~ubuntu-branches/ubuntu/karmic/tzdata/karmic-updates : revision 50

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# <pre>

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# @(#)australasia 8.14

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# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of

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# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.

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# This file also includes Pacific islands.

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# Notes are at the end of this file

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###############################################################################

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# Australia

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# Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.

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# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

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Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 0:01 1:00 -

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Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 0 -

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Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00 1:00 -

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Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar 29 2:00 0 -

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Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00 1:00 -

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Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -

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Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00 1:00 -

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# Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which

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# says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944. Ignore Whitman's claim that

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# 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.

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# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

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# Northern Territory

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Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb

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9:00 - CST 1899 May

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9:30 Aus CST

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# Western Australia

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#

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# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

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Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -

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Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -

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Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AW 1991 only - Nov 17 2:00s 1:00 -

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Rule AW 1992 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AW 2006 only - Dec 3 2:00s 1:00 -

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Rule AW 2007 2009 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AW 2007 2008 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -

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Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec

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8:00 Aus WST 1943 Jul

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8:00 AW WST

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Zone Australia/Eucla 8:35:28 - LMT 1895 Dec

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8:45 Aus CWST 1943 Jul

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8:45 AW CWST

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# Queensland

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#

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# From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01):

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# I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast

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# of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after

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# Queensland ceased to.

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#

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# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):

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# IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,

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# Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.

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# Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,

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# so use Lindeman.

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#

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# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

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Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -

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Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -

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Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -

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Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -

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Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -

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Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895

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10:00 Aus EST 1971

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10:00 AQ EST

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Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895

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10:00 Aus EST 1971

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10:00 AQ EST 1992 Jul

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10:00 Holiday EST

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# South Australia

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# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

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Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -

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Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -

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Rule AS 1987 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -

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Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AS 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AS 1990 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AS 1991 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AS 1992 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AS 1993 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AS 1994 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AS 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AS 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AS 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AS 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AS 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -

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# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

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Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb

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9:00 - CST 1899 May

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9:30 Aus CST 1971

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9:30 AS CST

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# Tasmania

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#

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# From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):

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# <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml>

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# says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.

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#

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# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

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Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -

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Rule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -

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Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 -

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Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 -

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Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -

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Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -

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Rule AT 1991 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -

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Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -

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Rule AT 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AT 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AT 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -

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# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

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Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep

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10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00

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10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb

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10:00 Aus EST 1967

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10:00 AT EST

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Zone Australia/Currie 9:35:28 - LMT 1895 Sep

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10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00

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10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb

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10:00 Aus EST 1971 Jul

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10:00 AT EST

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# Victoria

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# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

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Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -

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Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 -

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Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -

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Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AV 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -

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Rule AV 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -

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Rule AV 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AV 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AV 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AV 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -

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# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

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Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb

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10:00 Aus EST 1971

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10:00 AV EST

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# New South Wales

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# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

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Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -

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Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -

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Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -

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Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AN 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -

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Rule AN 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -

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Rule AN 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AN 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AN 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -

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Rule AN 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -

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# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

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Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb

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10:00 Aus EST 1971

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10:00 AN EST

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Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb

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10:00 - EST 1896 Aug 23

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9:00 - CST 1899 May

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9:30 Aus CST 1971

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9:30 AN CST 2000

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9:30 AS CST

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# Lord Howe Island

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# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

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Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 -

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Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -

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Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -

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Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 -

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Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 -

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Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -

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Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -

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Rule LH 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -

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Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 -

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Rule LH 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -

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Rule LH 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 -

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Rule LH 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -

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Rule LH 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 -

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Rule LH 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0:30 -

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Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb

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10:00 - EST 1981 Mar

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10:30 LH LHST

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# Australian miscellany

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#

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# Ashmore Is, Cartier

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# no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers

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# no times are set

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#

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# Coral Sea Is

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# no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists

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# no times are set

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#

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# Macquarie

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# permanent occupation (scientific station) since 1948;

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# sealing and penguin oil station operated 1888/1917

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# like Australia/Hobart

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# Christmas

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# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

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Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb

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7:00 - CXT # Christmas Island Time

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# Cook Is

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# From Shanks & Pottenger:

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# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

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Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 HS

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Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 -

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Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 HS

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# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

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Zone Pacific/Rarotonga -10:39:04 - LMT 1901 # Avarua

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-10:30 - CKT 1978 Nov 12 # Cook Is Time

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-10:00 Cook CK%sT

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# Cocos

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# These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.

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# We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.

