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a) the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
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Software Foundation; either version 1, or (at your option) any
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b) the "Artistic License"
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The General Public License (GPL)
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Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 675 Mass Ave,
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Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute
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verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
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The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share
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and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to
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guarantee your freedom to share and change free software--to make sure the
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software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to most of
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the Free Software Foundation's software and to any other program whose
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authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is
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covered by the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to
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When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our
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General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom
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to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that
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you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the
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software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do
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To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny
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you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions
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translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the
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software, or if you modify it.
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For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a
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fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must make
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sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show
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them these terms so they know their rights.
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We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2) offer
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you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or
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Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that
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everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If the
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software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to
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others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations.
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Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish
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patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we
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have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or
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The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification
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GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
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TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND
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0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice
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placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of
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this General Public License. The "Program", below, refers to any such program
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or work, and a "work based on the Program" means either the Program or any
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derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the
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Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated
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into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in
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the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you".
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Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by
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this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running the Program is not
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restricted, and the output from the Program is covered only if its contents
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constitute a work based on the Program (independent of having been made by
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running the Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
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1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source code as
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you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately
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publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty;
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keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any
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warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License
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along with the Program.
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You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at
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your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
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2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, thus
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forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such
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modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you also
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meet all of these conditions:
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a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you
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changed the files and the date of any change.
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b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in
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part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed
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as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License.
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c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run, you
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must cause it, when started running for such interactive use in the most ordinary
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way, to print or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright
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notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a
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warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these conditions,
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and telling the user how to view a copy of this License. (Exception: if the
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Program itself is interactive but does not normally print such an announcement,
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your work based on the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
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These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable
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sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably
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considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License,
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and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as
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separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole
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which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on
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the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the
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entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
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Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to
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work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise the right to control
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the distribution of derivative or collective works based on the Program.
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In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with the
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Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of a storage or
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distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this
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3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under
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Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2
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above provided that you also do one of the following:
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a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source
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code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a
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medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
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b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any
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third party, for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing source
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distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding source
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code, to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
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customarily used for software interchange; or,
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c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to distribute
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corresponding source code. (This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial
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distribution and only if you received the program in object code or executable
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form with such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
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The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making
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modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source code means all the
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source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition
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executable. However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need
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not include anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary form)
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with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system
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on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the
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If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to copy
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from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source
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code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code, even though
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third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
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4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program except as
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expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify,
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sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will automatically terminate
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your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or
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rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long
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as such parties remain in full compliance.
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5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it.
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However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program
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or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept
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this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work
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based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so,
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and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the
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Program or works based on it.
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6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the Program),
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the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy,
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distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. You
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may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights
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granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties
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7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement
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or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on
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you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the
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conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this
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License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations
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under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence
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you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would
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not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive
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copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy
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both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the
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If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular
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circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as
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a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances.
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It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other
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property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this section has
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the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution
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system, which is implemented by public license practices. Many people have
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made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through
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that system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up to the
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author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any
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other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice.
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This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a
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consequence of the rest of this License.
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8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries
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either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who
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places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical
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distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted
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only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License
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incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
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9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the
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General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in
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spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or
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Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a
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version number of this License which applies to it and "any later version", you
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have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of
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any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does
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not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever
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published by the Free Software Foundation.
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10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs
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whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for
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permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation,
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write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this.
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Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all
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derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of
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11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS
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NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
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APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE
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COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM
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"AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR
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IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
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MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE
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ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE
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PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE,
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YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR
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12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED
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TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY
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WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS
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PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY
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GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
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ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM
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(INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING
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RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD
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PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY
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OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS
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BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
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END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
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The intent of this document is to state the conditions under which a Package
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may be copied, such that the Copyright Holder maintains some semblance of
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artistic control over the development of the package, while giving the users of the
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package the right to use and distribute the Package in a more-or-less customary
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fashion, plus the right to make reasonable modifications.
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- "Package" refers to the collection of files distributed by the Copyright
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Holder, and derivatives of that collection of files created through textual
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- "Standard Version" refers to such a Package if it has not been modified,
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or has been modified in accordance with the wishes of the Copyright
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will not be required to justify it to the Copyright Holder, but only to the
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computing community at large as a market that must bear the fee.)
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- "Freely Available" means that no fee is charged for the item itself, though
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there may be fees involved in handling the item. It also means that
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recipients of the item may redistribute it under the same conditions they
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1. You may make and give away verbatim copies of the source form of the
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Standard Version of this Package without restriction, provided that you duplicate
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all of the original copyright notices and associated disclaimers.
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2. You may apply bug fixes, portability fixes and other modifications derived from
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3. You may otherwise modify your copy of this Package in any way, provided
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a) place your modifications in the Public Domain or otherwise
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make them Freely Available, such as by posting said modifications
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to Usenet or an equivalent medium, or placing the modifications on
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a major archive site such as ftp.uu.net, or by allowing the
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Copyright Holder to include your modifications in the Standard
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b) use the modified Package only within your corporation or
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c) rename any non-standard executables so the names do not
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and provide a separate manual page for each non-standard
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d) make other distribution arrangements with the Copyright Holder.
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4. You may distribute the programs of this Package in object code or executable
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a) distribute a Standard Version of the executables and library
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c) accompany any non-standard executables with their
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corresponding Standard Version executables, giving the
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documenting the differences in manual pages (or equivalent),
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together with instructions on where to get the Standard Version.
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d) make other distribution arrangements with the Copyright Holder.
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6. The scripts and library files supplied as input to or produced as output from
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the programs of this Package do not automatically fall under the copyright of this
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commercially, and may be aggregated with this Package.
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7. C or perl subroutines supplied by you and linked into this Package shall not
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8. The name of the Copyright Holder may not be used to endorse or promote
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products derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
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9. THIS PACKAGE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR
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IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED
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WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR