/wordpress>\n"
23975
22386
" Options FollowSymLinks\n"
23976
22387
" AllowOverride Limit Options FileInfo\n"
23978
22389
" Order allow,deny\n"
23979
22390
" Allow from all\n"
23980
22391
" </Directory>\n"
23981
" <Directory /var/lib/wordpress/wp-content>\n"
22392
" <Directory /usr/share/wordpress/wp-content>\n"
23982
22393
" Options FollowSymLinks\n"
23983
22394
" Order allow,deny\n"
23984
22395
" Allow from all\n"
23986
22397
" "
23987
22398
msgstr ""
23988
22399
23989
#: serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:559(para)
22400
#: serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:558(para)
23990
22401
msgid "Enable this new <application>WordPress</application> site"
23991
22402
msgstr ""
23992
22403
23993
#: serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:562(command)
22404
#: serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:561(command)
23994
22405
msgid "sudo a2ensite wordpress"
23995
22406
msgstr ""
23996
22407
23997
#: serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:565(para)
22408
#: serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:564(para)
23998
22409
msgid ""
23999
22410
"Once you configure the <application>apache2</application> web server and "
24000
22411
"make it ready for your <application>WordPress</application> application, you "
24002
22413
"<application>apache2</application> web server:"
24003
22414
msgstr ""
24004
22415
24005
#: serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:577(para)
22416
#: serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:576(para)
24006
22417
msgid ""
24007
22418
"To facilitate multiple <application>WordPress</application> installations, "
24008
22419
"the name of this configuration file is based on the Host header of the HTTP "
24015
22426
"NAME_OF_YOUR_VIRTUAL_HOST.php."
24016
22427
msgstr ""
24017
22428
24018
#: serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:588(para)
22429
#: serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:587(para)
24019
22430
msgid ""
24020
22431
"Once the configuration file is written, it is up to you to choose a "
24021
22432
"convention for username and password to mysql for each "
24023
22434
"shows only one, localhost, example."
24024
22435
msgstr ""
24025
22436
24026
#: serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:595(para)
22437
#: serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:594(para)
24027
22438
msgid ""
24028
22439
"Now configure <application>WordPress</application> to use a mysql database. "
24029
22440
"Open <filename>/etc/wordpress/config-localhost.php</filename> file and write "
24030
22441
"the following lines:"
24031
22442
msgstr ""
24032
22443
24033
#: serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:601(programlisting)
22444
#: serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:600(programlisting)
24034
22445
#, no-wrap
24035
22446
msgid ""
24036
22447
"\n"
24039
22450
"define('DB_USER', 'wordpress');\n"
24040
22451
"define('DB_PASSWORD', 'yourpasswordhere');\n"
24041
22452
"define('DB_HOST', 'localhost');\n"
24042
"define('WP_CONTENT_DIR', '/var/lib/wordpress/wp-content');\n"
22453
"define('WP_CONTENT_DIR', '/usr/share/wordpress/wp-content');\n"
24043
22454
"?>\n"
24044
22455
msgstr ""
24045
22456
24046
#: serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:610(para)
22457
#: serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:609(para)
24047
22458
msgid ""
24048
22459
"Now create this mysql database. Open a temporary file with mysql commands "
24049
22460
"<filename>wordpress.sql</filename> and write the following lines:"
24050
22461
msgstr ""
24051
22462
24052
#: serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:613(programlisting)
22463
#: serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:612(programlisting)
24053
22464
#, no-wrap
24054
22465
msgid ""
24055
22466
"\n"
24061
22472
"FLUSH PRIVILEGES;\n"
24062
22473
msgstr ""
24063
22474
24064
#: serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:621(para)
22475
#: serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:620(para)
24065
22476
msgid "Execute these commands."
24066
22477
msgstr ""
24067
22478
24068
#: serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:623(command)
22479
#: serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:622(command)
24069
22480
msgid ""
24070
22481
"cat wordpress.sql | sudo mysql --defaults-extra-file=/etc/mysql/debian.cnf"
24071
22482
msgstr ""
24072
22483
24073
#: serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:625(para)
22484
#: serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:624(para)
24074
22485
msgid ""
24075
22486
"Your new <application>WordPress</application> can now be configured by "
24076
22487
"visiting <ulink url=\"http://localhost/blog/wp-"
24083
22494
"mail and click Install WordPress."
24084
22495
msgstr ""
24085
22496
24086
#: serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:632(para)
22497
#: serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:631(para)
24087
22498
msgid ""
24088
22499
"Note the generated password (if applicable) and click the login password. "
24089
22500
"Your <application>WordPress</application> is now ready for use."
24090
22501
msgstr ""
24091
22502
24092
#: serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:642(ulink)
22503
#: serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:641(ulink)
24093
22504
msgid "WordPress.org Codex"
24094
22505
msgstr ""
24095
22506
24096
#: serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:647(ulink)
22507
#: serverguide/C/lamp-applications.xml:646(ulink)
24097
22508
msgid "Ubuntu Wiki WordPress"
24098
22509
msgstr ""
24099
22510
24113
22524
"This guide assumes you have a basic understanding of your Ubuntu system. "
24114
22525
"Some installation details are covered in <xref linkend=\"installation\"/>, "
24115
22526
"but if you need detailed instructions installing Ubuntu please refer to the "
24116
"<ulink url=\"https://help.ubuntu.com/13.10/installation-guide/\">Ubuntu "
22527
"<ulink url=\"https://help.ubuntu.com/14.04/installation-guide/\">Ubuntu "
24117
22528
"Installation Guide</ulink>."
24118
22529
msgstr ""
24119
22530
24151
22562
24152
22563
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:12(para)
24153
22564
msgid ""
24154
"This chapter provides a quick overview of installing Ubuntu 13.10 Server "
22565
"This chapter provides a quick overview of installing Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Server "
24155
22566
"Edition. For more detailed instructions, please refer to the <ulink "
24156
"url=\"https://help.ubuntu.com/13.10/installation-guide/\">Ubuntu "
22567
"url=\"https://help.ubuntu.com/14.04/installation-guide/\">Ubuntu "
24157
22568
"Installation Guide</ulink>."
24158
22569
msgstr ""
24159
22570
24173
22584
24174
22585
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:23(para)
24175
22586
msgid ""
24176
"Ubuntu 13.10 Server Edition supports three (3) major architectures: Intel "
24177
"x86, AMD64 and ARM. The table below lists recommended hardware "
22587
"Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Server Edition supports three (3) major architectures: "
22588
"Intel x86, AMD64 and ARM. The table below lists recommended hardware "
24178
22589
"specifications. Depending on your needs, you might manage with less than "
24179
22590
"this. However, most users risk being frustrated if they ignore these "
24180
22591
"suggestions."
24237
22648
msgstr ""
24238
22649
24239
22650
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:56(para)
24240
msgid "128 megabytes"
22651
msgid "196 megabytes"
24241
22652
msgstr ""
24242
22653
24243
22654
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:57(para)
24248
22659
msgid "1.4 gigabytes"
24249
22660
msgstr ""
24250
22661
24251
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:65(para)
24252
msgid ""
24253
"A virtual installation requires a minimum of 256 megabytes of RAM during the "
24254
"installation phase."
24255
msgstr ""
24256
24257
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:70(para)
22662
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:64(para)
24258
22663
msgid ""
24259
22664
"The Server Edition provides a common base for all sorts of server "
24260
22665
"applications. It is a minimalist design providing a platform for the desired "
24261
22666
"services, such as file/print services, web hosting, email hosting, etc."
24262
22667
msgstr ""
24263
22668
24264
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:78(title)
22669
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:72(title)
24265
22670
msgid "Server and Desktop Differences"
24266
22671
msgstr ""
24267
22672
24268
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:79(para)
22673
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:73(para)
24269
22674
msgid ""
24270
22675
"There are a few differences between the <emphasis>Ubuntu Server "
24271
22676
"Edition</emphasis> and the <emphasis>Ubuntu Desktop Edition</emphasis>. It "
24275
22680
"Desktop Edition as it is on the Server Edition."
24276
22681
msgstr ""
24277
22682
24278
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:85(para)
22683
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:79(para)
24279
22684
msgid ""
24280
22685
"The differences between the two editions are the lack of an X window "
24281
22686
"environment in the Server Edition and the installation process."
24282
22687
msgstr ""
24283
22688
24284
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:92(title)
22689
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:86(title)
24285
22690
msgid "Kernel Differences:"
24286
22691
msgstr ""
24287
22692
24288
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:93(para)
22693
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:87(para)
24289
22694
msgid ""
24290
22695
"Ubuntu version 10.10 and prior, actually had different kernels for the "
24291
22696
"server and desktop editions. Ubuntu no longer has separate -server and -"
24293
22698
"flavor to help reduce the maintenance burden over the life of the release."
24294
22699
msgstr ""
24295
22700
24296
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:98(para)
22701
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:92(para)
24297
22702
msgid ""
24298
22703
"When running a 64-bit version of Ubuntu on 64-bit processors you are not "
24299
22704
"limited by memory addressing space."
24300
22705
msgstr ""
24301
22706
24302
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:103(para)
22707
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:97(para)
24303
22708
msgid ""
24304
22709
"To see all kernel configuration options you can look through "
24305
"<filename>/boot/config-3.11.0-server</filename>. Also, <ulink "
22710
"<filename>/boot/config-3.13.0-server</filename>. Also, <ulink "
24306
22711
"url=\"http://www.kroah.com/lkn/\">Linux Kernel in a Nutshell</ulink> is a "
24307
22712
"great resource on the options available."
24308
22713
msgstr ""
24309
22714
24310
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:112(title)
22715
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:106(title)
24311
22716
msgid "Backing Up"
24312
22717
msgstr ""
24313
22718
24314
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:115(para)
22719
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:109(para)
24315
22720
msgid ""
24316
22721
"Before installing <application>Ubuntu Server Edition</application> you "
24317
22722
"should make sure all data on the system is backed up. See <xref "
24318
22723
"linkend=\"backups\"/> for backup options."
24319
22724
msgstr ""
24320
22725
24321
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:119(para)
22726
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:113(para)
24322
22727
msgid ""
24323
22728
"If this is not the first time an operating system has been installed on your "
24324
22729
"computer, it is likely you will need to re-partition your disk to make room "
24325
22730
"for Ubuntu."
