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<li><a href="http://planet.perl.org">Planet Perl</a></li>
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<li>Site maintained by<br><a href="http://perl.jonallen.info">Jon Allen</a>
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(<a href="http://perl.jonallen.info">JJ</a>)</li>
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<li class="spaced">Last updated on<br>23 April 2006</li>
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<li class="spaced">Last updated on<br>23 December 2007</li>
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<li class="spaced">See the <a href="http://perl.jonallen.info/projects/perldoc">project page</a> for
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<div id="contentHeaderLeft"><a href="#" onClick="showLeft()">Show navigation</a></div>
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<div id="contentHeaderCentre">-- Perl 5.8.8 documentation --</div>
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<div id="contentHeaderCentre">-- Perl 5.10.0 documentation --</div>
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<div id="breadCrumbs"><a href="index.html">Home</a> > <a href="index-tutorials.html">Tutorials</a> > perlbot</div>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/bless.html">bless</a> <span class="i">$self</span><span class="cm">,</span> <span class="i">$type</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<span class="s">}</span></pre>
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<pre class="verbatim"><a name="package-main"></a> package <span class="i">main</span><span class="sc">;</span></pre>
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<pre class="verbatim"> <span class="i">$a</span> = Foo->new<span class="s">(</span> <span class="q">'High'</span> <span class="cm">=></span> <span class="n">42</span><span class="cm">,</span> <span class="q">'Low'</span> <span class="cm">=></span> <span class="n">11</span> <span class="s">)</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<pre class="verbatim"> <span class="i">$a</span> = <span class="w">Foo</span><span class="w">->new</span><span class="s">(</span> <span class="q">'High'</span> <span class="cm">=></span> <span class="n">42</span><span class="cm">,</span> <span class="q">'Low'</span> <span class="cm">=></span> <span class="n">11</span> <span class="s">)</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/print.html">print</a> <span class="q">"High=$a->{'High'}\n"</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/print.html">print</a> <span class="q">"Low=$a->{'Low'}\n"</span><span class="sc">;</span></pre>
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<pre class="verbatim"> <span class="i">$b</span> = Bar->new<span class="s">(</span> <span class="q">'Left'</span> <span class="cm">=></span> <span class="n">78</span><span class="cm">,</span> <span class="q">'Right'</span> <span class="cm">=></span> <span class="n">40</span> <span class="s">)</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<pre class="verbatim"> <span class="i">$b</span> = <span class="w">Bar</span><span class="w">->new</span><span class="s">(</span> <span class="q">'Left'</span> <span class="cm">=></span> <span class="n">78</span><span class="cm">,</span> <span class="q">'Right'</span> <span class="cm">=></span> <span class="n">40</span> <span class="s">)</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/print.html">print</a> <span class="q">"Left=$b->[0]\n"</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/print.html">print</a> <span class="q">"Right=$b->[1]\n"</span><span class="sc">;</span></pre>
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<a name="SCALAR-INSTANCE-VARIABLES"></a><h1>SCALAR INSTANCE VARIABLES</h1>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/bless.html">bless</a> \<span class="i">$self</span><span class="cm">,</span> <span class="i">$type</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<span class="s">}</span></pre>
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<pre class="verbatim"><a name="package-main"></a> package <span class="i">main</span><span class="sc">;</span></pre>
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<pre class="verbatim"> <span class="i">$a</span> = Foo->new<span class="s">(</span> <span class="n">42</span> <span class="s">)</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<pre class="verbatim"> <span class="i">$a</span> = <span class="w">Foo</span><span class="w">->new</span><span class="s">(</span> <span class="n">42</span> <span class="s">)</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/print.html">print</a> <span class="q">"a=$$a\n"</span><span class="sc">;</span></pre>
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<a name="INSTANCE-VARIABLE-INHERITANCE"></a><h1>INSTANCE VARIABLE INHERITANCE</h1>
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<p>This example demonstrates how one might inherit instance variables from a
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<span class="i">@ISA</span> = <span class="q">qw( Bar )</span><span class="sc">;</span></pre>
