~ubuntu-branches/ubuntu/jaunty/ubuntu-docs/jaunty : revision 74

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:18(para)

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msgid "This section discusses how applications are installed, removed and kept up to date. Also covered are how packages are stored by Ubuntu and made available for download."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:19(para)

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msgid "It also covers some more advanced techniques for managing applications."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:22(title)

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msgid "What is a package manager?"

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:23(para)

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msgid "A package manager is a program that you can use to install, remove and upgrade software. Software for Ubuntu is provided in the form of packages, which are automatically downloaded by the package manager."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:28(para)

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msgid "There are three main package management programs you can use in Ubuntu:"

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:34(para)

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msgid "<link linkend=\"gnome-app-install\">Add/Remove Applications</link> - Quickly installs and removes popular programs, as well as providing ratings."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:41(para)

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msgid "<link linkend=\"synaptic\">Synaptic</link> - Allows more advanced management, such as installing server applications and choosing different versions of the same package."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:48(para)

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msgid "<link linkend=\"apt\">Apt</link> - Allows package management from the command line."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:56(para)

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msgid "You can only use one package manager at a time. If you start another package manager while one is already open, you will receive an error message."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:63(para)

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msgid "You will require administrative access to install and remove software. This is because packages sometimes need to change important system files. See <ulink type=\"help\" url=\"ghelp:administrative\">Administrative Tasks</ulink> for more information on administrative access."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:71(title)

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msgid "Common package-management terms"

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:73(para)

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msgid "If you are unfamiliar with Ubuntu's package management system, you may like to take a look at some of the following definitions."

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msgid "This section discusses how applications are installed, removed and kept up-to-date. Also covered are how packages are stored by Ubuntu and made available for download."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:21(title)

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msgid "How is software installation on Ubuntu different from on Windows?"

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:22(para)

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msgid "Ubuntu handles software installation in a very different way to Windows."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:25(para)

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msgid "If you want to install an application on Windows, you must normally buy a CD containing the software, or download an installer package from the Internet. You then run the installer program, which guides you through the installation process."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:31(para)

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msgid "On Ubuntu, you simply open a <emphasis>package manager</emphasis>, search for the application that you want and click a button to install it. Removing an application is just as simple."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:36(para)

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msgid "The package manager downloads applications from a <emphasis>software repository</emphasis>, which is a location on the Internet which stores a collection of applications. These applications come bundled in <emphasis>packages</emphasis>, which contain all of the information needed for installation. You can download packages yourself, using your web browser, if you like, but it is generally much more convenient to let the package manager handle this for you."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:45(para)

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msgid "Some packages depend on other packages being installed in order to work. For example, a word processing package may require a printing package to be installed. The package manager automatically installs these <emphasis>dependencies</emphasis> for you."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:51(para)

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msgid "By default, only applications from the official Ubuntu software repositories are available in your package manager. If you cannot find the application that you want in the default repositories, you can add other (<quote>third-party</quote>) repositories and install it from there."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:60(title)

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msgid "Installing an application"

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msgstr ""

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:63(para) add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:185(para)

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msgid "Click <menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Add/Remove...</guimenuitem></menuchoice>."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:66(para)

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msgid "Search for an application, or select a category and find an application from the list."

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msgstr ""

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:70(para)

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msgid "Check the box next to the application that you want to install. Do this for all of the applications that you want to install."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:74(para)

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msgid "Click <guibutton>Apply Changes</guibutton>, then click <guibutton>Apply</guibutton> to start the installation."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:78(para)

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msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Packages</emphasis> are files which contain a program and all of the files required to run it on your computer. When you install a package, a file is downloaded from a repository and installed by a package manager."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:85(para)

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msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Dependencies</emphasis> are packages which must be installed before certain other packages can be installed. Dependency packages usually contain some files and programs needed by the other packages - for example, a word-processing package may depend on a printing package being installed in order to be able to print documents."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:97(title)

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msgid "Software repositories"

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msgid "Enter your password if prompted. The applications that you chose will be downloaded and installed."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:82(para)

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msgid "Once installation has finished, your new applications should be available from the Applications menu."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:88(title)

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msgid "Other methods of installing applications"

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:91(title)

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msgid "Using Synaptic Package Manager"

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:92(para)

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msgid "Synaptic can be used to manage advanced software packages (such as server applications) which Add/Remove Applications does not manage."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:98(para)

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msgid "When you install software on Ubuntu, the package manager automatically downloads the required software packages from a <emphasis>software repository</emphasis>, a location on the Internet which stores collections of packages ready to be downloaded."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:104(para)

