« back to all changes in this revision
Viewing changes to doc/tipaman2.tex
- browse files at revision 1
- compare with another revision
- download diff
- download tarball
- view history from revision 1
- Committer: Bazaar Package Importer
- Author(s): Rafael Laboissiere
- Date: 2003-12-11 10:50:58 UTC
- Revision ID: james.westby@ubuntu.com-20031211105058-vq8ttydhah3hdzq1
Tags: upstream-1.2
Import upstream version 1.2
- files added:
- doc
- dvips
- mf
- sty
- tfm
- type1
added
removed
doc/tipaman2.tex
1
% tipaman2.tex
2
% Copyright 2002 FUKUI Rei
3
%
4
% This program may be distributed and/or modified under the
5
% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.2
6
% of this license or (at your option) any later version.
7
% The latest version of this license is in
8
% http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
9
% and version 1.2 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX
10
% version 1999/12/01 or later.
11
%
12
% This program consists of all files listed in Manifest.txt.
13
%
14
15
\appendix
16
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Appendix}
17
18
\begingroup
19
\raggedbottom
20
21
\chapter{Annotated List of TIPA Symbols}
22
23
For each symbol, a large scale image of the symbol is displayed with a
24
frame. Within the frame, horizontal lines that indicate
25
\verb|x_height| and baseline are also shown. At the top left corner of
26
a frame, a number indicating the octal code
27
of the symbol is shown. In the case of a symbol from
28
\texttt{tipx} fonts, the code number is underlined.
29
30
Next, the following information is shown at the right of each symbol
31
in this order: (1) the name of the symbol, (2) explanation on its
32
usage with some examples (for non-IPA usages, an asterisk is put at the
33
beginning), (3) input method in typewriter style, and finally (4)
34
sources or references.
35
36
Sometimes the input method is displayed in the form of \textit{Input1:
37
xxx, Input2: yyy\/}. In such cases \textit{Input1} indicates the one
38
used in the normal text environment and \textit{Input2}, the one used
39
in the IPA environment.
40
41
The following abbreviations are used in the examples of usage and
42
explanations in the footnote.
43
44
\vspace{1cm}
45
46
\emph{ExtIPA} = \emph{ExtIPA Symbols for Disordered Speech}
47
48
\emph{VoQS} = \emph{Voice Quality Symbols}
49
50
\PSG{} = \emph{Phonetic Symbol Guide} \citep{PSG:II}
51
52
\emph{Handbook} = \emph{Handbook of the International Phonetic
53
Association} \citep{Handbook}
54
55
\emph{Principles} = \emph{Principles of the International Phonetic
56
Association} \citep{Principles}
57
58
\emph{JIPA} = \emph{Journal of the International Phonetic Association}
59
60
\emph{IE} Indo-European
61
62
\emph{OHG} Old High German
63
64
\emph{OCS} Old Church Slavic
65
66
67
\newpage
68
\section{Vowels and Consonants}\label{list:symbols}
69
70
\begingroup
71
\setlength\parindent{0pt}
72
73
\medskip
74
75
\ipaitem{a}{Lower-case A}%
76
{open front unrounded vowel}%
77
{a}{}{\ipaall}{'141}
78
79
\ipxitem{\textrhooka}{Right-hook A}%
80
{}%
81
{\tbs textrhooka}{}{\PSG}{'040}
82
83
\ipaitem{\textturna}{Turned A}%
84
{near-open central vowel}%
85
{\tbs textturna}{5}{\ipaall}{'065}
86
87
\ipaitem{\textscripta}{Script A}%
88
{open back unrounded vowel}%
89
{\tbs textscripta}{A}{\ipaall}{'101}
90
91
\ipaitem{\textturnscripta}{Turned script A}%
92
{open back rounded vowel}%
93
{\tbs textturnscripta}{6}{\ipaall}{'066}
94
95
\ipxitem{\textinvscripta}{Inverted script A}%
96
{}%
97
{\tbs textinvscripta}{}{\PSG}{'041}
98
99
\ipaitem{\ae}{Ash}%
100
{near-open front unrounded vowel}%
101
{\tbs ae}{}{\ipaall}{'346}
102
103
\ipxitem{\textaolig}{A-O ligature }%
104
{}%
105
{\tbs textaolig}{}{\PSG}{'042}
106
107
\ipaitem{\textsca}{Small capital A\footnotemark}%
108
{*open central unrounded vowel}%
109
{\tbs textsca}{\tbs;A}{\PSG}{'300}%
110
\footnotetext{This symbol is fairly common among Chinese
111
phoneticians.}
112
113
\ipxitem{\textlhookfour}{Left-hook four }%
114
{}%
115
{\tbs textlhookfour}{}{\PSG}{'043}
116
117
\ipxitem{\textinvsca}{Inverted small capital A }%
118
{}%
119
{\tbs textinvsca}{}{\PSG}{'160}
120
121
\ipxitem{\textscaolig}{Small capital A-O ligature }%
122
{}%
123
{\tbs textscaolig}{}{\PSG}{'161}
124
125
\ipaitem{\textturnv}{Turned V\footnotemark}%
126
{open-mid back unrounded vowel}%
127
{\tbs textturnv}{2}{\ipaall}{'062}%
128
\footnotetext{In a previous version of \PSG{} this symbol was
129
called `Inverted V' but it was apparently a mistake.}
130
131
\ipxitem{\textscdelta}{Small capital delta }%
132
{}%
133
{\tbs textscdelta}{}{\PSG}{'162}
134
135
\ipaitem{b}{Lower-case B}%
136
{voiced bilabial plosive}%
137
{b}{}{\ipaall}{'142}
138
139
\ipaitem{\textcrb}{Crossed B}%
140
{}%
141
{\tbs textcrb}{}{\PSG}{'240}
142
143
\ipaitem{\textbarb}{Barred B}%
144
{}%
145
{\tbs textbarb}{}{\PSG}{Macro}
146
147
\ipaitem{\textsoftsign}{Soft sign}%
148
{*as in \emph{OCS} ogn\textsoftsign{} `fire'.}%
149
{\tbs textsoftsign}{}{\PSG}{'272}
150
151
\ipaitem{\texthardsign}{Hard sign}%
152
{*as in \emph{OCS} grad\texthardsign{} `town'.}%
153
{\tbs texthardsign}{}{\PSG}{'273}
154
155
\ipaitem{\texthtb}{Hooktop B}%
156
{voiced bilabial implosive}%
157
{\tbs texthtb}{\tbs!b}{\ipaall}{'341}
158
159
\ipaitem{\textscb}{Small capital B}%
160
{voiced bilabial trill}%
161
{\tbs textscb}{\tbs;B}{\ipanew}{'340}
162
163
\ipaitem{\textbeta}{Beta}%
164
{voiced bilabial fricative}%
165
{\tbs textbeta}{B}{\ipaall}{'102}
166
167
\ipaitem{c}{Lower-case C}%
168
{voiceless palatal plosive}%
169
{c}{}{\ipaall}{'143}
170
171
\ipaitem{\textbarc}{Barred C}%
172
{}%
173
{\tbs textbarc}{}{\PSG}{Macro}
174
175
\ipaitem{\v{c}}{Wedge C}%
176
{*equivalent to IPA \textipa{tS}}%
177
{\TD{v}{c}}{}{\PSG}{Macro}
178
179
\ipaitem{\c{c}}{C Cedilla}%
180
{voiceless palatal fricative}%
181
{\TD{c}{c}}{}{\ipaall}{'347}
182
183
\ipaitem{\texthtc}{Hooktop C}%
184
{voiceless palatal implosive}%
185
{\tbs texthtc}{}{IPA '89}{'301}
186
187
\ipaitem{\textctc}{Curly-tail C}%
188
{voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative}%
189
{\tbs textctc}{C}{\ipaall}{'103}
190
191
\ipaitem{\textstretchc}{Stretched C\footnotemark}%
192
{postalveolar click}%
193
{\tbs textstretchc}{}{\ipaold}{'302}%
194
\footnotetext{The shape of this symbol differs according to the
195
sources. In \PSG{} and recent articles in \emph{JIPA}, it is
196
`stretched' toward both the ascender and descender regions and the
197
whole shape looks like a thick staple. In the old days, however,
198
it was stretched only toward the descender and the whole shape
199
looked more like a stretched c, as is shown in the next item
200
(original form).}
201
202
\ipxitem{\textstretchcvar}{Stretched C (original form) }%
203
{}%
204
{\tbs textstretchcvar}{}{\cite{Hottentot}}{'044}
205
206
\ipxitem{\textctstretchc}{Curly-tail stretched C }%
207
{}%
208
{\tbs textctstretchc}{}{\PSG}{'045}
209
210
\ipxitem{\textctstretchcvar}{Curly-tail stretched C (original form) }%
211
{}%
212
{\tbs textctstretchcvar}{}{\cite{Hottentot}}{'046}
213
214
\ipaitem{d}{Lower-case D}%
215
{voiced dental or alveolar plosive}%
216
{d}{}{\ipaall}{'144}
217
218
\ipaitem{\textcrd}{Crossed D}%
219
{}%
220
{\tbs textcrd}{}{\PSG}{'241}
221
222
\ipaitem{\textbard}{Barred D}%
223
{}%
224
{\tbs textbard}{}{\PSG}{Macro}
225
226
\ipxitem{\textfrhookd}{Front-hook D }%
227
{}%
228
{\tbs textfrhookd}{}{\PSG}{'047}
229
230
\ipxitem{\textfrhookdvar}{Front-hook D (Original)\footnotemark}%
231
{}%
232
{\tbs textfrhookdvar}{}{}{'050}%
233
\footnotetext{This shape is used by \cite{Jones:Phoneme}.}
234
235
\ipaitem{\texthtd}{Hooktop D}%
236
{voiced dental or alveolar implosive}%
237
{\tbs texthtd}{\tbs!d}{\ipaall}{'342}
238
239
\ipaitem{\textrtaild}{Right-tail D}%
240
{voiced retroflex plosive}%
241
{\tbs textrtaild}{\tbs:d}{\ipaall}{'343}
242
243
\ipaitem{\texthtrtaild}{Hooktop right-tail D }%
244
{voiced retroflex implosive}%
245
{\tbs texthtrtaild}{}{\PSG, \Handbook}{'243}
