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- Committer: Bazaar Package Importer
- Author(s): Ben Pfaff
- Date: 2010-08-02 13:04:28 UTC
- mfrom: (1.1.10 upstream)
- Revision ID: james.westby@ubuntu.com-20100802130428-ywor783c4eglymoq
Tags: 2.67-1
New upstream release. Closes: #589958.
- files modified:
- .prev-version
added
removed
doc/standards.info
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* Standards: (standards). GNU coding standards.
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END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
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The GNU coding standards, last updated September 14, 2009.
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The GNU coding standards, last updated April 12, 2010.
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Copyright (C) 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000,
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2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software
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2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software
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Foundation, Inc.
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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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Version
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*******
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The GNU coding standards, last updated September 14, 2009.
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The GNU coding standards, last updated April 12, 2010.
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Copyright (C) 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000,
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2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software
31
2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software
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Foundation, Inc.
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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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even if you write in another programming language. The rules often
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state reasons for writing in a certain way.
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This release of the GNU Coding Standards was last updated September
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14, 2009.
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If you did not obtain this file directly from the GNU project and
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recently, please check for a newer version. You can get the GNU Coding
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Standards from the GNU web server in many different formats, including
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the Texinfo source, PDF, HTML, DVI, plain text, and more, at:
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`http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/'.
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Corrections or suggestions for this document should be sent to
74
If you are maintaining an official GNU package, in addition to this
75
document, please read and follow the GNU maintainer information (*note
76
Contents: (maintain)Top.).
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78
If you want to receive diffs for every change to these GNU documents,
79
join the mailing list `gnustandards-commit@gnu.org', via the web
80
interface at
81
`http://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/gnustandards-commit'. Archives
82
are also available there.
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Please send corrections or suggestions for this document to
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85
<bug-standards@gnu.org>. If you make a suggestion, please include a
79
suggested new wording for it; our time is limited. We prefer a context
80
diff to the `standards.texi' or `make-stds.texi' files, but if you
81
don't have those files, please mail your suggestion anyway.
86
suggested new wording for it, to help us consider the suggestion
87
efficiently. We prefer a context diff to the Texinfo source, but if
88
that's difficult for you, you can make a context diff for some other
89
version of this document, or propose it in any way that makes it clear.
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The source repository for this document can be found at
91
`http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/gnustandards'.
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These standards cover the minimum of what is important when writing a
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GNU package. Likely, the need for additional standards will come up.
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coding standards for a trivial program.
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`http://www.gnu.org/software/hello/hello.html'.
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This release of the GNU Coding Standards was last updated April 12,
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2010.
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File: standards.info, Node: Legal Issues, Next: Design Advice, Prev: Preface, Up: Top
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114
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GCC developers many hours, or even days, per year.
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In the case of function-like macros like `REVERSIBLE_CC_MODE' in GCC
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which cannot be simply used in `if( ...)' statements, there is an easy
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which cannot be simply used in `if (...)' statements, there is an easy
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workaround. Simply introduce another macro `HAS_REVERSIBLE_CC_MODE' as
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in the following example:
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creating temporary files in world-writable directories. In C, you can
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avoid this problem by creating temporary files in this manner:
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fd = open(filename, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_EXCL, 0600);
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fd = open (filename, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_EXCL, 0600);
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or by using the `mkstemps' function from libiberty.
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793
======================================
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When you write a program that provides a graphical user interface,
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please make it work with X Windows and the GTK+ toolkit unless the
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functionality specifically requires some alternative (for example,
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"displaying jpeg images while in console mode").
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please make it work with the X Window System and the GTK+ toolkit
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unless the functionality specifically requires some alternative (for
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example, "displaying jpeg images while in console mode").
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In addition, please provide a command-line interface to control the
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functionality. (In many cases, the graphical user interface can be a
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separate program which invokes the command-line program.) This is so
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that the same jobs can be done from scripts.
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Please also consider providing a CORBA interface (for use from
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GNOME), a library interface (for use from C), and perhaps a
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keyboard-driven console interface (for use by users from console mode).
795
Once you are doing the work to provide the functionality and the
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graphical interface, these won't be much extra work.
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Please also consider providing a D-bus interface for use from other
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running programs, such as within GNOME. (GNOME used to use CORBA for
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this, but that is being phased out.) In addition, consider providing a
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library interface (for use from C), and perhaps a keyboard-driven
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console interface (for use by users from console mode). Once you are
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doing the work to provide the functionality and the graphical
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interface, these won't be much extra work.