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msgid "There are thousands of programs available to install on Ubuntu. These programs are stored in software repositories and are made freely available for all Ubuntu users. This makes it very easy to install new programs, and it is also very secure because each program you install is built specially for Ubuntu and checked before it is allowed into the repositories."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:111(para)

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msgid "To organise the software, Ubuntu repositories are categorised into four groups: <emphasis>Main</emphasis>, <emphasis>Restricted</emphasis>, <emphasis>Universe</emphasis>, and <emphasis>Multiverse</emphasis>. The rationale used to determine which software goes into which category is based on the level of support that software development teams provide for a program and the level of compliance the program has to the <ulink url=\"http://www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/philosophy\">Free Software Philosophy</ulink>."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:120(para)

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msgid "The standard Ubuntu Install CD contains some software from the <emphasis>Main</emphasis> and <emphasis>Restricted</emphasis> categories."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:124(para)

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msgid "If your system is connected to the Internet, many more software programs are made available for installation. For example, the <quote>Universe</quote> and <quote>Multiverse</quote> repositories are only available over the Internet."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:132(para)

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msgid "The <emphasis>Multiverse</emphasis> repository contains software which has been classified as <emphasis>non-free</emphasis>. This software may not be permitted in some jurisdictions. When installing each package from this repository, you should verify that the laws of your country permit you to use it. Also, this software may not include security updates."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:142(para)

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msgid "You can find more information about the Repositories available <ulink url=\"http://www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/components\">on the website</ulink>."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:148(title)

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msgid "Adding extra repositories"

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:149(para)

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msgid "It is possible to add extra repositories, such as those provided by third parties or those for older version of Ubuntu."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:155(para)

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msgid "Be careful when installing software from third-party repositories. It may not have been tested with Ubuntu and could cause your system to break."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:164(para)

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msgid "Open <menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Software Sources</guimenuitem></menuchoice> and press <guilabel>Third Party Software</guilabel>."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:170(para)

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msgid "Press <guibutton>Add</guibutton> to add a new repository."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:175(para)

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msgid "Enter the <guilabel>APT line</guilabel> for the extra repository. This should be available from the website of the repository or similar, and should look similar to the following:"

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:180(screen)

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msgid "Click <menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Synaptic Package Manager</guimenuitem></menuchoice>. Enter your password if prompted."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:101(para)

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msgid "Click <guibutton>Search</guibutton> to search for an application, or click <guibutton>Sections</guibutton> and look through the categories to find one."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:106(para)

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msgid "Right-click the application that you want to install and select <guilabel>Mark for Installation</guilabel>."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:110(para)

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msgid "If you are asked if you would like to mark additional changes, click <guibutton>Mark</guibutton>."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:114(para)

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msgid "Select any other applications that you would like to install."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:118(para)

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msgid "Click <guibutton>Apply</guibutton>, and then click <guibutton>Apply</guibutton> in the window that appears. The applications that you chose will be downloaded and installed."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:126(title)

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msgid "Downloading and installing a .deb package"

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:127(para)

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msgid "You can download and install applications from websites. These applications are contained in Debian (.deb) packages. To install a Debian package:"

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:133(para)

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msgid "Download the package from a website."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:136(para)

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msgid "Double-click the package. It will be opened in the Package Installer."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:140(para)

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msgid "Click <guibutton>Install</guibutton> to install the package."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:145(para)

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msgid "Installing single packages in this way is not recommended, for the following reasons:"

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:151(para)

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msgid "The packages have not been checked for security by Ubuntu members, and could contain software which harms your computer. You should only download single packages from websites that you trust."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:156(para)

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msgid "The package may require some extra software to run, which cannot be installed automatically. You will have to find and install this software yourself."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:164(title)

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msgid "Clicking a link on a web page"

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:165(para)

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msgid "Some web pages have links which install applications when you click them. These are known as <quote>apt:</quote> links. After clicking the link, you will be asked if you would like to install additional software. Click <guibutton>Install</guibutton> to start the installation process."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:171(para)

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msgid "The application can only be downloaded and installed if it is available in a software repository which is currently enabled on your computer. This means that websites cannot trick you into installing software which is potentially harmful to your computer."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:182(title)

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msgid "Removing an application"

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:188(para)

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msgid "Find the application that you want to remove by finding it in the list or by searching for it."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:192(para)

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msgid "Uncheck the box next to the application that you want to remove. Do this for all of the applications you want to remove."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:196(para)

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msgid "Click <guibutton>Apply Changes</guibutton>, then click <guibutton>Apply</guibutton> to remove the applications. Enter your password if prompted."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:201(para)