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# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

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Zone Indian/Cocos 6:27:40 - LMT 1900

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6:30 - CCT # Cocos Islands Time

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# Fiji

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# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

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Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S

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Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 -

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# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

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Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:53:40 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva

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12:00 Fiji FJ%sT # Fiji Time

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# French Polynesia

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# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

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Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea

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-9:00 - GAMT # Gambier Time

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Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct

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-9:30 - MART # Marquesas Time

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Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete

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-10:00 - TAHT # Tahiti Time

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# Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;

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# it is uninhabited.

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# Guam

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# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

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Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31

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9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana

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10:00 - GST 2000 Dec 23 # Guam

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10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time

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# Kiribati

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# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

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Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki

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12:00 - GILT # Gilbert Is Time

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Zone Pacific/Enderbury -11:24:20 - LMT 1901

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-12:00 - PHOT 1979 Oct # Phoenix Is Time

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-11:00 - PHOT 1995

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13:00 - PHOT

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Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901

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-10:40 - LINT 1979 Oct # Line Is Time

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-10:00 - LINT 1995

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14:00 - LINT

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# N Mariana Is

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# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

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Zone Pacific/Saipan -14:17:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31

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9:43:00 - LMT 1901

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9:00 - MPT 1969 Oct # N Mariana Is Time

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10:00 - MPT 2000 Dec 23

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10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time

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# Marshall Is

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# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

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Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901

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11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct # Marshall Islands Time

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12:00 - MHT

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Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901

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11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct

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-12:00 - KWAT 1993 Aug 20 # Kwajalein Time

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12:00 - MHT

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# Micronesia

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# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

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Zone Pacific/Truk 10:07:08 - LMT 1901

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10:00 - TRUT # Truk Time

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Zone Pacific/Ponape 10:32:52 - LMT 1901 # Kolonia

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11:00 - PONT # Ponape Time

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Zone Pacific/Kosrae 10:51:56 - LMT 1901

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11:00 - KOST 1969 Oct # Kosrae Time

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12:00 - KOST 1999

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11:00 - KOST

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# Nauru

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# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

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Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe

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11:30 - NRT 1942 Mar 15 # Nauru Time

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9:00 - JST 1944 Aug 15

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11:30 - NRT 1979 May

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12:00 - NRT

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# New Caledonia

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# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

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Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S

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Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 -

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Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 S

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# Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.

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Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 -

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# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

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Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13

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11:00 NC NC%sT

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###############################################################################

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# New Zealand

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# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

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Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 6 2:00 1:00 S

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Rule NZ 1928 only - Mar 4 2:00 0 M

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Rule NZ 1928 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 S

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Rule NZ 1929 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 M

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Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 M

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Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 S

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Rule NZ 1946 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S

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# Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but there's no

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# convenient notation for this so we must duplicate the Rule lines.

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Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D

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Rule Chatham 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D

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Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S

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Rule Chatham 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:45s 0 S

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Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D

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Rule Chatham 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D

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Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S

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Rule Chatham 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S

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Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D

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Rule Chatham 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:45s 1:00 D

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Rule NZ 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D

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Rule Chatham 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D

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Rule NZ 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S

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Rule Chatham 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 S

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Rule NZ 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D

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Rule Chatham 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D

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Rule NZ 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S

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Rule Chatham 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S

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# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

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Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2

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11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1946 Jan 1

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12:00 NZ NZ%sT

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Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:13:48 - LMT 1957 Jan 1

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12:45 Chatham CHA%sT

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# Auckland Is

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# uninhabited; Maori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,

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# and scientific personnel have wintered

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# Campbell I

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# minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914

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# scientific station operated 1941/1995;

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# previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered

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# was probably like Pacific/Auckland

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###############################################################################

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# Niue

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# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

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Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1901 # Alofi

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-11:20 - NUT 1951 # Niue Time

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-11:30 - NUT 1978 Oct 1

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-11:00 - NUT

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# Norfolk

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# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

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Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston

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11:12 - NMT 1951 # Norfolk Mean Time

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11:30 - NFT # Norfolk Time

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# Palau (Belau)

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# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

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Zone Pacific/Palau 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 # Koror

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9:00 - PWT # Palau Time

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# Papua New Guinea

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# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

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Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880

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9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time

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10:00 - PGT # Papua New Guinea Time

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# Pitcairn

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# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

417

Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown

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-8:30 - PNT 1998 Apr 27 00:00

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-8:00 - PST # Pitcairn Standard Time

420

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# American Samoa

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Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1879 Jul 5

423

-11:22:48 - LMT 1911

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-11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time

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-11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome

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-11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering

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-11:00 - SST # S=Samoa

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# Samoa

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431

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-12-06):

432

# The Samoa government (Western Samoa) may implement DST on the first Sunday of

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# October 2009 (October 4, 2009) until the last Sunday of March 2010 (March 28,

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# 2010).

