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- Committer: Bazaar Package Importer
- Author(s): Colin Watson
- Date: 2004-12-08 10:45:17 UTC
- mfrom: (1.1.1 upstream)
- Revision ID: james.westby@ubuntu.com-20041208104517-dddigjyt093j9ql6
Tags: 1:3.2.4-1ubuntu1
Resynchronise with Debian.
- files added:
- debian/patches/10_sysctl.8.dpatch
- files removed:
- debian/patches/10_sysctl_quiet.dpatch
- files modified:
- BUGS
added
removed
ps/ps.1
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.\" Quick hack conversion by Albert Cahalan, 1998.
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.\" Licensed under version 2 of the Gnu General Public License.
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.\"
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.\" This man page is a horrid hack because *roff sucks.
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.\" The whole system is way obsolete. The internal header
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.\" stuff must die, and will when I figure out how to kill it.
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.\" I've already killed the wasteful left margin and screwy
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.\" old perfect justification. Gross! You'd think someone
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.\" invented this crap in 1973. Oh yeah, they did. Sorry.
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.\"
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.TH PS 1 "July 5, 1998" "Linux" "Linux User's Manual"
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.SH \fRNAME\fR
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ps \- report process status
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.ad r
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.TH PS 1 "July 28, 2004" "Linux" "Linux User's Manual"
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.SH NAME
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ps \- report a snapshot of the current processes.
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.\"
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.\" To render this page:
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.\" groff -t -b -man -X -P-resolution -P100 -Tps nicolas-ps.1 &
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.\" groff -t -b -man -X -TX100 nicolas-ps.1 &
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.\" tbl ps.1 | troff -Ww -man -z
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.\" groff -t -man -Tps ps.1 | ps2pdf - - > ps.pdf
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.\"
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.\" The '70s called. They want their perfect justification,
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.\" hyphenation, and double-spaced sentences back.
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.na
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.ss 12 0
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.in 0
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.nh
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.nf
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SYNOPSIS
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ps [options]
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DESCRIPTION
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ps gives a snapshot of the current processes. If you want
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a repetitive update of this status, use top. This man
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page documents the /proc-based version of ps, or tries to.
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COMMAND-LINE OPTIONS
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This version of ps accepts several kinds of options.
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Unix options may be grouped and must be preceeded by a dash.
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BSD options may be grouped and must not be used with a dash.
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Gnu long options are preceeded by two dashes.
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Options of different types may be freely mixed.
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Set the I_WANT_A_BROKEN_PS environment variable to force BSD syntax even
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when options are preceeded by a dash. The PS_PERSONALITY environment
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variable (described below) provides more detailed control of ps behavior.
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SIMPLE PROCESS SELECTION
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-A select all processes
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-N negate selection
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-a select all with a tty except session leaders
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-d select all, but omit session leaders
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-e select all processes
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T select all processes on this terminal
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a select all processes on a terminal, including those of other users
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g really all, even group leaders (does nothing w/o SunOS settings)
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r restrict output to running processes
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x select processes without controlling ttys
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--deselect negate selection
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PROCESS SELECTION BY LIST
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-C select by command name
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-G select by RGID (supports names)
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-U select by RUID (supports names)
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-g select by session leader OR by group name
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-p select by PID
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-s select processes belonging to the sessions given
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-t select by tty
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-u select by effective user ID (supports names)
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U select processes for specified users
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p select by process ID
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t select by tty
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--Group select by real group name or ID
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--User select by real user name or ID
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--group select by effective group name or ID
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--pid select by process ID
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--ppid select by parent process ID
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--sid select by session ID
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--tty select by terminal
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--user select by effective user name or ID
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-123 implied --sid
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123 implied --pid
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OUTPUT FORMAT CONTROL
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-O is preloaded "-o"
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-F extra full format
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-M add column for security data
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-c different scheduler info for -l option
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-f does full listing
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-j jobs format
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-l long format
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-o user-defined format
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-y do not show flags; show rss in place of addr
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O is preloaded "o" (overloaded)
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X old Linux i386 register format
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Z add column for security data
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j job control format
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l display long format
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o specify user-defined format
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s display signal format
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u display user-oriented format
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v display virtual memory format
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--format user-defined format
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--context display security context format (NSA SELinux, etc.)
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OUTPUT MODIFIERS
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-H show process hierarchy (forest)
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-n set namelist file
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-w wide output
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C use raw CPU time for %CPU instead of decaying average
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N specify namelist file
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O sorting order (overloaded)
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S include some dead child process data (as a sum with the parent)
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c true command name
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e show environment after the command
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f ASCII-art process hierarchy (forest)
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h no header (or, one header per screen in the BSD personality)
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n numeric output for WCHAN and USER
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w wide output
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--cols set screen width
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--columns set screen width
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--cumulative include some dead child process data (as a sum with the parent)
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--forest ASCII art process tree
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--headers repeat header lines, one per page of output
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--no-headers print no header line at all
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--lines set screen height
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--rows set screen height
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--sort specify sorting order
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--width set screen width
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THREAD DISPLAY
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-L show threads, possibly with LWP and NLWP columns
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-T show threads, possibly with SPID column
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-m show threads after processes
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H show threads as if they were processes
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m show threads after processes
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INFORMATION
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-V print version
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L list all format specifiers
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V show version info
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--help print help message
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--info print debugging info
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--version print version
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OBSOLETE
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A increases the argument space (DecUnix)
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M use alternate core (try -n or N instead)
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W get swap info from ... not /dev/drum (try -n or N instead)
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k use /vmcore as c-dumpfile (try -n or N instead)
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NOTES
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User-defined format options ("o", "-o", "O", and "-O") offer
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a way to specify individual output columns. Headers may be
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renamed ("ps -o pid,ruser=RealUser -o comm=Command") as desired.
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If all column headers are empty ("ps -o pid= -o comm=") then the
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.if n .ss 12 0
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.\"
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.\" See /usr/share/groff/current/tmac/an-old.tmac for what these do.
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.\" Setting them to zero provides extra space, but only do that for
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.\" plain text output. PostScript and such will remain indented.
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.if n .nr IN 0n
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.if n .nr an-prevailing-indent 0n
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.\"
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.\"
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.\" ColSize is used for the format spec table.
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.\" It's the left margin, minus the right, minus
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.\" the space needed for the 1st two columns.
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.\" Making it messy: inches, ens, points, scaled points...
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.\"
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.nr ColSize ((\n(.lu-\n(.iu/\n(.Hu-20u)n)
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.\"
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.\" This is for command options
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.nr OptSize (16u)
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.\"
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.\" l=\n(.l
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.\" i=\n(.i
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.\" o=\n(.o
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.\" H=\n(.H
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.\" s=\n(.s
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.\" ColSize=\n[ColSize]
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.\"
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.\" Macro for easy option formatting: .opt \-x
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.de opt
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. TP \\n[OptSize]
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. BI \\$*
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..
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.\"
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.SH SYNOPSIS
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\fBps\fR [\fIoptions\fR]
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.PP
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.PP
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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.B ps
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displays information about a selection of the active processes.
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If you want a repetitive update of the selection and the
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displayed information, use\ \fItop\fR(1) instead.
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.P
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This version of \fBps\fR accepts several kinds of options:
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.PD 0
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.IP 1 4
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UNIX options, which may be grouped and must be preceeded by a dash.
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.IP 2 4
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BSD options, which may be grouped and must not be used with a dash.
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.IP 3 4
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GNU long options, which are preceeded by two dashes.
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.PD
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.PP
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Options of different types may be freely mixed, but conflicts can appear.
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There are some synonomous options, which are functionally identical, due
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to the many standards and \fBps\fR implementations that this \fBps\fR is
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compatible with.
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.P
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Note that "\fBps\ \-aux\fR" is distinct from "\fBps\ aux\fR".
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The POSIX and UNIX standards require that "\fBps\ \-aux\fR" print all
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processes owned by a user named "x", as well as printing all processes
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that would be selected by the \fB\-a\fR option. If the user named "x" does
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not exist, this \fBps\fR may interpret the command as "\fBps\ aux\fR"
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instead and print a warning. This behavior is intended to aid in
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transitioning old scripts and habits. It is fragile, subject to change,
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and thus should not be relied upon.
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.P
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By default, \fBps\fR selects all processes with the same effective user
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ID (EUID) as the curent user and associated with the same terminal as the
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invoker. It displays the process ID (PID), the terminal associated
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with the process (TTY), the cumulated CPU time in [dd\-]hh:mm:ss format
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(TIME), and the executable name (CMD). Output is unsorted by default.
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.P
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The use of BSD\-style options will add process state (STAT) to the
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default display and show the command args (COMMAND) instead of the
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executable name. You can override this with the \fBPS_FORMAT\fR
94
environment variable. The use of BSD\-style options will also change the
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process selection to include processes on other terminals (TTYs) that
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are owned by you; alternately, this may be described as setting the
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selection to be the set of all processes filtered to exclude
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processes owned by other users or not on a terminal. These effects
99
are not considered when options are described as being "identical" below,
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so \fB\-M\fR will be considered identical to \fBZ\fR and so on.
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.P
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Except as described below, process selection options are additive.
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The default selection is discarded, and then the selected processes
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are added to the set of processes to be displayed.