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msgid "Some applications depend on others being installed in order to work properly. If you try to remove an application which is required by another application, both of those applications will be removed. You will be asked to confirm that this is what you want to happen before the applications are removed."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:207(para)

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msgid "If the application that you want to uninstall is not available in Add/Remove Applications, use Synaptic (<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Synaptic Package Manager</guimenuitem></menuchoice>) to remove it instead."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:214(title)

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msgid "Adding a software repository"

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:215(para)

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msgid "Software is available from third-party sources, as well as from the default Ubuntu software repositories. If you want to install software from a third-party software repository, you must add it to the package manager's list of available repositories."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:222(para)

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msgid "Only add software repositories from sources that you trust. Third-party software repositories are not checked for security by Ubuntu members, so could contain software which is harmful to your computer."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:230(para)

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msgid "Open <menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Software Sources</guimenuitem></menuchoice> and select <guilabel>Third Party Software</guilabel>."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:234(para)

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msgid "Click <guibutton>Add</guibutton> to add a new repository."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:237(para)

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msgid "Enter the APT line for the extra repository. This should be available from the website of the repository, and should look similar to the following:"

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:240(screen)

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#, no-wrap

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msgid "deb http://ftp.debian.org etch main"

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:183(para)

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msgid "Press <guibutton>Add Source</guibutton> and then click <guibutton>Close</guibutton> to save your changes."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:188(para)

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msgid "You will be notified that the information about available software is out-of-date. Press <guibutton>Reload</guibutton>."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:194(para)

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msgid "Most software repositories use a GPG key to digitally sign the files they provide, which makes it easy to check that the files have not been tampered with since their creation. In order for apt to be able to check this, you need the public key that corresponds to the signatures. The key should be available for download on the repository's website."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:204(para)

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msgid "Once you have downloaded the GPG key, import the key by selecting the <guilabel>Authentication</guilabel> tab, clicking on <guibutton>Import Key File</guibutton>, and then selecting the GPG key to be imported."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:215(title)

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msgid "Why are there several different Ubuntu update repositories?"

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:216(para)

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msgid "The Update Manager automatically finds software updates for your computer when they are available. It regularly gathers information on potential updates from a number of online update sources."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:221(para)

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msgid "If you click <menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Software Sources</guimenuitem></menuchoice> and select the <guilabel>Updates</guilabel> tab, you will notice that four update sources are available. An explanation for each of these is provided below:"

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:229(para)

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msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Important security updates:</emphasis> Updates which fix critical security flaws are made available through this source. It is recommended that all users leave this source enabled (it should be enabled by default)."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:237(para)

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msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Recommended updates:</emphasis> Updates which fix serious software problems (which are not security flaws) are made available through this source. Most users will want to leave this source enabled as common and annoying problems are often fixed with these updates."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:246(para)

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msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Pre-released updates:</emphasis> Updates which are currently being tested before being released to everyone are provided through this update source. If you would like to help test new updates (and get fixes for problems more quickly), enable this source. Be aware that these updates may not yet be well tested; it is not recommended that you enable this source unless you are prepared to experience occasional problems."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:257(para)

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msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Unsupported updates:</emphasis> When new versions of popular software are released they are sometimes <quote>back-ported</quote> to an older version of Ubuntu so that users can benefit from new features and fixes for problems. These backports are unsupported, may cause problems when installed and should only be used by people who are in desperate need of a new version of a software package which they know has been backported."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:273(title)

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msgid "Restricted and non-free software"

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msgstr ""

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:274(para)

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msgid "Most of the software available for Ubuntu is free, open-source software. This software is free for anyone to install and use, and people can modify the software and redistribute it if they like. Ubuntu is built from this type of software."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:280(para)

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msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Non-free software</emphasis> is software which is not freely redistributable or modifiable. This makes it difficult for the Ubuntu developers to improve the software and correct problems, so it is normally recommended that you use <ulink url=\"http://www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/philosophy\"> free software</ulink> instead."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:287(para)

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msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Restricted software</emphasis> is software which has restrictions on its use, preventing it from being classed as free software. Non-free software is a type of restricted software, where the restrictions are due to the software having a non-free license. Other reasons for software being classed as restricted include legal issues (use of some types of software is illegal in some countries) and patent issues (some software requires a patent license to be used legally)."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:296(para)

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msgid "In some cases, restricted software is the only option. Such cases include software for the playback of certain audio and video formats, some fonts and <ulink type=\"help\" url=\"ghelp:hardware#restricted-manager\">drivers for some graphics cards</ulink>."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:302(para)

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msgid "You should be warned by the package manager when you try to install restricted software. If the restricted software cannot be used legally in your country then there is little you can do; you should not install the software. If the software is restricted simply because it is non-free, you may choose to use it (for example, in the case of graphics card drivers). Be aware that most restricted software is not supported in Ubuntu, and problems with such software often cannot be corrected by Ubuntu developers."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:313(para)

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msgid "Sometimes it is difficult to determine why a particular software package is restricted. If this is the case, seek advice on the <ulink url=\"http://ubuntuforums.org/\">Ubuntu Forums</ulink>. If you are still unable to determine why a package is restricted, err on the side of caution and do not install it; it may be illegal to use it in your country."