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#

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# "Selected Committee reports to Cabinet on Daylight Saving Time",

437

# Government of Samoa:

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# <a href="http://www.govt.ws/pr_article.cfm?pr_id=560">

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# http://www.govt.ws/pr_article.cfm?pr_id=560

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# </a>

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# or

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# <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_samoa01.html">

443

# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_samoa01.html

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# </a>

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# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-27):

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# Samoa's parliament passed the Daylight Saving Bill 2009, and will start

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# daylight saving time on the first Sunday of October 2009 and end on the

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# last Sunday of March 2010. We hope that the full text will be published

450

# soon, but we believe that the bill is only valid for 2009-2010. Samoa's

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# Daylight Saving Act 2009 will be enforced as soon as the Head of State

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# executes a proclamation publicizing this Act.

453

#

454

# Some background information here, which will be updated once we have

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# more details:

456

# <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html">

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# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html

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# </a>

459

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# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-03):

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# First, my deepest condolences to people of Samoa islands and all families and

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# loved ones around the world who lost their lives in the earthquake and tsunami.

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#

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# Considering the recent devastation on Samoa by earthquake and tsunami and that

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# many government offices/ ministers are closed- not sure if "Daylight Saving

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# Bill 2009" will be implemented in next few days- on October 4, 2009.

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#

468

# Here is reply from Consulate-General of Samoa in New Zealand

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# ---------------------------

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# Consul General

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# consulgeneral@samoaconsulate.org.nz

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#

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# Talofa Alexander,

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#

475

# Thank you for your sympathy for our country but at this time we have not

476

# been informed about the Daylight Savings Time Change. Most Ministries in

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# Apia are closed or relocating due to weather concerns.

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#

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# When we do find out if they are still proceeding with the time change we

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# will advise you soonest.

481

#

482

# Kind Regards,

483

# Lana

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# for: Consul General

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486

# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-05):

487

# We have called a hotel in Samoa and asked about local time there - they

488

# are still on standard time.

489

490

Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1879 Jul 5

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-11:26:56 - LMT 1911

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-11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time

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-11:00 - WST 2009 Oct 4

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-11:00 1:00 WSDT 2010 Mar 28

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-11:00 - WST

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# Solomon Is

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# excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea

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# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

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Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara

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11:00 - SBT # Solomon Is Time

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# Tokelau Is

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# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

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Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901

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-10:00 - TKT # Tokelau Time

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# Tonga

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# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

510

Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 S

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Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 -

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Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S

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Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 -

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# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

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Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901

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12:20 - TOT 1941 # Tonga Time

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13:00 - TOT 1999

518

13:00 Tonga TO%sT

519

520

# Tuvalu

521

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

522

Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901

523

12:00 - TVT # Tuvalu Time

524

525

526

# US minor outlying islands

527

528

# Howland, Baker

529

# Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British

530

# 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.

531

# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;

532

# uninhabited thereafter.

533

# Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UTC-10:30) in 1937;

534

# see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,

535

# Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).

536

# So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935

537

# until they were abandoned after the war.

538

539

# Jarvis

540

# Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?.

541

# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958;