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<pre class="verbatim"><a name="new"></a> sub <span class="m">new</span> <span class="s">{</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/my.html">my</a> <span class="i">$type</span> = <a class="l_k" href="functions/shift.html">shift</a><span class="sc">;</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/my.html">my</a> <span class="i">$self</span> = Bar->new<span class="sc">;</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/my.html">my</a> <span class="i">$self</span> = <span class="w">Bar</span><span class="w">->new</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<span class="i">$self</span>->{<span class="q">'biz'</span>} = <span class="n">11</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/bless.html">bless</a> <span class="i">$self</span><span class="cm">,</span> <span class="i">$type</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<span class="s">}</span></pre>
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<pre class="verbatim"><a name="package-main"></a> package <span class="i">main</span><span class="sc">;</span></pre>
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<pre class="verbatim"> <span class="i">$a</span> = Foo->new<span class="sc">;</span>
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<pre class="verbatim"> <span class="i">$a</span> = <span class="w">Foo</span><span class="w">->new</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/print.html">print</a> <span class="q">"buz = "</span><span class="cm">,</span> <span class="i">$a</span>->{<span class="q">'buz'</span>}<span class="cm">,</span> <span class="q">"\n"</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/print.html">print</a> <span class="q">"biz = "</span><span class="cm">,</span> <span class="i">$a</span>->{<span class="q">'biz'</span>}<span class="cm">,</span> <span class="q">"\n"</span><span class="sc">;</span></pre>
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<a name="OBJECT-RELATIONSHIPS"></a><h1>OBJECT RELATIONSHIPS</h1>
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<pre class="verbatim"><a name="new"></a> sub <span class="m">new</span> <span class="s">{</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/my.html">my</a> <span class="i">$type</span> = <a class="l_k" href="functions/shift.html">shift</a><span class="sc">;</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/my.html">my</a> <span class="i">$self</span> = <span class="s">{</span><span class="s">}</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<span class="i">$self</span>->{<span class="q">'Bar'</span>} = Bar->new<span class="sc">;</span>
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<span class="i">$self</span>->{<span class="q">'Bar'</span>} = <span class="w">Bar</span><span class="w">->new</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<span class="i">$self</span>->{<span class="q">'biz'</span>} = <span class="n">11</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/bless.html">bless</a> <span class="i">$self</span><span class="cm">,</span> <span class="i">$type</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<span class="s">}</span></pre>
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<pre class="verbatim"><a name="package-main"></a> package <span class="i">main</span><span class="sc">;</span></pre>
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<pre class="verbatim"> <span class="i">$a</span> = Foo->new<span class="sc">;</span>
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<pre class="verbatim"> <span class="i">$a</span> = <span class="w">Foo</span><span class="w">->new</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/print.html">print</a> <span class="q">"buz = "</span><span class="cm">,</span> <span class="i">$a</span>->{<span class="q">'Bar'</span>}->{<span class="q">'buz'</span>}<span class="cm">,</span> <span class="q">"\n"</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/print.html">print</a> <span class="q">"biz = "</span><span class="cm">,</span> <span class="i">$a</span>->{<span class="q">'biz'</span>}<span class="cm">,</span> <span class="q">"\n"</span><span class="sc">;</span></pre>
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<a name="OVERRIDING-SUPERCLASS-METHODS"></a><h1>OVERRIDING SUPERCLASS METHODS</h1>
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<span class="i">$self</span><span class="i">->SUPER::google</span><span class="s">(</span><span class="s">)</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<span class="s">}</span></pre>
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<pre class="verbatim"><a name="package-main"></a> package <span class="i">main</span><span class="sc">;</span></pre>
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<pre class="verbatim"> <span class="i">$foo</span> = Foo->new<span class="sc">;</span>
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<pre class="verbatim"> <span class="i">$foo</span> = <span class="w">Foo</span><span class="w">->new</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<span class="i">$foo</span><span class="i">->mumble</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<span class="i">$foo</span><span class="i">->grr</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<span class="i">$foo</span><span class="i">->goo</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<span class="i">$foo</span><span class="i">->google</span><span class="sc">;</span></pre>
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<p>Note that <code class="inline">SUPER</code>
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<p>Note that <code class="inline"><span class="w">SUPER</span></code>
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refers to the superclasses of the current package