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A\ process will thus be shown if it meets any of the given
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selection criteria.
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.PP
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.\" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
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.SH "EXAMPLES"
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.TP 3
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To see every process on the system using standard syntax:
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.B ps\ \-e
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.br
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.B ps\ \-ef
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.br
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.B ps\ \-eF
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.br
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.B ps\ \-ely
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.TP
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To see every process on the system using BSD syntax:
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.B ps\ ax
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.br
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.B ps\ axu
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.TP
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To print a process tree:
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.B ps\ -ejH
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.br
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.B ps\ axjf
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.TP
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To get info about threads:
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.B ps\ -eLf
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.br
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.B ps\ axms
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.TP
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To get security info:
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.B ps\ -eo euser,ruser,suser,fuser,f,comm,label
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.br
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.B ps\ axZ
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.br
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.B ps\ -eM
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.TP
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To see every process running as root (real\ &\ effective\ ID) in user format:
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.B ps\ \-U\ root\ \-u\ root\ u
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.TP
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To see every process with a user\-defined format:
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.B ps\ \-eo\ pid,tid,class,rtprio,ni,pri,psr,pcpu,stat,wchan:14,comm
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.br
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.B ps\ axo\ stat,euid,ruid,tty,tpgid,sess,pgrp,ppid,pid,pcpu,comm
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.br
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.B ps\ \-eopid,tt,user,fname,tmout,f,wchan
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.TP
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Print only the process IDs of syslogd:
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.B ps\ \-C\ syslogd\ \-o\ pid=
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.TP
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Print only the name of PID 42:
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.B ps\ \-p\ 42\ \-o\ comm=
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.PP
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.PP
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.\" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
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.SH "SIMPLE PROCESS SELECTION"
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.TP \n[OptSize]
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.B \-A
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Select all processes. Identical to \fB\-e\fR.
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.TP
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.B \-N
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Select all processes except those that fulfill the specified conditions.
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(negates the selection) Identical to \fB\-\-deselect\fR.
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.opt T
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Select all processes associated with this terminal. Identical to the
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\fBt\fR option without any argument.
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.TP
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.B \-a
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Select all processes except session leaders (see \fIgetsid\fR(2)) and
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processes not associated with a terminal.
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.TP
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.B a
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Lift the BSD\-style "only yourself" restriction, which is imposed upon
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the set of all processes when some BSD\-style (without\ "\-") options
183
are used or when the \fBps\fR personality setting is BSD\-like.
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The set of processes selected in this manner is
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in addition to the set of processes selected by other means.
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An alternate description is that this option causes \fBps\fR to
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list all processes with a terminal (tty),
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or to list all processes when used together with the \fBx\fR option.
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.TP
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.B \-d
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Select all processes except session leaders.
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.TP
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.B \-e
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Select all processes. Identical to \fB\-A\fR.
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.\" Current "g" behavior: add in the session leaders, which would
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.\" be excluded in the sunos4 personality. Supposed "g" behavior:
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.\" add in the group leaders -- at least according to the SunOS 4
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.\" man page on the FreeBSD site. Uh oh. I think I had tested SunOS
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.\" though, so maybe the code is correct.
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.TP
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.B g
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Really all, even session leaders. This flag is obsolete and may be
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discontinued in a future release. It is normally implied by the \fBa\fR flag,
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and is only useful when operating in the sunos4 personality.
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.TP
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.B r
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Restrict the selection to only running processes.
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.TP
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.B x
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Lift the BSD\-style "must have a tty" restriction, which is imposed upon
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the set of all processes when some BSD\-style (without\ "\-") options
217
are used or when the \fBps\fR personality setting is BSD\-like.
218
The set of processes selected in this manner is
219
in addition to the set of processes selected by other means.
220
An alternate description is that this option causes \fBps\fR to
221
list all processes owned by you (same EUID as \fBps\fR),
222
or to list all processes when used together with the \fBa\fR option.
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.TP
225
.B \-\-deselect
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Select all processes except those that fulfill the specified conditions.
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(negates the selection) Identical to \fB\-N\fR.
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.\" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
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.PD
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.PP
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.SH "PROCESS SELECTION BY LIST"
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These options accept a single argument in the form of a blank\-separated
234
or comma\-separated list. They can be used multiple times.
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For\ example:\ \fBps\ \-p\ "1\ 2"\ \-p\ 3,4\fR
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.P
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.TP \n[OptSize]
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.BI \-C \ cmdlist
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Select by command name.
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.br
241
This selects the processes whose executable name is given in
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\fIcmdlist\fR.
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.TP
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.BI \-G \ grplist
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Select by real group ID (RGID) or name.
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.br
248
This selects the processes whose real group name or ID is in the
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\fIgrplist\fR list. The real group ID identifies the group of the user
250
who created the process, see \fIgetgid\fR(2).
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.TP
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.BI U \ userlist
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Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name.
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.br
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This selects the processes whose effective user name
257
or ID is in \fIuserlist\fR.
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The effective user\ ID describes the user whose file
259
access permissions are used by the process
260
(see\ \fIgeteuid\fR(2)).
261
Identical to \fB\-u\fR and\ \fB\-\-user\fR.
262
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.TP
264
.BI \-U \ userlist
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select by real user ID (RUID) or name.
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.br
267
It selects the processes whose real user name or ID is in the
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\fIuserlist\fR list.
269
The real user ID identifies the user who created the process,
270
see\ \fIgetuid\fR(2).
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.TP
273
.BI \-g \ grplist
274
Select by session OR by effective group name.
275
.br
276
Selection by session is specified by many standards,
277
but selection by effective group is the logical behavior that
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several other operating systems use.
279
This \fBps\fR will select by session when the list
280
is completely numeric (as\ sessions\ are).
281
Group ID numbers will work only when some group names are also specified.
282
See the \fB\-s\fR and \fB\-\-group\fR options.
283
284
.TP
285
.BI p \ pidlist
286
Select by process ID. Identical to \fB\-p\fR and\ \fB\-\-pid\fR.
287
288
.TP
289
.BI \-p \ pidlist
290
Select by PID.
291
.br
292
This selects the processes whose process ID numbers appear in
293
\fIpidlist\fR. Identical to \fBp\fR and\ \fB\-\-pid\fR.
294
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.TP
296
.BI \-s \ sesslist
297
Select by session ID.
298
.br
299
This selects the processes
300
with a session ID specified in\ \fIsesslist\fR.
301
302
.TP
303
.BI t \ ttylist
304
Select by tty. Nearly identical to \fB\-t\fR and \fB\-\-tty\fR,
305
but can also be used with an empty \fIttylist\fR to indicate
306
the terminal associated with \fBps\fR.
307
Using the \fBT\fR option is considered cleaner than using \fBT\fR with
308
an\ empty\ \fIttylist\fR.
309
310
.TP
311
.BI \-t \ ttylist
312
Select by tty.
313
.br
314
This selects the processes associated with the terminals
315
given in \fIttylist\fR.
316
Terminals (ttys, or screens for text output) can be specified in several
317
forms: /dev/ttyS1, ttyS1, S1.
318
A\ plain "\-" may be used to select processes not attached to any terminal.
319
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.TP
321
.BI \-u \ userlist
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Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name.
323
.br
324
This selects the processes whose effective user name or ID is in
325
\fIuserlist\fR. The effective user ID describes the user whose file
326
access permissions are used by the process (see\ \fIgeteuid\fR(2)).
327
Identical to \fBU\fR and \fB\-\-user\fR.
328
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.TP
330
.BI \-\-Group \ grplist
331
Select by real group ID (RGID) or name. Identical to \fB\-G\fR.
332
333
.TP
334
.BI \-\-User \ userlist
335
Select by real user ID (RUID) or name. Identical to \fB\-U\fR.
336
337
.TP
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.BI \-\-group \ grplist
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Select by effective group ID (EGID) or name.
340
.br
341
This selects the processes whose effective group name or ID is in
342
\fIgrouplist\fR. The effective group ID describes the group whose file
343
access permissions are used by the process (see\ \fIgeteuid\fR(2)).
344
The \fB\-g\fR option is often an alternative to\ \fB\-\-group\fR.
345
346
.TP
347
.BI \-\-pid \ pidlist
348
Select by process\ ID. Identical to \fB\-p\fR\ and\ \fBp\fR.
349
350
.TP
351
.BI \-\-ppid \ pidlist
352
Select by parent process\ ID.
353
This selects the processes
354
with a parent\ process\ ID in \fRpidlist\fR.
355
That\ is, it selects processes that are children
356
of those listed in \fRpidlist\fR.
357
358
.TP
359
.BI \-\-sid \ sesslist
360
Select by session\ ID. Identical to\ \fB\-s\fR.
361
362
.TP
363
.BI \-\-tty \ ttylist
364
Select by terminal. Identical to \fB\-t\fR and\ \fBt\fR.
365
366
.TP
367
.BI \-\-user \ userlist
368
Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name.
369
Identical to \fB\-u\fR and\ \fBU\fR.
370
371
.TP
372
\fB\-\fI123\fR
373
Identical to \fB\-\-sid\ \fI123\fR.
374
375
.TP
376
.B \fI123\fR
377
Identical to \fB\-\-pid\ \fI123\fR.