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msgstr ""

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:325(title)

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msgid "Add/Remove Applications"

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msgstr ""

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:326(para)

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msgid "With the <guimenuitem>Add/Remove</guimenuitem> item in the <guimenu>Applications</guimenu> menu, you can install programs to do new things with Ubuntu. You can also remove programs which you do not want. You need administrative access to use <application>Add/Remove Applications</application> (see <ulink type=\"help\" url=\"ghelp:administrative\">Administrative Tasks</ulink> for more details)."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:335(para)

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msgid "If you know the name of a program you want to install, enter it in the <guilabel>Search</guilabel> field. Otherwise, begin by choosing a software category on the left."

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msgstr ""

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:340(para)

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msgid "Programs that are already installed have a check mark next to their name. Uncheck a program if you want to remove it from your computer."

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msgstr ""

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:344(para)

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msgid "When you click <guibutton>Apply Changes</guibutton>, any new software will be downloaded from the Internet, and Ubuntu will make any other changes you selected. If you have not activated the online package archive, you may be asked to insert your Ubuntu CD-ROM to install some packages."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:350(para)

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msgid "Some software cannot be installed or removed using <application>Add/Remove Applications</application>. If you cannot find the package you are looking for, start the advanced package manager <application>Synaptic</application> (see <xref linkend=\"advanced\"/>)."

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msgstr ""

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:359(title)

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msgid "Installing packages without an Internet connection"

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msgstr ""

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:360(para)

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msgid "Other than using tools that download packages automatically, it is also possible to use a CD to install packages through a package manager while not connected to the Internet. The Ubuntu installation CD can be used for this purpose, and other CDs with different packages are available as well. Additionally, the program <application>APTonCD</application> can automatically backup installed packages on your system, and create CDs with the contents of various repositories on them."

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:371(title)

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:243(para)

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msgid "Click <guibutton>Add Source</guibutton> and then click <guibutton>Close</guibutton> to save your changes."

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msgstr ""

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#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:247(para)

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msgid "You will be notified that the information about available software is out-of-date. Click <guibutton>Reload</guibutton>."

267

msgstr ""

268

269

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:251(para)

270

msgid "Packages from the new repository should now be available in your package manager."

271

msgstr ""

272

273

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:255(para)

274

msgid "As a security measure, most software repositories use a GPG key to digitally sign the files they provide. This makes it easy to check that the files have not been tampered with since their creation. In order for your package manager to be able to check this, you need the public key that corresponds to the signatures. The key should be available for download on the repository's website."

275

msgstr ""

276

277

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:263(para)

278

msgid "Download the GPG key. Then, click <menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Software Sources</guimenuitem></menuchoice>, select the <guilabel>Authentication</guilabel> tab, click <guibutton>Import Key File</guibutton> and select the GPG key to be imported."

279

msgstr ""

280

281

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:271(title)

282

msgid "Installing software packages without an Internet connection"

283

msgstr ""

284

285

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:272(para)

286

msgid "If you are not connected to the Internet, you can use a CD containing package files to install applications on your computer. The Ubuntu installation CD can be used for this purpose, and other CDs with different packages are available as well. Additionally, the program <application>APTonCD</application> can automatically backup installed packages on your system, and create CDs with the contents of various repositories on them."

287

msgstr ""

288

289

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:283(title)

294

290

msgid "Installing packages using the Ubuntu installation CD"

295

291

msgstr ""

296

292

297

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:372(para)

293

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:284(para)

298

294

msgid "Some packages from the <emphasis>main</emphasis> and <emphasis>restricted</emphasis> Ubuntu package repositories can be installed from the Ubuntu installation CD. Simply insert your Ubuntu installation CD and open <menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Synaptic Package Manager</guimenuitem></menuchoice>. To list only packages on the Ubuntu installation CD, click on the <guibutton>Origin</guibutton> button in the lower left corner of the Synaptic window. The packages should be listed under the <guimenuitem>Ubuntu 9.04_Jaunty_Jackalope</guimenuitem> section."