542

# uninhabited thereafter.

543

# no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati

544

545

# Johnston

546

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

547

Zone Pacific/Johnston -10:00 - HST

548

549

# Kingman

550

# uninhabited

551

552

# Midway

553

#

554

# From Mark Brader (2005-01-23):

555

# [Fallacies and Fantasies of Air Transport History, by R.E.G. Davies,

556

# published 1994 by Paladwr Press, McLean, VA, USA; ISBN 0-9626483-5-3]

557

# reproduced a Pan American Airways timeables from 1936, for their weekly

558

# "Orient Express" flights between San Francisco and Manila, and connecting

559

# flights to Chicago and the US East Coast. As it uses some time zone

560

# designations that I've never seen before:....

561

# Fri. 6:30A Lv. HONOLOLU (Pearl Harbor), H.I. H.L.T. Ar. 5:30P Sun.

562

# " 3:00P Ar. MIDWAY ISLAND . . . . . . . . . M.L.T. Lv. 6:00A "

563

#

564

Zone Pacific/Midway -11:49:28 - LMT 1901

565

-11:00 - NST 1956 Jun 3

566

-11:00 1:00 NDT 1956 Sep 2

567

-11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome

568

-11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering

569

-11:00 - SST # S=Samoa

570

571

# Palmyra

572

# uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati

573

574

# Wake

575

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

576

Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901

577

12:00 - WAKT # Wake Time

578

579

580

# Vanuatu

581

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

582

Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 S

583

Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 -

584

Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 S

585

Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S

586

Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 -

587

Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S

588

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

589

Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila

590

11:00 Vanuatu VU%sT # Vanuatu Time

591

592

# Wallis and Futuna

593

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

594

Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901

595

12:00 - WFT # Wallis & Futuna Time

596

597

###############################################################################

598

599

# NOTES

600

601

# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,

602

# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to

603

# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).

604

605

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):

606

# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is

607

# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),

608

# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).

609

#

610

# Gwillim Law writes that a good source

611

# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport

612

# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),

613

# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries

614

# of the IATA's data after 1990.

615

#

616

# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for

617

# entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.

618

#

619

# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,

620

# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which

621

# I found in the UCLA library.

622

#

623

# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is

624

# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).

625

#

626

# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;

627

# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.

628

# Corrections are welcome!

629

# std dst

630

# LMT Local Mean Time

631

# 8:00 WST WST Western Australia

632

# 8:45 CWST CWST Central Western Australia*

633

# 9:00 JST Japan

634

# 9:30 CST CST Central Australia

635

# 10:00 EST EST Eastern Australia

636

# 10:00 ChST Chamorro

637

# 10:30 LHST LHST Lord Howe*

638

# 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945

639

# 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present

640

# 12:45 CHAST CHADT Chatham*

641

# -11:00 SST Samoa

642

# -10:00 HST Hawaii

643

# - 8:00 PST Pitcairn*

644

#

645

# See the `northamerica' file for Hawaii.

646

# See the `southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galapagos Is.

647

648

###############################################################################

649

650

# Australia

651

652

# From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):

653

# <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml">

654

# Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia

655

# </a> summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.

656

657

# From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):

658

# <a href="http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving">

659

# Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales

660

# </a> covers New South Wales in particular.

661

662

# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):

663

# We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as `daylight' time.

664

# It is called `summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, `summer'

665

# and `standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the

666

# abbreviation does _not_ change...

667

# The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least

668

# in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the

669

# initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses

670

# the phrase `summer time' and does not use the phrase `daylight

671

# time'.

672

# Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian

673

# Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases `Eastern Standard Time'

674

# or `Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the

675

# current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers

676

# on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases

677

# prefixed by the word `Australian' when referring to local times;

678

# time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.

679

680

# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):

