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Most of the time, the :mod:`tkinter` is all you really need, but a number
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of additional modules are available as well. The Tk interface is located in a
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Most of the time, :mod:`tkinter` is all you really need, but a number of
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additional modules are available as well. The Tk interface is located in a
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binary module named :mod:`_tkinter`. This module contains the low-level
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interface to Tk, and should never be used directly by application programmers.
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It is usually a shared library (or DLL), but might in some cases be statically
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* Tk was written by John Ousterhout while at Berkeley.
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* Tkinter was written by Steen Lumholt and Guido van Rossum.
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* Tk was written by John Ousterhout while at Berkeley.
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* This Life Preserver was written by Matt Conway at the University of Virginia.
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* The html rendering, and some liberal editing, was produced from a FrameMaker
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* The HTML rendering, and some liberal editing, was produced from a FrameMaker
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version by Ken Manheimer.
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* Fredrik Lundh elaborated and revised the class interface descriptions, to get
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can't fulfill that role, so the best we can do is point you to the best
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documentation that exists. Here are some hints:
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* The authors strongly suggest getting a copy of the Tk man pages. Specifically,
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the man pages in the ``mann`` directory are most useful. The ``man3`` man pages
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describe the C interface to the Tk library and thus are not especially helpful
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* The authors strongly suggest getting a copy of the Tk man pages.
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Specifically, the man pages in the ``manN`` directory are most useful.
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The ``man3`` man pages describe the C interface to the Tk library and thus
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are not especially helpful for script writers.
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* Addison-Wesley publishes a book called Tcl and the Tk Toolkit by John
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Ousterhout (ISBN 0-201-63337-X) which is a good introduction to Tcl and Tk for
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`Tcl/Tk 8.6 man pages <http://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.6/>`_
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The Tcl/Tk manual on www.tcl.tk.
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`ActiveState Tcl Home Page <http://tcl.activestate.com/>`_
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The Tk/Tcl development is largely taking place at ActiveState.
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dictionary style, for established instances. See section
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:ref:`tkinter-setting-options` on setting options. ::
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button .fred -fg red =====> fred = Button(panel, fg = "red")
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button .fred -fg red =====> fred = Button(panel, fg="red")
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.fred configure -fg red =====> fred["fg"] = red
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OR ==> fred.config(fg = "red")
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OR ==> fred.config(fg="red")
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In Tk, to perform an action on a widget, use the widget name as a command, and
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follow it with an action name, possibly with arguments (options). In Tkinter,
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you call methods on the class instance to invoke actions on the widget. The
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actions (methods) that a given widget can perform are listed in the Tkinter.py
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actions (methods) that a given widget can perform are listed in
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:file:`tkinter/__init__.py`. ::
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.fred invoke =====> fred.invoke()
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methods. See the :mod:`tkinter.tix` module documentation for additional
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information on the Form geometry manager. ::
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pack .fred -side left =====> fred.pack(side = "left")
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pack .fred -side left =====> fred.pack(side="left")
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How Tk and Tkinter are Related
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A Python application makes a :mod:`tkinter` call.
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tkinter (Python Package)
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This call (say, for example, creating a button widget), is implemented in the
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*tkinter* package, which is written in Python. This Python function will parse
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the commands and the arguments and convert them into a form that makes them look
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as if they had come from a Tk script instead of a Python script.
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This call (say, for example, creating a button widget), is implemented in
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the :mod:`tkinter` package, which is written in Python. This Python
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function will parse the commands and the arguments and convert them into a
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form that makes them look as if they had come from a Tk script instead of
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These commands and their arguments will be passed to a C function in the
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*tkinter* - note the lowercase - extension module.
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:mod:`_tkinter` - note the underscore - extension module.
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Tk Widgets (C and Tcl)
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This C function is able to make calls into other C modules, including the C
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At object creation time, using keyword arguments
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fred = Button(self, fg = "red", bg = "blue")
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fred = Button(self, fg="red", bg="blue")
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After object creation, treating the option name like a dictionary index
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Use the config() method to update multiple attrs subsequent to object creation
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fred.config(fg = "red", bg = "blue")
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fred.config(fg="red", bg="blue")
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For a complete explanation of a given option and its behavior, see the Tk man
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pages for the widget in question.
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possible to hand over an arbitrary Python variable to a widget through a
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``variable`` or ``textvariable`` option. The only kinds of variables for which
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this works are variables that are subclassed from a class called Variable,
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defined in the :mod:`tkinter`.
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defined in :mod:`tkinter`.
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There are many useful subclasses of Variable already defined:
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:class:`StringVar`, :class:`IntVar`, :class:`DoubleVar`, and
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:meth:`turnRed` callback. This field contains the widget that caught the X
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event. The following table lists the other event fields you can access, and how
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they are denoted in Tk, which can be useful when referring to the Tk man pages.
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Tk Tkinter Event Field Tk Tkinter Event Field
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-- ------------------- -- -------------------
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%h height %E send_event
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%s state %N keysym_num
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+----+---------------------+----+---------------------+
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| Tk | Tkinter Event Field | Tk | Tkinter Event Field |
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+====+=====================+====+=====================+
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| %f | focus | %A | char |
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+----+---------------------+----+---------------------+
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| %h | height | %E | send_event |
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+----+---------------------+----+---------------------+
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| %k | keycode | %K | keysym |
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+----+---------------------+----+---------------------+
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| %s | state | %N | keysym_num |
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+----+---------------------+----+---------------------+
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| %t | time | %T | type |
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+----+---------------------+----+---------------------+
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| %w | width | %W | widget |
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+----+---------------------+----+---------------------+
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| %x | x | %X | x_root |
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+----+---------------------+----+---------------------+
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| %y | y | %Y | y_root |
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+----+---------------------+----+---------------------+
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The index Parameter
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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A number of widgets require"index" parameters to be passed. These are used to
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A number of widgets require "index" parameters to be passed. These are used to
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point at a specific place in a Text widget, or to particular characters in an
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Entry widget, or to particular menu items in a Menu widget.
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* an integer which refers to the numeric position of the entry in the widget,
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counted from the top, starting with 0;
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* the string ``'active'``, which refers to the menu position that is currently
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* the string ``"active"``, which refers to the menu position that is currently
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under the cursor;
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* the string ``"last"`` which refers to the last menu item;
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Doc/library/tkinter.rst