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File: standards.info, Node: Command-Line Interfaces, Next: Option Table, Prev: Graphical Interfaces, Up: Program Behavior
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GNU Lesser General Public License,
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`http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html'.
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GPL/Guile
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GNU GPL with the exception for Guile; for example, GPLv3+/Guile
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means the GNU GPL version 3 or later, with the extra exception for
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Guile.
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GPL/Ada
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GNU GPL with the exception for Ada.
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991
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992
X11
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The simple non-copyleft license used for most versions of the X
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Window system, `http://www.xfree86.org/3.3.6/COPYRIGHT2.html#3'.
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Window System, `http://www.xfree86.org/3.3.6/COPYRIGHT2.html#3'.
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Zlib
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The license for Zlib, `http://www.gzip.org/zlib/zlib_license.html'.
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1.3.6.1.4.1.11591.5 GNU Mailutils
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1.3.6.1.4.1.11591.5 GNU Shishi
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1.3.6.1.4.1.11591.6 GNU Shishi
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1.3.6.1.4.1.11591.7 GNU Radio
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1.3.6.1.4.1.11591.12 digestAlgorithm
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1.3.6.1.4.1.11591.12.2 TIGER/192
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The change log file is normally called `ChangeLog' and covers an
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entire directory. Each directory can have its own change log, or a
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directory can use the change log of its parent directory-it's up to you.
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directory can use the change log of its parent directory--it's up to
3345
you.
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Another alternative is to record change log information with a
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version control system such as RCS or CVS. This can be converted
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command `C-x v a' (`vc-update-change-log') does the job.
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There's no need to describe the full purpose of the changes or how
3340
they work together. If you think that a change calls for explanation,
3341
you're probably right. Please do explain it--but please put the
3342
explanation in comments in the code, where people will see it whenever
3343
they see the code. For example, "New function" is enough for the
3344
change log when you add a function, because there should be a comment
3345
before the function definition to explain what it does.
3353
they work together. However, sometimes it is useful to write one line
3354
to describe the overall purpose of a change or a batch of changes. If
3355
you think that a change calls for explanation, you're probably right.
3356
Please do explain it--but please put the full explanation in comments
3357
in the code, where people will see it whenever they see the code. For
3358
example, "New function" is enough for the change log when you add a
3359
function, because there should be a comment before the function
3360
definition to explain what it does.
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In the past, we recommended not mentioning changes in non-software
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files (manuals, help files, etc.) in change logs. However, we've been
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advised that it is a good idea to include them, for the sake of
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copyright records.
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However, sometimes it is useful to write one line to describe the
3353
overall purpose of a batch of changes.
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The easiest way to add an entry to `ChangeLog' is with the Emacs
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command `M-x add-change-log-entry'. An entry should have an asterisk,
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the name of the changed file, and then in parentheses the name of the
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`configure'. A rule of the form:
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foo.1 : foo.man sedscript
3840
sed -e sedscript foo.man > foo.1
3852
sed -f sedscript foo.man > foo.1
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will fail when the build directory is not the source directory, because
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`foo.man' and `sedscript' are in the source directory.
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is best written as:
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foo.1 : foo.man sedscript
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sed -e $(srcdir)/sedscript $(srcdir)/foo.man > $@
3877
sed -f $(srcdir)/sedscript $(srcdir)/foo.man > $@
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GNU distributions usually contain some files which are not source
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files--for example, Info files, and the output from Autoconf, Automake,
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The `configure' script and the Makefile rules for building and
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installation should not use any utilities directly except these:
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3897
awk cat cmp cp diff echo egrep expr false grep install-info
3898
ln ls mkdir mv pwd rm rmdir sed sleep sort tar test touch tr true
3909
awk cat cmp cp diff echo egrep expr false grep install-info ln ls
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mkdir mv printf pwd rm rmdir sed sleep sort tar test touch tr true
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Compression programs such as `gzip' can be used in the `dist' rule.
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File: standards.info, Node: DESTDIR, Next: Directory Variables, Prev: Command Variables, Up: Makefile Conventions
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7.2.4 `DESTDIR': support for staged installs
4031
7.2.4 `DESTDIR': Support for Staged Installs
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--------------------------------------------
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`DESTDIR' is a variable prepended to each installed target file, like
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packages behave identically, allowing the installer to achieve any
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desired layout.
