159
149
.\" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
160
150
.SH "SIMPLE PROCESS SELECTION"
163
Lift the BSD\-style "only yourself" restriction, which is imposed upon
164
the set of all processes when some BSD\-style (without\ "\-") options
165
are used or when the \fBps\fR personality setting is BSD\-like.
166
The set of processes selected in this manner is
167
in addition to the set of processes selected by other means.
168
An alternate description is that this option causes \fBps\fR to
169
list all processes with a terminal (tty),
170
or to list all processes when used together with the \fBx\fR option.
173
Select all processes. Identical to \fB\-e\fR.
176
Select all processes except both session leaders (see \fIgetsid\fR(2)) and
177
processes not associated with a terminal.
153
Lift the BSD\-style "only yourself" restriction, which is imposed upon the
154
set of all processes when some BSD\-style (without "\-") options are used or
157
personality setting is BSD\-like. The set of processes selected in this
158
manner is in addition to the set of processes selected by other means. An
159
alternate description is that this option causes
161
to list all processes with a terminal (tty), or to list all processes when
162
used together with the
167
Select all processes. Identical to
171
Select all processes except both session leaders (see
173
and processes not associated with a terminal.
180
176
Select all processes except session leaders.
183
179
Select all processes except those that fulfill the specified conditions
184
(negates the selection). Identical to \fB\-N\fR.
188
Select all processes. Identical to \fB\-A\fR.
180
(negates the selection). Identical to
184
Select all processes. Identical to
190
186
.\" Current "g" behavior: add in the session leaders, which would
191
187
.\" be excluded in the sunos4 personality. Supposed "g" behavior:
192
188
.\" add in the group leaders -- at least according to the SunOS 4
193
189
.\" man page on the FreeBSD site. Uh oh. I think I had tested SunOS
194
190
.\" though, so maybe the code is correct.
197
193
Really all, even session leaders. This flag is obsolete and may be
198
discontinued in a future release. It is normally implied by the \fBa\fR flag,
199
and is only useful when operating in the sunos4 personality.
194
discontinued in a future release. It is normally implied by the
196
flag, and is only useful when operating in the sunos4 personality.
202
199
Select all processes except those that fulfill the specified conditions
203
(negates the selection). Identical to \fB\-\-deselect\fR.
200
(negates the selection). Identical to
206
204
Select all processes associated with this terminal. Identical to the
207
\fBt\fR option without any argument.
206
option without any argument.
210
209
Restrict the selection to only running processes.
213
Lift the BSD\-style "must have a tty" restriction, which is imposed upon
214
the set of all processes when some BSD\-style (without\ "\-") options
215
are used or when the \fBps\fR personality setting is BSD\-like.
216
The set of processes selected in this manner is
217
in addition to the set of processes selected by other means.
218
An alternate description is that this option causes \fBps\fR to
219
list all processes owned by you (same EUID as \fBps\fR),
220
or to list all processes when used together with the \fBa\fR option.
212
Lift the BSD\-style "must have a tty" restriction, which is imposed upon the
213
set of all processes when some BSD\-style (without "\-") options are used or
216
personality setting is BSD\-like. The set of processes selected in this
217
manner is in addition to the set of processes selected by other means. An
218
alternate description is that this option causes
220
to list all processes owned by you (same EUID as
222
or to list all processes when used together with the
222
225
.\" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
225
228
.SH "PROCESS SELECTION BY LIST"
226
These options accept a single argument in the form of a blank\-separated
227
or comma\-separated list. They can be used multiple times.
228
For\ example:\ \fBps\ \-p\ "1\ 2"\ \-p\ 3,4\fR
232
Identical to \fB\-\-sid\ \fI123\fR.
235
Identical to \fB\-\-pid\ \fI123\fR.
238
Select by command name.
240
This selects the processes whose executable name is given in
244
Select by real group ID (RGID) or name.
246
This selects the processes whose real group name or ID is in the
247
\fIgrplist\fR list. The real group ID identifies the group of the user
248
who created the process, see \fIgetgid\fR(2).
251
Select by session OR by effective group name.
253
Selection by session is specified by many standards,
254
but selection by effective group is the logical behavior that
255
several other operating systems use.
256
This \fBps\fR will select by session when the list
257
is completely numeric (as\ sessions\ are).
258
Group ID numbers will work only when some group names are also specified.
259
See the \fB\-s\fR and \fB\-\-group\fR options.
261
.opt \-\-Group \ grplist
262
Select by real group ID (RGID) or name. Identical to \fB\-G\fR.
264
.opt \-\-group \ grplist
265
Select by effective group ID (EGID) or name.
267
This selects the processes whose effective group name or ID is in
268
\fIgrouplist\fR. The effective group ID describes the group whose file
269
access permissions are used by the process (see\ \fIgetegid\fR(2)).
270
The \fB\-g\fR option is often an alternative to\ \fB\-\-group\fR.
