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package Language::INTERCAL::Charset::Hollerith;
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# Convert between Hollerith and ASCII
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# This file is part of CLC-INTERCAL.
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# Copyright (C) 2000, 2002, 2006 Claudio Calvelli, all rights reserved
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# CLC-INTERCAL is copyrighted software. However, permission to use, modify,
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# and distribute it is granted provided that the conditions set out in the
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# licence agreement are met. See files README and COPYING in the distribution.
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use vars qw($PERVERSION);
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$PERVERSION = "CLC-INTERCAL INTERCAL/Charset/Hollerith.pm 1.-94.-6";
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use Language::INTERCAL::Exporter '1.-94.-4';
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use vars qw(@EXPORT @EXPORT_OK);
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@EXPORT_OK = qw(ascii2hollerith hollerith2ascii);
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use Language::INTERCAL::Splats '1.-94.-4', qw(:SP);
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my @bitmask = ("\001\000", "\000\001", "\002\000", "\000\002",
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"\004\000", "\000\004", "\010\000", "\000\010",
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"\020\000", "\000\020", '', "\040\000", "\000\040");
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my ($ascii, @punch) = @_;
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my $hollerith = "\000\000";
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my $punch = shift @punch;
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die "Internal error (punch=$punch)"
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if $punch >= @bitmask || $bitmask[$punch] eq '';
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$hollerith |= $bitmask[$punch];
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$hollerith |= "\100\000" if "\000\000" eq ($hollerith & "\040\000");
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$hollerith |= "\000\100" if "\000\000" eq ($hollerith & "\000\040");
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my %ascii2hollerith = map { mk_hollerith(@$_) } (
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["\"\b.", 12, 8, 3, 2],
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# Punched cards do not have lowercase - we use uppercase with overpunch
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# overline (tall worm?) is 11, 0
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# the following codes do not exist in Hollerith - we use "Christmas lights"
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["\n", 12, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1],
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["\r", 11, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1],
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["\t", 0, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1],
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my %asciimultiple = map { (substr($_, 0, length($_) - 1) => 1) }
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grep { length($_) > 1 }
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keys %ascii2hollerith;
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my %hollerith2ascii = reverse %ascii2hollerith;
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#print join(' ', sort values %ascii2hollerith), "\n";
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#print join(' ', sort keys %hollerith2ascii), "\n";
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die "Internal error" if keys %ascii2hollerith != keys %hollerith2ascii;
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sub hollerith2ascii {
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@_ == 1 or croak "Usage: hollerith2ascii(STRING)";
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while ($string ne '') {
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my $char = substr($string, 0, 2);
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$string = substr($string, 2);
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$char .= "\000" if length($char) == 1;
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$char |= "\100\000" if "\000\000" eq ($char & "\040\000");
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$char |= "\000\100" if "\000\000" eq ($char & "\000\040");
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if (! exists $hollerith2ascii{$char}) {
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for (my $punch = 0; $punch < @bitmask; $punch++) {
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push @punch, $punch if $bitmask[$punch] ne '' &&
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($char & $bitmask[$punch]) ne "\000\000";
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push @punch, '(empty' unless @punch;
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my $punch = join('-', sort { $b <=> $a } @punch);
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faint(SP_NOSUCHCHAR, $punch, "Hollerith")
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$result .= $hollerith2ascii{$char};
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sub ascii2hollerith {
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@_ == 1 or croak "Usage: ascii2hollerith(STRING)";
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while ($string ne '') {
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my $char = substr($string, 0, 1);
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$string = substr($string, 1);
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while ($string ne '' && exists $asciimultiple{$char}) {
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my $next = substr($string, 0, 1);
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last if ! exists $asciimultiple{$char . $next} &&
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! exists $ascii2hollerith{$char . $next};
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$string = substr($string, 1);
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$result .= $ascii2hollerith{$char} ||
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faint(SP_NOSUCHCHAR, $char, "Hollerith")
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Charset::Hollerith - allows to use Hollerith string constants in ASCII programs (and v.v.)
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use Charset::Hollerith qw(hollerith2ascii);
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my $a = hollerith2ascii "(Hollerith text)";
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I<Charset::Hollerith> defines functions to convert between a subset of ASCII
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and a subset of nonstandard Hollerith (since there isn't such a thing as a
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Hollerith we defined our own variant which is guaranteed to be incompatible
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with all versions of Hollerith used by IBM hardware - however, for each
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character code we have used the code used by some (but not all) IBM card
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reader, if the code exists in Hollerith at all, or we have made one up
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in some logical way (such as overpunching) if no IBM hardware had that
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particular character.
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The two functions I<hollerith2ascii> and I<ascii2hollerith> are exportable
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but not exported by default. They do the obvious thing to their argument.
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=head1 HOLLERITH CHARACTER TABLE
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A Hollerith string is a sequence of 12-bit characters; they are encoded as
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two ASCII characters, containing 6 bits each: the first character contains
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punches 12, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and the second character contains punches 11, 1,
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3, 5, 7, 9; interleaving the two characters gives the original 12 bits.
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To make the characters printable on ASCII terminals, bit 7 is always set to 0,
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and bit 6 is set to the complement of bit 5. These two bits are ignored when
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reading Hollerith cards.
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Some Hollerith characters (produced by overpunching) can be converted
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to sequences of ASCII characters; I<ascii2hollerith> will correctly
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recognise the sequences.
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The following punched cards document the encoding of characters (the last
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three symbols at the end nongraphic symbols in ASCII; the previous two
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symbols correspond to multicharacter sequences):
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' !"#$%&()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\]^_`{|}~��0123456789
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12 * * * * * * * * * * 12
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11 * * * * ** ** * * * 11
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0 * * * * **** * * *** 0
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4 *** * * ** * * * * 4
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8 * ******** * * ******* * * * * * 8
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrs
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12 ********* ********* 12
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11 ********* ********* 11
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tuvwxyz [] ". NL CR HT
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This module is part of CLC-INTERCAL.
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Copyright (C) 2000, 2002, 2006 Claudio Calvelli, all rights reserved.
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See the files README and COPYING in the distribution for information.
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A qualified psychiatrist.
added
removed
INTERCAL/Charset/Hollerith.pm