378
379
.\" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
380
.PD
381
.PP
382
.SH "OUTPUT FORMAT CONTROL"
383
These options are used to choose the information displayed by \fBps\fR.
384
The output may differ by personality.
385
.PP
386
387
.TP \n[OptSize]
388
.B \-F
389
extra full format. See the \fB\-f\fR option, which \fB\-F\fR implies.
390
391
.TP
392
.BI \-O \ format
393
is like \fB\-o\fR, but preloaded with some default columns.
394
Identical to \fB\-o\ pid,\fIformat\fB,state,tname,time,command\fR
395
or \fB\-o\ pid,\fIformat\fB,tname,time,cmd\fR, see\ \fB\-o\fR\ below.
396
397
.TP
398
.BI O \ format
399
is preloaded \fBo\fR (overloaded).
400
.br
401
The BSD \fBO\fR option can act like \fB\-O\fR (user\-defined output
402
format with some common fields predefined) or can be used to specify
403
sort order. Heuristics are used to determine the behavior of this
404
option. To ensure that the desired behavior is obtained (sorting or
405
formatting), specify the option in some other way
406
(e.g. with \fB\-O\fR or \fB\-\-sort\fR).
407
When used as a formatting option, it is identical to \fB\-O\fR, with the
408
BSD\ personality.
409
410
.TP
411
.B \-M
412
Add a column of security data. Identical to \fBZ\fR. (for\ SE\ Linux)
413
414
.TP
415
.B X
416
Register format.
417
418
.TP
419
.B Z
420
Add a column of security data. Identical to \fB\-M\fR. (for\ SE\ Linux)
421
422
.TP
423
.B \-c
424
Show different scheduler information for the \fB\-l\fR option.
425
426
.TP
427
.B \-f
428
does full\-format listing. This option can be combined with many
429
other UNIX\-style options to add additional columns. It also causes
430
the command arguments to be printed. When used with \fB\-L\fR, the
431
NLWP (number of threads) and LWP (thread ID) columns will be added.
432
See the \fBc\fR option, the format keyword \fBargs\fR, and the
433
format keyword \fBcomm\fR.
434
435
.TP
436
.B j
437
BSD job control format.
438
439
.TP
440
.B \-j
441
jobs format
442
443
.TP
444
.B l
445
display BSD long format.
446
447
.TP
448
.B \-l
449
long format. The \fB\-y\fR option is often useful with this.
450
451
.TP
452
.BI o \ format
453
specify user\-defined format. Identical to \fB\-o\fR and
454
\fB\-\-format\fR.
455
456
.TP
457
.BI \-o \ format
458
user\-defined format.
459
.br
460
\fIformat\fR is a single argument in the form of a
461
blank\-separated or comma\-separated list, which offers
462
a way to specify individual output columns.
463
The recognized keywords are described in the \fBSTANDARD FORMAT
464
SPECIFIERS\fR section below.
465
Headers may be
466
renamed (\fBps\ \-o\ pid,ruser=RealUser\ \-o\ comm=Command\fR) as desired.
467
If all column headers are empty (\fBps\ \-o\ pid=\ \-o\ comm=\fR) then the
158
468
header line will not be output. Column width will increase as
159
469
needed for wide headers; this may be used to widen up columns
160
such as WCHAN ("ps -o pid,wchan=WIDE-WCHAN-COLUMN -o comm").
161
Explicit width control ("ps opid,wchan:42,cmd") is offered too.
162
The behavior of "ps -o pid=X,comm=Y" varies with personality;
470
such as WCHAN (\fBps\ \-o\ pid,wchan=WIDE\-WCHAN\-COLUMN\ \-o\ comm\fR).
471
Explicit width control (\fBps\ opid,wchan:42,cmd\fR) is offered too.
472
The behavior of \fBps\ \-o\ pid=X,comm=Y\fR varies with personality;
163
473
output may be one column named "X,comm=Y" or two columns
164
named "X" and "Y". Use multiple -o options when in doubt.
165
Use the $PS_FORMAT environment variable to specify a default
474
named "X" and "Y". Use multiple \fB\-o\fR options when in doubt.
475
Use the \fBPS_FORMAT\fR environment variable to specify a default
166
476
as desired; DefSysV and DefBSD are macros that may be used to
167
477
choose the default UNIX or BSD columns.
168
478
169
The following user-defined format specifiers may contain
170
spaces: comm, args, cmd, comm, command, fname, ucmd, ucomm,
171
lstart, bsdstart, start
172
173
The "-g" option can select by session leader OR by group name.
174
Selection by session leader is specified by many standards,
175
but selection by group is the logical behavior that several other
176
operating systems use. This ps will select by session leader when
177
the list is completely numeric (as sessions are). Group ID numbers
178
will work only when some group names are also specified.
179
180
The "m" option should not be used. Use "-m" or "-o" with a list.
181
("m" displays memory info, shows threads, or sorts by memory use)
182
183
The "h" option is problematic. Standard BSD ps uses the option to
184
print a header on each page of output, but older Linux ps uses the option
185
to totally disable the header. This version of ps follows the Linux
186
usage of not printing the header unless the BSD personality has been
187
selected, in which case it prints a header on each page of output.
188
Regardless of the current personality, you can use the long options
189
--headers and --no-headers to enable printing headers each page and
479
.TP
480
.B s
481
display signal format
482
483
.TP
484
.B u
485
display user\-oriented format
486
487
.TP
488
.B v
489
display virtual memory format
490
491
.TP
492
.B \-y
493
Do not show flags; show rss in place of addr.
494
This option can only be used with \fB\-l\fR.
495
496
.TP
497
.BI \-\-format \ format
498
user\-defined format. Identical to \fB\-o\fR and \fBo\fR.
499
500
.TP
501
.B \-\-context
502
Display security context format. (for\ SE\ Linux)
503
504
.\" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
505
.PD
506
.PP
507
.SH "OUTPUT MODIFIERS"
508
509
.\" .TP
510
.\" .B C
511
.\" use raw CPU time for %CPU instead of decaying average
512
513
.TP \n[OptSize]
514
.B \-H
515
show process hierarchy (forest)
516
517
.TP
518
.BI N \ namelist
519
Specify namelist file. Identical to \fB\-n\fR, see \fB\-n\fR above.
520
521
.TP
522
.BI O \ order
523
Sorting order. (overloaded)
524
.br
525
The BSD \fBO\fR option can act like \fB\-O\fR (user\-defined output
526
format with some common fields predefined) or can be used to specify
527
sort order. Heuristics are used to determine the behavior of this
528
option. To ensure that the desired behavior is obtained (sorting or
529
formatting), specify the option in some other way (e.g. with \fB\-O\fR
530
or \fB\-\-sort\fR).
531
532
For sorting, obsolete BSD \fBO\fR option syntax is
533
\fBO\fR[\fB+\fR|\fB\-\fR]\fIk1\fR[,[\fB+\fR|\fB\-\fR]\fIk2\fR[,...]].
534
It orders the processes listing according to the multilevel sort specified by
535
the sequence of one\-letter short keys \fIk1\fR, \fIk2\fR, ... described
536
in the \fBOBSOLETE SORT KEYS\fR section below.
537
The\ "+" is currently optional,
538
merely re\-iterating the default direction on a key,
539
but may help to distinguish an \fBO\fR sort from an \fBO\fR format.
540
The\ "\-" reverses direction only on the key it precedes.
541
542
.TP
543
.B S
544
Sum up some information, such as CPU usage, from dead child processes
545
into their parent. This is useful for examining a system where a
546
parent process repeatedly forks off short\-lived children to do work.
547
548
.TP
549
.B c
550
Show the true command name. This is derived from the name of the
551
executable file, rather than from the argv value. Command arguments
552
and any modifications to them (see\ \fIsetproctitle\fR(3)) are
553
thus not shown. This option
554
effectively turns the \fBargs\fR format keyword into the \fBcomm\fR
555
format keyword; it is useful with the \fB\-f\fR format option and with
556
the various BSD\-style format options, which all normally
557
display the command arguments.
558
See the \fB\-f\fR option, the format keyword \fBargs\fR, and the
559
format keyword \fBcomm\fR.
560
561
.TP
562
.B e
563
Show the environment after the command.
564
565
.TP
566
.B f
567
ASCII\-art process hierarchy (forest)
568
569
.TP
570
.B h
571
No header. (or, one header per screen in the BSD personality)
572
.br
573
The \fBh\fR option is problematic. Standard BSD \fBps\fR uses
574
this option to print a header on each page of output, but older
575
Linux \fBps\fR uses this option to totally disable the header.
576
This version of \fBps\fR follows the Linux usage of not printing
577
the header unless the BSD personality has been selected, in which
578
case it prints a header on each page of output. Regardless of the
579
current personality, you can use the long options \fB\-\-headers\fR
580
and \fB\-\-no\-headers\fR to enable printing headers each page or
190
581
disable headers entirely, respectively.
191
582
192
Terminals (ttys, or screens for text output) can be specified in several
193
forms: /dev/ttyS1, ttyS1, S1. Obsolete "ps t" (your own terminal) and
194
"ps t?" (processes without a terminal) syntax is supported, but modern
195
options ("T", "-t" with list, "x", "t" with list) should be used instead.