246
247
\ipaitem{\textctd}{Curly-tail D}%
248
{*voiced alveolo-palatal plosive}%
249
{\tbs textctd}{}{}{'242}
250
251
\ipxitem{\textdblig}{D-B ligature }%
252
{}%
253
{\tbs textdblig}{}{\PSG}{'051}
254
255
\ipaitem{\textdzlig}{D-Z ligature}%
256
{}%
257
{\tbs textdzlig}{}{\PSG}{Macro}
258
259
\ipaitem{\textdctzlig}{D-Curly-tail Z ligature}%
260
{}%
261
{\tbs textdctzlig}{}{}{Macro}
262
263
\ipaitem{\textdyoghlig}{D-Yogh ligature}%
264
{voiced postalveolar affricate}%
265
{\tbs textdyoghlig}{}{\ipaall}{'303}
266
267
\ipaitem{\textctdctzlig}{Curly-tail D-Curly-tail Z ligature}%
268
{}%
269
{\tbs textctdctzlig}{}{}{Macro}
270
271
\ipaitem{\dh}{Eth}%
272
{voiced dental fricative}%
273
{\tbs dh}{D}{\ipaall}{'104}
274
275
\ipaitem{e}{Lower-case E}%
276
{close-mid front unrounded vowel}%
277
{e}{}{\ipaall}{'145}
278
279
\ipxitem{\textrhooke}{Right-hook E }%
280
{}%
281
{\tbs textrhooke}{}{\PSG}{'052}
282
283
\ipaitem{\textschwa}{Schwa}%
284
{mid central vowel}%
285
{\tbs textschwa}{@}{\ipaall}{'100}
286
287
\ipaitem{\textrhookschwa}{Right-hook schwa}%
288
{r-colored \textschwa}%
289
{\tbs textrhookschwa}{}{\ipaold}{'304}
290
291
\ipaitem{\textreve}{Reversed E}%
292
{close-mid central unrounded vowel}%
293
{\tbs textreve}{9}{\ipaall}{'071}
294
295
\ipaitem{\textsce}{Small capital E}%
296
{}%
297
{\tbs textsce}{\tbs;E}{\PSG}{'244}
298
299
\ipaitem{\textepsilon}{Epsilon}%
300
{open-mid front unrounded vowel}%
301
{\tbs textepsilon}{E}{\ipaall}{'105}
302
303
\ipxitem{\textrhookepsilon}{Right-hook epsilon }%
304
{}%
305
{\tbs textrhookepsilon}{}{\PSG}{'053}
306
307
\ipaitem{\textcloseepsilon}{Closed epsilon\footnotemark}%
308
{(obsolete) open-mid central rounded vowel}%
309
{\tbs textcloseepsilon}{}{IPA '93}{'305}%
310
\footnotetext{In the 1993 version of IPA, this symbol was used as
311
the symbol for the open-mid central rounded vowel. However, in the
312
1996 version, this symbol was replaced by Closed reversed epsilon,
313
i.e., \textcloserevepsilon. In fact, it was a typographical error, as
314
was anounced in \citet[p.\ 48]{IPA:Preview}.}
315
316
\ipaitem{\textrevepsilon}{Reversed epsilon}%
317
{open-mid central unrounded vowel}%
318
{\tbs textrevepsilon}{3}{\ipaall}{'063}
319
320
\ipaitem{\textrhookrevepsilon}{Right-hook reversed epsilon}%
321
{r colored \textrevepsilon}%
322
{\tbs textrhookrevepsilon}{}{\PSG}{'307}
323
324
\ipaitem{\textcloserevepsilon}{Closed reversed epsilon\footnotemark}%
325
{open-mid central rounded vowel}%
326
{\tbs textcloserevepsilon}{}{\Handbook}{'306}%
327
\footnotetext{See the footnote above.}
328
329
\ipaitem{f}{Lower-case F}%
330
{voiceless labiodental fricative}%
331
{f}{}{\ipaall}{'146}
332
333
\ipxitem{\textscf}{Small capital F }%
334
{}%
335
{\tbs textscf}{}{\PSG}{'163}
336
337
\ipaitem{g}{Lower-case G}%
338
{voiced velar plosive}%
339
{\tbs textscriptg}{g}{\ipaall}{'147}
340
341
\ipaitem{\textbarg}{Barred G}%
342
{}%
343
{\tbs textbarg}{}{\PSG}{Macro}
344
345
\ipaitem{\textcrg}{Crossed G}%
346
{}%
347
{\tbs textcrg}{}{\PSG}{Macro}
348
349
\ipaitem{\texthtg}{Hooktop G}%
350
{voiced velar implosive}%
351
{\tbs texthtg}{\tbs!g}{\ipaall}{'344}
352
353
\ipaitem{\textg}{Looptail G}%
354
{equivalent to \textscriptg}%
355
{g}{\tbs textg}{}{'245}
356
357
\ipaitem{\textscg}{Small capital G}%
358
{voiced uvular plosive}%
359
{\tbs textscg}{\tbs;G}{\ipaall}{'345}
360
361
\ipaitem{\texthtscg}{Hooktop small capital G}%
362
{voiced uvular implosive}%
363
{\tbs texthtscg}{\tbs!G}{\ipanew}{'311}
364
365
\ipaitem{\textgamma}{Gamma}%
366
{voiced velar fricative}%
367
{\tbs textgamma}{G}{\ipaall}{'107}
368
369
\ipxitem{\textgrgamma}{Greek gamma\footnotemark}%
370
{}%
371
{\tbs textgrgamma}{}{\PSG}{'054}%
372
\footnotetext{It is not my intention to include all the Greek letters
373
appearing in \PSG. The reason for including this symbol is to
374
assure typographical consistency with the next two symbols derived from
375
Greek gamma.}
376
377
\ipxitem{\textfrtailgamma}{Front-tail gamma }%
378
{}%
379
{\tbs textfrtailgamma}{}{\PSG}{'055}
380
381
\ipxitem{\textbktailgamma}{Back-tail gamma }%
382
{}%
383
{\tbs textbktailgamma}{}{\PSG}{'056}
384
385
\ipaitem{\textbabygamma}{Baby gamma}%
386
{(obsolete) close-mid back unrounded vowel}%
387
{\tbs textbabygamma}{}{\ipaold}{'310}
388
389
\ipaitem{\textramshorns}{Ram's horns}%
390
{close-mid back unrounded vowel}%
391
{\tbs textramshorns}{7}{\ipanew}{'067}
392
393
\ipaitem{h}{Lower-case H}%
394
{voiceless glottal fricative}%
395
{h}{}{\ipaall}{'150}
396
397
\ipaitem{\texthvlig}{H-V ligature}%
398
{*as in \emph{Gothic} \texthvlig{}as `what'.}%
399
{\tbs texthvlig}{}{\PSG}{'377}
400
401
\ipaitem{\textcrh}{Crossed H\footnotemark}%
402
{voiceless pharyngeal fricative}%
403
{\tbs textcrh}{}{\ipaall}{'350}%
404
\footnotetext{In \Handbook, this symbol is called `Barred H'.}
405
406
\ipaitem{\texthth}{Hooktop H}%
407
{voiced glottal fricative}%
408
{\tbs texthth}{H}{\ipaall}{'110}
409
410
\ipxitem{\textrtailhth}{Right-tail hooktop H }%
411
{}%
412
{\tbs textrtailhth}{}{\PSG}{'057}
413
414
\ipxitem{\textheng}{Heng }%
415
{}%
416
{\tbs textheng}{}{\PSG}{'060}
417
418
\ipaitem{\texththeng}{Hooktop heng}%
419
{simultaneous \textesh\ and x}%
420
{\tbs texththeng}{}{\ipaall}{'312}
421
422
\ipaitem{\textturnh}{Turned H}%
423
{voiced labial-palatal approximant}%
424
{\tbs textturnh}{4}{\ipaall}{'064}
425
426
\ipaitem{\textsch}{Small capital H}%
427
{voiceless epiglottal fricative}%
428
{\tbs textsch}{\tbs;H}{\ipanew}{'313}
429
430
\ipaitem{i}{Lower-case I}%
431
{close front unrounded vowel}%
432
{i}{}{\ipaall}{'151}
433
434
\ipaitem{\i}{Undotted I}%
435
{*used in Turkish orthography}%
436
{\tbs i}{}{\PSG}{'031}
437
438
\ipaitem{\textbari}{Barred I}%
439
{close central unrounded vowel}%
440
{\tbs textbari}{1}{\ipaall}{'061}
441
442
\ipaitem{\textsci}{Small capital I}%
443
{near-close near-front unrounded vowel}%
444
{\tbs textsci}{I}{\ipanew}{'111}
445
446
\ipaitem{\textiota}{Iota}%
447
{(obsolete) near-close near-front unrounded vowel}%
448
{\tbs textiota}{}{\ipaold}{'314}
449
450
\ipxitem{\textlhti}{Left-hooktop I\footnotemark}%
451
{}%
452
{\tbs textlhti}{}{}{'061}%
453
\footnotetext{This symbol is sometimes found instead of
454
\textlhtlongi\ (next item) in textbooks of Chinese in Japan.}
455
456
\ipaitem{\textlhtlongi}{Left-hooktop Long I\footnotemark}%
457
{}%
458
{\tbs textlhtlongi}{}{\PSG}{'246}%
459
\footnotetext{The two symbols \textlhtlongi{} and \textvibyi{}
460
are mainly used among Chinese linguists. These
461
symbols are based on ``det svenska landsm\aa{}lsalfabetet'' and
462
introduced to China by Bernhard Karlgren. The original shapes of
463
these symbols were in italic as was always the case with
464
``det svenska landsm\aa{}lsalfabetet''. It seems that the Chinese
465
linguists who wanted to continue to use these symbols in IPA
466
changed their shapes upright. \PSG's descriptions to the origin of
467
these symbols are inaccurate.}
468
469
\ipaitem{\textvibyi}{Viby I\footnotemark}%
470
{}%
471
{\tbs textvibyi}{}{\PSG}{'247}%
472
\footnotetext{I call this symbol `Viby I', based on the
473
following description by Bernhard Karlgren: ``Une voyelle tr\`es
474
analogue \`a \textvibyi{} se rencontre dans certains dial.\ su\'edois;
475
on l'appelle `i de Viby'.'' \citep[p.\ 295]{Karlgren}\label{vibyi}}
476
477
\ipaitem{\textraisevibyi}{Raised Viby I}%
478
{}%
479
{\tbs textraisevibyi}{}{}{Macro}
480
481
\ipaitem{j}{Lower-case J}%
482
{voiced palatal approximant}%
483
{j}{}{\ipaall}{'152}
484
485
\ipaitem{\j}{Undotted J}%
486
{}%
487
{\tbs j}{}{}{'032}
488
489
\ipaitem{\textctj}{Curly-tail J\footnotemark}%
490
{voiced palatal fricative}%
491
{\tbs textctj}{J}{\ipanew}{'112}%
492
\footnotetext{In the official IPA charts of '89 through '96, this symbol
493
has a dish serif on top of the stem, rather than the normal sloped
494
serif found in the letter j. I found no reason why it should have
495
a dish serif here, so I changed it to a normal sloped serif.