24326
22731
msgstr ""
24327
22732
24328
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:123(para)
22733
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:117(para)
24329
22734
msgid ""
24330
22735
"Any time you partition your disk, you should be prepared to lose everything "
24331
22736
"on the disk should you make a mistake or something goes wrong during "
24333
22738
"have seen years of use, but they also perform destructive actions."
24334
22739
msgstr ""
24335
22740
24336
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:135(title)
22741
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:129(title)
24337
22742
msgid "Installing from CD"
24338
22743
msgstr ""
24339
22744
24340
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:136(para)
22745
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:130(para)
24341
22746
msgid ""
24342
22747
"The basic steps to install Ubuntu Server Edition from CD are the same as "
24343
22748
"those for installing any operating system from CD. Unlike the "
24346
22751
"Server Edition uses a console menu based process instead."
24347
22752
msgstr ""
24348
22753
24349
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:143(para)
22754
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:137(para)
24350
22755
msgid ""
24351
22756
"First, download and burn the appropriate ISO file from the <ulink "
24352
22757
"url=\"http://www.ubuntu.com/download/server/download\"> Ubuntu web "
24353
22758
"site</ulink>."
24354
22759
msgstr ""
24355
22760
24356
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:149(para)
22761
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:143(para)
24357
22762
msgid "Boot the system from the CD-ROM drive."
24358
22763
msgstr ""
24359
22764
24360
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:154(para)
22765
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:148(para)
24361
22766
msgid "At the boot prompt you will be asked to select a language."
24362
22767
msgstr ""
24363
22768
24364
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:159(para)
22769
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:153(para)
24365
22770
msgid ""
24366
22771
"From the main boot menu there are some additional options to install Ubuntu "
24367
22772
"Server Edition. You can install a basic Ubuntu Server, check the CD-ROM for "
24370
22775
"install."
24371
22776
msgstr ""
24372
22777
24373
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:166(para)
22778
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:160(para)
24374
22779
msgid ""
24375
22780
"The installer asks for which language it should use. Afterwards, you are "
24376
22781
"asked to select your location."
24377
22782
msgstr ""
24378
22783
24379
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:172(para)
22784
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:166(para)
24380
22785
msgid ""
24381
22786
"Next, the installation process begins by asking for your keyboard layout. "
24382
22787
"You can ask the installer to attempt auto-detecting it, or you can select it "
24383
22788
"manually from a list."
24384
22789
msgstr ""
24385
22790
24386
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:178(para)
22791
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:172(para)
24387
22792
msgid ""
24388
22793
"The installer then discovers your hardware configuration, and configures the "
24389
22794
"network settings using DHCP. If you do not wish to use DHCP at the next "
24391
22796
"network manually\"."
24392
22797
msgstr ""
24393
22798
24394
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:185(para)
22799
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:179(para)
24395
22800
msgid "Next, the installer asks for the system's hostname and Time Zone."
24396
22801
msgstr ""
24397
22802
24398
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:190(para)
22803
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:184(para)
24399
22804
msgid ""
24400
22805
"You can then choose from several options to configure the hard drive layout. "
24401
22806
"Afterwards you are asked for which disk to install to. You may get "
24405
22810
"linkend=\"advanced-installation\"/>."
24406
22811
msgstr ""
24407
22812
24408
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:198(para)
22813
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:192(para)
24409
22814
msgid "The Ubuntu base system is then installed."
24410
22815
msgstr ""
24411
22816
24412
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:203(para)
22817
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:197(para)
24413
22818
msgid ""
24414
22819
"A new user is set up; this user will have <emphasis>root</emphasis> access "
24415
22820
"through the <application>sudo</application> utility."
24416
22821
msgstr ""
24417
22822
24418
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:209(para)
22823
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:203(para)
24419
22824
msgid ""
24420
22825
"After the user settings have been completed, you will be asked to encrypt "
24421
22826
"your <filename role=\"directory\">home</filename> directory."
24422
22827
msgstr ""
24423
22828
24424
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:215(para)
22829
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:209(para)
24425
22830
msgid ""
24426
22831
"The next step in the installation process is to decide how you want to "
24427
22832
"update the system. There are three options:"
24428
22833
msgstr ""
24429
22834
24430
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:221(para)
22835
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:215(para)
24431
22836
msgid ""
24432
22837
"<emphasis>No automatic updates</emphasis>: this requires an administrator to "
24433
22838
"log into the machine and manually install updates."
24434
22839
msgstr ""
24435
22840
24436
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:227(para)
22841
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:221(para)
24437
22842
msgid ""
24438
22843
"<emphasis>Install security updates automatically</emphasis>: this will "
24439
22844
"install the <application>unattended-upgrades</application> package, which "
24441
22846
"For more details see <xref linkend=\"automatic-updates\"/>."
24442
22847
msgstr ""
24443
22848
24444
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:234(para)
22849
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:228(para)
24445
22850
msgid ""
24446
22851
"<emphasis>Manage the system with Landscape</emphasis>: Landscape is a paid "
24447
22852
"service provided by Canonical to help manage your Ubuntu machines. See the "
24449
22854
"site for details."
24450
22855
msgstr ""
24451
22856
24452
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:243(para)
22857
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:237(para)
24453
22858
msgid ""
24454
22859
"You now have the option to install, or not install, several package tasks. "
24455
22860
"See <xref linkend=\"install-tasks\"/> for details. Also, there is an option "
24457
22862
"install. For more information see <xref linkend=\"aptitude\"/>."
24458
22863
msgstr ""
24459
22864
22865
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:245(para)
22866
msgid "Finally, the last step before rebooting is to set the clock to UTC."
22867
msgstr ""
22868
24460
22869
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:251(para)
24461
msgid "Finally, the last step before rebooting is to set the clock to UTC."
24462
msgstr ""
24463
24464
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:257(para)
24465
22870
msgid ""
24466
22871
"If at any point during installation you are not satisfied by the default "
24467
22872
"setting, use the \"Go Back\" function at any prompt to be brought to a "
24469
22874
"settings."
24470
22875
msgstr ""
24471
22876
24472
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:262(para)
22877
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:256(para)
24473
22878
msgid ""
24474
22879
"At some point during the installation process you may want to read the help "
24475
22880
"screen provided by the installation system. To do this, press F1."
24476
22881
msgstr ""
24477
22882
24478
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:267(para)
22883
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:261(para)
24479
22884
msgid ""
24480
22885
"Once again, for detailed instructions see the <ulink "
24481
"url=\"https://help.ubuntu.com/13.10/installation-guide/\"> Ubuntu "
22886
"url=\"https://help.ubuntu.com/14.04/installation-guide/\"> Ubuntu "
24482
22887
"Installation Guide</ulink>."
24483
22888
msgstr ""
24484
22889
24485
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:273(title)
22890
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:267(title)
24486
22891
msgid "Package Tasks"
24487
22892
msgstr ""
24488
22893
24489
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:274(para)
22894
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:268(para)
24490
22895
msgid ""
24491
22896
"During the Server Edition installation you have the option of installing "
24492
22897
"additional packages from the CD. The packages are grouped by the type of "
24493
22898
"service they provide."
24494
22899
msgstr ""
24495
22900
24496
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:280(para)
22901
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:274(para)
24497
22902
msgid "DNS server: Selects the BIND DNS server and its documentation."
24498
22903
msgstr ""
24499
22904
24500
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:285(para)
22905
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:279(para)
24501
22906
msgid "LAMP server: Selects a ready-made Linux/Apache/MySQL/PHP server."
24502
22907
msgstr ""
24503
22908
24504
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:290(para)
22909
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:284(para)
24505
22910
msgid ""
24506
22911
"Mail server: This task selects a variety of packages useful for a general "
24507
22912
"purpose mail server system."
24508
22913
msgstr ""
24509
22914
24510
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:295(para)
22915
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:289(para)
24511
22916
msgid "OpenSSH server: Selects packages needed for an OpenSSH server."
24512
22917
msgstr ""
24513
22918
24514
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:300(para)
22919
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:294(para)
24515
22920
msgid ""
24516
22921
"PostgreSQL database: This task selects client and server packages for the "
24517
22922
"PostgreSQL database."
24518
22923
msgstr ""
24519
22924
24520
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:305(para)
22925
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:299(para)
24521
22926
msgid "Print server: This task sets up your system to be a print server."
24522
22927
msgstr ""
24523
22928
24524
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:310(para)
22929
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:304(para)
24525
22930
msgid ""
24526
22931
"Samba File server: This task sets up your system to be a Samba file server, "
24527
22932
"which is especially suitable in networks with both Windows and Linux systems."
24528
22933
msgstr ""
24529
22934
24530
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:316(para)
22935
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:310(para)
24531
22936
msgid "Tomcat Java server: Installs Apache Tomcat and needed dependencies."
24532
22937
msgstr ""
24533
22938
24534
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:321(para)
22939
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:315(para)
24535
22940
msgid ""
24536
22941
"Virtual Machine host: Includes packages needed to run KVM virtual machines."
24537
22942
msgstr ""
24538
22943
24539
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:326(para)
22944
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:320(para)
24540
22945
msgid ""
24541
22946
"Manually select packages: Executes <application>aptitude</application> "
24542
22947
"allowing you to individually select packages."
24543
22948
msgstr ""
24544
22949
24545
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:331(para)
22950
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:325(para)
24546
22951
msgid ""
24547
22952
"Installing the package groups is accomplished using the "
24548
22953
"<application>tasksel</application> utility. One of the important differences "
24553
22958
"a fully integrated service."
24554
22959
msgstr ""
24555
22960
24556
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:338(para)
22961
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:332(para)
24557
22962
msgid ""
24558
22963
"Once the installation process has finished you can view a list of available "
24559
22964
"tasks by entering the following from a terminal prompt:"
24560
22965
msgstr ""
24561
22966
24562
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:343(command)
22967
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:337(command)
24563
22968
msgid "tasksel --list-tasks"
24564
22969
msgstr ""
24565
22970
24566
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:346(para)
22971
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:340(para)
24567
22972
msgid ""
24568
22973
"The output will list tasks from other Ubuntu based distributions such as "
24569
22974
"Kubuntu and Edubuntu. Note that you can also invoke the "
24571
22976
"the different tasks available."