273
Select by process ID. Identical to \fB\-p\fR and\ \fB\-\-pid\fR.
278
This selects the processes whose process ID numbers appear in
279
\fIpidlist\fR. Identical to \fBp\fR and\ \fB\-\-pid\fR.
281
.opt \-\-pid \ pidlist
282
Select by process\ ID. Identical to \fB\-p\fR\ and\ \fBp\fR.
284
.opt \-\-ppid \ pidlist
285
Select by parent process\ ID.
286
This selects the processes
287
with a parent\ process\ ID in \fIpidlist\fR.
288
That\ is, it selects processes that are children
289
of those listed in \fIpidlist\fR.
292
Select by session ID.
294
This selects the processes
295
with a session ID specified in\ \fIsesslist\fR.
297
.opt \-\-sid \ sesslist
298
Select by session\ ID. Identical to\ \fB\-s\fR.
301
Select by tty. Nearly identical to \fB\-t\fR and \fB\-\-tty\fR,
302
but can also be used with an empty \fIttylist\fR to indicate
303
the terminal associated with \fBps\fR.
304
Using the \fBT\fR option is considered cleaner than using \fBt\fR with
305
an\ empty\ \fIttylist\fR.
310
This selects the processes associated with the terminals
311
given in \fIttylist\fR.
229
These options accept a single argument in the form of a blank\-separated or
230
comma\-separated list. They can be used multiple times. For example:
231
\fBps\ \-p\ "1\ 2"\ \-p\ 3,4\fR
234
Identical to \fB\-\-pid\ \fI123\fR.
237
Identical to \fB\-\-pid\ \fI123\fR.
240
Select by command name. This selects the processes whose executable name is
245
Select by real group ID (RGID) or name. This selects the processes whose
246
real group name or ID is in the
248
list. The real group ID identifies the group of the user who created the
253
Select by session OR by effective group name. Selection by session is
254
specified by many standards, but selection by effective group is the logical
255
behavior that several other operating systems use. This
257
will select by session when the list is completely numeric (as\ sessions\
258
are). Group ID numbers will work only when some group names are also
265
.BI \-\-Group \ grplist
266
Select by real group ID (RGID) or name. Identical to
269
.BI \-\-group \ grplist
270
Select by effective group ID (EGID) or name. This selects the processes
271
whose effective group name or ID is in
273
The effective group ID describes the group whose file access permissions are
274
used by the process (see
278
option is often an alternative to
282
Select by process ID. Identical to
288
Select by PID. This selects the processes whose process ID numbers appear in
295
.BI \-\-pid \ pidlist
296
Select by process\ ID. Identical to
301
.BI \-\-ppid \ pidlist
302
Select by parent process ID. This selects the processes with a parent
305
That is, it selects processes that are children of those listed in
309
Select by session ID. This selects the processes with a session ID specified
313
.BI \-\-sid \ sesslist
314
Select by session\ ID. Identical to
318
Select by tty. Nearly identical to
323
be used with an empty
325
to indicate the terminal associated with
329
option is considered cleaner than using
335
Select by tty. This selects the processes associated with the terminals
312
338
Terminals (ttys, or screens for text output) can be specified in several
313
forms: /dev/ttyS1, ttyS1, S1.
314
A\ plain "\-" may be used to select processes not attached to any terminal.
316
.opt \-\-tty \ ttylist
317
Select by terminal. Identical to \fB\-t\fR and\ \fBt\fR.
320
Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name.
322
This selects the processes whose effective user name
323
or ID is in \fIuserlist\fR.
324
The effective user\ ID describes the user whose file
325
access permissions are used by the process
326
(see\ \fIgeteuid\fR(2)).
327
Identical to \fB\-u\fR and\ \fB\-\-user\fR.
330
Select by real user ID (RUID) or name.
332
It selects the processes whose real user name or ID is in the
334
The real user ID identifies the user who created the process,
335
see\ \fIgetuid\fR(2).
338
Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name.
340
This selects the processes whose effective user name or ID is in
341
\fIuserlist\fR. The effective user ID describes the user whose file
342
access permissions are used by the process (see\ \fIgeteuid\fR(2)).
343
Identical to \fBU\fR and \fB\-\-user\fR.
345
.opt \-\-User \ userlist
346
Select by real user ID (RUID) or name. Identical to \fB\-U\fR.
348
.opt \-\-user \ userlist
349
Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name.
350
Identical to \fB\-u\fR and\ \fBU\fR.
339
forms: /dev/ttyS1, ttyS1, S1. A plain "\-" may be used to select processes
340
not attached to any terminal.