196
197
The BSD "O" option can act like "-O" (user-defined output format with
198
some common fields predefined) or can be used to specify sort order.
199
Heuristics are used to determine the behavior of this option. To ensure
200
that the desired behavior is obtained, specify the other option (sorting
201
or formatting) in some other way.
202
203
For sorting, obsolete BSD "O" option syntax is O[+|-]k1[,[+|-]k2[,...]]
204
Order the process listing according to the multilevel sort specified by
205
the sequence of short keys from SORT KEYS, k1, k2, ... The `+' is quite
206
optional, merely re-iterating the default direction on a key. `-' reverses
207
direction only on the key it precedes. The O option must be the last option
208
in a single command argument, but specifications in successive arguments are
209
catenated.
210
211
Gnu sorting syntax is --sortX[+|-]key[,[+|-]key[,...]]
212
Choose a multi-letter key from the SORT KEYS section. X may be any
213
convenient separator character. To be GNU-ish use `='. The `+' is really
214
optional since default direction is increasing numerical or lexicographic
215
order. For example, ps jax --sort=uid,-ppid,+pid
216
217
This ps works by reading the virtual files in /proc. This ps does not
218
need to be suid kmem or have any privileges to run. Do not give this ps
219
any special permissions.
220
221
This ps needs access to a namelist file for proper WCHAN display.
222
The namelist file must match the current Linux kernel exactly for
223
correct output.
224
225
To produce the WCHAN field, ps needs to read the System.map file created
226
when the kernel is compiled. The search path is:
227
228
$PS_SYSTEM_MAP
229
/boot/System.map-`uname -r`
230
/boot/System.map
231
/lib/modules/`uname -r`/System.map
232
/usr/src/linux/System.map
233
234
The member used_math of task_struct is not shown, since crt0.s checks
235
to see if math is present. This causes the math flag to be set for all
236
processes, and so it is worthless. (Somebody fix libc or the kernel please)
237
238
Programs swapped out to disk will be shown without command line arguments,
239
and unless the c option is given, in brackets.
240
241
%CPU shows the cputime/realtime percentage. It will not add up to 100%
242
unless you are lucky. It is time used divided by the time the process has
243
been running.
244
245
The SIZE and RSS fields don't count the page tables and the task_struct of a
246
proc; this is at least 12k of memory that is always resident. SIZE is the
247
virtual size of the proc (code+data+stack).
248
249
Processes marked <defunct> are dead processes (so-called "zombies") that
583
.TP
584
.BI k \ spec
585
specify sorting order. Sorting syntax is
586
[\fB+\fR|\fB\-\fR]\fIkey\fR[,[\fB+\fR|\fB\-\fR]\fIkey\fR[,...]]
587
Choose a multi\-letter key from the \fBSTANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS\fR section.
588
The\ "+" is optional since default direction is increasing numerical or
589
lexicographic order. Identical to \fB\-\-sort\fR. Examples:
590
.br
591
\fBps\ jaxkuid,\-ppid,+pid\fR
592
.br
593
\fBps\ axk\ comm\ o\ comm,args\fR
594
.br
595
\fBps\ kstart_time\ \-ef\fR
596
597
.TP
598
.BI \-n \ namelist
599
set namelist file. Identical to \fBN\fR.
600
.br
601
The namelist file is needed for a proper WCHAN display, and must match
602
the current Linux kernel exactly for correct output.
603
Without this option, the default search path for the namelist is:
604
605
$PS_SYSMAP
606
.br
607
$PS_SYSTEM_MAP
608
.br
609
/proc/*/wchan
610
.br
611
/boot/System.map\-\`uname\ \-r\`
612
.br
613
/boot/System.map
614
.br
615
/lib/modules/\`uname\ \-r\`/System.map
616
.br
617
/usr/src/linux/System.map
618
.br
619
/System.map
620
621
.TP
622
.B n
623
Numeric output for WCHAN and USER. (including all types of UID and GID)
624
625
.TP
626
.B \-w
627
Wide output. Use this option twice for unlimited width.
628
629
.TP
630
.B w
631
Wide output. Use this option twice for unlimited width.
632
633
.TP
634
.BI \-\-cols \ n
635
set screen width
636
637
.TP
638
.BI \-\-columns \ n
639
set screen width
640
641
.TP
642
.B \-\-cumulative
643
include some dead child process data (as a sum with the parent)
644
645
.TP
646
.B \-\-forest
647
ASCII art process tree
648
649
.TP
650
.B \-\-headers
651
repeat header lines, one per page of output
652
653
.TP
654
.B \-\-no\-headers
655
print no header line at all
656
657
.TP
658
.BI \-\-lines \ n
659
set screen height
660
661
.TP
662
.BI \-\-rows \ n
663
set screen height
664
665
.TP
666
.BI \-\-sort \ spec
667
specify sorting order. Sorting syntax is
668
[\fB+\fR|\fB\-\fR]\fIkey\fR[,[\fB+\fR|\fB\-\fR]\fIkey\fR[,...]]
669
Choose a multi\-letter key from the \fBSTANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS\fR section.
670
The\ "+" is optional since default direction is increasing numerical or
671
lexicographic order. Identical to\ \fBk\fR.
672
For example: \fBps\ jax\ \-\-sort=uid,\-ppid,+pid\fR
673
674
.TP
675
.BI \-\-width \ n
676
set screen width
677
678
.\" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
679
.PD
680
.PP
681
.SH "THREAD DISPLAY"
682
.PD 0
683
684
.TP \n[OptSize]
685
.B H
686
Show threads as if they were processes
687
688
.TP
689
.B \-L
690
Show threads, possibly with LWP and NLWP columns
691
692
.TP
693
.B \-T
694
Show threads, possibly with SPID column
695
696
.TP
697
.B m
698
Show threads after processes
699
700
.TP
701
.B \-m
702
Show threads after processes
703
704
.\" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
705
.PD
706
.PP
707
.SH "OTHER INFORMATION"
708
.PD 0
709
710
.TP \n[OptSize]
711
.B L
712
List all format specifiers.
713
714
.TP
715
.B \-V
716
Print the procps version.
717
718
.TP
719
.B V
720
Print the procps version.
721
722
.TP
723
.B \-\-help
724
Print a help message.
725
726
.TP
727
.B \-\-info
728
Print debugging info.
729
730
.TP
731
.B \-\-version
732
Print the procps version.
733
734
.\" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
735
.PD
736
.PP
737
.SH NOTES
738
This \fBps\fR works by reading the virtual files in\ /proc.
739
This \fBps\fR does not need to be setuid kmem or have any privileges to run.
740
Do not give this \fBps\fR any special permissions.
741
742
This \fBps\fR needs access to namelist data for proper WCHAN display.
743
For kernels prior to 2.6, the System.map file must be installed.
744
745
CPU usage is currently expressed as the percentage of time spent
746
running during the entire lifetime of a process.
747
This is not ideal, and\ it does not conform to the
748
standards that \fBps\fR otherwise conforms\ to.
749
CPU\ usage is unlikely to add up to exactly\ 100%.
750
751
The SIZE and RSS fields don't count some parts of a process including the
752
page tables, kernel stack, struct thread_info, and struct task_struct.
753
This is usually at least 20\ KiB of memory that is always resident.
754
SIZE is the virtual size of the process (code+data+stack).
755
756
Processes marked <defunct> are dead processes (so\-called\ "zombies") that
250
757
remain because their parent has not destroyed them properly. These processes
251
will be destroyed by init(8) if the parent process exits.
252
253
254
PROCESS FLAGS
255
256
FORKNOEXEC 1 forked but didn't exec
257
SUPERPRIV 4 used super-user privileges
258
259
260
PROCESS STATE CODES
261
262
D uninterruptible sleep (usually IO)
263
R runnable (on run queue)
264
S sleeping
265
T traced or stopped
266
W paging (2.4 kernels and older only)
267
X dead
268
Z a defunct ("zombie") process
269
270
For BSD formats and when the "stat" keyword is used, additional
758
will be destroyed by \fIinit\fR(8) if the parent process exits.
759
760
761
.SH "PROCESS FLAGS"
762
The sum of these values is displayed in the "F" column,
763
which is provided by the \fBflags\fR output specifier.
764
.PD 0
765
.TP 5
766
1
767
forked but didn't exec
768
.TP
769
4
770
used super\-user privileges
771
.PD
772
.PP
773
.SH "PROCESS STATE CODES"
774
Here are the different values that the \fBs\fR, \fBstat\fR and
775
\fBstate\fR output specifiers (header\ "STAT"\ or\ "S") will display to
776
describe the state of a process.
777
.PD 0
778
.TP 5
779
D
780
Uninterruptible sleep (usually\ IO)
781
.TP
782
R
783
Running or runnable (on\ run\ queue)
784
.TP
785
S
786
Interruptible sleep (waiting for an event to complete)
787
.TP
788
T
789
Stopped, either by a job control signal or because it is being traced.
790
.TP
791
W
792
paging (not valid since the 2.6.xx kernel)
793
.TP
794
X
795
dead (should never be seen)
796
.TP
797
Z
798
Defunct ("zombie") process, terminated but not reaped by its parent.