24572
22977
msgstr ""
24573
22978
24574
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:352(para)
22979
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:346(para)
24575
22980
msgid ""
24576
22981
"You can view a list of which packages are installed with each task using the "
24577
22982
"<emphasis>--task-packages</emphasis> option. For example, to list the "
24579
22984
"following:"
24580
22985
msgstr ""
24581
22986
24582
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:357(command)
22987
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:351(command)
24583
22988
msgid "tasksel --task-packages dns-server"
24584
22989
msgstr ""
24585
22990
24586
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:359(para)
22991
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:353(para)
24587
22992
msgid "The output of the command should list:"
24588
22993
msgstr ""
24589
22994
24590
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:362(programlisting)
22995
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:356(programlisting)
24591
22996
#, no-wrap
24592
22997
msgid ""
24593
22998
"\n"
24596
23001
"bind9\n"
24597
23002
msgstr ""
24598
23003
24599
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:367(para)
23004
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:361(para)
24600
23005
msgid ""
24601
23006
"If you did not install one of the tasks during the installation process, but "
24602
23007
"for example you decide to make your new LAMP server a DNS server as well, "
24603
23008
"simply insert the installation CD and from a terminal:"
24604
23009
msgstr ""
24605
23010
24606
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:372(command)
23011
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:366(command)
24607
23012
msgid "sudo tasksel install dns-server"
24608
23013
msgstr ""
24609
23014
24610
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:377(title)
23015
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:371(title)
24611
23016
msgid "Upgrading"
24612
23017
msgstr ""
24613
23018
24614
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:378(para)
23019
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:372(para)
24615
23020
msgid ""
24616
23021
"There are several ways to upgrade from one Ubuntu release to another. This "
24617
23022
"section gives an overview of the recommended upgrade method."
24618
23023
msgstr ""
24619
23024
24620
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:382(title) serverguide/C/installation.xml:397(command)
23025
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:376(title) serverguide/C/installation.xml:391(command)
24621
23026
msgid "do-release-upgrade"
24622
23027
msgstr ""
24623
23028
24624
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:383(para)
23029
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:377(para)
24625
23030
msgid ""
24626
23031
"The recommended way to upgrade a Server Edition installation is to use the "
24627
23032
"<application>do-release-upgrade</application> utility. Part of the "
24629
23034
"graphical dependencies and is installed by default."
24630
23035
msgstr ""
24631
23036
24632
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:388(para)
23037
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:382(para)
24633
23038
msgid ""
24634
23039
"Debian based systems can also be upgraded by using <command>apt-get dist-"
24635
23040
"upgrade</command>. However, using <application>do-release-"
24637
23042
"system configuration changes sometimes needed between releases."
24638
23043
msgstr ""
24639
23044
23045
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:387(para)
23046
msgid "To upgrade to a newer release, from a terminal prompt enter:"
23047
msgstr ""
23048
24640
23049
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:393(para)
24641
msgid "To upgrade to a newer release, from a terminal prompt enter:"
24642
msgstr ""
24643
24644
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:399(para)
24645
23050
msgid ""
24646
23051
"It is also possible to use <application>do-release-upgrade</application> to "
24647
23052
"upgrade to a development version of Ubuntu. To accomplish this use the "
24648
23053
"<emphasis>-d</emphasis> switch:"
24649
23054
msgstr ""
24650
23055
24651
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:404(command)
23056
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:398(command)
24652
23057
msgid "do-release-upgrade -d"
24653
23058
msgstr ""
24654
23059
24655
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:407(para)
23060
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:401(para)
24656
23061
msgid ""
24657
23062
"Upgrading to a development release is <emphasis>not</emphasis> recommended "
24658
23063
"for production environments."
24659
23064
msgstr ""
24660
23065
24661
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:414(title)
23066
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:408(title)
24662
23067
msgid "Advanced Installation"
24663
23068
msgstr ""
24664
23069
24665
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:417(title)
23070
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:411(title)
24666
23071
msgid "Software RAID"
24667
23072
msgstr ""
24668
23073
24669
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:419(para)
23074
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:413(para)
24670
23075
msgid ""
24671
23076
"Redundant Array of Independent Disks \"RAID\" is a method of using multiple "
24672
23077
"disks to provide different balances of increasing data reliability and/or "
24677
23082
"the drives 'invisibly')."
24678
23083
msgstr ""
24679
23084
24680
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:427(para)
23085
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:421(para)
24681
23086
msgid ""
24682
23087
"The RAID software included with current versions of Linux (and Ubuntu) is "
24683
23088
"based on the <application>'mdadm'</application> driver and works very well, "
24687
23092
"another for <emphasis>swap</emphasis>."
24688
23093
msgstr ""
24689
23094
24690
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:437(para) serverguide/C/installation.xml:959(para)
23095
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:431(para) serverguide/C/installation.xml:953(para)
24691
23096
msgid ""
24692
23097
"Follow the installation steps until you get to the <emphasis>Partition "
24693
23098
"disks</emphasis> step, then:"
24694
23099
msgstr ""
24695
23100
24696
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:444(para)
23101
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:438(para)
24697
23102
msgid "Select <emphasis>Manual</emphasis> as the partition method."
24698
23103
msgstr ""
24699
23104
24700
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:451(para)
23105
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:445(para)
24701
23106
msgid ""
24702
23107
"Select the first hard drive, and agree to <emphasis>\"Create a new empty "
24703
23108
"partition table on this device?\"</emphasis>."
24704
23109
msgstr ""
24705
23110
24706
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:455(para)
23111
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:449(para)
24707
23112
msgid ""
24708
23113
"Repeat this step for each drive you wish to be part of the RAID array."
24709
23114
msgstr ""
24710
23115
24711
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:462(para)
23116
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:456(para)
24712
23117
msgid ""
24713
23118
"Select the <emphasis>\"FREE SPACE\"</emphasis> on the first drive then "
24714
23119
"select <emphasis>\"Create a new partition\"</emphasis>."
24715
23120
msgstr ""
24716
23121
24717
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:469(para)
23122
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:463(para)
24718
23123
msgid ""
24719
23124
"Next, select the <emphasis>Size</emphasis> of the partition. This partition "
24720
23125
"will be the <emphasis>swap</emphasis> partition, and a general rule for swap "
24722
23127
"<emphasis>Primary</emphasis>, then <emphasis>Beginning</emphasis>."
24723
23128
msgstr ""
24724
23129
24725
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:476(para)
23130
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:470(para)
24726
23131
msgid ""
24727
23132
"A swap partition size of twice the available RAM capacity may not always be "
24728
23133
"desirable, especially on systems with large amounts of RAM. Calculating the "
24730
23135
"going to be used."
24731
23136
msgstr ""
24732
23137
24733
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:485(para)
23138
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:479(para)
24734
23139
msgid ""
24735
23140
"Select the <emphasis>\"Use as:\"</emphasis> line at the top. By default this "
24736
23141
"is <emphasis role=\"italic\">\"Ext4 journaling file system\"</emphasis>, "
24738
23143
"<emphasis>\"Done setting up partition\"</emphasis>."
24739
23144
msgstr ""
24740
23145
24741
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:494(para)
23146
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:488(para)
24742
23147
msgid ""
24743
23148
"For the <emphasis>/</emphasis> partition once again select <emphasis>\"Free "
24744
23149
"Space\"</emphasis> on the first drive then <emphasis>\"Create a new "
24745
23150
"partition\"</emphasis>."
24746
23151
msgstr ""
24747
23152
24748
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:502(para)
23153
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:496(para)
24749
23154
msgid ""
24750
23155
"Use the rest of the free space on the drive and choose "
24751
23156
"<emphasis>Continue</emphasis>, then <emphasis>Primary</emphasis>."
24752
23157
msgstr ""
24753
23158
24754
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:509(para)
23159
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:503(para)
24755
23160
msgid ""
24756
23161
"As with the swap partition, select the <emphasis>\"Use as:\"</emphasis> line "
24757
23162
"at the top, changing it to <emphasis>\"physical volume for "
24760
23165
"<emphasis>\"Done setting up partition\"</emphasis>."
24761
23166
msgstr ""
24762
23167
24763
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:519(para)
23168
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:513(para)
24764
23169
msgid "Repeat steps three through eight for the other disk and partitions."
24765
23170
msgstr ""
24766
23171
24767
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:528(title)
23172
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:522(title)
24768
23173
msgid "RAID Configuration"
24769
23174
msgstr ""
24770
23175
24771
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:530(para)
23176
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:524(para)
24772
23177
msgid "With the partitions setup the arrays are ready to be configured:"
24773
23178
msgstr ""
24774
23179
24775
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:537(para)
23180
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:531(para)
24776
23181
msgid ""
24777
23182
"Back in the main \"Partition Disks\" page, select <emphasis>\"Configure "
24778
23183
"Software RAID\"</emphasis> at the top."
24779
23184
msgstr ""
24780
23185
24781
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:544(para)
23186
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:538(para)
24782
23187
msgid "Select <emphasis>\"yes\"</emphasis> to write the changes to disk."
24783
23188
msgstr ""
24784
23189
24785
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:551(para)
23190
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:545(para)
24786
23191
msgid "Choose <emphasis>\"Create MD device\"</emphasis>."
24787
23192
msgstr ""
24788
23193
24789
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:558(para)
23194
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:552(para)
24790
23195
msgid ""
24791
23196
"For this example, select <emphasis>\"RAID1\"</emphasis>, but if you are "
24792
23197
"using a different setup choose the appropriate type (RAID0 RAID1 RAID5)."
24793
23198
msgstr ""
24794
23199
24795
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:564(para)
23200
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:558(para)
24796
23201
msgid ""
24797
23202
"In order to use <emphasis>RAID5</emphasis> you need at least "
24798
23203
"<emphasis>three</emphasis> drives. Using RAID0 or RAID1 only "
24799
23204
"<emphasis>two</emphasis> drives are required."
24800
23205
msgstr ""
24801
23206
24802
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:573(para)
23207
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:567(para)
24803
23208
msgid ""
24804
23209
"Enter the number of active devices <emphasis>\"2\"</emphasis>, or the amount "
24805
23210
"of hard drives you have, for the array. Then select "
24806
23211
"<emphasis>\"Continue\"</emphasis>."
24807
23212
msgstr ""
24808
23213
24809
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:581(para)
23214
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:575(para)
24810
23215
msgid ""
24811
23216
"Next, enter the number of spare devices <emphasis>\"0\"</emphasis> by "
24812
23217
"default, then choose <emphasis>\"Continue\"</emphasis>."