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All installation directories, and their parent directories, should be
4098
created (if necessary) before they are installed into.
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These first two variables set the root for the installation. All the
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other installation directories should be subdirectories of one of these
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two, and nothing should be directly installed into these two
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the `install-info' program if it is present. `install-info' is a
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program that edits the Info `dir' file to add or update the menu
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entry for the given Info file; it is part of the Texinfo package.
4438
Here is a sample rule to install an Info file:
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$(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/foo.info: foo.info
4441
$(POST_INSTALL)
4442
# There may be a newer info file in . than in srcdir.
4443
-if test -f foo.info; then d=.; \
4444
else d=$(srcdir); fi; \
4445
$(INSTALL_DATA) $$d/foo.info $(DESTDIR)$@; \
4453
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Here is a sample rule to install an Info file that also tries to
4455
handle some additional situations, such as `install-info' not
4456
being present.
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do-install-info: foo.info installdirs
4459
$(NORMAL_INSTALL)
4460
# Prefer an info file in . to one in srcdir.
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if test -f foo.info; then d=.; \
4462
else d="$(srcdir)"; fi; \
4463
$(INSTALL_DATA) $$d/foo.info \
4464
"$(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/foo.info"
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# Run install-info only if it exists.
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# Use `if' instead of just prepending `-' to the
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# line so we notice real errors from install-info.
4449
# We use `$(SHELL) -c' because some shells do not
4468
# Use `$(SHELL) -c' because some shells do not
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# fail gracefully when there is an unknown command.
4470
$(POST_INSTALL)
4451
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if $(SHELL) -c 'install-info --version' \
4452
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>/dev/null 2>&1; then \
4453
install-info --dir-file=$(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/dir \
4454
$(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/foo.info; \
4473
install-info --dir-file="$(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/dir" \
4474
"$(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/foo.info"; \
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else true; fi
4456
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When writing the `install' target, you must classify all the
4641
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4662
Compress the tar file with `gzip'. For example, the actual
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distribution file for GCC version 1.40 is called `gcc-1.40.tar.gz'.
4644
It is ok to support other free compression formats as well, such as
4645
`bzip2' and `lzma'.
4664
It is ok to support other free compression formats as well.
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4666
The `dist' target should explicitly depend on all non-source files
4648
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that are in the distribution, to make sure they are up to date in
4666
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It's useful to add a target named `installdirs' to create the
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directories where files are installed, and their parent
4668
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directories. There is a script called `mkinstalldirs' which is
4669
convenient for this; you can find it in the Texinfo package. You
4688
convenient for this; you can find it in the Gnulib package. You
4670
4689
can use a rule like this:
4671
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# Make sure all installation directories (e.g. $(bindir))
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$(libdir) $(infodir) \
4677
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$(mandir)
4678
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4679
or, if you wish to support `DESTDIR',
4698
or, if you wish to support `DESTDIR' (strongly encouraged),
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4700
# Make sure all installation directories (e.g. $(bindir))
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# actually exist by making them if necessary.
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So if you do distribute non-source files, always make sure they are up
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to date when you make a new distribution.
4849
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Make sure that the directory into which the distribution unpacks (as
4851
well as any subdirectories) are all world-writable (octal mode 777).
4852
This is so that old versions of `tar' which preserve the ownership and
4853
permissions of the files from the tar archive will be able to extract
4854
all the files even if the user is unprivileged.
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Make sure that all the files in the distribution are world-readable.
4869
Make sure that all the files in the distribution are world-readable,
4870
and that directories are world-readable and world-searchable (octal
4871
mode 755). We used to recommend that all directories in the
4872
distribution also be world-writable (octal mode 777), because ancient
4873
versions of `tar' would otherwise not cope when extracting the archive
4874
as an unprivileged user. That can easily lead to security issues when
4875
creating the archive, however, so now we recommend against that.
4857
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4858
4877
Don't include any symbolic links in the distribution itself. If the
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4878
tar file contains symbolic links, then people cannot even unpack it on
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* behavior, dependent on program's name: User Interfaces. (line 6)
5498
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* binary packages: Install Command Categories.