496
The official (?) IPA shape can be used by the \texttt{\tbs textctjvar}
497
command. (\textctjvar)}
498
499
\ipxitem{\textctjvar}{Curly-tail J (a variety found in 1996 IPA) }%
500
{same as the above}%
501
{\tbs textctjvar}{}{\ipanew}{'062}
502
503
\ipaitem{\v{\j}}{Wedge J}%
504
{*equivalent to IPA \textipa{dZ}}%
505
{\TD{v}{\tbs j}}{}{\PSG}{Macro}
506
507
\ipaitem{\textbardotlessj}{Barred dotless J}%
508
{voiced palatal plosive}%
509
{\tbs textbardotlessj}{}{\ipanew}{'351}
510
511
\ipaitem{\textObardotlessj}{Old barred dotless J}%
512
{voiced palatal plosive}%
513
{\tbs textObardotlessj}{}{\ipaold}{'315}
514
515
\ipaitem{\texthtbardotlessj}{Hooktop barred dotless J\footnotemark}%
516
{voiced palatal implosive}%
517
{\tbs texthtbardotlessj}{\tbs!j}{\Handbook}{'352}%
518
\footnotetext{In \PSG{} the shape of this symbol slightly
519
differs. Here I followed the shape found in IPA '89--'96.}
520
521
\ipxitem{\texthtbardotlessjvar}{Hooktop barred dotless J (a variety) }%
522
{same as the above}%
523
{\tbs texthtbardotlessjvar}{}{IPA '89--'93, \PSG}{'063}
524
525
\ipaitem{\textscj}{Small capital J}%
526
{}%
527
{\tbs textscj}{\tbs;J}{\PSG}{'250}
528
529
\ipaitem{k}{Lower-case K}%
530
{voiceless velar plosive}%
531
{k}{}{\ipaall}{'153}
532
533
\ipaitem{\texthtk}{Hooktop K}%
534
{voiceless velar implosive}%
535
{\tbs texthtk}{}{IPA '89}{'316}
536
537
\ipaitem{\textturnk}{Turned K}%
538
{}%
539
{\tbs textturnk}{\tbs*k}{\PSG}{'251}
540
541
\ipxitem{\textsck}{Small capital K }%
542
{}%
543
{\tbs textsck}{}{\PSG}{'164}
544
545
\ipxitem{\textturnsck}{Turned small capital K }%
546
{}%
547
{\tbs textturnsck}{}{\PSG}{'165}
548
549
\ipaitem{l}{Lower-case L}%
550
{alveolar lateral approximant}%
551
{l}{}{\ipaall}{'154}
552
553
\ipaitem{\textltilde}{L with tilde}%
554
{}%
555
{\tbs textltilde}{\tbs|\ttilde l}{\ipaall}{'353}
556
557
\ipaitem{\textbarl}{Barred L}%
558
{}%
559
{\tbs textbarl}{}{\PSG}{'252}
560
561
\ipaitem{\textbeltl}{Belted L}%
562
{voiceless dental or alveolar lateral fricative}%
563
{\tbs textbeltl}{}{\ipaall}{'354}
564
565
\ipaitem{\textrtaill}{Right-tail L}%
566
{retroflex lateral approximant}%
567
{\tbs textrtaill}{\tbs:l}{\ipaall}{'355}
568
569
\ipaitem{\textlyoghlig}{L-Yogh ligature}%
570
{voiced alveolar lateral fricative}%
571
{\tbs textlyoghlig}{}{\ipanew}{'320}
572
573
\ipaitem{\textOlyoghlig}{Old L-Yogh ligature}%
574
{voiced alveolar lateral fricative}%
575
{\tbs textOlyoghlig}{}{\ipaold}{'255}
576
577
\ipxitem{\textlfishhookrlig}{L-Fish-hook R ligature}%
578
{alveolar lateral flap}%
579
{\tbs textlfishhookrlig}{}{}{'111}
580
581
\ipaitem{\textscl}{Small capital L}%
582
{velar lateral approximant}%
583
{\tbs textscl}{\tbs;L}{\ipanew}{'317}
584
585
\ipxitem{\textrevscl}{Reversed small capital L }%
586
{}%
587
{\tbs textrevscl}{}{\PSG}{'166}
588
589
\ipaitem{\textlambda}{Lambda}%
590
{}%
591
{\tbs textlambda}{}{\PSG}{'253}
592
593
\ipaitem{\textcrlambda}{Crossed lambda}%
594
{}%
595
{\tbs textcrlambda}{}{\PSG}{'254}
596
597
\ipaitem{m}{Lower-case M}%
598
{bilabial nasal}%
599
{m}{}{\ipaall}{'155}
600
601
\ipaitem{\textltailm}{Left-tail M (at right)\footnotemark}%
602
{labiodental nasal}%
603
{\tbs textltailm}{M}{\ipaall}{'115}%
604
\footnotetext{\PSG\ calls this symbol `Meng'.}
605
606
\ipxitem{\texthmlig}{H-M ligature }%
607
{}%
608
{\tbs texthmlig}{}{\PSG}{'064}
609
610
\ipaitem{\textturnm}{Turned M}%
611
{close back unrounded vowel}%
612
{\tbs textturnm}{W}{\ipaall}{'127}
613
614
\ipaitem{\textturnmrleg}{Turned M, right leg}%
615
{voiced velar approximant}%
616
{\tbs textturnmrleg}{}{IPA '79--'93}{'356}
617
618
\ipxitem{\textscm}{Small capital M }%
619
{}%
620
{\tbs textscm}{}{\PSG}{'167}
621
622
\ipaitem{n}{Lower-case N}%
623
{dental or alveolar nasal}%
624
{n}{}{\ipaall}{'156}
625
626
\ipxitem{\textfrbarn}{Front-bar N\footnotemark}%
627
{}%
628
{\tbs textfrbarn}{}{\PSG}{'065}%
629
\footnotetext{This shape is based on \PSG\ (p.~119). However, its
630
original shape looks a little different. Here I simply followed
631
the shape found in \PSG\ because in its source \citep{Trager} the
632
shape of this symbol is unclear (typewritten, modified by handwriting).}
633
634
\ipxitem{\textnrleg}{N, right leg\footnotemark}%
635
{}%
636
{\tbs textnrleg}{}{IPA '49}{'066}%
637
\footnotetext{In \PSG, this symbol is called `Long-Leg N'.}
638
639
\ipaitem{\~n}{N with tilde}%
640
{}%
641
{\tbs\ttilde n}{}{\PSG}{Macro}
642
643
\ipaitem{\textltailn}{Left-tail N (at left)}%
644
{palatal nasal}%
645
{\tbs textltailn}{}{\ipaall}{'361}
646
647
\ipaitem{\ng}{Eng}%
648
{velar nasal}%
649
{\tbs ng}{N}{\ipaall}{'116}
650
651
\ipaitem{\textrtailn}{Right-tail N}%
652
{retroflex nasal}%
653
{\tbs textrtailn}{\tbs:n}{\ipaall}{'357}
654
655
\ipaitem{\textctn}{Curly-tail N}%
656
{*alveolo-palatal nasal}%
657
{\tbs textctn}{}{}{'256}
658
659
\ipaitem{\textscn}{Small capital N}%
660
{uvular nasal}%
661
{\tbs textscn}{\tbs;N}{\ipaall}{'360}
662
663
\ipaitem{o}{Lower-case O}%
664
{close-mid back rounded vowel}%
665
{o}{}{\ipaall}{'157}
666
667
\ipxitem{\textfemale}{Female sign }%
668
{}%
669
{\tbs textfemale}{}{\PSG}{'067}
670
671
\ipxitem{\textuncrfemale}{Uncrossed female sign }%
672
{}%
673
{\tbs textuncrfemale}{}{\PSG}{'070}
674
675
\ipaitem{\textbullseye}{Bull's eye\footnotemark}%
676
{bilabial click}%
677
{\tbs textbullseye}{\tbs!o}{IPA '93, '96}{'362}%
678
\footnotetext{In \PSG\ this name is spelled `Bullseye'.}
679
680
\ipxitem{\textObullseye}{Bull's eye (an old version) }%
681
{bilabial click}%
682
{\tbs textObullseye}{}{IPA '79, '89}{'071}
683
684
\ipaitem{\textbaro}{Barred O}%
685
{close-mid central rounded vowel}%
686
{\tbs textbaro}{8}{\ipaall}{'070}
687
688
\ipaitem{\o}{Slashed O}%
689
{close-mid front rounded vowel}%
690
{\tbs o}{}{\ipaall}{'370}
691
692
\ipaitem{\oe}{O-E ligature}%
693
{open-mid front rounded vowel}%
694
{\tbs oe}{}{\ipaall}{'367}
695
696
\ipaitem{\textscoelig}{Small capital O-E ligature}%
697
{open front rounded vowel}%
698
{\tbs textscoelig}{\tbs OE}{IPA '79--'96}{'327}
699
700
\ipaitem{\textopeno}{Open O}%
701
{open-mid back rounded vowel}%
702
{\tbs textopeno}{O}{\ipaall}{'117}
703
704
\ipxitem{\textrhookopeno}{Right-hook open O }%
705
{}%
706
{\tbs textrhookopeno}{}{\PSG}{'072}
707
708
\ipaitem{\textturncelig}{Turned C (Open O)-E ligature}%
709
{}%
710
{\tbs textturncelig}{}{\PSG}{'257}
711
712
\ipaitem{\textomega}{Omega}%
713
{}%
714
{\tbs textomega}{}{\PSG}{'260}
715
716
\ipxitem{\textinvomega}{Inverted omega }%
717
{}%
718
{\tbs textinvomega}{}{\PSG}{'073}
719
720
\ipaitem{\textcloseomega}{Closed omega}%
721
{(obsolete) near-close near-back rounded vowel}%
722
{\tbs textcloseomega}{}{\ipaold}{'321}
723
724
\ipaitem{\textscomega}{Small capital omega}%
725
{}%
726
{\tbs textscomega}{}{\PSG}{'261}
727
728
\ipaitem{p}{Lower-case P}%
729
{voiceless bilabial plosive}%
730
{p}{}{\ipaall}{'160}
731
732
\ipaitem{\texthtp}{Hooktop P}%
733
{voiceless bilabial implosive}%
734
{\tbs texthtp}{}{IPA '89}{'322}
735
736
\ipxitem{\textlhookp}{Left-hook P }%
737
{}%
738
{\tbs textlhookp}{}{\PSG}{'074}
739
740
\ipxitem{\textscp}{Small capital P }%
741
{}%
742
{\tbs textscp}{}{\PSG}{'170}
743
744
\ipaitem{\textwynn}{Wynn}%
745
{*labiovelar approximant}%
746
{\tbs textwynn}{}{Old English}{'337}
747
748
\ipaitem{\textthorn}{Thorn}%
749
{*interdental fricative}%
750