24813
23218
msgstr ""
24814
23219
24815
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:588(para)
23220
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:582(para)
24816
23221
msgid ""
24817
23222
"Choose which partitions to use. Generally they will be sda1, sdb1, sdc1, "
24818
23223
"etc. The numbers will usually match and the different letters correspond to "
24819
23224
"different hard drives."
24820
23225
msgstr ""
24821
23226
24822
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:593(para)
23227
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:587(para)
24823
23228
msgid ""
24824
23229
"For the <emphasis>swap</emphasis> partition choose <emphasis>sda1</emphasis> "
24825
23230
"and <emphasis>sdb1</emphasis>. Select <emphasis>\"Continue\"</emphasis> to "
24826
23231
"go to the next step."
24827
23232
msgstr ""
24828
23233
24829
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:601(para)
23234
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:595(para)
24830
23235
msgid ""
24831
23236
"Repeat steps <emphasis>three</emphasis> through <emphasis>seven</emphasis> "
24832
23237
"for the <emphasis>/</emphasis> partition choosing <emphasis>sda2</emphasis> "
24833
23238
"and <emphasis>sdb2</emphasis>."
24834
23239
msgstr ""
24835
23240
24836
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:609(para)
23241
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:603(para)
24837
23242
msgid "Once done select <emphasis>\"Finish\"</emphasis>."
24838
23243
msgstr ""
24839
23244
24840
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:619(title)
23245
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:613(title)
24841
23246
msgid "Formatting"
24842
23247
msgstr ""
24843
23248
24844
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:621(para)
23249
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:615(para)
24845
23250
msgid ""
24846
23251
"There should now be a list of hard drives and RAID devices. The next step is "
24847
23252
"to format and set the mount point for the RAID devices. Treat the RAID "
24848
23253
"device as a local hard drive, format and mount accordingly."
24849
23254
msgstr ""
24850
23255
24851
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:629(para)
23256
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:623(para)
24852
23257
msgid ""
24853
23258
"Select <emphasis>\"#1\"</emphasis> under the <emphasis>\"RAID1 device "
24854
23259
"#0\"</emphasis> partition."
24855
23260
msgstr ""
24856
23261
24857
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:636(para)
23262
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:630(para)
24858
23263
msgid ""
24859
23264
"Choose <emphasis>\"Use as:\"</emphasis>. Then select <emphasis>\"swap "
24860
23265
"area\"</emphasis>, then <emphasis>\"Done setting up partition\"</emphasis>."
24861
23266
msgstr ""
24862
23267
24863
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:644(para)
23268
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:638(para)
24864
23269
msgid ""
24865
23270
"Next, select <emphasis>\"#1\"</emphasis> under the <emphasis>\"RAID1 device "
24866
23271
"#1\"</emphasis> partition."
24867
23272
msgstr ""
24868
23273
24869
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:651(para)
23274
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:645(para)
24870
23275
msgid ""
24871
23276
"Choose <emphasis>\"Use as:\"</emphasis>. Then select <emphasis>\"Ext4 "
24872
23277
"journaling file system\"</emphasis>."
24873
23278
msgstr ""
24874
23279
24875
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:658(para)
23280
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:652(para)
24876
23281
msgid ""
24877
23282
"Then select the <emphasis>\"Mount point\"</emphasis> and choose "
24878
23283
"<emphasis>\"/ - the root file system\"</emphasis>. Change any of the other "
24880
23285
"partition\"</emphasis>."
24881
23286
msgstr ""
24882
23287
24883
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:666(para)
23288
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:660(para)
24884
23289
msgid ""
24885
23290
"Finally, select <emphasis>\"Finish partitioning and write changes to "
24886
23291
"disk\"</emphasis>."
24887
23292
msgstr ""
24888
23293
24889
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:673(para)
23294
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:667(para)
24890
23295
msgid ""
24891
23296
"If you choose to place the root partition on a RAID array, the installer "
24892
23297
"will then ask if you would like to boot in a <emphasis>degraded</emphasis> "
24893
23298
"state. See <xref linkend=\"raid-degraded\"/> for further details."
24894
23299
msgstr ""
24895
23300
24896
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:678(para)
23301
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:672(para)
24897
23302
msgid "The installation process will then continue normally."
24898
23303
msgstr ""
24899
23304
24900
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:684(title)
23305
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:678(title)
24901
23306
msgid "Degraded RAID"
24902
23307
msgstr ""
24903
23308
24904
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:686(para)
23309
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:680(para)
24905
23310
msgid ""
24906
23311
"At some point in the life of the computer a disk failure event may occur. "
24907
23312
"When this happens, using Software RAID, the operating system will place the "
24908
23313
"array into what is known as a <emphasis>degraded</emphasis> state."
24909
23314
msgstr ""
24910
23315
24911
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:691(para)
23316
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:685(para)
24912
23317
msgid ""
24913
23318
"If the array has become degraded, due to the chance of data corruption, by "
24914
23319
"default Ubuntu Server Edition will boot to <emphasis>initramfs</emphasis> "
24919
23324
"Booting to a degraded array can be configured several ways:"
24920
23325
msgstr ""
24921
23326
24922
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:702(para)
23327
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:696(para)
24923
23328
msgid ""
24924
23329
"The <application>dpkg-reconfigure</application> utility can be used to "
24925
23330
"configure the default behavior, and during the process you will be queried "
24928
23333
"following:"
24929
23334
msgstr ""
24930
23335
24931
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:709(command)
23336
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:703(command)
24932
23337
msgid "sudo dpkg-reconfigure mdadm"
24933
23338
msgstr ""
24934
23339
24935
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:715(para)
23340
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:709(para)
24936
23341
msgid ""
24937
23342
"The <command>dpkg-reconfigure mdadm</command> process will change the "
24938
23343
"<filename>/etc/initramfs-tools/conf.d/mdadm</filename> configuration file. "
24940
23345
"behavior, and can also be manually edited:"
24941
23346
msgstr ""
24942
23347
24943
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:721(programlisting)
23348
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:715(programlisting)
24944
23349
#, no-wrap
24945
23350
msgid ""
24946
23351
"\n"
24947
23352
"BOOT_DEGRADED=true\n"
24948
23353
msgstr ""
24949
23354
24950
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:726(para)
23355
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:720(para)
24951
23356
msgid "The configuration file can be overridden by using a Kernel argument."
24952
23357
msgstr ""
24953
23358
24954
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:734(para)
23359
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:728(para)
24955
23360
msgid ""
24956
23361
"Using a Kernel argument will allow the system to boot to a degraded array as "
24957
23362
"well:"
24958
23363
msgstr ""
24959
23364
24960
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:740(para)
23365
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:734(para)
24961
23366
msgid ""
24962
23367
"When the server is booting press <keycap>Shift</keycap> to open the "
24963
23368
"<application>Grub</application> menu."
24964
23369
msgstr ""
24965
23370
24966
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:745(para)
23371
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:739(para)
24967
23372
msgid "Press <keycap>e</keycap> to edit your kernel command options."
24968
23373
msgstr ""
24969
23374
24970
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:750(para)
23375
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:744(para)
24971
23376
msgid "Press the <keycap>down</keycap> arrow to highlight the kernel line."
24972
23377
msgstr ""
24973
23378
24974
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:755(para)
23379
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:749(para)
24975
23380
msgid ""
24976
23381
"Add <emphasis>\"bootdegraded=true\"</emphasis> (without the quotes) to the "
24977
23382
"end of the line."
24978
23383
msgstr ""
24979
23384
24980
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:760(para)
23385
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:754(para)
24981
23386
msgid ""
24982
23387
"Press <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>x</keycap></keycombo> to boot "
24983
23388
"the system."
24984
23389
msgstr ""
24985
23390
24986
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:769(para)
23391
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:763(para)
24987
23392
msgid ""
24988
23393
"Once the system has booted you can either repair the array see <xref "
24989
23394
"linkend=\"raid-maintenance\"/> for details, or copy important data to "
24990
23395
"another machine due to major hardware failure."
24991
23396
msgstr ""
24992
23397
24993
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:776(title)
23398
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:770(title)
24994
23399
msgid "RAID Maintenance"
24995
23400
msgstr ""
24996
23401
24997
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:778(para)
23402
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:772(para)
24998
23403
msgid ""
24999
23404
"The <application>mdadm</application> utility can be used to view the status "
25000
23405
"of an array, add disks to an array, remove disks, etc:"
25001
23406
msgstr ""
25002
23407
25003
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:785(para)
23408
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:779(para)
25004
23409
msgid "To view the status of an array, from a terminal prompt enter:"
25005
23410
msgstr ""
25006
23411
25007
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:789(command)
23412
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:783(command)
25008
23413
msgid "sudo mdadm -D /dev/md0"
25009
23414
msgstr ""
25010
23415
25011
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:792(para)
23416
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:786(para)
25012
23417
msgid ""
25013
23418
"The <emphasis>-D</emphasis> tells <application>mdadm</application> to "
25014
23419
"display <emphasis>detailed</emphasis> information about the "
25016
23421
"with the appropriate RAID device."
25017
23422
msgstr ""
25018
23423
25019
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:798(para)
23424
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:792(para)
25020
23425
msgid "To view the status of a disk in an array:"
25021
23426
msgstr ""
25022
23427
25023
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:802(command)
23428
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:796(command)
25024
23429
msgid "sudo mdadm -E /dev/sda1"
25025
23430
msgstr ""
25026
23431
25027
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:804(para)
23432
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:798(para)
25028
23433
msgid ""
25029
23434
"The output if very similar to the <command>mdadm -D</command> command, "
25030
23435
"adjust <filename>/dev/sda1</filename> for each disk."
25031
23436
msgstr ""
25032
23437
25033
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:809(para)
23438
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:803(para)
25034
23439
msgid "If a disk fails and needs to be removed from an array enter:"
25035
23440
msgstr ""
25036
23441
25037
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:813(command)
23442
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:807(command)
25038
23443
msgid "sudo mdadm --remove /dev/md0 /dev/sda1"
25039
23444
msgstr ""
25040
23445
25041
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:815(para)
23446
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:809(para)
25042
23447
msgid ""
25043
23448
"Change <filename>/dev/md0</filename> and <filename>/dev/sda1</filename> to "
25044
23449
"the appropriate RAID device and disk."