299

295

msgstr ""

300

296

301

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:382(para)

297

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:294(para)

302

298

msgid "If the packages are not listed, it may be because the CD is not listed as a package repository (the CD should be listed as a repository by default). To add the CD as a package repository, follow the instructions in <xref linkend=\"repository-cds\"/>, below."

303

299

msgstr ""

304

300

305

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:391(title)

301

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:303(title)

306

302

msgid "Enabling other CDs that can be used to install packages"

307

303

msgstr ""

308

304

309

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:392(para)

305

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:304(para)

310

306

msgid "To enable Synaptic and other package managers to install software from CDs which contain packages:"

311

307

msgstr ""

312

308

313

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:399(para)

314

msgid "Press <menuchoice><guimenuitem>System</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Software Sources</guimenuitem></menuchoice>."

315

msgstr ""

316

317

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:407(para)

318

msgid "Go to the <guilabel>Third Party Software</guilabel> tab and click on the <guibutton>Add CD-ROM</guibutton> button."

319

msgstr ""

320

321

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:413(para)

309

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:310(para)

310

msgid "Click <menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Software Sources</guimenuitem></menuchoice>."

311

msgstr ""

312

313

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:313(para)

314

msgid "Select <guilabel>Third Party Software</guilabel> and click on the <guibutton>Add CD-ROM</guibutton> button."

315

msgstr ""

316

317

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:317(para)

322

318

msgid "Insert the CD."

323

319

msgstr ""

324

320

325

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:419(para)

321

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:320(para)

326

322

msgid "The packages should then be listed. To have Synaptic only list packages from the CD, click the <guibutton>Origin</guibutton> button on the lower left corner of the Synaptic window and then find the name of the CD in the list in the upper left corner the window."

327

323

msgstr ""

328

324

329

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:428(title)

325

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:329(title)

330

326

msgid "Using APTonCD to install packages"

331

327

msgstr ""

332

328

329

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:330(para)

330

msgid "<application>APTonCD</application> can be used to create a CD that contains all the packages you have on your system, or it can create CDs with packages or entire repositories of your choice. In a package manager such as <application>Synaptic</application>, find the <emphasis>aptoncd</emphasis> package and install it."

331

msgstr ""

332

333

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:337(para)

334

msgid "Further documentation on APTonCD can be found on its website, <ulink url=\"http://aptoncd.sourceforge.net\"> aptoncd.sourceforge.net</ulink>"

335

msgstr ""

336

337

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:347(title)

338

msgid "What are restricted and non-free software?"

339

msgstr ""

340

341

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:348(para)

342

msgid "Most of the software available for Ubuntu is free, open-source software. This software is free for anyone to install and use, and people can modify the software and redistribute it if they like. Ubuntu is built from this type of software."

343

msgstr ""

344

345

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:354(para)

346

msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Non-free software</emphasis> is software which is not freely redistributable or modifiable. This makes it difficult for the Ubuntu developers to improve the software and correct problems, so it is normally recommended that you use <ulink url=\"http://www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/philosophy\"> free software</ulink> instead."

347

msgstr ""

348

349

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:361(para)

350

msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Restricted software</emphasis> is software which has restrictions on its use, preventing it from being classed as free software. Non-free software is a type of restricted software, where the restrictions are due to the software having a non-free license. Other reasons for software being classed as restricted include legal issues (use of some types of software is illegal in some countries) and patent issues (some software requires a patent license to be used legally)."

351

msgstr ""

352

353

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:370(para)

354

msgid "In some cases, restricted software is the only option. Such cases include software for the playback of certain audio and video formats, some fonts and <ulink type=\"help\" url=\"ghelp:hardware#restricted-manager\">drivers for some graphics cards</ulink>."

355

msgstr ""

356

357

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:376(para)

358

msgid "You should be warned by the package manager when you try to install restricted software. If the restricted software cannot be used legally in your country then there is little you can do; you should not install the software. If the software is restricted simply because it is non-free, you may choose to use it (for example, in the case of graphics card drivers). Be aware that most restricted software is not supported in Ubuntu, and problems with such software often cannot be corrected by Ubuntu developers."

359

msgstr ""

360

361

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:387(para)

362

msgid "Sometimes it is difficult to determine why a particular software package is restricted. If this is the case, seek advice on the <ulink url=\"http://ubuntuforums.org/\">Ubuntu Forums</ulink>. If you are still unable to determine why a package is restricted, err on the side of caution and do not install it; it may be illegal to use it in your country."