{\tbs textthorn}{\tbs th}{Old English}{'376}
751
752
\ipxitem{\textthornvari}{A variety of thorn (1) }%
753
{}%
754
{\tbs textthornvari}{}{\PSG}{'120}
755
756
\ipxitem{\textthornvarii}{A variety of thorn (2) }%
757
{}%
758
{\tbs textthornvarii}{}{\PSG}{'121}
759
760
\ipxitem{\textthornvariii}{A variety of thorn (3) }%
761
{}%
762
{\tbs textthornvariii}{}{\PSG}{'122}
763
764
\ipxitem{\textthornvariv}{A variety of thorn (4) }%
765
{}%
766
{\tbs textthornvariv}{}{\PSG}{'123}
767
768
\ipaitem{\textphi}{Phi}%
769
{voiceless bilabial fricative}%
770
{\tbs textphi}{F}{\ipaall}{'106}
771
772
\ipaitem{q}{Lower-case Q}%
773
{voiceless uvular plosive}%
774
{q}{}{\ipaall}{'161}
775
776
\ipaitem{\texthtq}{Hooktop Q}%
777
{voiceless uvular implosive}%
778
{\tbs texthtq}{}{IPA '89}{'323}
779
780
\ipxitem{\textqplig}{Q-P ligature }%
781
{}%
782
{\tbs textqplig}{}{\PSG}{'075}
783
784
\ipxitem{\textscq}{Small capital Q\footnotemark}%
785
{*voiceless pharyngeal plosive}%
786
{\tbs textscq}{\tbs;Q}{}{'171}%
787
\footnotetext{Suggested by Prof S. Tsuchida for Austronesian
788
languages in Taiwan. In \PSG{} `Female Sign' and `Uncrossed Female
789
Sign'(pp.~110--111) are noted for pharyngeal stops, as proposed by
790
Trager (1964). Also, I'm not sure about the difference between an
791
epiglottal plosive and a pharyngeal stop.}
792
793
\ipaitem{r}{Lower-case R}%
794
{alveolar trill}%
795
{r}{}{\ipaall}{'162}
796
797
\ipaitem{\textfishhookr}{Fish-hook R}%
798
{alveolar tap or flap}%
799
{\tbs textfishhookr}{R}{\ipaall}{'122}
800
801
\ipaitem{\textlonglegr}{Long-leg R}%
802
{alveolar fricative trill}%
803
{\tbs textlonglegr}{}{\ipaold}{'324}
804
805
\ipaitem{\textrtailr}{Right-tail R}%
806
{retroflex tap or flap}%
807
{\tbs textrtailr}{\tbs:r}{\ipaall}{'363}
808
809
\ipaitem{\textturnr}{Turned R}%
810
{alveolar approximant}%
811
{\tbs textturnr}{\tbs*r}{\ipaall}{'364}
812
813
\ipaitem{\textturnrrtail}{Turned R, right tail}%
814
{retroflex approximant}%
815
{\tbs textturnrrtail}{\tbs:R}{\ipaall}{'365}
816
817
\ipaitem{\textturnlonglegr}{Turned long-leg R}%
818
{alveolar lateral flap}%
819
{\tbs textturnlonglegr}{}{\ipaall}{'325}
820
821
\ipaitem{\textscr}{Small capital R}%
822
{uvular trill}%
823
{\tbs textscr}{\tbs;R}{\ipaall}{'366}
824
825
\ipxitem{\textrevscr}{Reversed small capital R }%
826
{}%
827
{\tbs textrevscr}{}{\PSG}{'172}
828
829
\ipaitem{\textinvscr}{Inverted small capital R}%
830
{voiced uvular fricative}%
831
{\tbs textinvscr}{K}{\ipaall}{'113}
832
833
\ipaitem{s}{Lower-case S}%
834
{voiceless alveolar fricative}%
835
{s}{}{\ipaall}{'163}
836
837
\ipaitem{\v{s}}{Wedge S}%
838
{*equivalent to IPA \textesh}%
839
{\TD{v}{s}}{}{\PSG}{Macro}
840
841
\ipaitem{\textrtails}{Right-tail S (at left)}%
842
{voiceless retroflex fricative}%
843
{\tbs textrtails}{\tbs:s}{\ipaall}{'371}
844
845
\ipaitem{\textesh}{Esh}%
846
{voiceless postalveolar fricative}%
847
{\tbs textesh}{S}{\ipaall}{'123}
848
849
\ipaitem{\textdoublebaresh}{Double-barred esh}%
850
{}%
851
{\tbs textdoublebaresh}{}{\cite{Hottentot}, \PSG}{Macro}
852
853
\ipxitem{\textlooptoprevesh}{Reversed esh with top loop }%
854
{}%
855
{\tbs textlooptoprevesh}{}{IPA '49}{'076}
856
857
\ipaitem{\textctesh}{Curly-tail esh}%
858
{palatalized \textesh}%
859
{\tbs textctesh}{}{\ipaold}{'262}
860
861
\ipaitem{t}{Lower-case T}%
862
{voiceless dental or alveolar plosive}%
863
{t}{}{\ipaall}{'164}
864
865
\ipxitem{\textfrhookt}{Front-hook T }%
866
{}%
867
{\tbs textfrhookt}{}{\PSG}{'077}
868
869
\ipaitem{\textlhookt}{Left-hook T}%
870
{palatalized t}%
871
{\tbs textlhookt}{}{\PSG}{'263}
872
873
\ipaitem{\textrtailt}{Right-tail T}%
874
{voiceless retroflex plosive}%
875
{\tbs textrtailt}{\tbs:t}{\ipaall}{'372}
876
877
\ipaitem{\texthtt}{Hooktop T}%
878
{voiceless dental or alveolar implosive}%
879
{\tbs texthtt}{}{IPA '89}{'326}
880
881
\ipaitem{\textturnt}{Turned T}%
882
{dental click}%
883
{\tbs textturnt}{\tbs*t}{\ipaold}{'330}
884
885
\ipxitem{\textctturnt}{Curly-tail turned T }%
886
{}%
887
{\tbs textctturnt}{}{\cite{Hottentot}, \PSG}{'100}
888
889
\ipaitem{\textctt}{Curly-tail T}%
890
{*voiceless alveolo-palatal plosive}%
891
{\tbs textctt}{}{}{'264}
892
893
\ipaitem{\texttctclig}{T-Curly-tail C ligature}%
894
{}%
895
{\tbs texttctclig}{}{}{Macro}
896
897
\ipaitem{\textcttctclig}{Curly-tail T-Curly-tail C ligature}%
898
{}%
899
{\tbs textcttctclig}{}{}{Macro}
900
901
\ipaitem{\texttslig}{T-S ligature}%
902
{}%
903
{\tbs texttslig}{}{\ipaold}{'265}
904
905
\ipaitem{\textteshlig}{T-Esh ligature}%
906
{voiceless postalveolar affricate}%
907
{\tbs textteshlig}{}{\ipaall}{'331}
908
909
\ipaitem{\texttheta}{Theta}%
910
{voiceless dental fricative}%
911
{\tbs texttheta}{T}{\ipaall}{'124}
912
913
\ipaitem{u}{Lower-case U}%
914
{close back rounded vowel}%
915
{u}{}{\ipaall}{'165}
916
917
\ipaitem{\textbaru}{Barred U}%
918
{close central rounded vowel}%
919
{\tbs textbaru}{0}{\ipaall}{'060}
920
921
\ipaitem{\textupsilon}{Upsilon}%
922
{near-close near-back rounded vowel}%
923
{\tbs textupsilon}{U}{\ipanew}{'125}
924
925
\ipaitem{\textscu}{Small capital U}%
926
{*equivalent to IPA \textupsilon}%
927
{\tbs textscu}{\tbs;U}{\ipaall}{'366}
928
929
\ipxitem{\textturnscu}{Turned small capital U }%
930
{}%
931
{\tbs textturnscu}{}{\PSG}{'173}
932
933
\ipaitem{v}{Lower-case V}%
934
{voiced labiodental fricative}%
935
{v}{}{\ipaall}{'166}
936
937
\ipaitem{\textscriptv}{Script V\footnotemark}%
938
{voiced labiodental approximant}%
939
{\tbs textscriptv}{V}{\ipaall}{'126}%
940
\footnotetext{In \Handbook, this symbols is called `Cursive V'.}
941
942
\ipaitem{w}{Lower-case W}%
943
{voiced labio-velar approximant}%
944
{w}{}{\ipaall}{'167}
945
946
\ipaitem{\textturnw}{Turned W}%
947
{voiceless labio-velar fricative}%
948
{\tbs textturnw}{\tbs*w}{\ipaall}{'373}
949
950
\ipaitem{x}{Lower-case X}%
951
{voiceless velar fricative}%
952
{x}{}{\ipaall}{'170}
953
954
\ipaitem{\textchi}{Chi}%
955
{voiceless uvular fricative}%
956
{\tbs textchi}{X}{\ipaall}{'130}
957
958
\ipaitem{y}{Lower-case Y}%
959
{close front rounded vowel}%
960
{y}{}{\ipaall}{'171}
961
962
\ipaitem{\textturny}{Turned Y}%
963
{palatal lateral approximant}%
964
{\tbs textturny}{L}{\ipaall}{'114}
965
966
\ipaitem{\textscy}{Small capital Y}%
967
{near-close near-front rounded vowel}%
968
{\tbs textscy}{Y}{\ipaall}{'131}
969
970
\ipaitem{\textlhtlongy}{Left-hooktop long Y\footnotemark\ }%
971
{}%
972
{\tbs textlhtlongy}{}{\PSG}{'266}%
973
\footnotetext{See explanations in footnote~\ref{vibyi}.}
974
975
\ipaitem{\textvibyy}{Viby Y\footnotemark}%
976
{}%
977
{\tbs textvibyy}{}{\PSG}{'267}%
978
\footnotetext{See explanations in footnote~\ref{vibyi}.}
979
980
\ipaitem{z}{Lower-case Z}%
981
{voiced alveolar fricative}%
982
{z}{}{\ipaall}{'172}
983
984
\ipaitem{\textcommatailz}{Comma-tail Z}%
985
{*as in \emph{OHG} \"e\textcommatailz\textcommatailz an `to eat'.}%
986
{\tbs textcommatailz}{}{OHG, \PSG}{'336}
987
988
\ipaitem{\v{z}}{Wedge Z}%
989
{*equivalent to IPA \textyogh}%
990
{\TD{v}{z}}{}{\PSG}{Macro}
991
992
\ipaitem{\textctz}{Curly-tail Z}%
993
{voiced alveolo-palatal fricative}%
994
{\tbs textctz}{}{\ipaall}{'375}
995
996
\ipaitem{\textrtailz}{Right-tail Z}%
997
{voiced retroflex fricative}%
998
{\tbs textrtailz}{\tbs:z}{\ipaall}{'374}
999
1000
\ipaitem{\textcrtwo}{Crossed two}%
1001
{}%
1002
{\tbs textcrtwo}{}{IPA '49}{Macro}