25045
23450
msgstr ""
25046
23451
25047
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:820(para)
23452
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:814(para)
25048
23453
msgid "Similarly, to add a new disk:"
25049
23454
msgstr ""
25050
23455
25051
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:824(command)
23456
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:818(command)
25052
23457
msgid "sudo mdadm --add /dev/md0 /dev/sda1"
25053
23458
msgstr ""
25054
23459
25055
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:829(para)
23460
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:823(para)
25056
23461
msgid ""
25057
23462
"Sometimes a disk can change to a <emphasis>faulty</emphasis> state even "
25058
23463
"though there is nothing physically wrong with the drive. It is usually "
25061
23466
"the array, it is a good indication of hardware failure."
25062
23467
msgstr ""
25063
23468
25064
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:835(para)
23469
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:829(para)
25065
23470
msgid ""
25066
23471
"The <filename>/proc/mdstat</filename> file also contains useful information "
25067
23472
"about the system's RAID devices:"
25068
23473
msgstr ""
25069
23474
25070
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:840(command)
23475
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:834(command)
25071
23476
msgid "cat /proc/mdstat"
25072
23477
msgstr ""
25073
23478
25074
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:841(computeroutput)
23479
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:835(computeroutput)
25075
23480
#, no-wrap
25076
23481
msgid ""
25077
23482
"Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] "
25082
23487
"unused devices: <none>"
25083
23488
msgstr ""
25084
23489
25085
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:848(para)
23490
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:842(para)
25086
23491
msgid ""
25087
23492
"The following command is great for watching the status of a syncing drive:"
25088
23493
msgstr ""
25089
23494
25090
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:853(command)
23495
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:847(command)
25091
23496
msgid "watch -n1 cat /proc/mdstat"
25092
23497
msgstr ""
25093
23498
25094
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:856(para)
23499
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:850(para)
25095
23500
msgid ""
25096
23501
"Press <emphasis>Ctrl+c</emphasis> to stop the "
25097
23502
"<application>watch</application> command."
25098
23503
msgstr ""
25099
23504
25100
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:860(para)
23505
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:854(para)
25101
23506
msgid ""
25102
23507
"If you do need to replace a faulty drive, after the drive has been replaced "
25103
23508
"and synced, <application>grub</application> will need to be installed. To "
25105
23510
"following:"
25106
23511
msgstr ""
25107
23512
25108
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:866(command)
23513
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:860(command)
25109
23514
msgid "sudo grub-install /dev/md0"
25110
23515
msgstr ""
25111
23516
25112
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:869(para)
23517
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:863(para)
25113
23518
msgid ""
25114
23519
"Replace <filename>/dev/md0</filename> with the appropriate array device name."
25115
23520
msgstr ""
25116
23521
25117
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:877(para)
23522
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:871(para)
25118
23523
msgid ""
25119
23524
"The topic of RAID arrays is a complex one due to the plethora of ways RAID "
25120
23525
"can be configured. Please see the following links for more information:"
25121
23526
msgstr ""
25122
23527
25123
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:884(para)
23528
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:878(para)
25124
23529
msgid ""
25125
23530
"<ulink url=\"https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Installation#raid\">Ubuntu "
25126
23531
"Wiki Articles on RAID</ulink>."
25127
23532
msgstr ""
25128
23533
25129
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:890(ulink)
23534
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:884(ulink)
25130
23535
msgid "Software RAID HOWTO"
25131
23536
msgstr ""
25132
23537
25133
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:895(ulink)
23538
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:889(ulink)
25134
23539
msgid "Managing RAID on Linux"
25135
23540
msgstr ""
25136
23541
25137
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:902(title)
23542
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:896(title)
25138
23543
msgid "Logical Volume Manager (LVM)"
25139
23544
msgstr ""
25140
23545
25141
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:904(para)
23546
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:898(para)
25142
23547
msgid ""
25143
23548
"Logical Volume Manger, or <emphasis>LVM</emphasis>, allows administrators to "
25144
23549
"create <emphasis>logical</emphasis> volumes out of one or multiple physical "
25147
23552
"giving greater flexibility to systems as requirements change."
25148
23553
msgstr ""
25149
23554
25150
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:913(para)
23555
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:907(para)
25151
23556
msgid ""
25152
23557
"A side effect of LVM's power and flexibility is a greater degree of "
25153
23558
"complication. Before diving into the LVM installation process, it is best to "
25154
23559
"get familiar with some terms."
25155
23560
msgstr ""
25156
23561
25157
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:920(para)
23562
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:914(para)
25158
23563
msgid ""
25159
23564
"<emphasis>Physical Volume (PV):</emphasis> physical hard disk, disk "
25160
23565
"partition or software RAID partition formatted as LVM PV."
25161
23566
msgstr ""
25162
23567
25163
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:926(para)
23568
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:920(para)
25164
23569
msgid ""
25165
23570
"<emphasis>Volume Group (VG):</emphasis> is made from one or more physical "
25166
23571
"volumes. A VG can can be extended by adding more PVs. A VG is like a virtual "
25167
23572
"disk drive, from which one or more logical volumes are carved."
25168
23573
msgstr ""
25169
23574
25170
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:932(para)
23575
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:926(para)
25171
23576
msgid ""
25172
23577
"<emphasis>Logical Volume (LV):</emphasis> is similar to a partition in a non-"
25173
23578
"LVM system. A LV is formatted with the desired file system (EXT3, XFS, JFS, "
25174
23579
"etc), it is then available for mounting and data storage."
25175
23580
msgstr ""
25176
23581
25177
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:943(para)
23582
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:937(para)
25178
23583
msgid ""
25179
23584
"As an example this section covers installing Ubuntu Server Edition with "
25180
23585
"<filename role=\"directory\">/srv</filename> mounted on a LVM volume. During "
25183
23588
"can be extended."
25184
23589
msgstr ""
25185
23590
25186
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:949(para)
23591
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:943(para)
25187
23592
msgid ""
25188
23593
"There are several installation options for LVM, <emphasis>\"Guided - use the "
25189
23594
"entire disk and setup LVM\"</emphasis> which will also allow you to assign a "
25194
23599
"the Manual approach."
25195
23600
msgstr ""
25196
23601
25197
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:966(para)
23602
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:960(para)
25198
23603
msgid ""
25199
23604
"At the <emphasis>\"Partition Disks</emphasis> screen choose "
25200
23605
"<emphasis>\"Manual\"</emphasis>."
25201
23606
msgstr ""
25202
23607
25203
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:973(para)
23608
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:967(para)
25204
23609
msgid ""
25205
23610
"Select the hard disk and on the next screen choose \"yes\" to "
25206
23611
"<emphasis>\"Create a new empty partition table on this device\"</emphasis>."
25207
23612
msgstr ""
25208
23613
25209
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:980(para)
23614
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:974(para)
25210
23615
msgid ""
25211
23616
"Next, create standard <emphasis>/boot</emphasis>, <emphasis>swap</emphasis>, "
25212
23617
"and <emphasis>/</emphasis> partitions with whichever filesystem you prefer."
25213
23618
msgstr ""
25214
23619
25215
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:988(para)
23620
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:982(para)
25216
23621
msgid ""
25217
23622
"For the LVM <emphasis>/srv</emphasis>, create a new "
25218
23623
"<emphasis>Logical</emphasis> partition. Then change <emphasis>\"Use "
25220
23625
"<emphasis>\"Done setting up the partition\"</emphasis>."
25221
23626
msgstr ""
25222
23627
25223
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:996(para)
23628
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:990(para)
25224
23629
msgid ""
25225
23630
"Now select <emphasis>\"Configure the Logical Volume Manager\"</emphasis> at "
25226
23631
"the top, and choose <emphasis>\"Yes\"</emphasis> to write the changes to "
25227
23632
"disk."
25228
23633
msgstr ""
25229
23634
25230
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1004(para)
23635
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:998(para)
25231
23636
msgid ""
25232
23637
"For the <emphasis>\"LVM configuration action\"</emphasis> on the next "
25233
23638
"screen, choose <emphasis>\"Create volume group\"</emphasis>. Enter a name "
25236
23641
"<emphasis>\"Continue\"</emphasis>."
25237
23642
msgstr ""
25238
23643
25239
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1013(para)
23644
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1007(para)
25240
23645
msgid ""
25241
23646
"Back at the <emphasis>\"LVM configuration action\"</emphasis> screen, select "
25242
23647
"<emphasis>\"Create logical volume\"</emphasis>. Select the newly created "
25247
23652
"main <emphasis>\"Partition Disks\"</emphasis> screen."
25248
23653
msgstr ""
25249
23654
25250
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1023(para)
23655
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1017(para)
25251
23656
msgid ""
25252
23657
"Now add a filesystem to the new LVM. Select the partition under "
25253
23658
"<emphasis>\"LVM VG vg01, LV srv\"</emphasis>, or whatever name you have "
25256
23661
"select <emphasis>\"Done setting up the partition\"</emphasis>."
25257
23662
msgstr ""
25258
23663
25259
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1032(para)
23664
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1026(para)
25260
23665
msgid ""
25261
23666
"Finally, select <emphasis>\"Finish partitioning and write changes to "
25262
23667
"disk\"</emphasis>. Then confirm the changes and continue with the rest of "
25263
23668
"the installation."
25264
23669
msgstr ""
25265
23670
25266
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1040(para)
23671
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1034(para)
25267
23672
msgid "There are some useful utilities to view information about LVM:"
25268
23673
msgstr ""
25269
23674
25270
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1045(para)
23675
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1039(para)
25271
23676
msgid ""
25272
23677
"<emphasis>pvdisplay:</emphasis> shows information about Physical Volumes."
25273
23678
msgstr ""
25274
23679
25275
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1046(para)
23680
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1040(para)
25276
23681
msgid ""
25277
23682
"<emphasis>vgdisplay:</emphasis> shows information about Volume Groups."
25278
23683
msgstr ""
25279
23684
25280
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1047(para)
23685
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1041(para)
25281
23686
msgid ""
25282
23687
"<emphasis>lvdisplay:</emphasis> shows information about Logical Volumes."