363

msgstr ""

364

365

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:399(title)

366

msgid "Overview of the default Ubuntu software repositories"

367

msgstr ""

368

369

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:400(para)

370

msgid "When you install software on Ubuntu, the package manager automatically downloads the required software packages from a <emphasis>software repository</emphasis>, a location on the Internet which stores collections of packages ready to be downloaded."

371

msgstr ""

372

373

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:406(para)

374

msgid "There are thousands of programs available to install on Ubuntu. These programs are stored in software repositories and are made freely available for all Ubuntu users. This makes it very easy to install new programs, and it is also very secure because each program you install is built specially for Ubuntu and checked before it is allowed into the repositories."

375

msgstr ""

376

377

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:415(title)

378

msgid "Software repositories"

379

msgstr ""

380

381

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:416(para)

382

msgid "To organize the software, Ubuntu repositories are categorized into four groups: <emphasis>Main</emphasis>, <emphasis>Restricted</emphasis>, <emphasis>Universe</emphasis>, and <emphasis>Multiverse</emphasis>. The rationale used to determine which software goes into which category is based on the level of support that software development teams provide for a program and the level of compliance the program has to the <ulink url=\"http://www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/philosophy\">Free Software Philosophy</ulink>."

383

msgstr ""

384

385

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:425(para)

386

msgid "The standard Ubuntu Install CD contains some software from the <emphasis>Main</emphasis> and <emphasis>Restricted</emphasis> categories."

387

msgstr ""

388

333

389

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:429(para)

334

msgid "<application>APTonCD</application> can be used to create a CD that contains all the packages you have on your system, or it can create CDs with packages or entire repositories of your choice. In a package manager such as <application>Synaptic</application>, find the <emphasis>aptoncd</emphasis> package and install it."

390

msgid "If your system is connected to the Internet, many more software programs are made available for installation. For example, the <quote>Universe</quote> and <quote>Multiverse</quote> repositories are only available over the Internet."

335

391

msgstr ""

336

392

337

393

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:436(para)

338

msgid "Further documentation on APTonCD can be found on its website, <ulink url=\"http://aptoncd.sourceforge.net\"> aptoncd.sourceforge.net</ulink>"

339

msgstr ""

340

341

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:445(title)

342

msgid "Advanced package management"

343

msgstr ""

344

345

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:446(para)

346

msgid "Several other package managers exist in Ubuntu. These contain more advanced features than <application>Add/Remove Applications</application>."

347

msgstr ""

348

349

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:452(title)

350

msgid "Synaptic Package Manager"

351

msgstr ""

352

353

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:453(para)

354

msgid "<application>Synaptic</application> is an advanced package management application that can install and remove every package available to your system. The interface is graphical like <application>Add/Remove Applications</application>, but presents much more information and gives you complete control over the software on your computer."

355

msgstr ""

356

357

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:460(para)

358

msgid "To launch Synaptic, press <menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Synaptic Package Manager</guimenuitem></menuchoice>. You will need administrative access to use it; see <ulink type=\"help\" url=\"ghelp:administrative\"> Administrative Tasks</ulink> for more details."

359

msgstr ""

360

361

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:465(para)

362

msgid "See the <ulink type=\"help\" url=\"ghelp:synaptic#synaptic-single\"> Synaptic manual</ulink> for more information on managing packages with Synaptic."

363

msgstr ""

364

365

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:473(title)

366

msgid "Command-line package management with APT"

367

msgstr ""

368

369

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:474(para)

370

msgid "If you are comfortable using the Terminal, you can use <application>apt</application> (Advanced Packaging Tool) to install or remove software. You need administrative access to use apt; see <ulink type=\"help\" url=\"ghelp:administrative\"> Administrative Tasks</ulink> for more details."

371

msgstr ""

372

373

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:481(para)

374

msgid "To update the local list of packages, enter in a Terminal: <screen>sudo apt-get update</screen>"

375

msgstr ""

376

377

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:485(para)

378

msgid "To install all available updates: <screen>sudo apt-get upgrade</screen>"

394

msgid "The <emphasis>Multiverse</emphasis> repository contains software which has been classified as <emphasis>non-free</emphasis>. This software may not be permitted in some jurisdictions. When installing each package from this repository, you should verify that the laws of your country permit you to use it. Also, this software may not include security updates."

395

msgstr ""

396

397

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:448(title)

398

msgid "Update repositories"

399

msgstr ""

400

401

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:449(para)

402

msgid "The Update Manager automatically finds software updates for your computer when they are available. It regularly gathers information on potential updates from a number of online update sources."