1003
1004
\ipxitem{\textturntwo}{Turned two }%
1005
{}%
1006
{\tbs textturntwo}{}{IPA '49}{'101}
1007
1008
\ipaitem{\textyogh}{Yogh\footnotemark}%
1009
{voiced postalveolar fricative}%
1010
{\tbs textyogh}{Z}{\ipaall}{'132}%
1011
\footnotetext{In \Handbook, this symbols is called `Ezh'.}
1012
1013
\ipxitem{\textbenttailyogh}{Bent-tail yogh }%
1014
{}%
1015
{\tbs textbenttailyogh}{}{IPA '49}{'102}
1016
1017
\ipaitem{\textctyogh}{Curly-tail yogh}%
1018
{palatalized \textyogh}%
1019
{\tbs textctyogh}{}{\ipaold}{'270}
1020
1021
\ipaitem{\textrevyogh}{Reversed yogh}%
1022
{}%
1023
{\tbs textrevyogh}{}{\PSG}{'271}
1024
1025
\ipxitem{\textturnthree}{Turned three }%
1026
{}%
1027
{\tbs textturnthree}{}{IPA '49}{'103}
1028
1029
\ipaitem{\textglotstop}{Glottal stop}%
1030
{glottal plosive}%
1031
{\tbs textglotstop}{P}{\ipaall}{'120}
1032
1033
\ipxitem{\textglotstopvari}{A variety of glottal stop (1) }%
1034
{}%
1035
{\tbs textglotstopvari}{}{\PSG}{'124}
1036
1037
\ipxitem{\textglotstopvarii}{A variety of glottal stop (2) }%
1038
{}%
1039
{\tbs textglotstopvarii}{}{\PSG}{'125}
1040
1041
\ipxitem{\textglotstopvariii}{A variety of glottal stop (3) }%
1042
{}%
1043
{\tbs textglotstopvariii}{}{\PSG}{'126}
1044
1045
\ipaitem{\textraiseglotstop}{Superscript glottal stop}%
1046
{}%
1047
{\tbs textraiseglotstop}{}{}{'274}
1048
1049
\ipaitem{\textbarglotstop}{Barred glottal stop}%
1050
{epiglottal plosive}%
1051
{\tbs textbarglotstop}{}{\ipanew}{'334}
1052
1053
\ipaitem{\textinvglotstop}{Inverted glottal stop}%
1054
{alveolar lateral click}%
1055
{\tbs textinvglotstop}{}{\ipaold}{'333}
1056
1057
\ipaitem{\textcrinvglotstop}{Crossed inverted glottal stop}%
1058
{}%
1059
{\tbs textcrinvglotstop}{}{IPA '49}{Macro}
1060
1061
\ipxitem{\textctinvglotstop}{Curly-tail inverted glottal stop }%
1062
{}%
1063
{\tbs textctinvglotstop}{}{\cite{Hottentot}, \PSG}{'104}
1064
1065
\ipxitem{\textturnglotstop}{Turned glottal stop (PSG 1996:211) }%
1066
{}%
1067
{\tbs textturnglotstop}{}{\PSG}{'105}
1068
1069
\ipaitem{\textrevglotstop}{Reversed glottal stop}%
1070
{voiced pharyngeal fricative}%
1071
{\tbs textrevglotstop}{Q}{\ipaall}{'121}
1072
1073
\ipaitem{\textbarrevglotstop}{Barred reversed glottal stop}%
1074
{voiced epiglottal fricative}%
1075
{\tbs textbarrevglotstop}{}{\ipanew}{'335}
1076
1077
\ipaitem{\textpipe}{Pipe}%
1078
{dental click}%
1079
{\tbs textpipe}{|}{\ipanew}{'174}
1080
1081
\ipxitem{\textpipevar}{Pipe (a variety with no descender) }%
1082
{dental click}%
1083
{\tbs textpipevar}{}{\PSG}{'106}
1084
1085
\ipaitem{\textdoublebarpipe}{Double-barred pipe}%
1086
{palatoalveolar click}%
1087
{\tbs textdoublebarpipe}{}{\ipanew}{'175}
1088
1089
\ipxitem{\textdoublebarpipevar}{Double-barred pipe (a variety with no descender) }%
1090
{same as the above}%
1091
{\tbs textdoublebarpipevar}{}{\PSG}{'110}
1092
1093
\ipaitem{\textdoublebarslash}{Double-barred slash}%
1094
{*a variant of \textdoublebarpipe}%
1095
{\tbs textdoublebarslash}{}{\PSG}{Macro}
1096
1097
\ipaitem{\textdoublepipe}{Double pipe}%
1098
{alveolar lateral click}%
1099
{\tbs textdoublepipe}{||}{\ipanew}{'177}
1100
1101
\ipxitem{\textdoublepipevar}{Double pipe (a variety with no descender) }%
1102
{same as the above}%
1103
{\tbs textdoublepipevar}{}{\PSG}{'107}
1104
1105
\ipaitem{!}{Exclamation point}%
1106
{(post)alveolar click}%
1107
{!}{}{\ipanew}{'041}
1108
1109
1110
\section{Suprasegmentals}
1111
1112
\ipaitem{\textprimstress}{Vertical stroke (Superior)}%
1113
{primary stress}%
1114
{\tbs textprimstress}{"}{\ipaall}{'042}
1115
1116
\ipaitem{\textsecstress}{Vertical stroke (Inferior)}%
1117
{secondary stress}%
1118
{\tbs textsecstress}{""}{\ipaall}{'177}
1119
1120
\ipaitem{\textlengthmark}{Length mark}%
1121
{long}%
1122
{\tbs textlengthmark}{:}{\ipaall}{'072}
1123
1124
\ipaitem{\texthalflength}{Half-length mark}%
1125
{half-long}%
1126
{\tbs texthalflength}{;}{\ipaall}{'073}
1127
1128
\ipaitem{\textvertline}{Vertical line}%
1129
{minor (foot) group}%
1130
{\tbs textvertline}{}{\ipanew}{'222}
1131
1132
\ipaitem{\textdoublevertline}{Double vertical line}%
1133
{major (intonation) group}%
1134
{\tbs textdoublevertline}{}{\ipanew}{'223}
1135
1136
\ipaitem{\textbottomtiebar{ }}{Bottom tie bar}%
1137
{linking (absence of a break)}%
1138
{\tbs textbottomtiebar}{\tbs t*\TT{}}{\ipanew}{'074}
1139
\label{bottomtiebar}
1140
1141
\ipaitem{\textdownstep}{Down arrow\footnotemark}%
1142
{downstep}%
1143
{\tbs textdownstep}{}{\ipanew}{'224}%
1144
\footnotetext{The shapes of \tbs\texttt{textdownstep} and
1145
\tbs\texttt{textupstep} differ according to sources. Here I followed
1146
the shapes found in the recent IPA charts.}
1147
1148
\ipaitem{\textupstep}{Up arrow}%
1149
{upstep}%
1150
{\tbs textupstep}{}{\ipanew}{'225}
1151
1152
\ipaitem{\textglobfall}{Downward diagonal arrow}%
1153
{global fall}%
1154
{\tbs textglobfall}{}{\ipanew}{'226}
1155
1156
\ipaitem{\textglobrise}{Upward diagonal arrow}%
1157
{global rise}%
1158
{\tbs textglobrise}{}{\ipanew}{'227}
1159
1160
\ipxitem{\textspleftarrow}{Superscript left arrow }%
1161
{}%
1162
{\tbs textspleftarrow}{}{\PSG, p.~243}{'005}
1163
1164
\ipxitem{\textdownfullarrow}{Down full arrow }%
1165
{ingressive airflow}%
1166
{\tbs textdownfullarrow}{}{ExtIPA, \Handbook}{'007}
1167
1168
\ipxitem{\textupfullarrow}{Up full arrow }%
1169
{egressive airflow}%
1170
{\tbs textupfullarrow}{}{ExtIPA, \Handbook}{'010}
1171
1172
\ipxitem{\textsubrightarrow}{Subscript right arrow }%
1173
{sliding articulation}%
1174
{\tbs textsubrightarrow}{}{ExtIPA}{'011}
1175
1176
\ipxitem{\textsubdoublearrow}{Subscript double arrow }%
1177
{labial spreading}%
1178
{\tbs textsubdoublearrow}{}{ExtIPA}{'012}
1179
1180
1181
\subsection{Tone letters}
1182
1183
The tones illustrated here are only a representative sample of what is
1184
possible. For more details see section~\ref{sec:tone}.
1185
1186
\bigskip
1187
1188
\ipaitem{\tone{55}}{Extra high tone}%
1189
{}%
1190
{\TD{tone}{55}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro}
1191
1192
\ipaitem{\tone{44}}{High tone}%
1193
{}%
1194
{\TD{tone}{44}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro}
1195
1196
\ipaitem{\tone{33}}{Mid tone}%
1197
{}%
1198
{\TD{tone}{33}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro}
1199
1200
\ipaitem{\tone{22}}{Low tone}%
1201
{}%
1202
{\TD{tone}{22}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro}
1203
1204
\ipaitem{\tone{11}}{Extra low tone}%
1205
{}%
1206
{\TD{tone}{11}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro}
1207
1208
\ipaitem{\tone{51}}{Falling tone}%
1209
{}%
1210
{\TD{tone}{51}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro}
1211
1212
\ipaitem{\tone{15}}{Rising tone}%
1213
{}%
1214
{\TD{tone}{15}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro}
1215
1216
\ipaitem{\tone{45}}{High rising tone}%
1217
{}%
1218
{\TD{tone}{45}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro}
1219
1220
\ipaitem{\tone{12}}{Low rising tone}%
1221
{}%
1222
{\TD{tone}{12}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro}
1223
1224
\ipaitem{\tone{454}}{High rising falling tone}%
1225
{}%
1226
{\TD{tone}{454}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro}
1227
1228
1229
\subsection{Diacritical Tone Marks}
1230
1231
Some symbols included in the next section are also used as diacritical
1232
tone marks.