25283
23688
msgstr ""
25284
23689
25285
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1052(title)
23690
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1046(title)
25286
23691
msgid "Extending Volume Groups"
25287
23692
msgstr ""
25288
23693
25289
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1054(para)
23694
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1048(para)
25290
23695
msgid ""
25291
23696
"Continuing with <emphasis>srv</emphasis> as an LVM volume example, this "
25292
23697
"section covers adding a second hard disk, creating a Physical Volume (PV), "
25298
23703
"partitions and use them as different physical volumes)"
25299
23704
msgstr ""
25300
23705
25301
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1062(para)
23706
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1056(para)
25302
23707
msgid ""
25303
23708
"Make sure you don't already have an existing <filename>/dev/sdb</filename> "
25304
23709
"before issuing the commands below. You could lose some data if you issue "
25305
23710
"those commands on a non-empty disk."
25306
23711
msgstr ""
25307
23712
25308
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1070(para)
23713
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1064(para)
25309
23714
msgid "First, create the physical volume, in a terminal execute:"
25310
23715
msgstr ""
25311
23716
25312
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1075(command)
23717
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1069(command)
25313
23718
msgid "sudo pvcreate /dev/sdb"
25314
23719
msgstr ""
25315
23720
25316
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1081(para)
23721
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1075(para)
25317
23722
msgid "Now extend the Volume Group (VG):"
25318
23723
msgstr ""
25319
23724
25320
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1086(command)
23725
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1080(command)
25321
23726
msgid "sudo vgextend vg01 /dev/sdb"
25322
23727
msgstr ""
25323
23728
25324
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1092(para)
23729
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1086(para)
25325
23730
msgid ""
25326
23731
"Use <application>vgdisplay</application> to find out the free physical "
25327
23732
"extents - Free PE / size (the size you can allocate). We will assume a free "
25329
23734
"whole free space available. Use your own PE and/or free space."
25330
23735
msgstr ""
25331
23736
25332
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1098(para)
23737
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1092(para)
25333
23738
msgid ""
25334
23739
"The Logical Volume (LV) can now be extended by different methods, we will "
25335
23740
"only see how to use the PE to extend the LV:"
25336
23741
msgstr ""
25337
23742
25338
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1103(command)
23743
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1097(command)
25339
23744
msgid "sudo lvextend /dev/vg01/srv -l +511"
25340
23745
msgstr ""
25341
23746
25342
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1106(para)
23747
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1100(para)
25343
23748
msgid ""
25344
23749
"The <emphasis>-l</emphasis> option allows the LV to be extended using PE. "
25345
23750
"The <emphasis>-L</emphasis> option allows the LV to be extended using Meg, "
25346
23751
"Gig, Tera, etc bytes."
25347
23752
msgstr ""
25348
23753
25349
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1114(para)
23754
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1108(para)
25350
23755
msgid ""
25351
23756
"Even though you are supposed to be able to <emphasis>expand</emphasis> an "
25352
23757
"ext3 or ext4 filesystem without unmounting it first, it may be a good "
25355
23760
"first is compulsory)."
25356
23761
msgstr ""
25357
23762
25358
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1120(para)
23763
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1114(para)
25359
23764
msgid ""
25360
23765
"The following commands are for an <emphasis>EXT3</emphasis> or "
25361
23766
"<emphasis>EXT4</emphasis> filesystem. If you are using another filesystem "
25362
23767
"there may be other utilities available."
25363
23768
msgstr ""
25364
23769
25365
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1127(command)
23770
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1121(command)
25366
23771
msgid "sudo e2fsck -f /dev/vg01/srv"
25367
23772
msgstr ""
25368
23773
25369
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1130(para)
23774
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1124(para)
25370
23775
msgid ""
25371
23776
"The <emphasis>-f</emphasis> option of <application>e2fsck</application> "
25372
23777
"forces checking even if the system seems clean."
25373
23778
msgstr ""
25374
23779
25375
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1137(para)
23780
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1131(para)
25376
23781
msgid "Finally, resize the filesystem:"
25377
23782
msgstr ""
25378
23783
25379
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1142(command)
23784
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1136(command)
25380
23785
msgid "sudo resize2fs /dev/vg01/srv"
25381
23786
msgstr ""
25382
23787
25383
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1148(para)
23788
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1142(para)
25384
23789
msgid "Now mount the partition and check its size."
25385
23790
msgstr ""
25386
23791
25387
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1153(command)
23792
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1147(command)
25388
23793
msgid "mount /dev/vg01/srv /srv && df -h /srv"
25389
23794
msgstr ""
25390
23795
25391
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1165(para)
23796
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1159(para)
25392
23797
msgid ""
25393
23798
"See the <ulink "
25394
23799
"url=\"https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Installation#lvm\">Ubuntu Wiki LVM "
25395
23800
"Articles</ulink>."
25396
23801
msgstr ""
25397
23802
25398
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1170(para)
23803
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1164(para)
25399
23804
msgid ""
25400
23805
"See the <ulink url=\"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/index.html\">LVM "
25401
23806
"HOWTO</ulink> for more information."
25402
23807
msgstr ""
25403
23808
25404
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1175(para)
23809
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1169(para)
25405
23810
msgid ""
25406
23811
"Another good article is <ulink "
25407
23812
"url=\"http://www.linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2006/04/27/managing-disk-"
25409
23814
"linuxdevcenter.com site."
25410
23815
msgstr ""
25411
23816
25412
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1182(para)
23817
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1176(para)
25413
23818
msgid ""
25414
23819
"For more information on <application>fdisk</application> see the <ulink "
25415
"url=\"http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/saucy/en/man8/fdisk.8.html\">fdisk "
25416
"man page</ulink>."
23820
"url=\"http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/trusty/en/man8/fdisk.8.html\">fdisk"
23821
" man page</ulink>."
25417
23822
msgstr ""
25418
23823
25419
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1193(title)
23824
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1187(title)
25420
23825
msgid "Kernel Crash Dump"
25421
23826
msgstr ""
25422
23827
25423
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1200(para)
23828
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1194(para)
25424
23829
msgid "Kernel Panic"
25425
23830
msgstr ""
25426
23831
25427
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1201(para)
23832
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1195(para)
25428
23833
msgid "Non Maskable Interrupts (NMI)"
25429
23834
msgstr ""
25430
23835
25431
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1202(para)
23836
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1196(para)
25432
23837
msgid "Machine Check Exceptions (MCE)"
25433
23838
msgstr ""
25434
23839
25435
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1203(para)
23840
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1197(para)
25436
23841
msgid "Hardware failure"
25437
23842
msgstr ""
25438
23843
25439
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1204(para)
23844
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1198(para)
25440
23845
msgid "Manual intervention"
25441
23846
msgstr ""
25442
23847
25443
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1196(para)
23848
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1190(para)
25444
23849
msgid ""
25445
23850
"A Kernel Crash Dump refers to a portion of the contents of volatile memory "
25446
23851
"(RAM) that is copied to disk whenever the execution of the kernel is "
25454
23859
"memory contents."
25455
23860
msgstr ""
25456
23861
25457
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1213(title)
23862
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1207(title)
25458
23863
msgid "Kernel Crash Dump Mechanism"
25459
23864
msgstr ""
25460
23865
25461
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1215(para)
23866
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1209(para)
25462
23867
msgid ""
25463
23868
"When a kernel panic occurs, the kernel relies on the "
25464
23869
"<emphasis>kexec</emphasis> mechanism to quickly reboot a new instance of the "
25467
23872
"untouched in order to safely copy its contents to storage."
25468
23873
msgstr ""
25469
23874
25470
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1224(para)
23875
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1218(para)
25471
23876
msgid ""
25472
23877
"The kernel crash dump utility is installed with the following command:"
25473
23878
msgstr ""
25474
23879
25475
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1229(command)
23880
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1223(command)
25476
23881
msgid "sudo apt-get install linux-crashdump"
25477
23882
msgstr ""
25478
23883
25479
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1232(para)
23884
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1226(para)
25480
23885
msgid "A reboot is then needed."
25481
23886
msgstr ""
25482
23887
25483
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1240(para)
23888
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1234(para)
25484
23889
msgid ""
25485
23890
"No further configuration is required in order to have the kernel dump "
25486
23891
"mechanism enabled."
25487
23892
msgstr ""
25488
23893
25489
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1249(para)
23894
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1243(para)
25490
23895
msgid ""
25491
23896
"To confirm that the kernel dump mechanism is enabled, there are a few things "
25492
23897
"to verify. First, confirm that the <emphasis>crashkernel</emphasis> boot "
25494
23899
"fit the format of this document:"
25495
23900
msgstr ""
25496
23901
25497
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1256(command)
23902
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1250(command)
25498
23903
msgid "cat /proc/cmdline"
25499
23904
msgstr ""
25500
23905
25501
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1257(computeroutput)
23906
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1251(computeroutput)
25502
23907
#, no-wrap
25503
23908
msgid ""
25504
23909
"\n"
25506
23911
" crashkernel=384M-2G:64M,2G-:128M\n"
25507
23912
msgstr ""
25508
23913
25509
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1265(programlisting)
23914
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1259(programlisting)
25510
23915
#, no-wrap
25511
23916
msgid ""
25512
23917
"\n"
25516
23921
" "
25517
23922
msgstr ""
25518
23923
25519
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1263(para)
23924
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1257(para)
25520
23925
msgid ""
25521
23926
"The <emphasis>crashkernel</emphasis> parameter has the following syntax: "
25522
23927
"<placeholder-1/>"
25523
23928
msgstr ""
25524
23929
25525
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1273(programlisting)
23930
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1267(programlisting)
25526
23931
#, no-wrap
25527
23932
msgid ""
25528
23933
"\n"
25529
23934
"crashkernel=384M-2G:64M,2G-:128M\n"
25530
23935
msgstr ""
25531
23936
25532
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1271(para)
23937
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1265(para)
25533
23938
msgid ""
25534
23939
"So for the crashkernel parameter found in <filename>/proc/cmdline</filename> "
25535
23940
"we would have : <placeholder-1/>"
25536
23941
msgstr ""
25537
23942
25538
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1278(para)
23943
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1272(para)
25539
23944
msgid "The above value means:"
25540
23945
msgstr ""
25541
23946
25542
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1280(para)
23947
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1274(para)
25543
23948
msgid ""
25544
23949
"if the RAM is smaller than 384M, then don't reserve anything (this is the "
25545
23950
"\"rescue\" case)"
25546
23951
msgstr ""
25547
23952
25548
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1282(para)
23953
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1276(para)
25549
23954
msgid "if the RAM size is between 386M and 2G (exclusive), then reserve 64M"
25550
23955
msgstr ""
25551
23956
25552
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1283(para)
23957
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1277(para)
25553
23958
msgid "if the RAM size is larger than 2G, then reserve 128M"
25554
23959
msgstr ""
25555
23960
25556
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1286(para)
23961
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1280(para)
25557
23962
msgid ""
25558
23963
"Second, verify that the kernel has reserved the requested memory area for "
25559
23964
"the kdump kernel by doing:"
25560
23965
msgstr ""
25561
23966
25562
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1291(command)
23967
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1285(command)
25563
23968
msgid "dmesg | grep -i crash"
25564
23969
msgstr ""
25565
23970
25566
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1292(computeroutput)
23971
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1286(computeroutput)
25567
23972
#, no-wrap
25568
23973
msgid ""
25569
23974
"\n"
25572
23977
"RAM: 1023MB)\n"
25573
23978
msgstr ""
25574
23979
25575
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1301(title)
23980
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1295(title)
25576
23981
msgid "Testing the Crash Dump Mechanism"
25577
23982
msgstr ""
25578
23983
25579
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1304(para)
23984
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1298(para)
25580
23985
msgid ""
25581
23986
"Testing the Crash Dump Mechanism will cause <emphasis>a system "
25582
23987
"reboot.</emphasis> In certain situations, this can cause data loss if the "
25584
23989
"that the system is idle or under very light load."