681

# Given the above, what's chosen for year-round use is:

682

# CST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 9:30

683

# WST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 8:00

684

# EST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 10:00

685

686

# From Chuck Soper (2006-06-01):

687

# I recently found this Australian government web page on time zones:

688

# <http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia-13time>

689

# And this government web page lists time zone names and abbreviations:

690

# <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml>

691

692

# From Paul Eggert (2001-04-05), summarizing a long discussion about "EST"

693

# versus "AEST" etc.:

694

#

695

# I see the following points of dispute:

696

#

697

# * How important are unique time zone abbreviations?

698

#

699

# Here I tend to agree with the point (most recently made by Chris

700

# Newman) that unique abbreviations should not be essential for proper

701

# operation of software. We have other instances of ambiguity

702

# (e.g. "IST" denoting both "Israel Standard Time" and "Indian

703

# Standard Time"), and they are not likely to go away any time soon.

704

# In the old days, some software mistakenly relied on unique

705

# abbreviations, but this is becoming less true with time, and I don't

706

# think it's that important to cater to such software these days.

707

#

708

# On the other hand, there is another motivation for unambiguous

709

# abbreviations: it cuts down on human confusion. This is

710

# particularly true for Australia, where "EST" can mean one thing for

711

# time T and a different thing for time T plus 1 second.

712

#

713

# * Does the relevant legislation indicate which abbreviations should be used?

714

#

715

# Here I tend to think that things are a mess, just as they are in

716

# many other countries. We Americans are currently disagreeing about

717

# which abbreviation to use for the newly legislated Chamorro Standard

718

# Time, for example.

719

#

720

# Personally, I would prefer to use common practice; I would like to

721

# refer to legislation only for examples of common practice, or as a

722

# tiebreaker.

723

#

724

# * Do Australians more often use "Eastern Daylight Time" or "Eastern

725

# Summer Time"? Do they typically prefix the time zone names with

726

# the word "Australian"?

727

#

728

# My own impression is that both "Daylight Time" and "Summer Time" are

729

# common and are widely understood, but that "Summer Time" is more

730

# popular; and that the leading "A" is also common but is omitted more

731

# often than not. I just used AltaVista advanced search and got the

732

# following count of page hits:

733

#

734

# 1,103 "Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au

735

# 971 "Australian Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au

736

# 613 "Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au

737

# 127 "Australian Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au

738

#

739

# Here "Summer" seems quite a bit more popular than "Daylight",

740

# particularly when we know the time zone is Australian and not US,

741

# say. The "Australian" prefix seems to be popular for Eastern Summer

742

# Time, but unpopular for Eastern Daylight Time.

743

#

744

# For abbreviations, tools like AltaVista are less useful because of

745

# ambiguity. Many hits are not really time zones, unfortunately, and

746

# many hits denote US time zones and not Australian ones. But here

747

# are the hit counts anyway:

748

#

749

# 161,304 "EST" and domain:au

750

# 25,156 "EDT" and domain:au

751

# 18,263 "AEST" and domain:au

752

# 10,416 "AEDT" and domain:au

753

#

754

# 14,538 "CST" and domain:au

755

# 5,728 "CDT" and domain:au

756

# 176 "ACST" and domain:au

757

# 29 "ACDT" and domain:au

758

#

759

# 7,539 "WST" and domain:au

760

# 68 "AWST" and domain:au

761

#

762

# This data suggest that Australians tend to omit the "A" prefix in

763

# practice. The situation for "ST" versus "DT" is less clear, given

764

# the ambiguities involved.

765

#

766

# * How do Australians feel about the abbreviations in the tz database?

767

#

768

# If you just count Australians on this list, I count 2 in favor and 3

769

# against. One of the "against" votes (David Keegel) counseled delay,

770

# saying that both AEST/AEDT and EST/EST are widely used and

771

# understood in Australia.

772

773

# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):

774

# Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.

775

# Mark Prior writes that his newspaper

776

# reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,

777

# but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970

778

# and perhaps the newspaper's `2:00' is referring to standard time.

779

# For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.

780

781

# From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):

782

#

783

# Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,

784

# and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more

785

# relevant entries in this database.

786

#

787

# NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):

788

# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html">

789

# Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)

790

# </a>

791

# ACT

792

# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html">

793

# Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972

794

# </a>

795

# SA

796

# <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html">

797

# Standard Time Act, 1898

798

# </a>

799

800

# From David Grosz (2005-06-13):

801

# It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by

802

# one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.

803

# Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday

804

# in April instead of the last Sunday in March.

805

#

806

# From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):

807

# I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan

808

# to extend DST together in 2006.

809

# ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt

810

# New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html

811

# South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html

812

# Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772

813

# Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles

814

# allude to it.

815

# But not Queensland

816

# http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html.

817

818

# Northern Territory

819

820

# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):

821

# # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]

822

# # [ Nov 1990 ]

823

# # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.

824

# ...

825

# Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST

826

827

# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):

828

# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...

829

# the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.

830

831

# Western Australia

832

833

# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):

834

# # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]

835

# # [ Nov 1990 ]

836

# # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to

837

# # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but

838

# # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus

839

# # before reaching parliament.

840

# ...

841

# Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST

842

# ...

843

# Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D

844

# Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W

845

# Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D

846

# Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W

847

848

# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):

849

# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...

850

# Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.

851

852

# From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):

853

# Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney

854

# rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at

855

# work at 9.00am.)

856

# W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse

857

# everybody again.

858

859

# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):

860

# The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;

861

# it matches what was used in the past.

862

863

# <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm">

864

# The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ

865

# </a> (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses

866

# South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.

867

868

# Queensland

869

# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):

870

# # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]

871

# # [ Dec 1990 ]

872

# ...

873

# Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST

874

# ...

875

# Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D

876

# Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E

877

# Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D

878

# Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E

879

880

# From Bradley White (1989-12-24):

881

# "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from

882

# October 1989).

883

884

# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):

885

# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...

886

# ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving

887

# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...