1233
1234
\bigskip
1235
1236
\ipaitem{\texthighrise{a}}{Macron plus acute accent}%
1237
{high rising tone}%
1238
{\TD{texthighrise}{a}}{}{\ipanew}{'230}
1239
1240
\ipaitem{\textlowrise{a}}{Grave accent plus macron}%
1241
{low rising tone}%
1242
{\TD{textlowrise}{a}}{}{\ipanew}{'231}
1243
1244
\ipaitem{\textrisefall{a}}{Grave plus acute plus grave accent}%
1245
{rising-falling tone}%
1246
{\TD{textrisefall}{a}}{}{\ipanew}{'232}
1247
1248
\ipaitem{\textfallrise{a}}{Acute plus grave plus acute accent}%
1249
{falling-rising tone}%
1250
{\TD{textfallrise}{a}}{}{}{'233}
1251
1252
1253
\section{Accents and Diacritics}\label{list:diacritics}
1254
1255
\ipaitem{\`e}{Grave accent}%
1256
{low tone}%
1257
{\tbs`e}{}{\ipaall}{'000}
1258
1259
\ipaitem{\'e}{Acute accent}%
1260
{high tone}%
1261
{\tbs'e}{}{\ipaall}{'001}
1262
1263
\ipaitem{\^e}{Circumflex accent}%
1264
{falling tone}%
1265
{\tbs\tcircum e}{}{\ipaall}{'002}
1266
1267
\ipaitem{\~e}{Tilde}%
1268
{nasalized}%
1269
{\tbs\ttilde e}{}{\ipaall}{'003}
1270
1271
\ipaitem{\"e}{Umlaut}%
1272
{centralized}%
1273
{\tbs"e}{}{\ipaall}{'004}
1274
1275
\ipaitem{\H{e}}{Double acute accent}%
1276
{extra high tone}%
1277
{\TD{H}{e}}{}{\ipanew}{'005}
1278
1279
\ipaitem{\r{e}}{Ring}%
1280
{}%
1281
{\TD{r}{e}}{}{}{'006}
1282
1283
\ipaitem{\v{e}}{Wedge}%
1284
{rising tone}%
1285
{\TD{v}{e}}{}{\ipaall}{'007}
1286
1287
\ipaitem{\u{e}}{Breve}%
1288
{extra short}%
1289
{\TD{u}{e}}{}{\ipaall}{'010}
1290
1291
\ipaitem{\=e}{Macron}%
1292
{mid tone}%
1293
{\tbs=e}{}{}{'011}
1294
1295
\ipaitem{\.e}{Dot}%
1296
{}%
1297
{\tbs.e}{}{}{'012}
1298
1299
\ipaitem{\c{e}}{Cedilla}%
1300
{}%
1301
{\TD{c}{e}}{}{}{'013}
1302
1303
\ipaitem{\textpolhook{e}}{Polish hook (Ogonek accent)}%
1304
{}%
1305
{\TD{textpolhook}{e}}{\TD{k}{e}}{}{'014}
1306
1307
\ipxitem{\textrevpolhook{o}}{Reversed Polish hook }%
1308
{}%
1309
{\TD{textrevpolhook}{o}}{}{\PSG, p.~129}{'000}
1310
1311
\ipaitem{\textdoublegrave{e}}{Double grave accent}%
1312
{extra low tone}%
1313
{\TD{textdoublegrave}{e}}{\tbs H*e}{\ipanew}{'015}
1314
1315
\ipaitem{\textsubgrave{e}}{Subscript grave accent}%
1316
{low falling tone}%
1317
{\TD{textsubgrave}{e}}{\tbs`*e}{\ipaold}{'016}
1318
1319
\ipaitem{\textsubacute{e}}{Subscript acute accent}%
1320
{low rising tone}%
1321
{\TD{textsubacute}{e}}{\tbs'*e}{\ipaold}{'017}
1322
1323
\ipaitem{\textsubcircum{e}}{Subscript circumflex accent}%
1324
{}%
1325
{\TD{textsubcircum}{e}}{\tbs\tcircum*e}{}{Macro}
1326
1327
\ipaitem{\textroundcap{g}}{Round cap}%
1328
{}%
1329
{\TD{textroundcap}{g}}{\tbs|c\TT{g}}{}{'020}
1330
1331
\ipaitem{\textacutemacron{a}}{Acute accent with macron}%
1332
{}%
1333
{\tbs textacutemacron\TT{a}}{\tbs'=a}{}{Macro}
1334
1335
\ipaitem{\textgravemacron{a}}{Grave accent with macron}%
1336
{}%
1337
{\tbs textgravemacron\TT{a}}{}{}{Macro}
1338
1339
\ipaitem{\textvbaraccent{a}}{Vertical bar accent}%
1340
{}%
1341
{\tbs textvbaraccent\TT{a}}{}{}{'234}
1342
1343
\ipaitem{\textdoublevbaraccent{a}}{Double vertical bar accent}%
1344
{}%
1345
{\tbs textdoublevbaraccent\TT{a}}{}{}{'235}
1346
1347
\ipaitem{\textgravedot{e}}{Grave dot accent}%
1348
{}%
1349
{\TD{textgravedot}{e}}{\tbs`.e}{}{'236}
1350
1351
\ipaitem{\textdotacute{e}}{Dot acute accent}%
1352
{}%
1353
{\TD{textdotacute}{e}}{\tbs'.e}{}{'237}
1354
1355
\ipaitem{\textcircumdot{a}}{Circumflex dot accent}%
1356
{}%
1357
{\TD{textcircumdot}{a}}{\tbs\tcircum.a}{}{Macro}
1358
1359
\ipaitem{\texttildedot{a}}{Tilde dot accent}%
1360
{}%
1361
{\TD{texttildedot}{a}}{\tbs \ttilde.a}{}{Macro}
1362
1363
\ipaitem{\textbrevemacron{a}}{Breve macron accent}%
1364
{}%
1365
{\TD{textbrevemacron}{a}}{\tbs u=a}{}{Macro}
1366
1367
\ipaitem{\textringmacron{a}}{Ring macron accent}%
1368
{}%
1369
{\TD{textringmacron}{a}}{\tbs r=a}{}{Macro}
1370
1371
\ipaitem{\textacutewedge{s}}{Acute wedge accent}%
1372
{}%
1373
{\TD{textacutewedge}{s}}{\tbs v's}{}{Macro}
1374
1375
\ipaitem{\textdotbreve{a}}{Dot breve accent}%
1376
{}%
1377
{\TD{textdotbreve}{a}}{}{}{Macro}
1378
1379
\ipaitem{\textsubbridge{t}}{Subscript bridge}%
1380
{dental}%
1381
{\TD{textsubbridge}{t}}{\tbs|[t}{\ipaall}{'021}
1382
1383
\ipaitem{\textinvsubbridge{d}}{Inverted subscript bridge}%
1384
{apical}%
1385
{\TD{textinvsubbridge}{d}}{\tbs|]t}{\ipanew}{'022}
1386
1387
\ipaitem{\textsubsquare{n}}{Subscript square}%
1388
{laminal}%
1389
{\TD{textsubsquare}{n}}{}{\ipanew}{'023}
1390
1391
\ipaitem{\textsubrhalfring{o}}{Subscript right half-ring\footnotemark}%
1392
{more rounded}%
1393
{\TD{textsubrhalfring}{o}}{\tbs|)o}{\ipaall}{'024}%