25585
23990
msgstr ""
25586
23991
25587
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1311(para)
23992
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1305(para)
25588
23993
msgid ""
25589
23994
"Verify that the <emphasis>SysRQ</emphasis> mechanism is enabled by looking "
25590
23995
"at the value of the <filename>/proc/sys/kernel/sysrq</filename> kernel "
25591
23996
"parameter :"
25592
23997
msgstr ""
25593
23998
25594
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1317(command)
23999
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1311(command)
25595
24000
msgid "cat /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq"
25596
24001
msgstr ""
25597
24002
25598
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1320(para)
24003
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1314(para)
25599
24004
msgid ""
25600
24005
"If a value of <emphasis>0</emphasis> is returned the feature is disabled. "
25601
24006
"Enable it with the following command :"
25602
24007
msgstr ""
25603
24008
25604
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1325(command)
24009
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1319(command)
25605
24010
msgid "sudo sysctl -w kernel.sysrq=1"
25606
24011
msgstr ""
25607
24012
25608
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1328(para)
24013
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1322(para)
25609
24014
msgid ""
25610
24015
"Once this is done, you must become root, as just using "
25611
24016
"<command>sudo</command> will not be sufficient. As the "
25616
24021
"the advantage of making the kernel dump process visible."
25617
24022
msgstr ""
25618
24023
25619
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1335(para)
24024
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1329(para)
25620
24025
msgid "A typical test output should look like the following :"
25621
24026
msgstr ""
25622
24027
25623
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1340(command)
24028
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1334(command)
25624
24029
msgid "sudo -s"
25625
24030
msgstr ""
25626
24031
25627
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1342(command)
24032
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1336(command)
25628
24033
msgid "echo c > /proc/sysrq-trigger"
25629
24034
msgstr ""
25630
24035
25631
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1339(screen)
24036
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1333(screen)
25632
24037
#, no-wrap
25633
24038
msgid ""
25634
24039
"\n"
25645
24050
"....\n"
25646
24051
msgstr ""
25647
24052
25648
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1352(para)
24053
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1346(para)
25649
24054
msgid ""
25650
24055
"The rest of the output is truncated, but you should see the system rebooting "
25651
24056
"and somewhere in the log, you will see the following line : <screen>Begin: "
25654
24059
"file in the <filename>/var/crash</filename> directory :"
25655
24060
msgstr ""
25656
24061
25657
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1359(command)
24062
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1353(command)
25658
24063
msgid "ls /var/crash"
25659
24064
msgstr ""
25660
24065
25661
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1358(screen)
24066
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1352(screen)
25662
24067
#, no-wrap
25663
24068
msgid ""
25664
24069
"\n"
25666
24071
"linux-image-3.0.0-12-server.0.crash\n"
25667
24072
msgstr ""
25668
24073
25669
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1368(para)
24074
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1362(para)
25670
24075
msgid ""
25671
24076
"Kernel Crash Dump is a vast topic that requires good knowledge of the linux "
25672
24077
"kernel. You can find more information on the topic here :"
25673
24078
msgstr ""
25674
24079
25675
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1374(para)
24080
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1368(para)
25676
24081
msgid ""
25677
24082
"<ulink url=\"http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt\">Kdump "
25678
24083
"kernel documentation</ulink>."
25679
24084
msgstr ""
25680
24085
25681
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1380(ulink)
24086
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1374(ulink)
25682
24087
msgid "The crash tool"
25683
24088
msgstr ""
25684
24089
25685
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1384(para)
24090
#: serverguide/C/installation.xml:1378(para)
25686
24091
msgid ""
25687
24092
"<ulink url=\"http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/crash-"
25688
24093
"analyze.html\">Analyzing Linux Kernel Crash</ulink> (Based on Fedora, it "
26040
24445
#: serverguide/C/file-server.xml:314(para)
26041
24446
msgid ""
26042
24447
"For detailed <filename>/etc/vsftpd.conf</filename> options see the <ulink "
26043
"url=\"http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/saucy/en/man5/vsftpd.conf.5.html\">"
26044
"vsftpd.conf man page</ulink>."
24448
"url=\"http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/trusty/en/man5/vsftpd.conf.5.html\""
24449
">vsftpd.conf man page</ulink>."
26045
24450
msgstr ""
26046
24451
26047
24452
#: serverguide/C/file-server.xml:325(title)
29420
27825
msgid "To install MySQL, run the following command from a terminal prompt:"
29421
27826
msgstr ""
29422
27827
27828
#: serverguide/C/databases.xml:42(command)
27829
msgid "sudo apt-get install mysql-server"
27830
msgstr ""
27831
29423
27832
#: serverguide/C/databases.xml:44(para)
29424
27833
msgid ""
29425
27834
"During the installation process you will be prompted to enter a password for "
29740
28149
"<application>PostgreSQL</application> supports multiple client "
29741
28150
"authentication methods. IDENT authentication method is used for "
29742
28151
"<application>postgres</application> and local users, unless otherwise "
29743
"configured. Please refer to <ulink "
29744
"url=\"http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/static/admin.html\"> the PostgreSQL "
28152
"configured. Please refer to the <ulink "
28153
"url=\"http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/static/admin.html\"> PostgreSQL "
29745
28154
"Administrator's Guide</ulink> if you would like to configure alternatives "
29746
28155
"like Kerberos."
29747
28156
msgstr ""
29849
28258
29850
28259
#: serverguide/C/databases.xml:393(para)
29851
28260
msgid ""
29852
"The above configuration is not complete by any means. Please refer <ulink "
29853
"url=\"http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/static/admin.html\"> the PostgreSQL "
29854
"Administrator's Guide</ulink> to configure more parameters."
28261
"The above configuration is not complete by any means. Please refer to the "
28262
"<ulink url=\"http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/static/admin.html\"> "
28263
"PostgreSQL Administrator's Guide</ulink> to configure more parameters."
29855
28264
msgstr ""
29856
28265
29857
28266
#: serverguide/C/databases.xml:399(para)
29880
28289
msgid ""
29881
28290
"<application>PostgreSQL</application> databases should be backed up "
29882
28291
"regularly. Refer to the <ulink "
29883
"url=\"http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/static/backup.html\">the PostgreSQL "
28292
"url=\"http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/static/backup.html\">PostgreSQL "
29884
28293
"Administrator's Guide</ulink> for different approaches."
29885
28294
msgstr ""
29886
28295
29887
28296
#: serverguide/C/databases.xml:422(para)
29888
28297
msgid ""
29889
28298
"As mentioned above the <ulink "
29890
"url=\"http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/static/admin.html\">the PostgreSQL "
28299
"url=\"http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/static/admin.html\">PostgreSQL "
29891
28300
"Administrator's Guide</ulink> is an excellent resource. The guide is also "
29892
28301
"available in the <application>postgresql-doc-9.1</application> package. "
29893
28302
"Execute the following in a terminal to install the package:"
30137
28546
#: serverguide/C/clustering.xml:241(para)
30138
28547
msgid ""
30139
28548
"The <ulink "
30140
"url=\"http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/saucy/en/man5/drbd.conf.5.html\">dr"
30141
"bd.conf man page</ulink> contains details on the options not covered in this "
30142
"guide."
28549
"url=\"http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/trusty/en/man5/drbd.conf.5.html\">d"
28550
"rbd.conf man page</ulink> contains details on the options not covered in "
28551
"this guide."
30143
28552
msgstr ""
30144
28553
30145
28554
#: serverguide/C/clustering.xml:247(para)
30146
28555
msgid ""
30147
28556
"Also, see the <ulink "
30148
"url=\"http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/saucy/en/man8/drbdadm.8.html\">drbd"
30149
"adm man page</ulink>."
28557
"url=\"http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/trusty/en/man8/drbdadm.8.html\">drb"
28558
"dadm man page</ulink>."
30150
28559
msgstr ""
30151
28560
30152
28561
#: serverguide/C/clustering.xml:252(para)
30396
28805
"Jabber Server Ubuntu Wiki</ulink> page has more information."
30397
28806
msgstr ""
30398
28807
28808
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:13(para)
28809
msgid ""
28810
"Control groups (cgroups) are a kernel mechanism for grouping, tracking, and "
28811
"limiting the resource usage of tasks. The kernel-provided administration "
28812
"interface is through a virtual filesystem. Higher level cgroup "
28813
"administration tools have been developed, including libcgroup and lmctfy. "
28814
"Additionally, there is guidance at freedesktop.org for how applications can "
28815
"best cooperate using the cgroup filesystem interface (see Resources)."
28816
msgstr ""
28817
28818
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:23(para)
28819
msgid ""
28820
"As of Ubuntu 14.04, the cgroup manager (cgmanager) is available as another "
28821
"cgroup administion interface. It's goal is to respond to dbus requests from "
28822
"any user, allowing him to administer only those cgroups which have been "
28823
"delegated to him."
