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@c This is part of the Emacs manual.
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@c Copyright (C) 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
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@c 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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@c 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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@c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
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@node International, Major Modes, Frames, Top
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@chapter International Character Set Support
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* Fontsets:: Fontsets are collections of fonts
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that cover the whole spectrum of characters.
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* Defining Fontsets:: Defining a new fontset.
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* Modifying Fontsets:: Modifying an existing fontset.
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* Undisplayable Characters:: When characters don't display.
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* Unibyte Mode:: You can pick one European character set
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to use without multibyte characters.
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A font typically defines shapes for a single alphabet or script.
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Therefore, displaying the entire range of scripts that Emacs supports
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requires a collection of many fonts. In Emacs, such a collection is
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called a @dfn{fontset}. A fontset is defined by a list of fonts, each
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assigned to handle a range of character codes.
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called a @dfn{fontset}. A fontset is defined by a list of font specs,
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each assigned to handle a range of character codes, and may fall back
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on another fontset for characters which are not covered by the fonts
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Each fontset has a name, like a font. However, while fonts are
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stored in the system and the available font names are defined by the
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installation instructions have information on additional font
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Emacs creates two fontsets automatically: the @dfn{standard fontset}
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and the @dfn{startup fontset}. The standard fontset is most likely to
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have fonts for a wide variety of non-@acronym{ASCII} characters;
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however, this is not the default for Emacs to use. (By default, Emacs
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tries to find a font that has bold and italic variants.) You can
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specify use of the standard fontset with the @samp{-fn} option. For
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Emacs creates three fontsets automatically: the @dfn{standard
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fontset}, the @dfn{startup fontset} and the @dfn{default fontset}.
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The default fontset is most likely to have fonts for a wide variety of
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non-@acronym{ASCII} characters and is the default fallback for the
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other two fontsets, and if you set a default font rather than fontset.
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However it does not specify font family names, so results can be
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somewhat random if you use it directly. You can specify use of a
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specific fontset with the @samp{-fn} option. For example,
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emacs -fn fontset-standard
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You can also specify a fontset with the @samp{Font} resource (@pxref{X
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If no fontset is specified for use, then Emacs uses an
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@acronym{ASCII} font, with @samp{fontset-default} as a fallback for
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characters the font does not cover. The standard fontset is only used if
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explicitly requested, despite its name.
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A fontset does not necessarily specify a font for every character
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code. If a fontset specifies no font for a certain character, or if it
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specifies a font that does not exist on your system, then it cannot
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@section Defining fontsets
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@vindex standard-fontset-spec
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@vindex w32-standard-fontset-spec
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@vindex ns-standard-fontset-spec
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@cindex standard fontset
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Emacs creates a standard fontset automatically according to the value
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When running on X, Emacs creates a standard fontset automatically according to the value
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of @code{standard-fontset-spec}. This fontset's name is
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or just @samp{fontset-standard} for short.
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On GNUstep and Mac, fontset-standard is created using the value of
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@code{ns-standard-fontset-spec}, and on Windows it is
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created using the value of @code{w32-standard-fontset-spec}.
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Bold, italic, and bold-italic variants of the standard fontset are
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created automatically. Their names have @samp{bold} instead of
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@samp{medium}, or @samp{i} instead of @samp{r}, or both.
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@cindex startup fontset
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If you specify a default @acronym{ASCII} font with the @samp{Font} resource or
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the @samp{-fn} argument, Emacs generates a fontset from it
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automatically. This is the @dfn{startup fontset} and its name is
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@code{fontset-startup}. It does this by replacing the @var{foundry},
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@var{family}, @var{add_style}, and @var{average_width} fields of the
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font name with @samp{*}, replacing @var{charset_registry} field with
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@samp{fontset}, and replacing @var{charset_encoding} field with
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@samp{startup}, then using the resulting string to specify a fontset.
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Emacs generates a fontset automatically, based on any default
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@acronym{ASCII} font that you specify with the @samp{Font} resource or
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the @samp{-fn} argument, or the default font that Emacs found when it
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started. This is the @dfn{startup fontset} and its name is
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@code{fontset-startup}. It does this by replacing the
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@var{charset_registry} field with @samp{fontset}, and replacing
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@var{charset_encoding} field with @samp{startup}, then using the
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resulting string to specify a fontset.
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For instance, if you start Emacs this way,
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-*-*-medium-r-normal-*-14-140-*-*-*-*-fontset-startup
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-*-courier-medium-r-normal-*-14-140-*-*-*-*-fontset-startup
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The startup fontset will use the font that you specify or a variant
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with a different registry and encoding for all the characters which
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are supported by that font, and fallback on @samp{fontset-default} for
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With the X resource @samp{Emacs.Font}, you can specify a fontset name
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just like an actual font name. But be careful not to specify a fontset
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name in a wildcard resource like @samp{Emacs*Font}---that wildcard
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@xref{Font X}, for more information about font naming in X.
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@node Modifying Fontsets
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@section Modifying Fontsets
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@cindex fontsets, modifying
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@findex set-fontset-font
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Fontsets do not always have to be created from scratch. If only
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minor changes are required it may be easier to modify an existing
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fontset. Modifying @samp{fontset-default} will also affect other
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fontsets that use it as a fallback, so can be an effective way of
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fixing problems with the fonts that Emacs chooses for a particular
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Fontsets can be modified using the function @code{set-fontset-font},
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specifying a character, a charset, a script, or a range of characters
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to modify the font for, and a font-spec for the font to be used. Some
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;; Use Liberation Mono for latin-3 charset.
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(set-fontset-font "fontset-default" 'iso-8859-3 "Liberation Mono")
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;; Prefer a big5 font for han characters
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(set-fontset-font "fontset-default" 'han (font-spec :registry "big5")
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;; Use DejaVu Sans Mono as a fallback in fontset-startup before
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;; resorting to fontset-default.
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(set-fontset-font "fontset-startup" nil "DejaVu Sans Mono" nil 'append)
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;; Use MyPrivateFont for the Unicode private use area.
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(set-fontset-font "fontset-default" '(#xe000 . #xf8ff) "MyPrivateFont")
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@node Undisplayable Characters
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@section Undisplayable Characters
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doc/emacs/mule.texi