342
.BI \-\-tty \ ttylist
343
Select by terminal. Identical to
349
Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name. This selects the processes whose
350
effective user name or ID is in
352
The effective user ID describes the user whose file access permissions are
353
used by the process (see
361
Select by real user ID (RUID) or name. It selects the processes whose real
362
user name or ID is in the
364
list. The real user ID identifies the user who created the process, see
368
Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name. This selects the processes whose
369
effective user name or ID is in
372
The effective user ID describes the user whose file
373
access permissions are used by the process (see
380
.BI \-\-User \ userlist
381
Select by real user ID (RUID) or name. Identical to
384
.BI \-\-user \ userlist
385
Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name. Identical to
352
389
.\" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
355
392
.SH "OUTPUT FORMAT CONTROL"
356
These options are used to choose the information displayed by \fBps\fR.
393
These options are used to choose the information displayed by
357
395
The output may differ by personality.
361
Show different scheduler information for the \fB\-l\fR option.
364
Display security context format (for\ SE\ Linux).
367
Do full\-format listing. This option can be combined with many
368
other UNIX\-style options to add additional columns. It also causes
369
the command arguments to be printed. When used with \fB\-L\fR, the
370
NLWP (number of threads) and LWP (thread ID) columns will be added.
371
See the \fBc\fR option, the format keyword \fBargs\fR, and the
372
format keyword \fBcomm\fR.
375
Extra full format. See the \fB\-f\fR option, which \fB\-F\fR implies.
377
.opt \-\-format \ format
378
user\-defined format. Identical to \fB\-o\fR and \fBo\fR.
399
Show different scheduler information for the
404
Display security context format (for SE Linux).
407
Do full\-format listing. This option can be combined with many other
408
UNIX\-style options to add additional columns. It also causes the command
409
arguments to be printed. When used with
411
the NLWP (number of threads) and LWP (thread ID) columns will be added. See
414
option, the format keyword
416
and the format keyword
420
Extra full format. See the
426
.BI \-\-format \ format
427
user\-defined format. Identical to
381
433
BSD job control format.
387
439
Display BSD long format.
390
Long format. The \fB\-y\fR option is often useful with this.
393
Add a column of security data. Identical to \fBZ\fR (for\ SE\ Linux).
396
is preloaded \fBo\fR (overloaded).
398
The BSD \fBO\fR option can act like \fB\-O\fR (user\-defined output
399
format with some common fields predefined) or can be used to specify
400
sort order. Heuristics are used to determine the behavior of this
401
option. To ensure that the desired behavior is obtained (sorting or
402
formatting), specify the option in some other way
403
(e.g. with \fB\-O\fR or \fB\-\-sort\fR).
404
When used as a formatting option, it is identical to \fB\-O\fR, with the
408
Like \fB\-o\fR, but preloaded with some default columns.
409
Identical to \fB\-o\ pid,\fIformat\fB,state,tname,time,command\fR
410
or \fB\-o\ pid,\fIformat\fB,tname,time,cmd\fR, see\ \fB\-o\fR\ below.
413
Specify user\-defined format. Identical to \fB\-o\fR and
444
option is often useful with this.
447
Add a column of security data. Identical to
454
(overloaded). The BSD
458
(user\-defined output format with some common fields predefined) or can be
459
used to specify sort order. Heuristics are used to determine the behavior of
460
this option. To ensure that the desired behavior is obtained (sorting or
461
formatting), specify the option in some other way (e.g. with
465
When used as a formatting option, it is identical to
467
with the BSD personality.
472
but preloaded with some default columns. Identical to
473
\fB\-o\ pid,\:\fIformat\fB,\:state,\:tname,\:time,\:command\fR or
474
\fB\-o\ pid,\:\fIformat\fB,\:tname,\:time,\:cmd\fR,
480
Specify user\-defined format. Identical to
417
486
User\-defined format.
419
\fIformat\fR is a single argument in the form of a
420
blank\-separated or comma\-separated list, which offers
421
a way to specify individual output columns.
422
The recognized keywords are described in the \fBSTANDARD FORMAT
423
SPECIFIERS\fR section below.
425
renamed (\fBps\ \-o\ pid,ruser=RealUser\ \-o\ comm=Command\fR) as desired.
426
If all column headers are empty (\fBps\ \-o\ pid=\ \-o\ comm=\fR) then the
427
header line will not be output. Column width will increase as
428
needed for wide headers; this may be used to widen up columns
429
such as WCHAN (\fBps\ \-o\ pid,wchan=WIDE\-WCHAN\-COLUMN\ \-o\ comm\fR).
430
Explicit width control (\fBps\ opid,wchan:42,cmd\fR) is offered too.
431
The behavior of \fBps\ \-o\ pid=X,comm=Y\fR varies with personality;
432
output may be one column named "X,comm=Y" or two columns
433
named "X" and "Y". Use multiple \fB\-o\fR options when in doubt.
434
Use the \fBPS_FORMAT\fR environment variable to specify a default
435
as desired; DefSysV and DefBSD are macros that may be used to
436
choose the default UNIX or BSD columns.