888

889

# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):

890

# I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact

891

# end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised

892

# me.)

893

894

# From Bradley White (1992-03-08):

895

# ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted

896

# in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...

897

# ...

898

# Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D

899

# Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S

900

# ...

901

902

# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):

903

# The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.

904

905

# From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning

906

# from Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-11-01):

907

# WA are trialing DST for three years.

908

# <http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf>

909

910

# From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):

911

# The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the

912

# southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western

913

# Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The

914

# residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so

915

# much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the

916

# international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South

917

# Australia and Western Australia....

918

#

919

# From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):

920

# This is confirmed by the section entitled

921

# "What's the deal with time zones???" in

922

# <http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html>.

923

#

924

# From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):

925

# ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,

926

# which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern

927

# coast of the continent.

928

#

929

# I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no

930

# dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border

931

# village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west

932

# as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is

933

# the largest population centre in this zone....

934

#

935

# Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the

936

# question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I

937

# just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,

938

# meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.

939

#

940

# (2006-12-09):

941

# I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving

942

# in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis

943

# of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well

944

# before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.

945

946

# From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):

947

# For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the

948

# introduction of standard time in 1895.

949

950

951

# southeast Australia

952

#

953

# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):

954

# Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT

955

# end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October.

956

# http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html

957

958

959

# South Australia

960

961

# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):

962

# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...

963

# ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving

964

# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...

965

966

# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):

967

# # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]

968

# # [ Nov 1990 ]

969

# ...

970

# Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST

971

# ...

972

# Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D

973

# Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C

974

# Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C

975

# Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C

976

977

# From Bradley White (1992-03-11):

978

# Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide

979

# contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival,

980

# South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."

981

982

# From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):

983

# I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)

984

# South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even

985

# numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival

986

# is on...

987

988

# From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):

989

# DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....

990

# But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...

991

# (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).

992

993

# From Bradley White (1994-04-11):

994

# If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,

995

# 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can

996

# only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....

997

998

# From John Warburton (1994-10-07):

999

# The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...

1000

# was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....

1001

# start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.

1002

1003

# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):

1004

# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.

1005

1006

# Tasmania

1007

1008

# The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd

1009

# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):

1010

# # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]

1011

# # [ Nov 1990 ]

1012

1013

# From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):

1014

# Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have

1015

# 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia

1016

# (but nothing new about that).

1017

1018

# From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):

1019

# I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the

1020

# (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,

1021

# has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria

1022

# (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000

1023

# instead of the first Sunday in October.

1024

1025

# Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:

1026

# http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300

1027

1028

# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):

1029

# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.

1030

1031

# Victoria

1032

1033

# The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd

1034

# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):

1035

# # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]

1036

# # [ Nov 1990 ]

1037

1038

# From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):

1039

# On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an

1040

# interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was

1041

# discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar

1042

# Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located

1043

# in Melbourne, Australia.

1044

#

1045

# Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which

1046

# illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day

1047

# of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's

1048

# fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,

1049

# you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the

1050

# expected time.

1051

#

1052

# However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had

1053

# to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of

1054

# the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps

1055

# someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.

1056

#

1057

# [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html

1058

# [2] http://www.shrine.org.au

1059

1060

# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):

1061

# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.

1062

1063

# New South Wales

1064

1065

# From Arthur David Olson:

1066

# New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.

1067

# Based on law library research by John Mackin,

1068

# who notes:

1069

# In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the

1070

# individual states. Thus, while such terms as ``Eastern Standard Time''

1071

# [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common

1072

# use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the

1073

# legislation. This is very important to understand.

1074

# I have researched New South Wales time only...

1075

1076

# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):

1077

# DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual

1078

# October in 2000. [See: Matthew Moore,

1079

# <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html">

1080

# Two months more daylight saving

1081

# </a>

1082

# Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).]

1083

1084

# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):

1085

# See the following official NSW source:

1086

# <a href="http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ">

1087

# Daylight Saving in New South Wales.

1088

# </a>

1089

#

1090

# Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of

1091

# daylight saving next year. See:

1092

# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm">

1093

# Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving

1094

# </a> (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.

1095

#

1096

# Victoria will following NSW. See:

1097

# <a href="http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm">

1098

# Vic to extend daylight saving

1099

# </a> (1999-07-28).

1100

#

1101

# However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See:

1102

# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm">

1103

# South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request

1104

# </a> (1999-07-19).

1105

#

1106

# Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See:

1107

# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm">

1108

# Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics

1109

# </a> (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying

1110

# ``Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time

1111

# I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very

1112

# well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of

1113

# bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.

1114

# I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules.''

1115

#

1116

# Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:

1117

# <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm">

1118

# Broken Hill to be behind the times

1119

# </a> (1999-07-21).

1120

1121

# IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian

1122

# Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken

1123

# Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.