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(<code class="inline">Foo</code>
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(<code class="inline"><span class="w">Foo</span></code>
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), not to the superclasses of <code class="inline"><span class="i">$self</span></code>
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<a name="USING-RELATIONSHIP-WITH-SDBM"></a><h1>USING RELATIONSHIP WITH SDBM</h1>
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<p>This example demonstrates an interface for the SDBM class. This creates a
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"using" relationship between the SDBM class and the new class Mydbm.</p>
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<pre class="verbatim"><a name="package-Mydbm"></a> package <span class="i">Mydbm</span><span class="sc">;</span></pre>
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<pre class="verbatim"> <a class="l_k" href="functions/require.html">require</a> <a class="l_w" href="SDBM_File.html">SDBM_File</a><span class="sc">;</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/require.html">require</a> <a class="l_w" href="Tie/Hash.html">Tie::Hash</a><span class="sc">;</span>
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<pre class="verbatim"> <a class="l_k" href="functions/require.html">require</a> <span class="w">SDBM_File</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/require.html">require</a> <span class="w">Tie::Hash</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<span class="i">@ISA</span> = <span class="q">qw( Tie::Hash )</span><span class="sc">;</span></pre>
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<pre class="verbatim"><a name="TIEHASH"></a> sub <span class="m">TIEHASH</span> <span class="s">{</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/my.html">my</a> <span class="i">$type</span> = <a class="l_k" href="functions/shift.html">shift</a><span class="sc">;</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/my.html">my</a> <span class="i">$ref</span> = <a class="l_w" href="SDBM_File.html">SDBM_File</a>->new<span class="s">(</span><span class="i">@_</span><span class="s">)</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/my.html">my</a> <span class="i">$ref</span> = <span class="w">SDBM_File</span><span class="w">->new</span><span class="s">(</span><span class="i">@_</span><span class="s">)</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/bless.html">bless</a> <span class="s">{</span><span class="q">'dbm'</span> <span class="cm">=></span> <span class="i">$ref</span><span class="s">}</span><span class="cm">,</span> <span class="i">$type</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<span class="s">}</span>
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<a name="FETCH"></a> sub <span class="m">FETCH</span> <span class="s">{</span>
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<span class="s">}</span>
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<span class="s">}</span></pre>
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<pre class="verbatim"><a name="package-main"></a> package <span class="i">main</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/use.html">use</a> <a class="l_w" href="Fcntl.html">Fcntl</a> <span class="q">qw( O_RDWR O_CREAT )</span><span class="sc">;</span></pre>
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<pre class="verbatim"> <a class="l_k" href="functions/tie.html">tie</a> <span class="i">%foo</span><span class="cm">,</span> <span class="q">"Mydbm"</span><span class="cm">,</span> <span class="q">"Sdbm"</span><span class="cm">,</span> O_RDWR|O_CREAT<span class="cm">,</span> <span class="n">0640</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/use.html">use</a> <span class="w">Fcntl</span> <span class="q">qw( O_RDWR O_CREAT )</span><span class="sc">;</span></pre>
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<pre class="verbatim"> <a class="l_k" href="functions/tie.html">tie</a> <span class="i">%foo</span><span class="cm">,</span> <span class="q">"Mydbm"</span><span class="cm">,</span> <span class="q">"Sdbm"</span><span class="cm">,</span> <span class="w">O_RDWR</span>|<span class="w">O_CREAT</span><span class="cm">,</span> <span class="n">0640</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<span class="i">$foo</span>{<span class="q">'bar'</span>} = <span class="n">123</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/print.html">print</a> <span class="q">"foo-bar = $foo{'bar'}\n"</span><span class="sc">;</span></pre>
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<pre class="verbatim"> <a class="l_k" href="functions/tie.html">tie</a> <span class="i">%bar</span><span class="cm">,</span> <span class="q">"Mydbm"</span><span class="cm">,</span> <span class="q">"Sdbm2"</span><span class="cm">,</span> O_RDWR|O_CREAT<span class="cm">,</span> <span class="n">0640</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<pre class="verbatim"> <a class="l_k" href="functions/tie.html">tie</a> <span class="i">%bar</span><span class="cm">,</span> <span class="q">"Mydbm"</span><span class="cm">,</span> <span class="q">"Sdbm2"</span><span class="cm">,</span> <span class="w">O_RDWR</span>|<span class="w">O_CREAT</span><span class="cm">,</span> <span class="n">0640</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<span class="i">$bar</span>{<span class="q">'Cathy'</span>} = <span class="n">456</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/print.html">print</a> <span class="q">"bar-Cathy = $bar{'Cathy'}\n"</span><span class="sc">;</span></pre>