439
Display signal format
442
Display user\-oriented format
445
Display virtual memory format
488
is a single argument in the form of a blank\-separated or comma\-separated
489
list, which offers a way to specify individual output columns. The
490
recognized keywords are described in the
491
.B STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS
492
section below. Headers may be renamed
493
.RB ( "ps \-o pid,\:ruser=RealUser \-o comm=Command" )
495
If all column headers are empty
496
.RB ( "ps \-o pid= \-o comm=" )
497
then the header line will not be output. Column width will increase as
498
needed for wide headers; this may be used to widen up columns such as WCHAN
499
.RB ( "ps \-o pid,\:wchan=\:WIDE\-\:WCHAN\-\:COLUMN \-o comm" ).
502
.RB ( "ps opid,\:wchan:42,\:cmd" )
503
is offered too. The behavior of
504
.B ps -o pid=X,\:comm=Y
505
varies with personality; output may be one column named "X,\:comm=Y" or two
506
columns named "X" and "Y". Use multiple
508
options when in doubt. Use the
510
environment variable to specify a default as desired; DefSysV and DefBSD are
511
macros that may be used to choose the default UNIX or BSD columns.
514
Display signal format.
517
Display user\-oriented format.
520
Display virtual memory format.
451
Do not show flags; show rss in place of addr.
452
This option can only be used with \fB\-l\fR.
455
Add a column of security data. Identical to \fB\-M\fR (for\ SE\ Linux).
526
Do not show flags; show rss in place of addr. This option can only be used
531
Add a column of security data. Identical to
457
534
.\" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
460
537
.SH "OUTPUT MODIFIERS"
464
540
.\" use raw CPU time for %CPU instead of decaying average
467
Show the true command name. This is derived from the name of the
468
executable file, rather than from the argv value. Command arguments
469
and any modifications to them are
470
thus not shown. This option
471
effectively turns the \fBargs\fR format keyword into the \fBcomm\fR
472
format keyword; it is useful with the \fB\-f\fR format option and with
473
the various BSD\-style format options, which all normally
474
display the command arguments.
475
See the \fB\-f\fR option, the format keyword \fBargs\fR, and the
476
format keyword \fBcomm\fR.
485
Include some dead child process data (as a sum with the parent)
543
Show the true command name. This is derived from the name of the executable
544
file, rather than from the argv value. Command arguments and any
545
modifications to them are thus not shown. This option effectively turns the
547
format keyword into the
549
format keyword; it is useful with the
551
format option and with the various BSD\-style format options, which all
552
normally display the command arguments. See the
557
and the format keyword
567
Include some dead child process data (as a sum with the parent).
488
570
Show the environment after the command.
491
573
ASCII art process hierarchy (forest).
494
576
ASCII art process tree.
497
No header. (or, one header per screen in the BSD personality)
499
The \fBh\fR option is problematic. Standard BSD \fBps\fR uses
500
this option to print a header on each page of output, but older
501
Linux \fBps\fR uses this option to totally disable the header.
502
This version of \fBps\fR follows the Linux usage of not printing
503
the header unless the BSD personality has been selected, in which
504
case it prints a header on each page of output. Regardless of the
505
current personality, you can use the long options \fB\-\-headers\fR
506
and \fB\-\-no\-headers\fR to enable printing headers each page or
507
disable headers entirely, respectively.
579
No header. (or, one header per screen in the BSD personality). The
581
option is problematic. Standard BSD
583
uses this option to print a header on each page of output, but older Linux
585
uses this option to totally disable the header. This version of
587
follows the Linux usage of not printing the header unless the BSD personality
588
has been selected, in which case it prints a header on each page of output.
589
Regardless of the current personality, you can use the long options
593
to enable printing headers each page or disable headers entirely,
510
597
Show process hierarchy (forest).
513
600
Repeat header lines, one per page of output.
516
Specify sorting order. Sorting syntax is
603
Specify sorting order. Sorting syntax is
517
604
[\fB+\fR|\fB\-\fR]\fIkey\fR[,[\fB+\fR|\fB\-\fR]\fIkey\fR[,...]].
518
Choose a multi\-letter key from the \fBSTANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS\fR section.
519
The\ "+" is optional since default direction is increasing numerical or
520
lexicographic order. Identical to \fB\-\-sort\fR. Examples:
522
\fBps\ jaxkuid,\-ppid,+pid\fR
524
\fBps\ axk\ comm\ o\ comm,args\fR
526
\fBps\ kstart_time\ \-ef\fR
529
Set namelist file. Identical to \fBN\fR.
531
The namelist file is needed for a proper WCHAN display, and must match
532
the current Linux kernel exactly for correct output.
533
Without this option, the default search path for the namelist is:
541
/boot/System.map\-\`uname\ \-r\`
545
/lib/modules/\`uname\ \-r\`/System.map
547
/usr/src/linux/System.map
605
Choose a multi\-letter key from the
606
.B STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS
607
section. The "+" is optional since default direction is increasing
608
numerical or lexicographic order. Identical to
614
.B ps jaxkuid,\-ppid,+pid
616
.B ps axk comm o comm,args
618
.B ps kstart_time \-ef
552
622
Set screen height.
