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<!ENTITY % globalent SYSTEM "../libs/global.ent">
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<title>GNU Free Documentation License</title>
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<pubdate>Version 1.2, November 2002</pubdate>
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<year>2000,2001,2002</year>
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<holder>Free Software Foundation, Inc.</holder>
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<legalnotice id="gfdl-legalnotice">
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<address>Free Software Foundation, Inc. <street>59 Temple Place, Suite 330</street>,
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<city>Boston</city>, <state>MA</state>
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<postcode>02111-1307</postcode>
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<country>USA</country>
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<para>Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license
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document, but changing it is not allowed.</para>
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<releaseinfo>Version 1.2, November 2002</releaseinfo>
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<title id="gfdl-4">GNU Free Documentation License</title>
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<para><emphasis role="bold">PREAMBLE</emphasis></para>
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<para>The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and
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useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom
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to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or
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noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
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to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications
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made by others.</para>
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<para>This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the
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document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General
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Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.</para>
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<para>We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software,
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because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals
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providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to
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software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
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whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for
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works whose purpose is instruction or reference.</para>
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<para><emphasis role="bold">APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS</emphasis></para>
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<para id="gfdl-doc">This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
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contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the
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terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free license,
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unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The
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"Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a
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licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you copy, modify or
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distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright law.</para>
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<para id="gfdl-mod-ver">A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
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Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or
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translated into another language.</para>
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<para id="gfdl-secnd-sect">A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter
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section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers
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or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and
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contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the
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Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any
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mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the
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subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or
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political position regarding them.</para>
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<para id="gfdl-inv-sect">The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
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titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says
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that the Document is released under this License. If a section does not fit the above
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definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The
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Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any
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Invariant Sections then there are none.</para>
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<para id="gfdl-cov-text">The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
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listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the
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Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and
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a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.</para>
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<para id="gfdl-transparent">A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable
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copy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public,
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that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors
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or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely
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available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for
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automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A
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copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup,
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has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not
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Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of
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text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".</para>
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<para>Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without
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markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available
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DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human
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modification. Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque
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formats include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word
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processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally
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available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
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processors for output purposes only.</para>
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<para id="gfdl-title-page">The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page
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itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this
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License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any
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title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of
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the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.</para>
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<para id="gfdl-entitled">A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document
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whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that
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translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name
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mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or
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"History".) To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the Document means
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that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.</para>
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<para>The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that
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this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be
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included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any
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other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on
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the meaning of this License.</para>
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<para><emphasis role="bold">VERBATIM COPYING</emphasis></para>
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<para>You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or
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noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license
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notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and
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that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
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technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies
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you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If
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you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in
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<para>You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly
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display copies.</para>
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<para><emphasis role="bold">COPYING IN QUANTITY</emphasis></para>
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<para>If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers)
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of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires
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Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all
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these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the
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back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of
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these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title
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equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
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Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the
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Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.</para>
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<para>If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should
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put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue
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the rest onto adjacent pages.</para>
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<para>If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100,
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you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy,
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or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general
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network-using public has access to download using public-standard network protocols a
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complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter
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option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque
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copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at
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the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque
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copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.</para>
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<para>It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well
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before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you
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with an updated version of the Document.</para>
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<para><emphasis role="bold">MODIFICATIONS</emphasis></para>
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<para>You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of
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sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely
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this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing
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distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it.
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In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:</para>
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<orderedlist id="gfdl-modif-cond" numeration="upperalpha">
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<title>GNU FDL Modification Conditions</title>
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<para>Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from
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that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if
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there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use
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the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version
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gives permission.</para>
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<para>List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
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responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version,
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together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its
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principal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement.</para>
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<para>State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version,
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as the publisher.</para>
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<para>Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.</para>
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<para>Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the
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other copyright notices.</para>
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<para>Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving
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the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this
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License, in the form shown in the <link linkend="gfdl-addendum">Addendum</link> below.</para>
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<para>Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and
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required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.</para>
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<para>Include an unaltered copy of this License.</para>
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<para>Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add to it
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an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the
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Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled
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"History" in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and
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publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item
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describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.</para>
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<para>Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public
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access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations
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given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed
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in the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work that was
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published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
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publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.</para>
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<para>For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve the
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Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of
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each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.</para>
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<para>Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their
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text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered
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part of the section titles.</para>
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<para>Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be
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included in the Modified Version.</para>
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<para>Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or to
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conflict in title with any Invariant Section.</para>
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<para>Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.</para>
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<para>If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify
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as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your
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option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their
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titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These
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titles must be distinct from any other section titles.</para>
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<para>You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but
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endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example, statements of
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peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
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definition of a standard.</para>
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<para>You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up
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to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified
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Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by
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(or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a
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cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the
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same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace
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the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.</para>
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<para>The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission
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to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.</para>
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<para><emphasis role="bold">COMBINING DOCUMENTS</emphasis></para>
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<para>You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under
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the terms defined in <link linkend="gfdl-4">section 4</link> above for modified
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versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of
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all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of
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your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.</para>
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<para>The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical
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Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant
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Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section
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unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or
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publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to
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the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
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combined work.</para>
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<para>In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the various
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original documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise combine any
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sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must
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delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements".</para>
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<para><emphasis role="bold">COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS</emphasis></para>
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<para>You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released
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under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various
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documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you
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follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all
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other respects.</para>
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<para>You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it
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individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the
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extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim
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copying of that document.</para>
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<para><emphasis role="bold">AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS</emphasis></para>
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<para>A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent
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documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an
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"aggregate" if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
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legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. When
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the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works
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in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.</para>
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<para>If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the
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Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the
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Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the
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aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
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Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.</para>
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<para><emphasis role="bold">TRANSLATION</emphasis></para>
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<para>Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations
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of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with
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translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may
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include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original
308
versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and
309
all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you
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also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of
311
those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the
312
original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.</para>
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<para>If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", or
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"History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically
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require changing the actual title.</para>
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<para><emphasis role="bold">TERMINATION</emphasis></para>
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<para>You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly
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provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or
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distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this
322
License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
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License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.</para>
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<para><emphasis role="bold">FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE</emphasis></para>
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<para>The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free
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Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to
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the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.</para>
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<para>Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document
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specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version"
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applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that
333
specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by
334
the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this
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License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.</para>
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<para><emphasis role="bold" id="gfdl-addendum">ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents</emphasis></para>
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<para>To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in
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the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:</para>
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<blockquote id="copyright-sample">
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<title>Sample Invariant Sections list</title>
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<para> Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or
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modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version
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1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
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Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the
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license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".</para>
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<para>If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the
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"with...Texts." line with this:</para>
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<blockquote id="inv-cover-sample">
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<title>Sample Invariant Sections list</title>
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<para> with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts
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being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.</para>
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<para>If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the
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three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.</para>
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<para>If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing
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these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU
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General Public License, to permit their use in free software.</para>
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