799
.PD
800
.PP
801
For BSD formats and when the \fBstat\fR keyword is used, additional
271
802
characters may be displayed:
272
273
< high-priority task
274
N low-priority task
275
L has pages locked into memory (for real-time and custom IO)
276
s is a session leader
277
+ is in the foreground process group
278
279
SORT KEYS
280
281
Note that the values used in sorting are the internal values ps uses and not
282
the `cooked' values used in some of the output format fields. Pipe ps
283
output into the sort(1) command if you want to sort the cooked values.
284
285
KEY LONG DESCRIPTION
286
c cmd simple name of executable
287
C cmdline full command line
288
f flags flags as in long format F field
289
g pgrp process group ID
290
G tpgid controlling tty process group ID
291
j cutime cumulative user time
292
J cstime cumulative system time
293
k utime user time
294
K stime system time
295
m min_flt number of minor page faults
296
M maj_flt number of major page faults
297
n cmin_flt cumulative minor page faults
298
N cmaj_flt cumulative major page faults
299
o session session ID
300
p pid process ID
301
P ppid parent process ID
302
r rss resident set size
303
R resident resident pages
304
s size memory size in kilobytes
305
S share amount of shared pages
306
t tty the minor device number of tty
307
T start_time time process was started
308
U uid user ID number
309
u user user name
310
v vsize total VM size in kB
311
y priority kernel scheduling priority
312
313
314
AIX FORMAT DESCRIPTORS
315
316
This ps supports AIX format descriptors, which work somewhat like the
317
formatting codes of printf(1) and printf(3). For example, the normal
318
default output can be produced with this: ps -eo "%p %y %x %c"
319
320
CODE NORMAL HEADER
321
%C pcpu %CPU
322
%G group GROUP
323
%P ppid PPID
324
%U user USER
325
%a args COMMAND
326
%c comm COMMAND
327
%g rgroup RGROUP
328
%n nice NI
329
%p pid PID
330
%r pgid PGID
331
%t etime ELAPSED
332
%u ruser RUSER
333
%x time TIME
334
%y tty TTY
335
%z vsz VSZ
336
337
338
STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS
339
340
These may be used to control both output format and sorting.
341
For example: ps -eo pid,user,args --sort user
342
343
CODE HEADER
344
%cpu %CPU
345
%mem %MEM
346
alarm ALARM
347
args COMMAND
348
blocked BLOCKED
349
bsdstart START
350
bsdtime TIME
351
c C
352
caught CAUGHT
353
cmd CMD
354
comm COMMAND
355
command COMMAND
356
context CONTEXT
357
cputime TIME
358
drs DRS
359
dsiz DSIZ
360
egid EGID
361
egroup EGROUP
362
eip EIP
363
esp ESP
364
etime ELAPSED
365
euid EUID
366
euser EUSER
367
f F
368
fgid FGID
369
fgroup FGROUP
370
flag F
371
flags F
372
fname COMMAND
373
fsgid FSGID
374
fsgroup FSGROUP
375
fsuid FSUID
376
fsuser FSUSER
377
fuid FUID
378
fuser FUSER
379
gid GID
380
group GROUP
381
ignored IGNORED
382
intpri PRI
383
lim LIM
384
longtname TTY
385
lstart STARTED
386
m_drs DRS
387
m_trs TRS
388
maj_flt MAJFL
389
majflt MAJFLT
390
min_flt MINFL
391
minflt MINFLT
392
ni NI
393
nice NI
394
nwchan WCHAN
395
opri PRI
396
pagein PAGEIN
397
pcpu %CPU
398
pending PENDING
399
pgid PGID
400
pgrp PGRP
401
pid PID
402
pmem %MEM
403
ppid PPID
404
pri PRI
405
priority PRI
406
rgid RGID
407
rgroup RGROUP
408
rss RSS
409
rssize RSS
410
rsz RSZ
411
ruid RUID
412
ruser RUSER
413
s S
414
sess SESS
415
session SESS
416
sgi_p P
417
sgi_rss RSS
418
sgid SGID
419
sgroup SGROUP
420
sid SID
421
sig PENDING
422
sig_block BLOCKED
423
sig_catch CATCHED
424
sig_ignore IGNORED
425
sig_pend SIGNAL
426
sigcatch CAUGHT
427
sigignore IGNORED
428
sigmask BLOCKED
429
stackp STACKP
430
start STARTED
431
start_stack STACKP
432
start_time START
433
stat STAT
434
state S
435
stime STIME
436
suid SUID
437
suser SUSER
438
svgid SVGID
439
svgroup SVGROUP
440
svuid SVUID
441
svuser SVUSER
442
sz SZ
443
time TIME
444
timeout TMOUT
445
tmout TMOUT
446
tname TTY
447
tpgid TPGID
448
trs TRS
449
trss TRSS
450
tsiz TSIZ
451
tt TT
452
tty TT
453
tty4 TTY
454
tty8 TTY
455
ucmd CMD
456
ucomm COMMAND
457
uid UID
458
uid_hack UID
459
uname USER
460
user USER
461
vsize VSZ
462
vsz VSZ
463
wchan WCHAN
464
465
466
467
468
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
469
The following environment variables could affect ps:
470
COLUMNS Override default display width.
471
LINES Override default display height.
472
PS_PERSONALITY Set to one of posix,old,linux,bsd,sun,digital...
473
CMD_ENV Set to one of posix,old,linux,bsd,sun,digital...
474
I_WANT_A_BROKEN_PS Force obsolete command line interpretation.
475
LC_TIME Date format.
476
PS_COLORS Not currently supported.
477
PS_FORMAT Default output format override.
478
PS_SYSMAP Default namelist (System.map) location.
479
PS_SYSTEM_MAP Default namelist (System.map) location.
480
POSIXLY_CORRECT Don't find excuses to ignore bad "features".
481
UNIX95 Don't find excuses to ignore bad "features".
482
_XPG Cancel CMD_ENV=irix non-standard behavior.
483
484
In general, it is a bad idea to set these variables. The one exception
485
is CMD_ENV or PS_PERSONALITY, which could be set to Linux for normal
486
systems. Without that setting, ps follows the useless and bad parts
487
of the Unix98 standard.
488
489
490
PERSONALITY
491
390 like the S/390 OpenEdition ps
492
aix like AIX ps
493
bsd like FreeBSD ps (totally non-standard)
494
compaq like Digital Unix ps
495
debian like the old Debian ps
496
digital like Digital Unix ps
497
gnu like the old Debian ps
498
hp like HP-UX ps
499
hpux like HP-UX ps
500
irix like Irix ps
501
linux ***** RECOMMENDED *****
502
old like the original Linux ps (totally non-standard)
503
posix standard
504
sco like SCO ps
505
sgi like Irix ps
506
sun like SunOS 4 ps (totally non-standard)
507
sunos like SunOS 4 ps (totally non-standard)
508
sysv standard
509
unix standard
510
unix95 standard
511
unix98 standard
512
513
514
EXAMPLES
515
To see every process on the system using standard syntax:
516
ps -e
517
To see every process on the system using BSD syntax:
518
ps ax
519
To see every process except those running as root (real & effective ID)
520
ps -U root -u root -N
521
To see every process with a user-defined format:
522
ps -eo pid,tt,user,fname,tmout,f,wchan
523
Odd display with AIX field descriptors:
524
ps -o "%u : %U : %p : %a"
525
Print only the process IDs of syslogd:
526
ps -C syslogd -o pid=
527
528
SEE ALSO
529
top(1) pgrep(1) pstree(1) proc(5)
530
531
STANDARDS
532
This ps conforms to version 2 of the Single Unix Specification.
533
534
AUTHOR
535
ps was originally written by Branko Lankester <lankeste@fwi.uva.nl>. Michael
536
K. Johnson <johnsonm@redhat.com> re-wrote it significantly to use the proc
803
.PD 0
804
.TP 5
805
<
806
high\-priority (not nice to other users)
807
.TP
808
N
809
low\-priority (nice to other users)
810
.TP
811
L
812
has pages locked into memory (for real\-time and custom\ IO)
813
.TP
814
s
815
is a session leader
816
.TP
817
l
818
is multi-threaded (using CLONE_THREAD, like NPTL pthreads\ do)
819
.TP
820
+
821
is in the foreground process group
822
.PD
823
.PP
824
.PP
825
.SH "OBSOLETE SORT KEYS"
826
These keys are used by the BSD \fBO\fR option (when it is used for
827
sorting). The GNU \fB\-\-sort\fR option doesn't use these keys, but the
828
specifiers described below in the \fBSTANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS\fR
829
section. Note that the values used in sorting are the internal
830
values \fBps\fR uses and not the "cooked" values used in some of
831
the output format fields (e.g. sorting on tty will sort into
832
device number, not according to the terminal name displayed).
833
Pipe \fBps\fR output into the \fIsort\fR(1) command if you want
834
to sort the cooked values.
835
836
.TS
837
l l lw(3i).
838
\fBKEY LONG DESCRIPTION\fR
839
c cmd simple name of executable
840
C pcpu cpu utilization
841
f flags flags as in long format F field
842
g pgrp process group ID
843
G tpgid controlling tty process group ID
844
j cutime cumulative user time
845
J cstime cumulative system time
846
k utime user time
847
m min_flt number of minor page faults
848
M maj_flt number of major page faults
849
n cmin_flt cumulative minor page faults
850
N cmaj_flt cumulative major page faults
851
o session session ID
852
p pid process ID
853
P ppid parent process ID
854
r rss resident set size
855
R resident resident pages
856
s size memory size in kilobytes
857
S share amount of shared pages
858
t tty the device number of the controling tty
859
T start_time time process was started
860
U uid user ID number
861
u user user name
862
v vsize total VM size in kB
863
y priority kernel scheduling priority
864
.\"K stime system time (conflict, system vs. start time)
865
.TE
866
.PP
867
.PP
868
.SH "AIX FORMAT DESCRIPTORS"
869
This \fBps\fR supports AIX format descriptors, which work somewhat like the
870
formatting codes of \fIprintf\fR(1) and \fIprintf\fR(3). For example, the normal
871
default output can be produced with this: \fBps\ \-eo\ "%p\ %y\ %x\ %c"\fR.
872
The\ \fBNORMAL\fR codes are described in the next section.
873
.TS
874
l l l.
875
\fBCODE NORMAL HEADER\fR
876
%C pcpu %CPU
877
%G group GROUP
878
%P ppid PPID
879
%U user USER
880
%a args COMMAND
881
%c comm COMMAND
882
%g rgroup RGROUP
883
%n nice NI
884
%p pid PID
885
%r pgid PGID
886
%t etime ELAPSED
887
%u ruser RUSER
888
%x time TIME
889
%y tty TTY
890
%z vsz VSZ
891
.TE
892
893
.SH "STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS"
894
Here are the different keywords that may be used to control the output
895
format (e.g. with option \fB\-o\fR) or to sort the selected processes
896
with the GNU\-style \fB\-\-sort\fR option.
897
898
For example: \fBps\ \-eo\ pid,user,args\ \-\-sort\ user\fR
899
900
This version of \fBps\fR tries to recognize most of the keywords used in
901
other implementations of \fBps\fR.
902
903
The following user\-defined format specifiers may contain
904
spaces: \fBargs\fR, \fBcmd\fR, \fBcomm\fR, \fBcommand\fR, \fBfname\fR,
905
\fBucmd\fR, \fBucomm\fR,
906
\fBlstart\fR, \fBbsdstart\fR, \fBstart\fR.
907
908
Some keywords may not be available for sorting.
909
910
.\" #######################################################################
911
.\" lB1 lB1 lB1 lB1 s s s
912
.\" lB1 l1 l1 l1 s s s.
913
.\"
914
.\" lB1 lB1 lBw(5.5i)
915
.\" lB1 l1 l.
916
.\"
917
.TS
918
expand;
919
lB1 lB1 lBw(\n[ColSize]n)
920
lB1 l1 l.
921
CODE HEADER DESCRIPTION
922
923
%cpu %CPU T{
924
cpu utilization of the process in "##.#" format. Currently, it is the CPU time
925
used divided by the time the process has been running (cputime/realtime
926
ratio), expressed as a percentage. It will not add up to 100% unless you
927
are lucky. (alias\ \fBpcpu\fR).
928
T}
929
930
%mem %MEM T{
931
ratio of the process's resident set size to the physical memory on
932
the machine, expressed as a percentage. (alias\ \fBpmem\fR).
933
T}
934
935
args COMMAND T{
936
command with all its arguments as a string. Modifications to the arguments
937
may be shown. The output in this column may contain spaces.
938
A\ process marked <defunct> is partly dead, waiting
939
to be fully destroyed by its parent. Sometimes the process args
940
will be unavailable; when this happens, \fBps\fR will instead
941
print the executable name in brackets.
942
(alias\ \fBcmd\fR,\ \fBcommand\fR). See also the \fBcomm\fR format
943
keyword, the \fB\-f\fR option, and the \fBc\fR option.
944
.br
945
When specified last, this column will extend to the edge of the display.
946
If \fBps\fR can not determine display width, as when output is redirected
947
(piped) into a file or another command, the output width is undefined.
948
(it may be 80, unlimited, determined by the \fBTERM\fR variable, and so on)
949
The \fBCOLUMNS\fR environment variable or \fB\-\-cols\fR option may
950
be used to exactly determine the width in this case.
951
The \fBw\fR or \fB\-w\fR option may be also be used to adjust width.
952
T}
953
954
blocked BLOCKED T{
955
mask of the blocked signals, see \fIsignal\fR(7).
956
According to the width of the field,
957
a\ 32\-bit or 64\-bit mask in hexadecimal format is displayed.
958
(alias\ \fBsig_block\fR,\ \fBsigmask\fR).
959
T}
960
961
bsdstart START T{
962
time the command started. If the process was started less
963
than 24 hours ago, the output format is "\ HH:MM",
964
else it is "mmm\ dd"
965
(where mmm is the three letters of the month).
966
T}
967
968
bsdtime TIME T{
969
accumulated cpu time, user\ +\ system. The display format is usualy
970
"MMM:SS", but can be shifted to the right if the process used more than 999
971
minutes of cpu time.
972
T}
973
974
c C T{
975
processor utilization. Currently, this is the integer value of
976
the percent usage over the lifetime of the process. (see\ \fB%cpu\fR).
977
T}
978
979
caught CAUGHT T{
980
mask of the caught signals, see \fIsignal\fR(7). According to the
981
width of the field, a 32 or 64 bits mask in hexadecimal format is
982
displayed. (alias\ \fBsig_catch\fR,\ \fBsigcatch\fR).
983
T}
984
985
class CLS T{
986
scheduling class of the process. (alias\ \fBpolicy\fR,\ \fBcls\fR).
987
Field's possible values are:
988
.br
989
\- not reported
990
.br
991
TS SCHED_OTHER
992
.br
993
FF SCHED_FIFO
994
.br
995
RR SCHED_RR
996
.br
997
? unknown value
998
T}
999
1000
cls CLS T{
1001
scheduling class of the process. (alias\ \fBpolicy\fR,\ \fBclass\fR).
1002
Field's possible values are:
1003
.br
1004
\- not reported
1005
.br
1006
TS SCHED_OTHER
1007
.br
1008
FF SCHED_FIFO
1009
.br
1010
RR SCHED_RR
1011
.br
1012
? unknown value
1013
T}
1014
1015
cmd CMD T{
1016
see \fBargs\fR. (alias\ \fBargs\fR,\ \fBcommand\fR).
1017
T}
1018
1019
comm COMMAND T{
1020
command name (only\ the executable\ name). Modifications to the command
1021
name will not be shown. A\ process marked <defunct> is partly dead, waiting
1022
to be fully destroyed by its parent. The output in this
1023
column may contain spaces. (alias\ \fBucmd\fR,\ \fBucomm\fR).
1024
See also the \fBargs\fR format
1025
keyword, the \fB\-f\fR option, and the \fBc\fR option.
1026
.br
1027
When specified last, this column will extend to the edge of the display.
1028
If \fBps\fR can not determine display width, as when output is redirected
1029
(piped) into a file or another command, the output width is undefined.
1030
(it may be 80, unlimited, determined by the \fBTERM\fR variable, and so on)
1031
The \fBCOLUMNS\fR environment variable or \fB\-\-cols\fR option may
1032
be used to exactly determine the width in this case.
1033
The \fBw\fR or \fB\-w\fR option may be also be used to adjust width.
1034
T}
1035
1036
command COMMAND T{
1037
see \fBargs\fR. (alias\ \fBargs\fR,\ \fBcmd\fR).
1038
T}
1039
1040
cp CP T{
1041
per\-mill (tenths of a percent) CPU usage. (see\ \fB%cpu\fR).
1042
T}
1043
1044
cputime TIME T{
1045
cumulative CPU time, "[dd\-]hh:mm:ss" format. (alias\ \fBtime\fR).
1046
T}
1047
1048
egid EGID T{
1049
effective group ID number of the process as a decimal integer.
1050
(alias\ \fBgid\fR).
1051
T}
1052
1053
egroup EGROUP T{
1054
effective group ID of the process. This will be the textual group ID,
1055
if it can be obtained and the field width permits, or a decimal
1056
representation otherwise. (alias\ \fBgroup\fR).
1057
T}
1058
1059
eip EIP T{
1060
instruction pointer.
1061
T}
1062
1063
esp ESP T{
1064
stack pointer.
1065
T}
1066
1067
etime ELAPSED T{
1068
elapsed time since the process was started,
1069
in\ the form\ [[dd\-]hh:]mm:ss.
1070
T}
1071
1072
euid EUID T{
1073
effective user\ ID. (alias\ \fBuid\fR).
1074
T}
1075
1076
euser EUSER T{
1077
effective user\ name. This will be the textual
1078
user\ ID, if\ it can be obtained and the field width permits,
1079
or\ a\ decimal representation otherwise.
1080
The\ \fBn\fR\ option can be used
1081
to force the decimal representation.
1082
(alias\ \fBuname\fR,\ \fBuser\fR).
1083
T}
1084
1085
f F T{
1086
flags associated with the process, see the \fBPROCESS FLAGS\fR section.
1087
(alias\ \fBflag\fR,\ \fBflags\fR).