625
Set namelist file. Identical to
627
The namelist file is needed for a proper WCHAN display, and must match the
628
current Linux kernel exactly for correct output. Without this option, the
629
default search path for the namelist is:
638
/boot/System.map\-$(uname\ \-r)
642
/lib/modules/$(uname\ \-r)/System.map
644
/usr/src/linux/System.map
555
650
Numeric output for WCHAN and USER (including all types of UID and GID).
558
Specify namelist file. Identical to \fB\-n\fR, see \fB\-n\fR above.
653
Specify namelist file. Identical to
660
Print no header line at all.
662
is an alias for this option.
561
665
Sorting order (overloaded).
563
The BSD \fBO\fR option can act like \fB\-O\fR (user\-defined output
564
format with some common fields predefined) or can be used to specify
565
sort order. Heuristics are used to determine the behavior of this
566
option. To ensure that the desired behavior is obtained (sorting or
567
formatting), specify the option in some other way (e.g. with \fB\-O\fR
570
For sorting, obsolete BSD \fBO\fR option syntax is
670
(user\-defined output format with some common fields predefined) or can be
671
used to specify sort order. Heuristics are used to determine the behavior of
672
this option. To ensure that the desired behavior is obtained (sorting or
673
formatting), specify the option in some other way (e.g. with
678
For sorting, obsolete BSD
571
681
\fBO\fR[\fB+\fR|\fB\-\fR]\fIk1\fR[,[\fB+\fR|\fB\-\fR]\fIk2\fR[,...]].
572
682
It orders the processes listing according to the multilevel sort specified by
573
the sequence of one\-letter short keys \fIk1\fR, \fIk2\fR, ... described
574
in the \fBOBSOLETE SORT KEYS\fR section below.
575
The\ "+" is currently optional,
576
merely re\-iterating the default direction on a key,
577
but may help to distinguish an \fBO\fR sort from an \fBO\fR format.
578
The\ "\-" reverses direction only on the key it precedes.
581
Print no header line at all. \fB\-\-no\-heading\fR is an alias for this
683
the sequence of one\-letter short keys
686
.B OBSOLETE SORT KEYS
687
section below. The\ "+" is currently optional, merely re\-iterating the
688
default direction on a key, but may help to distinguish an
692
format. The "\-" reverses direction only on the key it precedes.
585
695
Set screen height.
588
Sum up some information, such as CPU usage, from dead child processes
589
into their parent. This is useful for examining a system where a
590
parent process repeatedly forks off short\-lived children to do work.
593
Specify sorting order. Sorting syntax is
594
[\fB+\fR|\fB\-\fR]\fIkey\fR[,[\fB+\fR|\fB\-\fR]\fIkey\fR[,...]].
595
Choose a multi\-letter key from the \fBSTANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS\fR section.
596
The\ "+" is optional since default direction is increasing numerical or
597
lexicographic order. Identical to\ \fBk\fR.
598
For example: \fBps\ jax\ \-\-sort=uid,\-ppid,+pid\fR
601
Wide output. Use this option twice for unlimited width.
604
Wide output. Use this option twice for unlimited width.
698
Sum up some information, such as CPU usage, from dead child processes into
699
their parent. This is useful for examining a system where a parent process
700
repeatedly forks off short\-lived children to do work.
703
Specify sorting order. Sorting syntax is
704
[\fB+\fR|\fB\-\fR]\fIkey\fR[,[\fB+\fR|\fB\-\fR]\fIkey\fR[,...]]. Choose a
705
multi\-letter key from the
706
.B STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS
707
section. The "+" is optional since default direction is increasing numerical
708
or lexicographic order. Identical to
711
.B ps jax \-\-sort=\:uid,\:\-ppid,\:+pid
714
Wide output. Use this option twice for unlimited width.
717
Wide output. Use this option twice for unlimited width.
609
721
.\" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
612
724
.SH "THREAD DISPLAY"
616
727
Show threads as if they were processes.
619
730
Show threads, possibly with LWP and NLWP columns.
622
Show threads after processes.
625
Show threads after processes.
733
Show threads after processes.
736
Show threads after processes.
628
739
Show threads, possibly with SPID column.
630
740
.\" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
633
743
.SH "OTHER INFORMATION"
637
Print a help message.
745
.BI \-\-help \ section
746
Print a help message. The section argument can be one of
753
The argument can be shortened to one of the underlined letters as in: s|l|o|t|m|a.
640
756
Print debugging info.
643
759
List all format specifiers.
646
Print the procps version.
649
Print the procps version.
652
Print the procps version.
762
Print the procps-ng version.
765
Print the procps-ng version.
768
Print the procps-ng version.
654
769
.\" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
658
This \fBps\fR works by reading the virtual files in\ /proc.
659
This \fBps\fR does not need to be setuid kmem or have any privileges to run.
660
Do not give this \fBps\fR any special permissions.