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(line 80)
5500
* bindir: Directory Variables. (line 54)
5519
* bindir: Directory Variables. (line 57)
5501
5520
* braces, in C source: Formatting. (line 6)
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* bug reports: --help. (line 11)
5522
* bug-standards@gnu.org email address: Preface. (line 30)
5503
5523
* canonical name of a program: --version. (line 12)
5504
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* casting pointers to integers: CPU Portability. (line 89)
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5525
* CGI programs, standard options for: Command-Line Interfaces.
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* control-L: Formatting. (line 118)
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* conventions for makefiles: Makefile Conventions.
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(line 6)
5525
* corba: Graphical Interfaces.
5545
* CORBA: Graphical Interfaces.
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(line 16)
5527
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* credits for manuals: Manual Credits. (line 6)
5548
* D-bus: Graphical Interfaces.
5549
(line 16)
5528
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* data types, and portability: CPU Portability. (line 6)
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* declaration for system functions: System Functions. (line 21)
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* DESTDIR: DESTDIR. (line 6)
5553
* directories, creating installation: Directory Variables. (line 20)
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* documentation: Documentation. (line 6)
5532
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* doschk: Names. (line 38)
5533
* downloading this manual: Preface. (line 17)
5556
* downloading this manual: Preface. (line 14)
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* encodings: Character Set. (line 6)
5535
5558
* error messages: Semantics. (line 19)
5536
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* error messages, formatting: Errors. (line 6)
5537
* exec_prefix: Directory Variables. (line 36)
5560
* exec_prefix: Directory Variables. (line 39)
5538
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* expressions, splitting: Formatting. (line 81)
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* FDL, GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License.
5540
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(line 6)
5550
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(line 6)
5551
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* gettext: Internationalization.
5552
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(line 6)
5553
* gnome: Graphical Interfaces.
5576
* GNOME: Graphical Interfaces.
5554
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(line 16)
5555
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* GNOME and Guile: Source Language. (line 38)
5579
* gnustandards project repository: Preface. (line 30)
5580
* gnustandards-commit@gnu.org mailing list: Preface. (line 24)
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* graphical user interface: Graphical Interfaces.
5557
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(line 6)
5558
5583
* grave accent: Quote Characters. (line 6)
5559
* gtk+: Graphical Interfaces.
5584
* GTK+: Graphical Interfaces.
5560
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(line 6)
5561
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* Guile: Source Language. (line 38)
5562
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* implicit int: Syntactic Conventions.
5563
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(line 6)
5564
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* impossible conditions: Semantics. (line 70)
5590
* installation directories, creating: Directory Variables. (line 20)
5565
5591
* installations, staged: DESTDIR. (line 6)
5592
* interface styles: Graphical Interfaces.
5593
(line 6)
5566
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* internationalization: Internationalization.
5567
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(line 6)
5596
* keyboard interface: Graphical Interfaces.
5597
(line 16)
5568
5598
* LDAP: OID Allocations. (line 6)
5569
5599
* left quote: Quote Characters. (line 6)
5570
5600
* legal aspects: Legal Issues. (line 6)
5571
5601
* legal papers: Contributions. (line 6)
5572
* libexecdir: Directory Variables. (line 67)
5602
* libexecdir: Directory Variables. (line 70)
5573
5603
* libraries: Libraries. (line 6)
5574
5604
* library functions, and portability: System Functions. (line 6)
5605
* library interface: Graphical Interfaces.
5606
(line 16)
5575
5607
* license for manuals: License for Manuals. (line 6)
5576
5608
* lint: Syntactic Conventions.
5577
5609
(line 109)
5617
5649
(line 6)
5618
5650
* pre-installation commands: Install Command Categories.
5619
5651
(line 6)
5620
* prefix: Directory Variables. (line 26)
5652
* prefix: Directory Variables. (line 29)
5621
5653
* program configuration: Configuration. (line 6)
5622
5654
* program design: Design Advice. (line 6)
5623
5655
* program name and its behavior: User Interfaces. (line 6)
5629
5661
* README file: Releases. (line 21)
5630
5662
* references to non-free material: References. (line 6)
5631
5663
* releasing: Managing Releases. (line 6)
5632
* sbindir: Directory Variables. (line 60)
5664
* Savannah repository for gnustandards: Preface. (line 30)
5665
* sbindir: Directory Variables. (line 63)
5633
5666
* signal handling: Semantics. (line 59)
5634
5667
* SNMP: OID Allocations. (line 6)
5635
5668
* spaces before open-paren: Formatting. (line 75)
5648
5681
* texinfo.tex, in a distribution: Releases. (line 70)
5649
5682
* TMPDIR environment variable: Semantics. (line 84)
5650
5683
* trademarks: Trademarks. (line 6)
5651
* where to obtain standards.texi: Preface. (line 17)
5684
* user interface styles: Graphical Interfaces.