403

msgstr ""

404

405

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:454(para)

406

msgid "If you click <menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Software Sources</guimenuitem></menuchoice> and select the <guilabel>Updates</guilabel> tab, you will notice that four update sources are available. An explanation for each of these is provided below:"

407

msgstr ""

408

409

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:461(para)

410

msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Important security updates:</emphasis> Updates which fix critical security flaws are made available through this source. It is recommended that all users leave this source enabled (it should be enabled by default)."

411

msgstr ""

412

413

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:469(para)

414

msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Recommended updates:</emphasis> Updates which fix serious software problems (which are not security flaws) are made available through this source. Most users will want to leave this source enabled as common and annoying problems are often fixed with these updates."

415

msgstr ""

416

417

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:478(para)

418

msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Pre-released updates:</emphasis> Updates which are currently being tested before being released to everyone are provided through this update source. If you would like to help test new updates (and get fixes for problems more quickly), enable this source. Be aware that these updates may not yet be well tested; it is not recommended that you enable this source unless you are prepared to experience occasional problems."

379

419

msgstr ""

380

420

381

421

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:489(para)

382

msgid "To search for a package: <screen>apt-cache search <replaceable>package</replaceable></screen>"

383

msgstr ""

384

385

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:493(para)

386

msgid "To install a package: <screen>sudo apt-get install <replaceable>package</replaceable></screen>"

387

msgstr ""

388

389

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:497(para)

390

msgid "To remove a package: <screen>sudo apt-get remove <replaceable>package</replaceable></screen>"

391

msgstr ""

392

393

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:501(para)

394

msgid "To remove a package and all its dependencies (that are not in use by other programs): <screen>sudo apt-get autoremove <replaceable>package</replaceable></screen>"

395

msgstr ""

396

397

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:506(para)

398

msgid "To list other <application>apt</application> commands and options: <screen>apt-get help</screen>"

399

msgstr ""

400

401

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:510(para)

402

msgid "For more information, see the <ulink url=\"http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#apt-howto\">Debian apt manual</ulink> and the <ulink url=\"man:apt-get\">apt-get manual page</ulink>."

403

msgstr ""

404

405

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:519(title)

406

msgid "Installing a single package file"

407

msgstr ""

408

409

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:520(para)

410

msgid "The preferred method of installing programs is via the package managers described in this chapter. However, although the Ubuntu package archives are very large, it is possible that you may wish to install a package that is not available in the Ubuntu archives. If this happens, you can also download and install files from websites."

411

msgstr ""

412

413

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:528(para)

414

msgid "It is important to ensure that any files you download come from a safe source before installing them."

415

msgstr ""

416

417

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:532(para)

418

msgid "There are many different kinds of Linux package files. Most of these are associated with the package managers of specific Linux distributions. Examples are <emphasis>Debian Package</emphasis> files (<filename class=\"extension\">.deb</filename> files), <emphasis>RPM Package Manager</emphasis> files (<filename class=\"extension\">.rpm</filename> files), <emphasis>Tarballs</emphasis> (<filename class=\"extension\">.tar</filename> files) and <filename class=\"extension\">.run</filename> files."

419

msgstr ""

420

421

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:544(para)

422

msgid "This section deals with installing these single files."

423

msgstr ""

424

425

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:548(para)

426

msgid "It is not guaranteed that these files will be compatible with your system and you will not receive security updates if you install these files. For these reasons, if you wish to install a program, always use a native Ubuntu package of the application available through a package manager, if there is one available."

427

msgstr ""

428

429

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:558(title)

430

msgid "Installing/uninstalling .deb files"

431

msgstr ""

432

433

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:559(para)

434

msgid "These files are <emphasis>Debian packages</emphasis>. The package files associated with Ubuntu have the <filename class=\"extension\">.deb</filename> suffix because of Ubuntu's close relations with the Debian GNU/Linux distribution. You will need administrative privileges to install a <filename class=\"extension\">.deb</filename> file. See <ulink type=\"help\" url=\"ghelp:administrative\">Administrative Tasks</ulink> for more details."

435

msgstr ""

436

437

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:569(para)

438

msgid "To install a <filename class=\"extension\">.deb</filename> file, double-click on it. If you prefer using the Terminal, enter: <screen>sudo dpkg -i <replaceable>package_file.deb</replaceable></screen>"

439

msgstr ""

440

441

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:573(para)

442

msgid "You can use your package manager to uninstall a <filename class=\"extension\">.deb</filename> file once it has been installed. Alternatively, enter the following in a Terminal: <screen>sudo dpkg -r <replaceable>package_name</replaceable></screen>"

443

msgstr ""

444

445

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:581(title)

446

msgid "Converting .rpm files to .deb files"

447

msgstr ""

448

449

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:582(para)

450

msgid "Another type of package is the <emphasis>Red Hat Package Manager</emphasis> (RPM) file. These have the <filename class=\"extension\">.rpm</filename> suffix. It is not recommended to install these on an Ubuntu system. In almost all cases, a native Ubuntu <filename class=\"extension\">.deb</filename> package is available. However, if absolutely necessary, an <filename class=\"extension\">.rpm</filename> file can be converted to a <filename class=\"extension\">.deb</filename> package using the <application>alien</application> application. The resulting <filename class=\"extension\">.deb</filename> file can be installed as described above."