662
This \fBps\fR needs access to namelist data for proper WCHAN display.
663
For kernels prior to 2.6, the System.map file must be installed.
665
CPU usage is currently expressed as the percentage of time spent
666
running during the entire lifetime of a process.
667
This is not ideal, and\ it does not conform to the
668
standards that \fBps\fR otherwise conforms\ to.
669
CPU\ usage is unlikely to add up to exactly\ 100%.
775
works by reading the virtual files in /proc. This
777
does not need to be setuid kmem or have any privileges to run. Do not give
780
any special permissions.
784
needs access to namelist data for proper WCHAN display. For kernels prior to
785
2.6, the System.map file must be installed.
787
CPU usage is currently expressed as the percentage of time spent running
788
during the entire lifetime of a process. This is not ideal, and\ it does not
789
conform to the standards that
791
otherwise conforms to. CPU usage is unlikely to add up to exactly 100%.
671
793
The SIZE and RSS fields don't count some parts of a process including the
672
page tables, kernel stack, struct thread_info, and struct task_struct.
673
This is usually at least 20\ KiB of memory that is always resident.
674
SIZE is the virtual size of the process (code+data+stack).
676
Processes marked <defunct> are dead processes (so\-called\ "zombies") that
677
remain because their parent has not destroyed them properly. These processes
678
will be destroyed by \fIinit\fR(8) if the parent process exits.
794
page tables, kernel stack, struct thread_info, and struct task_struct. This
795
is usually at least 20 KiB of memory that is always resident. SIZE is the
796
virtual size of the process (code+\:data+\:stack).
798
Processes marked <defunct> are dead processes (so\-called "zombies") that
799
remain because their parent has not destroyed them properly. These processes
802
if the parent process exits.
804
If the length of the username is greater than the length of the display
805
column, the numeric user ID is displayed instead.
681
806
.SH "PROCESS FLAGS"
682
807
The sum of these values is displayed in the "F" column,
683
which is provided by the \fBflags\fR output specifier:
808
which is provided by the
1004
1201
etime ELAPSED T{
1005
elapsed time since the process was started,
1006
in\ the form\ [[DD\-]hh:]mm:ss.
1202
elapsed time since the process was started, in the form [[DD\-]hh:]mm:ss.
1206
elapsed time since the process was started, in seconds.
1010
effective user\ ID (alias\ \fBuid\fR).
1210
effective user ID (alias
1014
effective user\ name. This will be the textual
1015
user\ ID, if\ it can be obtained and the field width permits,
1016
or\ a\ decimal representation otherwise.
1017
The\ \fBn\fR\ option can be used
1018
to force the decimal representation.
1019
(alias\ \fBuname\fR,\ \fBuser\fR).
1215
effective user name. This will be the textual user ID, if it can be obtained
1216
and the field width permits, or a decimal representation otherwise. The
1218
option can be used to force the decimal representation. (alias
1219
.BR uname , \ user ).
1023
flags associated with the process, see the \fBPROCESS FLAGS\fR section.
1024
(alias\ \fBflag\fR,\ \fBflags\fR).
1223
flags associated with the process, see the
1226
.BR flag , \ flags ).
1028
filesystem access group\ ID. (alias\ \fBfsgid\fR).
1230
filesystem access group\ ID. (alias
1031
1234
fgroup FGROUP T{
1032
filesystem access group\ ID.
1033
This will be the textual group\ ID, if\ it can be obtained
1034
and the field width permits,
1035
or\ a\ decimal representation otherwise.
1036
(alias\ \fBfsgroup\fR).
1235
filesystem access group ID. This will be the textual group ID, if it can
1236
be obtained and the field width permits, or a decimal representation
1040
see\ \fBf\fR. (alias\ \fBf\fR,\ \fBflags\fR).
1044
see\ \fBf\fR. (alias\ \fBf\fR,\ \fBflag\fR).
1047
1255
fname COMMAND T{
1048
first 8 bytes of the base name of the process's executable file.
1049
The output in this column may contain spaces.
1256
first 8 bytes of the base name of the process's executable file. The output
1257
in this column may contain spaces.
1053
filesystem access user\ ID. (alias\ \fBfsuid\fR).
1261
filesystem access user ID. (alias
1057
filesystem access user\ ID. This will be the textual user\ ID,
1058
if\ it can be obtained and the field width permits,
1059
or\ a\ decimal representation otherwise.
1266
filesystem access user ID. This will be the textual user ID, if it can be
1267
obtained and the field width permits, or a decimal representation otherwise.
1063
see\ \fBegid\fR. (alias\ \fBegid\fR).
1067
see\ \fBegroup\fR. (alias\ \fBegroup\fR).
1070
1284
ignored IGNORED T{
1071
mask of the ignored signals, see \fIsignal\fR(7). According to the
1072
width of the field, a\ 32 or 64\ bits mask in hexadecimal format
1073
is displayed. (alias \fBsig_ignore\fR, \fBsigignore\fR).