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<a name="THINKING-OF-CODE-REUSE"></a><h1>THINKING OF CODE REUSE</h1>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/print.html">print</a> <span class="q">"in BAZ\n"</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<span class="s">}</span></pre>
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<pre class="verbatim"><a name="package-main"></a> package <span class="i">main</span><span class="sc">;</span></pre>
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<pre class="verbatim"> <span class="i">$a</span> = FOO->new<span class="sc">;</span>
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<pre class="verbatim"> <span class="i">$a</span> = <span class="w">FOO</span><span class="w">->new</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<span class="i">$a</span><span class="i">->bar</span><span class="sc">;</span></pre>
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<p>Now we try to override the BAZ() method. We would like FOO::bar() to call
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GOOP::BAZ(), but this cannot happen because FOO::bar() explicitly calls
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/print.html">print</a> <span class="q">"in GOOP::BAZ\n"</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<span class="s">}</span></pre>
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<pre class="verbatim"><a name="package-main"></a> package <span class="i">main</span><span class="sc">;</span></pre>
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<pre class="verbatim"> <span class="i">$a</span> = GOOP->new<span class="sc">;</span>
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<pre class="verbatim"> <span class="i">$a</span> = <span class="w">GOOP</span><span class="w">->new</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<span class="i">$a</span><span class="i">->bar</span><span class="sc">;</span></pre>
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<p>To create reusable code we must modify class FOO, flattening class
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FOO::private. The next example shows a reusable class FOO which allows the
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/print.html">print</a> <span class="q">"in GOOP::BAZ\n"</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<span class="s">}</span></pre>
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<pre class="verbatim"><a name="package-main"></a> package <span class="i">main</span><span class="sc">;</span></pre>
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<pre class="verbatim"> <span class="i">$a</span> = GOOP->new<span class="sc">;</span>
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<pre class="verbatim"> <span class="i">$a</span> = <span class="w">GOOP</span><span class="w">->new</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<span class="i">$a</span><span class="i">->bar</span><span class="sc">;</span></pre>
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<a name="CLASS-CONTEXT-AND-THE-OBJECT"></a><h1>CLASS CONTEXT AND THE OBJECT</h1>
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<p>Use the object to solve package and class context problems. Everything a
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<pre class="verbatim"> <span class="i">%fizzle</span> = <span class="s">(</span> <span class="q">'Password'</span> <span class="cm">=></span> <span class="q">'Rumple'</span> <span class="s">)</span><span class="sc">;</span></pre>
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<pre class="verbatim"><a name="new"></a> sub <span class="m">new</span> <span class="s">{</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/my.html">my</a> <span class="i">$type</span> = <a class="l_k" href="functions/shift.html">shift</a><span class="sc">;</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/my.html">my</a> <span class="i">$self</span> = Bar->new<span class="sc">;</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/my.html">my</a> <span class="i">$self</span> = <span class="w">Bar</span><span class="w">->new</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<span class="i">$self</span>->{<span class="q">'fizzle'</span>} = \<span class="i">%fizzle</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/bless.html">bless</a> <span class="i">$self</span><span class="cm">,</span> <span class="i">$type</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<span class="s">}</span></pre>
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<pre class="verbatim"><a name="package-main"></a> package <span class="i">main</span><span class="sc">;</span></pre>
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<pre class="verbatim"> <span class="i">$a</span> = Bar->new<span class="sc">;</span>
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<span class="i">$b</span> = Foo->new<span class="sc">;</span>
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<pre class="verbatim"> <span class="i">$a</span> = <span class="w">Bar</span><span class="w">->new</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<span class="i">$b</span> = <span class="w">Foo</span><span class="w">->new</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<span class="i">$a</span><span class="i">->enter</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<span class="i">$b</span><span class="i">->enter</span><span class="sc">;</span></pre>