451

msgstr ""

452

453

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:595(para)

454

msgid "To convert an RPM into a <filename class=\"extension\">.deb</filename>:"

455

msgstr ""

456

457

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:601(para)

458

msgid "<ulink url=\"apt:alien\">Install the <application>alien</application> package</ulink>."

459

msgstr ""

460

461

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:606(para)

462

msgid "In a Terminal, enter: <screen>sudo alien <replaceable>package_file.rpm</replaceable></screen>"

463

msgstr ""

464

465

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:615(title)

466

msgid "Installing <emphasis>tarballs</emphasis>"

467

msgstr ""

468

469

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:616(para)

470

msgid "Files with the <filename class=\"extension\">.tar</filename>, <filename class=\"extension\">.tgz</filename>, <filename class=\"extension\">.tar.gz</filename> or <filename class=\"extension\">.tar.bz2</filename> suffix are package files known as <emphasis>tarballs</emphasis>, and are widely used in Linux and Unix to package software. Tarballs can also be used to archive and compress other files."

471

msgstr ""

472

473

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:625(para)

474

msgid "If there is no native Ubuntu package available in any of the Ubuntu repositories, you can use the command line to install or uninstall the tarball file."

475

msgstr ""

476

477

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:630(para)

478

msgid "The first step will be to uncompress and extract the tarball. If it is a <emphasis>.tgz</emphasis> or a <emphasis>.tar.gz</emphasis>, in a Terminal enter: <screen>tar xfvz <replaceable>tarball_name</replaceable></screen>"

479

msgstr ""

480

481

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:636(para)

482

msgid "Then it will be necessary to follow the instructions that come with the package. These are generally located in the extracted tarball in a file called <filename>README</filename> or <filename>INSTALL</filename>."

483

msgstr ""

484

485

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:642(para)

486

msgid "Tarballs often contain the source code of the program, and need to be <emphasis>compiled</emphasis> in order to be used."

487

msgstr ""

488

489

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:647(para)

490

msgid "Compiling programs requires some packages that are not installed by default. You can install most of these all at once by installing the <ulink url=\"apt:build-essential\">build-essential</ulink> package."

491

msgstr ""

492

493

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:657(title)

494

msgid "Install .run packages"

495

msgstr ""

496

497

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:658(para)

498

msgid "Sometimes you may need to install software (most often a game) which has been packaged as a .run file. These files contain the software and a small program to install the software."

499

msgstr ""

500

501

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:663(para)

502

msgid "Follow the procedure below to install software packaged in a <filename class=\"extension\">.run</filename> file:"

503

msgstr ""

504

505

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:670(para)

506

msgid "Find the <filename class=\"extension\">.run</filename> file in the <application>File Browser</application>"

507

msgstr ""

508

509

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:676(para)

510

msgid "Right-click the file and select <guilabel>Properties</guilabel>"

511

msgstr ""

512

513

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:681(para)

514

msgid "Under the <guilabel>Permissions</guilabel> tab, make sure that <guilabel>Allow executing file as program</guilabel> is checked and press <guibutton>Close</guibutton>"

515

msgstr ""

516

517

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:688(para)

518

msgid "Double-click the <filename class=\"extension\">.run</filename> file and press <guibutton>Run in Terminal</guibutton> to run the installer"

519

msgstr ""

520

521

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:695(para)

522

msgid "A Terminal window will open. Follow any instructions on-screen to install the program"

523

msgstr ""

524

525

#: add-applications/C/add-applications.xml:703(para)

526

msgid "Once you have started the installer, it may take a while to display an installation screen. This is normally due to the installer extracting all of the files from the .run file ready for use."

422

msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Unsupported updates:</emphasis> When new versions of popular software are released they are sometimes <quote>back-ported</quote> to an older version of Ubuntu so that users can benefit from new features and fixes for problems. These backports are unsupported, may cause problems when installed and should only be used by people who are in desperate need of a new version of a software package which they know has been backported."

527

423

msgstr ""

528

424

529

425

#. Put one translator per line, in the form of NAME <EMAIL>, YEAR1, YEAR2.