28824
msgstr ""
28825
28826
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:30(para)
28827
msgid ""
28828
"<xref linkend=\"cgroups-overview\"/> will describe cgroups in more detail. "
28829
"<xref linkend=\"cgroups-fs\"/> will describe the long-standing cgroups "
28830
"filesystem interface. <xref linkend=\"cgroups-manager\"/> will describe the "
28831
"cgroup manager."
28832
msgstr ""
28833
28834
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:40(para)
28835
msgid ""
28836
"Cgroups are the generalized feature for grouping tasks. The actual resource "
28837
"tracking and limits are implemented by subsystems. A hierarchy is a set of "
28838
"subsystems mounted together. For instance, if the memory and devices "
28839
"subsystems are mounted together under /sys/fs/cgroups/set1, then any task "
28840
"which is in \"/child1\" will be subject to the corresponding limits of both "
28841
"subsystems."
28842
msgstr ""
28843
28844
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:49(para)
28845
msgid ""
28846
"Each set of mounted subsystems consittutes a 'hierarchy'. With exceptions, "
28847
"cgroups which are children of \"/child1\" will be subject to all limits "
28848
"placed on \"/child1\", and their resource usage will be accounted to "
28849
"\"/child1\"."
28850
msgstr ""
28851
28852
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:56(para)
28853
msgid "The existing subsystems include:"
28854
msgstr ""
28855
28856
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:61(para)
28857
msgid ""
28858
"<emphasis>cpusets</emphasis>: fascilitate assigning a set of CPUS and memory "
28859
"nodes to cgroups. Tasks in a cpuset cgroup may only be scheduled on CPUS "
28860
"assigned to that cpuset."
28861
msgstr ""
28862
28863
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:65(para)
28864
msgid "<emphasis> blkio </emphasis>: limits per-cgroup block io."
28865
msgstr ""
28866
28867
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:66(para)
28868
msgid ""
28869
"<emphasis> cpuacct </emphasis>: provides per-cgroup cpu usage accounting."
28870
msgstr ""
28871
28872
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:67(para)
28873
msgid ""
28874
"<emphasis> devices </emphasis>: controls the ability of tasks to create or "
28875
"use devices nodes using either a blacklist or whitelist."
28876
msgstr ""
28877
28878
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:69(para)
28879
msgid ""
28880
"<emphasis> freezer </emphasis>: provides a way to 'freeze' and 'thaw' whole "
28881
"cgroups. Tasks in the cgroup will not be scheduled while they are frozen."
28882
msgstr ""
28883
28884
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:71(para)
28885
msgid ""
28886
"<emphasis> hugetlb </emphasis>: fascilitates limiting hugetlb usage per "
28887
"cgroup."
28888
msgstr ""
28889
28890
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:72(para)
28891
msgid ""
28892
"<emphasis> memory </emphasis>: allows memory, kernel memory, and swap usage "
28893
"to be tracked and limited."
28894
msgstr ""
28895
28896
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:74(para)
28897
msgid ""
28898
"<emphasis> net_cls </emphasis>: provides an interface for tagging packets "
28899
"based on the sender cgroup. These tags can then be used by tc (traffic "
28900
"controller) to assign priorities."
28901
msgstr ""
28902
28903
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:77(para)
28904
msgid ""
28905
"<emphasis> net_prio </emphasis>: allows setting network traffic priority on "
28906
"a per-cgroup basis."
28907
msgstr ""
28908
28909
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:79(para)
28910
msgid ""
28911
"<emphasis> cpu </emphasis>: enables setting of scheduling preferences on per-"
28912
"cgroup basis."
28913
msgstr ""
28914
28915
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:80(para)
28916
msgid ""
28917
"<emphasis> perf_event </emphasis>: enables per-cpu mode to monitor only "
28918
"threads in certain cgroups."
28919
msgstr ""
28920
28921
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:84(para)
28922
msgid ""
28923
"In addition, named cgroups can be created with no bound subsystems for the "
28924
"sake of process tracking. As an example, systemd does this to track services "
28925
"and user sessions."
28926
msgstr ""
28927
28928
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:93(title)
28929
msgid "Filesystem"
28930
msgstr ""
28931
28932
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:95(para)
28933
msgid ""
28934
"A hierarchy is created by mounting an instance of the cgroup filesystem with "
28935
"each of the desired subsystems listed as a mount option. For instance,"
28936
msgstr ""
28937
28938
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:100(command)
28939
msgid "mount -t cgroup -o devices,memory,freezer cgroup /cgroup1"
28940
msgstr ""
28941
28942
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:104(para)
28943
msgid ""
28944
"would instantiate a hierarchy with the devices and memory cgroups comounted. "
28945
"A child cgroup \"child1\" can be created using 'mkdir'"
28946
msgstr ""
28947
28948
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:109(command)
28949
msgid "mkdir /cgroup1/child1"
28950
msgstr ""
28951
28952
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:113(para)
28953
msgid ""
28954
"and tasks can be moved into the new child cgroup by writing their process "
28955
"ids into the 'tasks' or 'cgroup.procs' file:"
28956
msgstr ""
28957
28958
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:118(command)
28959
msgid "sleep 100 echo $! > /cgroup1/child1/cgroup.procs"
28960
msgstr ""
28961
28962
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:123(para)
28963
msgid ""
28964
"Other administration is done through files in the cgroup directories. For "
28965
"instance, to freeze all tasks in child1,"
28966
msgstr ""
28967
28968
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:128(command)
28969
msgid "echo FROZEN > /cgroup1/child1/freezer.state"
28970
msgstr ""
28971
28972
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:132(para)
28973
msgid ""
28974
"A great deal of information about cgroups and its subsystems can be found "
28975
"under the cgroups documentation directory in the kernel source tree (see "
28976
"Resources)."
28977
msgstr ""
28978
28979
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:141(title)
28980
msgid "Delegation"
28981
msgstr ""
28982
28983
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:143(para)
28984
msgid ""
28985
"Cgroup files and directories can be owned by non-root users, enabling "
28986
"delegation of cgroup administration. In general, the kernel enforces the "
28987
"hierarchical constraints on limits, so that for instance if devices cgroup "
28988
"<filename>/child1</filename> cannot access a disk drive, then "
28989
"<filename>/child1/child2</filename> cannot give itself those rights."
28990
msgstr ""
28991
28992
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:151(para)
28993
msgid ""
28994
"As of Ubuntu 14.04, users are automatically placed in a set of cgroups which "
28995
"they own, safely allowing them to contrain their own jobs using child "
28996
"cgroups. This feature is relied upon, for instance, for unprivileged "
28997
"container creation in lxc."
28998
msgstr ""
28999
29000
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:161(title)
29001
msgid "Manager"
29002
msgstr ""
29003
29004
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:163(para)
29005
msgid ""
29006
"The cgroup manager (cgmanager) provides a D-Bus service allowing programs "
29007
"and users to administer cgroups without needing direct knowledge of or "
29008
"access to the cgroup filesystem. For requests from tasks in the same "
29009
"namespaces as the manager, the manager can directly perform the needed "
29010
"security checks to ensure that requests are legitimate. For other requests - "
29011
"such as those from a task in a container - enhanced D-Bus requests must be "
29012
"made, where process-, user- and group-ids are passed as SCM_CREDENTIALS, so "
29013
"that the kernel maps the identifiers to their global host values."
29014
msgstr ""
29015
29016
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:175(para)
29017
msgid ""
29018
"To fascilitate the use of simple D-Bus calls from all users, a 'cgroup "
29019
"manager proxy' (cgproxy) is automatically started when in a container. The "
29020
"proxy accepts standard D-Bus requests from tasks in the same namespaces as "
29021
"itself, and converts them to SCM-enhanced D-Bus requests which it passes on "
29022
"to the cgmanager."
29023
msgstr ""
29024
29025
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:183(para)
29026
msgid ""
29027
"A simple example of creating a new cgroup in which to run a cpu-intensive "
29028
"compile would look like:"
29029
msgstr ""
29030
29031
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:188(command)
29032
msgid ""
29033
"dbus-send --print-reply --address=unix:path=/sys/fs/cgroup/cgmanager/sock \\ "
29034
"--type=method_call /org/linuxcontainers/cgmanager \\ "
29035
"org.linuxcontainers.cgmanager0_0.Create string:'cpuset' string:\"build1\" "
29036
"dbus-send --print-reply --address=unix:path=/sys/fs/cgroup/cgmanager/sock \\ "
29037
"--type=method_call /org/linuxcontainers/cgmanager \\ "
29038
"org.linuxcontainers.cgmanager0_0.MovePid string:'cpuset' \\ "
29039
"string:\"build1\" int32:$$ dbus-send --print-reply --"
29040
"address=unix:path=/sys/fs/cgroup/cgmanager/sock \\ --type=method_call "
29041
"/org/linuxcontainers/cgmanager \\ org.linuxcontainers.cgmanager0_0.SetValue "
29042
"string:'cpuset' \\ string:\"build1\" string:\"cpuset.cpus\" string:\"1\" make"
29043
msgstr ""
29044
29045
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:203(para)
29046
msgid ""
29047
"The above can also be done much more simply by using lmctfy or cgroup-bin, "
29048
"once they are converted to use the cgmanager."
29049
msgstr ""
29050
29051
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:217(ulink)
29052
msgid "cgconfig.conf"
29053
msgstr ""
29054
29055
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:218(ulink)
29056
msgid "cgmanager"
29057
msgstr ""
29058
29059
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:219(ulink)
29060
msgid "cgproxy"
29061
msgstr ""
29062
29063
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:224(para)
29064
msgid ""
29065
"The upstream cgmanager project is hosted at <ulink "
29066
"url=\"http://cgmanager.linuxcontainers.org\">linuxcontainers.org</ulink>."
29067
msgstr ""
29068
29069
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:229(para)
29070
msgid ""
29071
"The upstream kernel documentation page on cgroups can be seen <ulink "
29072
"url=\"https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/Do"
29073
"cumentation/cgroups\">here </ulink>."
29074
msgstr ""
29075
29076
#: serverguide/C/cgroups.xml:235(para)
29077
msgid ""
29078
"The freedesktop.org control group usage guidelines can be seen <ulink "
29079
"url=\"http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/PaxControlGroups/\">he"
29080
"re</ulink>."
29081
msgstr ""
29082
30399
29083
#: serverguide/C/backups.xml:12(para)
30400
29084
msgid ""
30401
29085
"There are many ways to backup an Ubuntu installation. The most important "
Loggerhead is a web-based interface for Breezy
Version: 2.0.1