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<a name="INHERITING-A-CONSTRUCTOR"></a><h1>INHERITING A CONSTRUCTOR</h1>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/print.html">print</a> <span class="q">"in BAR::baz()\n"</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<span class="s">}</span></pre>
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<pre class="verbatim"><a name="package-main"></a> package <span class="i">main</span><span class="sc">;</span></pre>
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<pre class="verbatim"> <span class="i">$a</span> = BAR->new<span class="sc">;</span>
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<pre class="verbatim"> <span class="i">$a</span> = <span class="w">BAR</span><span class="w">->new</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<span class="i">$a</span><span class="i">->baz</span><span class="sc">;</span></pre>
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<a name="DELEGATION"></a><h1>DELEGATION</h1>
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<p>Some classes, such as SDBM_File, cannot be effectively subclassed because
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exactly like an SDBM_File object. The Mydbm class could now extend the
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behavior by adding custom FETCH() and STORE() methods, if this is desired.</p>
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<pre class="verbatim"><a name="package-Mydbm"></a> package <span class="i">Mydbm</span><span class="sc">;</span></pre>
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<pre class="verbatim"> <a class="l_k" href="functions/require.html">require</a> <a class="l_w" href="SDBM_File.html">SDBM_File</a><span class="sc">;</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/require.html">require</a> <a class="l_w" href="Tie/Hash.html">Tie::Hash</a><span class="sc">;</span>
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<pre class="verbatim"> <a class="l_k" href="functions/require.html">require</a> <span class="w">SDBM_File</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/require.html">require</a> <span class="w">Tie::Hash</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<span class="i">@ISA</span> = <span class="q">qw(Tie::Hash)</span><span class="sc">;</span></pre>
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<pre class="verbatim"><a name="TIEHASH"></a> sub <span class="m">TIEHASH</span> <span class="s">{</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/my.html">my</a> <span class="i">$type</span> = <a class="l_k" href="functions/shift.html">shift</a><span class="sc">;</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/my.html">my</a> <span class="i">$ref</span> = <a class="l_w" href="SDBM_File.html">SDBM_File</a>->new<span class="s">(</span><span class="i">@_</span><span class="s">)</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/my.html">my</a> <span class="i">$ref</span> = <span class="w">SDBM_File</span><span class="w">->new</span><span class="s">(</span><span class="i">@_</span><span class="s">)</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/bless.html">bless</a> <span class="s">{</span><span class="q">'delegate'</span> <span class="cm">=></span> <span class="i">$ref</span><span class="s">}</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<span class="s">}</span></pre>
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<pre class="verbatim"> sub AUTOLOAD {
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<pre class="verbatim"> # Pass the message to the delegate.
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$self->{'delegate'}->$AUTOLOAD(@_);
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}</pre><pre class="verbatim"><a name="package-main"></a> package <span class="i">main</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/use.html">use</a> <a class="l_w" href="Fcntl.html">Fcntl</a> <span class="q">qw( O_RDWR O_CREAT )</span><span class="sc">;</span></pre>
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<pre class="verbatim"> <a class="l_k" href="functions/tie.html">tie</a> <span class="i">%foo</span><span class="cm">,</span> <span class="q">"Mydbm"</span><span class="cm">,</span> <span class="q">"adbm"</span><span class="cm">,</span> O_RDWR|O_CREAT<span class="cm">,</span> <span class="n">0640</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/use.html">use</a> <span class="w">Fcntl</span> <span class="q">qw( O_RDWR O_CREAT )</span><span class="sc">;</span></pre>
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<pre class="verbatim"> <a class="l_k" href="functions/tie.html">tie</a> <span class="i">%foo</span><span class="cm">,</span> <span class="q">"Mydbm"</span><span class="cm">,</span> <span class="q">"adbm"</span><span class="cm">,</span> <span class="w">O_RDWR</span>|<span class="w">O_CREAT</span><span class="cm">,</span> <span class="n">0640</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<span class="i">$foo</span>{<span class="q">'bar'</span>} = <span class="n">123</span><span class="sc">;</span>
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<a class="l_k" href="functions/print.html">print</a> <span class="q">"foo-bar = $foo{'bar'}\n"</span><span class="sc">;</span></pre>
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<a name="SEE-ALSO"></a><h1>SEE ALSO</h1>
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