5685
(line 6)
5686
* where to obtain standards.texi: Preface. (line 14)
5652
5687
* X.509: OID Allocations. (line 6)
5653
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5654
5689
5655
5690
5656
5691
Tag Table:
5657
Node: Top811
5658
Node: Preface2084
5659
Node: Legal Issues4204
5660
Node: Reading Non-Free Code4674
5661
Node: Contributions6404
5662
Node: Trademarks8642
5663
Node: Design Advice10277
5664
Node: Source Language10869
5665
Node: Compatibility12995
5666
Node: Using Extensions14623
5667
Node: Standard C16199
5668
Node: Conditional Compilation18602
5669
Node: Program Behavior20000
5670
Node: Non-GNU Standards21116
5671
Node: Semantics23397
5672
Node: Libraries28116
5673
Node: Errors29361
5674
Node: User Interfaces31854
5675
Node: Graphical Interfaces33459
5676
Node: Command-Line Interfaces34495
5677
Node: --version36527
5678
Node: --help42428
5679
Node: Option Table43301
5680
Node: OID Allocations58256
5681
Node: Memory Usage60017
5682
Node: File Usage61053
5683
Node: Writing C61803
5684
Node: Formatting62775
5685
Node: Comments67064
5686
Node: Syntactic Conventions70616
5687
Node: Names74078
5688
Node: System Portability76290
5689
Node: CPU Portability79181
5690
Node: System Functions83082
5691
Node: Internationalization88279
5692
Node: Character Set92273
5693
Node: Quote Characters93086
5694
Node: Mmap94606
5695
Node: Documentation95314
5696
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5697
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5698
Node: Manual Structure Details103711
5699
Node: License for Manuals105129
5700
Node: Manual Credits106103
5701
Node: Printed Manuals106496
5702
Node: NEWS File107182
5703
Node: Change Logs107860
5704
Node: Change Log Concepts108614
5705
Node: Style of Change Logs110703
5706
Node: Simple Changes113203
5707
Node: Conditional Changes114645
5708
Node: Indicating the Part Changed116067
5709
Node: Man Pages116594
5710
Node: Reading other Manuals118800
5711
Node: Managing Releases119591
5712
Node: Configuration120372
5713
Node: Makefile Conventions129037
5714
Node: Makefile Basics130036
5715
Node: Utilities in Makefiles133210
5716
Node: Command Variables135708
5717
Node: DESTDIR138954
5718
Node: Directory Variables141128
5719
Node: Standard Targets155621
5720
Ref: Standard Targets-Footnote-1169234
5721
Node: Install Command Categories169334
5722
Node: Releases173867
5723
Node: References177797
5724
Node: GNU Free Documentation License183644
5725
Node: Index208811
5692
Node: Top813
5693
Node: Preface2088
5694
Node: Legal Issues4801
5695
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5696
Node: Contributions7001
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5705
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5706
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5707
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5708
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5709
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5710
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5711
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5712
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5713
Node: --help43010
5714
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5715
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Node: Memory Usage60635
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Node: File Usage61671
5718
Node: Writing C62421
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Node: Formatting63393
5720
Node: Comments67682
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Node: Names74696
5723
Node: System Portability76908
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Node: Internationalization88897
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5735
Node: Manual Credits106721
5736
Node: Printed Manuals107114
5737
Node: NEWS File107800
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Node: Change Logs108478
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Node: Man Pages117226
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Node: Configuration121004
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Node: Makefile Basics130668
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Node: Command Variables136347
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Node: DESTDIR139593
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Node: Directory Variables141767
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Ref: Standard Targets-Footnote-1170161
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Node: Install Command Categories170261
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Node: Releases174794
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Node: References178799
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Node: GNU Free Documentation License184646
5760
Node: Index209813
5726
5761
5727
5762
End Tag Table
Loggerhead is a web-based interface for Breezy
Version: 2.0.1