1088
T}
1089
1090
fgid FGID T{
1091
filesystem access group\ ID. (alias\ \fBfsgid\fR).
1092
T}
1093
1094
fgroup FGROUP T{
1095
filesystem access group\ ID.
1096
This will be the textual user\ ID, if\ it can be obtained
1097
and the field width permits,
1098
or\ a\ decimal representation otherwise.
1099
(alias\ \fBfsgroup\fR).
1100
T}
1101
1102
flag F T{
1103
see\ \fBf\fR. (alias\ \fBf\fR,\ \fBflags\fR).
1104
T}
1105
1106
flags F T{
1107
see\ \fBf\fR. (alias\ \fBf\fR,\ \fBflag\fR).
1108
T}
1109
1110
fname COMMAND T{
1111
first 8 bytes of the base name of the process's executable file.
1112
The output in this column may contain spaces.
1113
T}
1114
1115
fuid FUID T{
1116
filesystem access user\ ID. (alias\ \fBfsuid\fR).
1117
T}
1118
1119
fuser FUSER T{
1120
filesystem access user\ ID. This will be the textual user\ ID,
1121
if\ it can be obtained and the field width permits,
1122
or\ a\ decimal representation otherwise.
1123
T}
1124
1125
gid GID T{
1126
see\ \fBegid\fR. (alias\ \fBegid\fR).
1127
T}
1128
1129
group GROUP T{
1130
see\ \fBegroup\fR. (alias\ \fBegroup\fR).
1131
T}
1132
1133
ignored IGNORED T{
1134
mask of the ignored signals, see \fIsignal\fR(7). According to the
1135
width of the field, a\ 32\-bit or 64\-bit mask in hexadecimal format
1136
is displayed. (alias \fBsig_ignore\fR, \fBsigignore\fR).
1137
T}
1138
1139
label LABEL T{
1140
security label, most commonly used for SE\ Linux context data.
1141
This is for the \fIMandatory Access Control\fR ("MAC") found on
1142
high\-security systems.
1143
T}
1144
1145
lstart STARTED T{
1146
time the command started.
1147
T}
1148
1149
lwp LWP T{
1150
lwp (light weight process, or thread) ID of the lwp being reported.
1151
(alias\ \fBspid\fR,\ \fBtid\fR).
1152
T}
1153
1154
ni NI T{
1155
nice value. This ranges from 19 (nicest) to \-20 (not\ nice to\ others),
1156
see\ \fInice\fR(1). (alias\ \fBnice\fR).
1157
T}
1158
1159
nice NI T{
1160
see\ \fBni\fR. (alias\ \fBni\fR).
1161
T}
1162
1163
nlwp NLWP T{
1164
number of lwps (threads) in the process. (alias\ \fBthcount\fR).
1165
T}
1166
1167
nwchan WCHAN T{
1168
address of the kernel function where the process is sleeping
1169
(use \fBwchan\fR if you want the kernel function name).
1170
Running tasks will display a dash ('\-') in this column.
1171
T}
1172
1173
pcpu %CPU T{
1174
see\ \fB%cpu\fR. (alias\ \fB%cpu\fR).
1175
T}
1176
1177
pending PENDING T{
1178
mask of the pending signals. See\ \fIsignal\fR(7). Signals pending on
1179
the process are distinct from signals pending on individual threads.
1180
Use the \fBm\fR option or the \fB\-m\fR option to see both.
1181
According to the width of the field, a\ 32\-bit or 64\-bit mask in
1182
hexadecimal format is displayed. (alias\ \fBsig\fR).
1183
T}
1184
1185
pgid PGID T{
1186
process group\ ID or, equivalently, the process\ ID of the
1187
process group leader. (alias\ \fBpgrp\fR).
1188
T}
1189
1190
pgrp PGRP T{
1191
see\ \fBpgid\fR. (alias\ \fBpgid\fR).
1192
T}
1193
1194
pid PID T{
1195
process\ ID number of the process.
1196
T}
1197
1198
pmem %MEM T{
1199
see\ \fB%mem\fR. (alias\ \fB%mem\fR).
1200
T}
1201
1202
policy POL T{
1203
scheduling class of the process. (alias\ \fBclass\fR,\ \fBcls\fR).
1204
Possible values are:
1205
.br
1206
\- not reported
1207
.br
1208
TS SCHED_OTHER
1209
.br
1210
FF SCHED_FIFO
1211
.br
1212
RR SCHED_RR
1213
.br
1214
? unknown value
1215
T}
1216
1217
ppid PPID T{
1218
parent process ID.
1219
T}
1220
1221
psr PSR T{
1222
processor that process is currently assigned to.
1223
T}
1224
1225
rgid RGID T{
1226
real group ID.
1227
T}
1228
1229
rgroup RGROUP T{
1230
real group name. This will be the textual group\ ID, if\ it can be
1231
obtained and the field width permits,
1232
or\ a\ decimal representation otherwise.
1233
T}
1234
1235
rss RSS T{
1236
resident set size, the non\-swapped physical memory that
1237
a task has used (in\ kiloBytes).
1238
(alias\ \fBrssize\fR,\ \fBrsz\fR).
1239
T}
1240
1241
rssize RSS T{
1242
see\ \fBrss\fR. (alias\ \fBrss\fR,\ \fBrsz\fR).
1243
T}
1244
1245
rsz RSZ T{
1246
see\ \fBrss\fR. (alias\ \fBrss\fR,\ \fBrssize\fR).
1247
T}
1248
1249
rtprio RTPRIO T{
1250
realtime priority.
1251
T}
1252
1253
ruid RUID T{
1254
real user\ ID.
1255
T}
1256
1257
ruser RUSER T{
1258
real user\ ID. This will be the textual user\ ID,
1259
if\ it can be obtained and the field width permits,
1260
or\ a\ decimal representation otherwise.
1261
T}
1262
1263
s S T{
1264
minimal state display (one\ character).
1265
See\ section \fBPROCESS STATE CODES\fR for the different values.
1266
See\ also \fBstat\fR if you want additionnal
1267
information displayed. (alias\ \fBstate\fR).
1268
T}
1269
1270
sched SCH T{
1271
scheduling policy of the process. The policies sched_other, sched_fifo,
1272
and sched_rr are respectively displayed as 0,\ 1,\ and\ 2.
1273
T}
1274
1275
sess SESS T{
1276
session\ ID or, equivalently, the process\ ID of the session\ leader.
1277
(alias\ \fBsession\fR,\ \fBsid\fR).
1278
T}
1279
1280
sgi_p P T{
1281
processor that the process is currently executing on.
1282
Displays "*" if the process is not currently running or runnable.
1283
T}
1284
1285
sgid SGID T{
1286
saved group\ ID.
1287
(alias\ \fBsvgid\fR).
1288
T}
1289
1290
sgroup SGROUP T{
1291
saved group\ name. This will be the textual group\ ID,
1292
if\ it can be obtained and the field width permits,
1293
or\ a\ decimal representation otherwise.
1294
T}
1295
1296
sid SID T{
1297
see\ \fBsess\fR. (alias\ \fBsess\fR,\ \fBsession\fR).
1298
T}
1299
1300
sig PENDING T{
1301
see\ \fBpending\fR. (alias\ \fBpending\fR,\ \fBsig_pend\fR).
1302
T}
1303
1304
sigcatch CAUGHT T{
1305
see\ \fBcaught\fR. (alias\ \fBcaught\fR,\ \fBsig_catch\fR).
1306
T}
1307
1308
sigignore IGNORED T{
1309
see\ \fBignored\fR. (alias\ \fBignored\fR,\ \fBsig_ignore\fR).
1310
T}
1311
1312
sigmask BLOCKED T{
1313
see\ \fBblocked\fR. (alias\ \fBblocked\fR,\ \fBsig_block\fR).
1314
T}
1315
1316
size SZ T{
1317
approximate amount of swap space that would be required
1318
if the process were to dirty all writable pages and then
1319
be swapped out.
1320
This number is very\ rough!
1321
T}
1322
1323
spid SPID T{
1324
see \fBlwp\fR. (alias\ \fBlwp\fR,\ \fBtid\fR).
1325
T}
1326
1327
stackp STACKP T{
1328
address of the bottom (start) of stack for the process.
1329
T}
1330
1331
start STARTED T{
1332
time the command started.
1333
If the process was started less than 24 hours ago,
1334
the output format is "HH:MM:SS",
1335
else it is "\ \ mmm\ dd"
1336
(where mmm is a three\-letter month\ name).
1337
T}
1338
1339
start_time START T{
1340
starting time or date of the process.
1341
Only the year will be displayed if the process was not
1342
started the same year \fBps\fR was invoked,
1343
or\ "mmmdd" if\ it was not started the same day,
1344
or\ "HH:MM" otherwise.
1345
T}
1346
1347
stat STAT T{
1348
multi\-character process state.
1349
See\ section \fBPROCESS STATE CODES\fR
1350
for the different values meaning.
1351
See also \fBs\fR and \fBstate\fR if you just want
1352
the first character displayed.
1353
T}
1354
1355
state S T{
1356
see\ \fBs\fR. (alias\ \fBs\fR).