1124

1125

# From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:

1126

# The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW

1127

# towns to use Queensland time.

1128

1129

# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):

1130

# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.

1131

1132

# Yancowinna

1133

1134

# From John Mackin (1989-01-04):

1135

# `Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.

1136

1137

# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):

1138

# # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]

1139

# # [ Dec 1990 ]

1140

# ...

1141

# # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the

1142

# # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings

1143

# # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government

1144

# # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have

1145

# # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not

1146

# # presently available.

1147

# Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST

1148

# ...

1149

# Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D

1150

# Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C

1151

# [followed by other Rules]

1152

1153

# Lord Howe Island

1154

1155

# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):

1156

# LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]

1157

# [ Dec 1990 ]

1158

# Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an

1159

# hour ahead of NSW time.

1160

1161

# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):

1162

# Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same

1163

# date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the

1164

# Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is

1165

# seeking the community's views on various options for summer time

1166

# arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour

1167

# instead of only 30 minutes. Dependant on the wishes of residents

1168

# the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing

1169

# arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will

1170

# however always coincide with the rest of NSW.

1171

1172

# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):

1173

# Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards

1174

# clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently

1175

# introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as

1176

# shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start

1177

# of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.

1178

1179

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):

1180

# For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and

1181

# Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan.

1182

1183

# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):

1184

# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.

1185

1186

# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):

1187

# According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight

1188

# saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009

1189

# summer (southern hemisphere).

1190

#

1191

# From

1192

# <a href="http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf">

1193

# http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf

1194

# </a>

1195

# The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling

1196

# for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.

1197

# Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each

1198

# year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.

1199

# Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia

1200

# with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and

1201

# the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...

1202

#

1203

# We have a wrap-up here:

1204

# <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html">

1205

# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html

1206

# </a>

1207

###############################################################################

1208

1209

# New Zealand

1210

1211

# From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):

1212

# the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.

1213

# This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for

1214

# subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).

1215

# source -- phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.

1216

1217

# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):

1218

# # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!

1219

# # or is Australia the west island of N.Z.

1220

# # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]

1221

# # [ Nov 1990 ]

1222

# ...

1223

# Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D

1224

# Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D

1225

# Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S

1226

# Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S

1227

# ...

1228

# Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand

1229

# Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island

1230

1231

# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):

1232

# The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989

1233

# rather than the October 1 value.

1234

1235

# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);

1236

# Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.

1237

# Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight

1238

# Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard

1239

# time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.

1240

# As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.

1241

#

1242

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):

1243

# The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,

1244

# as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.htm for the full references.

1245

# Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.

1246

#

1247

# For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with

1248

# transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham

1249

# is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.

1250

1251

# From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):

1252

# DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the

1253

# first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning

1254

# that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.

1255

# http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended

1256

1257

###############################################################################

1258

1259

1260

# Fiji

1261

1262

# Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji

1263

# enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time

1264

# instead of the American system (which was one day behind).

1265

1266

# From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):

1267

# Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01

1268

# until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will

1269

# be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.

1270

1271

# From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):

1272

# IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow.

1273

1274

# From the BBC World Service (1998-10-31 11:32 UTC):

1275

# The Fijiian government says the main reasons for the time change is to

1276

# improve productivity and reduce road accidents. But correspondents say it

1277

# also hopes the move will boost Fiji's ability to compete with other pacific

1278

# islands in the effort to attract tourists to witness the dawning of the new

1279

# millenium.

1280

1281

# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)

1282

# reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.

1283

1284

# Johnston

1285

1286

# Johnston data is from usno1995.

1287

1288

1289

# Kiribati

1290

1291

# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):

1292

# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati

1293

# ``declared it the same day throught the country as of Jan. 1, 1995''

1294

# as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.

1295

1296

1297

# Kwajalein

1298

1299

# In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:

1300

# I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,

1301

# 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with

1302

# respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,

1303

# going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.

1304

1305

1306

# N Mariana Is, Guam

1307

1308

# Howse writes (p 153) ``The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the

1309

# Philippines and the Ladrones from America,'' and implies that the Ladrones

1310

# (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.

1311

# For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;

1312

# see Asia/Manila.

1313

1314

# US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time,

1315

# under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation,

1316

# but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,

1317

# wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".

1318

1319

1320

# Micronesia

1321

1322

# Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),

1323

# ``I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that "Truk"

1324

# (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10.''

1325

#

1326

# Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11

1327

# on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.

1328

1329

# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):