1394
\footnotetext{Diacritics {\tt\tbs textsubrhalfring} and
1395
{\tt\tbs textsublhalfring} can be placed after a symbol by inputting,
1396
for example, {\tt[e\tbs textsubrhalfring\tbi\tbii]}
1397
\textipa{[e\textsubrhalfring{}]}.}
1398
1399
\ipaitem{\textsublhalfring{o}}{Subscript left half-ring}%
1400
{less rounded}%
1401
{\TD{textsublhalfring}{o}}{\tbs|(o}{\ipaall}{'025}
1402
1403
\ipaitem{\textsubw{k}}{Subscript W}%
1404
{labialized}%
1405
{\TD{textsubw}{k}}{\tbs|w\TT{k}}{IPA '79}{'026}
1406
1407
\ipaitem{\textoverw{g}}{Over W}%
1408
{*labialized}%
1409
{\TD{textoverw}{g}}{}{}{'026}
1410
1411
\ipaitem{\textseagull{t}}{Subscript seagull}%
1412
{linguolabial}%
1413
{\TD{textseagull}{t}}{\tbs|m\TT{t}}{\ipanew}{'027}
1414
1415
\ipaitem{\textovercross{e}}{Over-cross}%
1416
{mid-centralized}%
1417
{\TD{textovercross}{e}}{\tbs|x\TT{e}}{\ipaall}{'030}
1418
1419
\ipaitem{\textsubplus{\textopeno}}{Subscript plus\footnotemark}%
1420
{advanced}%
1421
{\TD{textsubplus}{\tbs textopeno}}{\tbs|+O}{\ipaall}{'033}%
1422
\footnotetext{The diacritics such as
1423
{\tt\tbs textsubplus}, {\tt\tbs textraising}, {\tt\tbs textlowering}
1424
{\tt\tbs textadvancing} and {\tt\tbs textretracting}
1425
can be placed after a symbol by inputting
1426
{\tt[e\tbs textsubplus\tbi\tbii]} \textipa{[e\textsubplus{}]},
1427
for example. }
1428
1429
\ipaitem{\textraising{\textepsilon}}{Raising sign}%
1430
{raised}%
1431
{\TD{textraising}{\tbs textepsilon}}{\tbs|'E}{\ipaall}{'034}
1432
1433
\ipaitem{\textlowering{e}}{Lowering sign}%
1434
{lowered}%
1435
{\TD{textlowering}{e}}{\tbs|`e}{\ipaall}{'035}
1436
1437
\ipaitem{\textadvancing{u}}{Advancing sign}%
1438
{advanced tongue root}%
1439
{\TD{textadvancing}{u}}{\tbs|<u}{\ipaall}{'036}
1440
1441
\ipaitem{\textretracting{\textschwa}}{Retracting sign}%
1442
{retracted tongue root}%
1443
{\TD{textretracting}{\tbs textschwa}}{\tbs|>@}{\ipaall}{'037}
1444
1445
\ipaitem{\textsubtilde{e}}{Subscript tilde}%
1446
{creaky voiced}%
1447
{\TD{textsubtilde}{e}}{\tbs\ttilde*e}{\ipanew}{'003}
1448
1449
\ipaitem{\textsubumlaut{e}}{Subscript umlaut}%
1450
{breathy voiced}%
1451
{\TD{textsubumlaut}{e}}{\tbs"*e}{IPA '79, '89, '93}{'004}
1452
1453
\ipaitem{\textsubring{u}}{Subscript ring}%
1454
{voiceless}%
1455
{\TD{textsubring}{u}}{\tbs r*u}{\ipaall}{'006}
1456
1457
\ipaitem{\textsubwedge{e}}{Subscript wedge}%
1458
{voiced}%
1459
{\TD{textsubwedge}{e}}{\tbs v*e}{\ipaall}{'007}
1460
1461
\ipaitem{\textsubbar{e}}{Subscript bar}%
1462
{retracted}%
1463
{\TD{textsubbar}{e}}{\tbs=*e}{\ipaall}{'011}
1464
1465
\ipaitem{\textsubdot{e}}{Subscript dot}%
1466
{*retroflex}%
1467
{\TD{textsubdot}{e}}{\tbs.*e}{}{'012}
1468
1469
\ipaitem{\textsubarch{e}}{Subscript arch}%
1470
{non-syllabic}%
1471
{\TD{textsubarch}{e}}{}{}{'020}
1472
1473
\ipaitem{\textsyllabic{m}}{Syllabicity mark}%
1474
{syllabic}%
1475
{\TD{textsyllabic}{m}}{\TD{s}{m}}{\ipaall}{'042}
1476
1477
\ipaitem{\textsuperimposetilde{t}}{Superimposed tilde}%
1478
{velarized or pharyngealized}%
1479
{\TD{textsuperimposetilde}%
1480
{t}}{\tbs|\ttilde\TT{t}}{\ipaall}{'046}
1481
1482
\ipaitem{t\textcorner}{Corner}%
1483
{no audible release}%
1484
{t\tbs textcorner}{}{\ipanew}{'136}
1485
1486
\ipaitem{t\textopencorner}{Open corner}%
1487
{*release/burst}%
1488
{t\tbs textopencorner}{}{}{'137}
1489
1490
\ipaitem{\textschwa\textrhoticity}{Rhoticity}%
1491
{rhoticity}%
1492
{\tbs textschwa\tbs textrhoticity}{}{\ipanew}{'176}
1493
1494
\ipaitem{b\textceltpal}{Celtic palatalization mark}%
1495
{*as in \emph{Irish} b\textceltpal an `woman'.}%
1496
{b\tbs textceltpal}{}{}{'040}
1497
1498
\ipaitem{k\textlptr}{Left pointer}%
1499
{}%
1500
{k\tbs textlptr}{}{}{'275}
1501
1502
\ipaitem{k\textrptr}{Right pointer}%
1503
{}%
1504
{k\tbs textrptr}{}{}{'276}
1505
1506
\ipxitem{p\textrectangle}{Rectangle\footnotemark}%
1507
{*equivalent to IPA \textcorner\ (Corner)}%
1508
{p\tbs textrectangle}{}{}{'004}%
1509
\footnotetext{This symbol is used among Japanese linguists as a
1510
diacritical symbol indicating no audible release (IPA \textcorner),
1511
because the symbol \textcorner{} is used to indicate pitch accent in
1512
Japanese.}
1513
1514
\ipxitem{\textretractingvar}{Retracting sign (a variety) }%
1515
{}%
1516
{\tbs textretractingvar}{}{IPA '49}{'006}
1517
1518
\ipaitem{\texttoptiebar{gb}}{Top tie bar}%
1519
{affricates and double articulations}%
1520
{\TD{texttoptiebar}{gb}}{\TD{t}{gb}}{}{'076}
1521
1522
\hspace*{2em}\emph{See} page~\pageref{bottomtiebar} for `Bottom tie bar'.