1357
T}
1358
1359
suid SUID T{
1360
saved user\ ID. (alias\ \fBsvuid\fR).
1361
T}
1362
1363
suser SUSER T{
1364
saved user name. This will be the textual user\ ID,
1365
if\ it can be obtained and the field width permits,
1366
or\ a\ decimal representation otherwise.
1367
(alias\ \fBsvuser\fR).
1368
T}
1369
1370
svgid SVGID T{
1371
see\ \fBsgid\fR. (alias\ \fBsgid\fR).
1372
T}
1373
1374
svuid SVUID T{
1375
see\ \fBsuid\fR. (alias\ \fBsuid\fR).
1376
T}
1377
1378
sz SZ T{
1379
size in physical pages of the core image of the process.
1380
This includes text, data, and stack space.
1381
Device mappings are currently excluded; this is subject to change.
1382
See \fBvsz\fR and \fBrss\fR.
1383
T}
1384
1385
thcount THCNT T{
1386
see \fBnlwp\fR. (alias\ \fBnlwp\fR).
1387
number of kernel threads owned by the process.
1388
T}
1389
1390
tid TID T{
1391
see\ \fBlwp\fR. (alias\ \fBlwp\fR).
1392
T}
1393
1394
time TIME T{
1395
cumulative CPU\ time, "[dd\-]hh:mm:ss" format. (alias\ \fBcputime\fR).
1396
T}
1397
1398
tname TTY T{
1399
controlling tty (terminal).
1400
(alias\ \fBtt\fR,\ \fBtty\fR).
1401
T}
1402
1403
tpgid TPGID T{
1404
ID of the foreground process group on the tty (terminal) that
1405
the process is connected to, or \-1 if the process is not connected
1406
to a tty.
1407
T}
1408
1409
tt TT T{
1410
controlling tty (terminal). (alias\ \fBtname\fR,\ \fBtty\fR).
1411
T}
1412
1413
tty TT T{
1414
controlling tty (terminal). (alias\ \fBtname\fR,\ \fBtt\fR).
1415
T}
1416
1417
ucmd CMD T{
1418
see \fBcomm\fR. (alias\ \fBcomm\fR,\ \fBucomm\fR).
1419
T}
1420
1421
ucomm COMMAND T{
1422
see \fBcomm\fR. (alias\ \fBcomm\fR,\ \fBucmd\fR).
1423
T}
1424
1425
uid UID T{
1426
see \fBeuid\fR. (alias\ \fBeuid\fR).
1427
T}
1428
1429
uname USER T{
1430
see \fBeuser\fR. (alias\ \fBeuser\fR,\ \fBuser\fR).
1431
T}
1432
1433
user USER T{
1434
see \fBeuser\fR. (alias\ \fBeuser\fR,\ \fBuname\fR).
1435
T}
1436
1437
vsize VSZ T{
1438
see \fBvsz\fR. (alias\ \fBvsz\fR).
1439
T}
1440
1441
vsz VSZ T{
1442
virtual memory size of the process in KiB (1024\-byte\ units).
1443
Device mappings are currently excluded; this is subject to change.
1444
(alias\ \fBvsize\fR).
1445
T}
1446
1447
wchan WCHAN T{
1448
name of the kernel function in which the process is sleeping,
1449
a\ "\-"\ if the process is running,
1450
or a "*"\ if the process is multi\-threaded and
1451
\fBps\fR is not displaying threads.
1452
T}
1453
.TE
1454
.\" #######################################################################
1455
.PP
1456
.PP
1457
.SH "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES"
1458
The following environment variables could affect \fBps\fR:
1459
.TP 3
1460
.B COLUMNS
1461
Override default display width.
1462
.TP
1463
.B LINES
1464
Override default display height.
1465
.TP
1466
.B PS_PERSONALITY
1467
Set to one of posix, old, linux, bsd, sun, digital...
1468
(see\ section\ \fBPERSONALITY\fR\ below).
1469
.TP
1470
.B CMD_ENV
1471
Set to one of posix, old, linux, bsd, sun, digital...
1472
(see\ section\ \fBPERSONALITY\fR\ below).
1473
.TP
1474
.B I_WANT_A_BROKEN_PS
1475
Force obsolete command line interpretation.
1476
.TP
1477
.B LC_TIME
1478
Date format.
1479
.TP
1480
.B PS_COLORS
1481
Not currently supported.
1482
.TP
1483
.B PS_FORMAT
1484
Default output format override. You may set this to a format
1485
string of the type used for the \fB\-o\fR option.
1486
The \fBDefSysV\fR and \fBDefBSD\fR values are particularly useful.
1487
.TP
1488
.B PS_SYSMAP
1489
Default namelist (System.map) location.
1490
.TP
1491
.B PS_SYSTEM_MAP
1492
Default namelist (System.map) location.
1493
.TP
1494
.B POSIXLY_CORRECT
1495
Don't find excuses to ignore bad "features".
1496
.TP
1497
.B POSIX2
1498
When set to "on", acts as \fBPOSIXLY_CORRECT\fR.
1499
.TP
1500
.B UNIX95
1501
Don't find excuses to ignore bad "features".
1502
.TP
1503
.B _XPG
1504
Cancel \fBCMD_ENV\fI=irix\fR non\-standard behavior.
1505
.PP
1506
In general, it\ is a bad idea to set these variables.
1507
The one exception is \fBCMD_ENV\fR or \fBPS_PERSONALITY\fR,
1508
which could be set to Linux for normal systems.
1509
Without that setting,
1510
\fBps\fR follows the useless and bad parts of the Unix98 standard.
1511
.PP
1512
.PP
1513
.SH "PERSONALITY"
1514
.TS
1515
l l.
1516
390 like the S/390 OpenEdition \fBps\fR
1517
aix like AIX \fBps\fR
1518
bsd like FreeBSD \fBps\fR (totally\ non\-standard)
1519
compaq like Digital Unix \fBps\fR
1520
debian like the old Debian \fBps\fR
1521
digital like Tru64 (was Digital\ Unix, was OSF/1) \fBps\fR
1522
gnu like the old Debian \fBps\fR
1523
hp like HP\-UX \fBps\fR
1524
hpux like HP\-UX \fBps\fR
1525
irix like Irix \fBps\fR
1526
linux ***** RECOMMENDED *****
1527
old like the original Linux \fBps\fR (totally\ non\-standard)
1528
os390 like OS/390 Open Edition \fBps\fR
1529
posix standard
1530
s390 like OS/390 Open Edition \fBps\fR
1531
sco like SCO \fBps\fR
1532
sgi like Irix \fBps\fR
1533
solaris2 like Solaris 2+ (SunOS 5) \fBps\fR
1534
sunos4 like SunOS 4 (Solaris 1) \fBps\fR (totally\ non\-standard)
1535
svr4 standard
1536
sysv standard
1537
tru64 like Tru64 (was Digital\ Unix, was OSF/1) \fBps\fR
1538
unix standard
1539
unix95 standard
1540
unix98 standard
1541
.TE
1542
.PP
1543
.PP
1544
.SH "SEE ALSO"
1545
\fItop\fR(1), \fIpgrep\fR(1), \fIpstree\fR(1), \fIproc\fR(5).
1546
.PP
1547
.PP
1548
.SH STANDARDS
1549
This \fBps\fR conforms to:
1550
.PP
1551
.PD 0
1552
.IP 1 4
1553
Version 2 of the Single Unix Specification
1554
.IP 2 4
1555
The Open Group Technical Standard Base Specifications, Issue\ 6
1556
.IP 3 4
1557
IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004\ Edition
1558
.IP 4 4
1559
X/Open System Interfaces Extension [UP\ XSI]
1560
.IP 5 4
1561
ISO/IEC 9945:2003
1562
.PD
1563
.PP
1564
.SH AUTHOR
1565
\fBps\fR was originally written by Branko Lankester <lankeste@fwi.uva.nl>. Michael
1566
K. Johnson <johnsonm@redhat.com> re\-wrote it significantly to use the proc
537
1567
filesystem, changing a few things in the process. Michael Shields
538
<mjshield@nyx.cs.du.edu> added the pid-list feature. Charles Blake
539
<cblake@bbn.com> added multi-level sorting, the dirent-style library, the
540
device name-to-number mmaped database, the approximate binary search
1568
<mjshield@nyx.cs.du.edu> added the pid\-list feature. Charles Blake
1569
<cblake@bbn.com> added multi\-level sorting, the dirent\-style library, the
1570
device name\-to\-number mmaped database, the approximate binary search
541
1571
directly on System.map, and many code and documentation cleanups. David
542
Mossberger-Tang wrote the generic BFD support for psupdate. Albert Cahalan
543
<acahalan@cs.uml.edu> rewrote ps for full Unix98 and BSD support, along with
1572
Mossberger\-Tang wrote the generic BFD support for psupdate. Albert Cahalan
1573
<albert@users.sf.net> rewrote ps for full Unix98 and BSD support, along with
544
1574
some ugly hacks for obsolete and foreign syntax.
545
1575
546
Please send bug reports to <acahalan@cs.uml.edu>
1576
Please send bug reports to <procps\-feedback@lists.sf.net>.
1577
No\ subscription is required or suggested.
Loggerhead is a web-based interface for Breezy
Version: 2.0.1