1330

# The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in

1331

# <a href="http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html">

1332

# The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information

1333

# </a> (1999-01-26)

1334

# that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11.

1335

# We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.

1336

1337

1338

# Midway

1339

1340

# From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),

1341

# quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection

1342

# <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):

1343

# For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight

1344

# Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,

1345

# your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956

1346

# we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to

1347

# air at 6am your time.

1348

#

1349

# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):

1350

# We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they

1351

# started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years

1352

# in Midway, but we have no record of it.

1353

1354

1355

# Pitcairn

1356

1357

# From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):

1358

# A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998

1359

# with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows.

1360

#

1361

# The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be

1362

# Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known

1363

# as Pitcairn Standard Time.

1364

#

1365

# ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several

1366

# references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation

1367

# somehow in light of this proclamation.

1368

1369

# From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):

1370

# The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998

1371

# ... at midnight.

1372

1373

# From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:

1374

# Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as

1375

# Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in

1376

# Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.

1377

1378

1379

# Samoa

1380

1381

# Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)

1382

# that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change

1383

# ``the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,

1384

# ordaining -- by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery -- that

1385

# the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year.''

1386

1387

1388

# Tonga

1389

1390

# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):

1391

# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that ``Tonga has been plotting

1392

# to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time.''

1393

# Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.

1394

1395

# Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle

1396

# <a href="http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm">

1397

# How Tonga became `The Land where Time Begins'

1398

# </a>:

1399

1400

# Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST

1401

# 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its

1402

# standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its

1403

# local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of

1404

# advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees

1405

# (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).

1406

#

1407

# Because His Majesty King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince

1408

# Tungi, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time

1409

# begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.

1410

#

1411

# But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer

1412

# islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40

1413

# minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40

1414

# minutes we have lost?"

1415

#

1416

# The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that

1417

# on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth

1418

# to say your prayers in the morning."

1419

1420

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):

1421

# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.

1422

1423

# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):

1424

# Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millenium

1425

# Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.

1426

# He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from

1427

# October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan

1428

# Government.

1429

1430

# From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):

1431

# * Tonga will introduce DST in November

1432

#

1433

# I was given this link by John Letts:

1434

# <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm">

1435

# http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm

1436

# </a>

1437

#

1438

# I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November

1439

# yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead

1440

# of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead

1441

# (12 + 1 hour DST).

1442

1443

# From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):

1444

# According to <a href="http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html">

1445

# http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html

1446

# </a>:

1447

# "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000

1448

# and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the

1449

# third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on

1450

# Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and

1451

# set back an hour on the closing date."

1452

# Alas, no indication of the time of day.

1453

1454

# From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):

1455

# Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.

1456

# Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.

1457

1458

# From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):

1459

# Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com

1460

# that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19

1461

# instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article

1462

# is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the

1463

# text, and I have forgotten to report it here.

1464

# (Original URL was: http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm )

1465

1466

# From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):

1467

# Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.

1468

1469

# From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:

1470

# At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom

1471

# shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday

1472

# of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one

1473

# hour to 1:00am.

1474

1475

# From Pulu 'Anau (2002-11-05):

1476

# The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't.

1477

1478

1479

# Wake

1480

1481

# From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,

1482

# US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):

1483

#

1484

# Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] -- ... The time was all the

1485

# more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the

1486

# International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we

1487

# discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time

1488

# making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost

1489

# impossible.

1490

#

1491

# http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm

1492

1493

# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):

1494

# We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.

1495

1496

###############################################################################

1497

1498

# The International Date Line

1499

1500

# From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):

1501

#

1502

# The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,

1503

# convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.

1504

# Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on

1505

# the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.

1506

#

1507

# When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and

1508

# Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL

1509

# to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most

1510

# mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line

1511

# has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific

1512

# island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international

1513

# convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is

1514

# governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some

1515

# places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not

1516

# an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the

1517

# correct date is ambiguous.

1518

1519

# From Wikipedia <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31):

1520

# Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting

1521

# their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's

1522

# speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's

1523

# meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the

1524

# Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all

1525

# ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones

1526

# on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any

1527

# nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted

1528

# to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's

1529

# entry into another zone time--he often chose midnight. These zones were

1530

# adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many

1531

# independent merchant ships until World War II.

1532

1533

# From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen

1534

# (2005-03-20):

1535

#

1536

# The American Practical Navigator (2002)

1537

# <http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187>

1538

# talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in

1539

# international waters; it ignores the international date line.