1285
mask of the ignored signals, see
1287
According to the width of the field, a 32 or 64 bits mask in hexadecimal
1288
format is displayed. (alias
1289
.BR sig_ignore , \ sigignore ).
1077
security label, most commonly used for SE\ Linux context data.
1078
This is for the \fIMandatory Access Control\fR ("MAC") found on
1079
high\-security systems.
1293
security label, most commonly used for SE Linux context data. This is for
1295
.I Mandatory Access Control
1296
("MAC") found on high\-security systems.
1082
1299
lstart STARTED T{
1083
time the command started.
1084
See also \fBbsdstart\fR, \fBstart\fR, \fBstart_time\fR, and \fBstime\fR.
1300
time the command started. See also
1301
.BR bsdstart , \ start , \ start_time ", and" \ stime .
1088
lwp (light weight process, or thread) ID of the lwp being reported.
1089
(alias\ \fBspid\fR,\ \fBtid\fR).
1305
light weight process (thread) ID of the dispatchable entity (alias
1309
for additional information.
1092
1312
maj_flt MAJFLT T{
1093
The number of major page faults that have occured with this process.
1313
The number of major page faults that have occurred with this process.
1096
1316
min_flt MINFLT T{
1097
The number of minor page faults that have occured with this process.
1317
The number of minor page faults that have occurred with this process.
1101
nice value. This ranges from 19 (nicest) to \-20 (not\ nice to\ others),
1102
see\ \fInice\fR(1). (alias\ \fBnice\fR).
1321
nice value. This ranges from 19 (nicest) to \-20 (not nice to others),
1106
see\ \fBni\fR. (alias\ \fBni\fR).
1110
number of lwps (threads) in the process. (alias\ \fBthcount\fR).
1335
number of lwps (threads) in the process. (alias
1113
1339
nwchan WCHAN T{
1114
address of the kernel function where the process is sleeping
1115
(use \fBwchan\fR if you want the kernel function name).
1116
Running tasks will display a dash ('\-') in this column.
1340
address of the kernel function where the process is sleeping (use
1342
if you want the kernel function name). Running tasks will display a dash
1343
('\-') in this column.
1120
see\ \fB%cpu\fR. (alias\ \fB%cpu\fR).
1123
1353
pending PENDING T{
1124
mask of the pending signals. See\ \fIsignal\fR(7). Signals pending on
1125
the process are distinct from signals pending on individual threads.
1126
Use the \fBm\fR option or the \fB\-m\fR option to see both.
1127
According to the width of the field, a\ 32 or 64\ bits mask in
1128
hexadecimal format is displayed. (alias\ \fBsig\fR).
1354
mask of the pending signals. See
1356
Signals pending on the process are distinct from signals pending on
1357
individual threads. Use the
1361
option to see both. According to the width of the field, a 32 or 64 bits
1362
mask in hexadecimal format is displayed. (alias
1132
process group\ ID or, equivalently, the process\ ID of the
1133
process group leader. (alias\ \fBpgrp\fR).
1367
process group ID or, equivalently, the process ID of the process group
1137
see\ \fBpgid\fR. (alias\ \fBpgid\fR).
1141
process\ ID number of the process.
1380
a number representing the process ID (alias
1145
see\ \fB%mem\fR. (alias\ \fB%mem\fR).
1149
scheduling class of the process. (alias\ \fBclass\fR,\ \fBcls\fR).
1392
scheduling class of the process. (alias
1393
.BR class , \ cls ).
1150
1394
Possible values are:
1152
1396
\- not reported
1288
1554
start STARTED T{
1289
time the command started.
1290
If the process was started less than 24 hours ago,
1291
the output format is "HH:MM:SS",
1292
else it is "\ \ <mm\ dd"
1293
(where Mmm is a three\-letter month\ name).
1294
See also \fBlstart\fR, \fBbsdstart\fR, \fBstart_time\fR, and \fBstime\fR.
1555
time the command started. If the process was started less than 24 hours ago,
1556
the output format is "HH:MM:SS", else it is "\ \ Mmm\ dd" (where Mmm is a
1557
three\-letter month name). See also
1558
.BR lstart , \ bsdstart , \ start_time ", and" \ stime .
1297
1561
start_time START T{
1298
starting time or date of the process.
1299
Only the year will be displayed if the process was not
1300
started the same year \fBps\fR was invoked,
1301
or\ "MmmDD" if\ it was not started the same day,
1302
or\ "HH:MM" otherwise.
1303
See also \fBbsdstart\fR, \fBstart\fR, \fBlstart\fR, and \fBstime\fR.
1562
starting time or date of the process. Only the year will be displayed if the
1563
process was not started the same year
1565
was invoked, or "MmmDD" if it was not started the same day, or "HH:MM"
1567
.BR bsdstart , \ start , \ lstart ", and" \ stime .
1307
multi\-character process state.
1308
See\ section \fBPROCESS STATE CODES\fR
1309
for the different values meaning.