1523
\par\bigskip
1524
1525
\ipaitem{'}{Apostrophe}%
1526
{ejective}%
1527
{'}{}{\ipaall}{'047}
1528
1529
\ipaitem{\textrevapostrophe}{Reversed apostrophe}%
1530
{(obsolete) week aspiration}%
1531
{\tbs textrevapostrophe}{}{\ipaold}{'134}
1532
1533
\ipaitem{.}{Period}%
1534
{syllable break as in [\textturnr{}i.\ae{}kt]}%
1535
{.}{}{\ipanew}{'056}
1536
1537
\ipaitem{\texthooktop}{Hooktop}%
1538
{}%
1539
{\tbs texthooktop}{}{}{'043}
1540
1541
\ipaitem{\textrthook}{Right hook}%
1542
{}%
1543
{\tbs textrthook}{}{}{'044}
1544
1545
\ipxitem{\textrthooklong}{Right hook (long) }%
1546
{}%
1547
{\tbs textrthooklong}{}{}{'001}
1548
1549
\ipaitem{\textpalhook}{Palatalization hook}%
1550
{}%
1551
{\tbs textpalhook}{}{}{'045}
1552
1553
\ipxitem{\textpalhooklong}{Palatalization hook (long) }%
1554
{}%
1555
{\tbs textpalhooklong}{}{}{'002}
1556
1557
\ipxitem{\textpalhookvar}{Palatalization hook (a variety) }%
1558
{}%
1559
{\tbs textpalhookvar}{}{}{'003}
1560
1561
\ipaitem{p\super{h}}{Superscript H}%
1562
{aspirated}%
1563
{p\TD{textsuperscript}{h}}{p\tbs super h}{\ipaall}{Macro}
1564
1565
\ipaitem{k\super{w}}{Superscript W}%
1566
{labialized}%
1567
{k\TD{textsuperscript}{w}}{k\tbs super w}{\ipaall}{Macro}
1568
1569
\ipaitem{t\super{j}}{Superscript J}%
1570
{palatalized}%
1571
{t\TD{textsuperscript}{j}}{t\tbs super j}{\ipaall}{Macro}
1572
1573
\ipaitem{t\super{\textgamma}}{Superscript gamma}%
1574
{velarized}%
1575
{t\TD{textsuperscript}{\tbs textgamma}}{t\tbs super G}{\ipanew}{Macro}
1576
1577
\ipaitem{d\super{\textrevglotstop}}{Superscript reversed glottal stop}%
1578
{pharyngealized}%
1579
{d\TD{textsuperscript}{\tbs textrevglotstop}}{d\tbs super Q}{\ipanew}{Macro}
1580
1581
\ipaitem{d\super{n}}{Superscript N}%
1582
{nasal release}%
1583
{d\TD{textsuperscript}{n}}{d\tbs super n}{\ipanew}{Macro}
1584
1585
\ipaitem{d\super{l}}{Superscript L}%
1586
{lateral release}%
1587
{d\TD{textsuperscript}{l}}{d\tbs super l}{\ipanew}{Macro}
1588
1589
1590
1591
\section{Diacritics for ExtIPA, VoQS}
1592
1593
In order to use diacritics listed in this section, it is necessary to
1594
specify the option `\texttt{extra}' at the preamble (See the section
1595
entitled ``Other options'' on section~\ref{sec:otheroptions}). Note
1596
also that some of the diacritics are defined by using symbols from
1597
fonts other than \tipa{} so that they may not look quite satisfactory
1598
and/or may not be slanted (e.g. \verb|\whistle{s}| \whistle{s}).
1599
1600
\bigskip
1601
1602
\ipxitem{\spreadlips{s}}{Subscript double arrow}%
1603
{*labial spreading}%
1604
{\TD{spreadlips}{s}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{'011}
1605
1606
\ipaitem{\overbridge{v}}{Overbridge}%
1607
{*dentolabial}%
1608
{\TD{overbridge}{v}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro}
1609
1610
\ipaitem{\bibridge{n}}{Bibridge}%
1611
{*interdental/bidental}%
1612
{\TD{bibridge}{n}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro}
1613
1614
\ipaitem{\subdoublebar{t}}{Subscript double bar}%
1615
{*alveolar}%
1616
{\TD{subdoublebar}{t}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro}
1617
1618
\ipaitem{\subdoublevert{f}}{Subscript double vertical line}%
1619
{*strong articulation}%
1620
{\TD{subdoublevert}{f}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro}
1621
1622
\ipaitem{\subcorner{v}}{Subscript corner}%
1623
{*weak articulation}%
1624
{\TD{subcorner}{v}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro}
1625
1626
\ipaitem{\whistle{s}}{Up arrow}%
1627
{*whistled articulation}%
1628
{\TD{whistle}{s}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro}
1629
1630
\ipxitem{\sliding{Ts}}{Subscript right arrow}%
1631
{*sliding articulation}%
1632
{\TD{sliding}{\TD{textipa}{Ts}}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{'012}
1633
1634
\ipaitem{\crtilde{m}}{Crossed tilde}%
1635
{*denasal}%
1636
{\TD{crtilde}{m}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro}
1637
1638
\ipaitem{\dottedtilde{a}}{Dotted tilde}%
1639
{*nasal escape}%
1640
{\TD{dottedtilde}{a}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro}
1641
1642
\ipaitem{\doubletilde{s}}{Double tilde}%
1643
{*velopharyngeal friction}%
1644
{\TD{doubletilde}{s}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro}
1645
1646
\ipaitem{\partvoiceless{n}}{Parenthesis plus ring}%
1647
{*partial voiceless}%
1648
{\TD{partvoiceless}{n}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro}
1649
1650
\ipaitem{\inipartvoiceless{n}}{Parenthesis plus ring}%
1651
{*initial partial voiceless}%
1652
{\TD{inipartvoiceless}{n}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro}
1653
1654
\ipaitem{\finpartvoiceless{n}}{Parenthesis plus ring}%
1655
{*final partial voiceless}%
1656
{\TD{finpartvoiceless}{n}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro}
1657
1658
\ipaitem{\partvoice{s}}{Parenthesis plus subwedge}%
1659
{*partial voicing}%
1660
{\TD{partvoice}{s}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro}
1661
1662
\ipaitem{\inipartvoice{s}}{Parenthesis plus subwedge}%
1663
{*initial partial voicing}%
1664
{\TD{inipartvoice}{s}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro}
1665
1666
\ipaitem{\finpartvoice{s}}{Parenthesis plus subwedge}%
1667
{*final partial voicing}%
1668
{\TD{finpartvoice}{s}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro}
1669
1670
\ipaitem{\sublptr{\*J}}{Subscript left pointer}%
1671
{*right offset jaw voice}%
1672
{\TD{sublptr}{J}}{}{VoQS '94}{'275}
1673
1674
\ipaitem{\subrptr{\*J}}{Subscript right pointer}%
1675
{*left offset jaw voice}%
1676
{\TD{subrptr}{J}}{}{VoQS '94}{'276}
1677
1678
\endgroup % end of \setlength\parindent{0pt}
1679
1680
\endgroup % end of \raggedbottom
1681
1682
\endinput
1683
1684
%%% Local Variables:
1685
%%% mode: latex
1686
%%% TeX-master: "tipaman"
1687
%%% End:
Loggerhead is a web-based interface for Breezy
Version: 2.0.1