1310
See also \fBs\fR and \fBstate\fR if you just want
1311
the first character displayed.
1571
multi\-character process state. See section
1572
.B PROCESS STATE CODES
1573
for the different values meaning. See also
1575
if you just want the first character displayed.
1315
see\ \fBs\fR. (alias\ \fBs\fR).
1580
.BR s ". (alias" \ s ).
1319
saved user\ ID. (alias\ \fBsvuid\fR).
1584
saved user ID. (alias
1322
1588
supgid SUPGID T{
1323
gid of supplementary groups, see
1589
group ids of supplementary groups, if any. See
1324
1590
.BR getgroups (2).
1327
1593
supgrp SUPGRP T{
1328
names of supplementary groups, see
1594
group names of supplementary groups, if any. See
1329
1595
.BR getgroups (2).
1333
saved user name. This will be the textual user\ ID,
1334
if\ it can be obtained and the field width permits,
1335
or\ a\ decimal representation otherwise.
1336
(alias\ \fBsvuser\fR).
1599
saved user name. This will be the textual user ID, if it can be obtained and
1600
the field width permits, or a decimal representation otherwise. (alias
1340
see\ \fBsgid\fR. (alias\ \fBsgid\fR).
1344
see\ \fBsuid\fR. (alias\ \fBsuid\fR).
1348
size in physical pages of the core image of the process.
1349
This includes text, data, and stack space.
1350
Device mappings are currently excluded; this is subject to change.
1351
See \fBvsz\fR and \fBrss\fR.
1619
size in physical pages of the core image of the process. This includes text,
1620
data, and stack space. Device mappings are currently excluded; this is
1621
subject to change. See
1622
.BR vsz \ and \ rss .
1626
a number representing the thread group to which a task belongs (alias
1628
It is the process ID of the thread group leader.
1354
1631
thcount THCNT T{
1355
see \fBnlwp\fR. (alias\ \fBnlwp\fR).
1356
1636
number of kernel threads owned by the process.
1360
see\ \fBlwp\fR. (alias\ \fBlwp\fR).
1640
the unique number representing a dispatacable entity (alias
1642
This value may also appear as: a process ID (pid); a process group ID (pgrp);
1643
a session ID for the session leader (sid); a thread group ID for the thread
1644
group leader (tgid); and a tty process group ID for the process group leader
1364
cumulative CPU\ time, "[DD\-]HH:MM:SS" format. (alias\ \fBcputime\fR).
1649
cumulative CPU\ time, "[DD\-]HH:MM:SS" format. (alias
1368
controlling tty (terminal).
1369
(alias\ \fBtt\fR,\ \fBtty\fR).
1654
controlling tty (terminal). (alias
1373
ID of the foreground process group on the tty (terminal) that
1374
the process is connected to, or \-1 if the process is not connected
1659
ID of the foreground process group on the tty (terminal) that the process is
1660
connected to, or \-1 if the process is not connected to a tty.
1379
controlling tty (terminal). (alias\ \fBtname\fR,\ \fBtty\fR).
1664
controlling tty (terminal). (alias
1665
.BR tname , \ tty ).
1383
controlling tty (terminal). (alias\ \fBtname\fR,\ \fBtt\fR).
1669
controlling tty (terminal). (alias
1387
see \fBcomm\fR. (alias\ \fBcomm\fR,\ \fBucomm\fR).
1677
.BR comm , \ ucomm ).
1390
1680
ucomm COMMAND T{
1391
see \fBcomm\fR. (alias\ \fBcomm\fR,\ \fBucmd\fR).
1684
.BR comm , \ ucmd ).
1395
see \fBeuid\fR. (alias\ \fBeuid\fR).
1399
see \fBeuser\fR. (alias\ \fBeuser\fR,\ \fBuser\fR).
1698
.BR euser , \ user ).
1403
see \fBeuser\fR. (alias\ \fBeuser\fR,\ \fBuname\fR).
1705
.BR euser , \ uname ).
1407
see \fBvsz\fR. (alias\ \fBvsz\fR).
1411
virtual memory size of the process in KiB (1024\-byte\ units).
1412
Device mappings are currently excluded; this is subject to change.
1413
(alias\ \fBvsize\fR).
1716
virtual memory size of the process in KiB (1024\-byte units). Device
1717
mappings are currently excluded; this is subject to change. (alias
1417
name of the kernel function in which the process is sleeping,
1418
a\ "\-"\ if the process is running,
1419
or a "*"\ if the process is multi\-threaded and
1420
\fBps\fR is not displaying threads.
1722
name of the kernel function in which the process is sleeping, a "\-" if the
1723
process is running, or a "*" if the process is multi\-threaded and
1725
is not displaying threads.
1423
1729
.\" #######################################################################
1426
1732
.SH "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES"
1427
The following environment variables could affect \fBps\fR:
1733
The following environment variables could affect
1430
1737
Override default display width.