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If your compiler does not recognize ANSI C headers,
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compile with KR_headers defined: either add -DKR_headers
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to the definition of CFLAGS in the makefile, or insert
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at the top of f2c.h and fmtlib.c .
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If you have a really ancient K&R C compiler that does not understand
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void, add -Dvoid=int to the definition of CFLAGS in the makefile.
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If you use a C++ compiler, first create a local f2c.h by appending
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f2ch.add to the usual f2c.h, e.g., by issuing the command
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which assumes f2c.h is installed in /usr/include .
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If your system lacks /usr/include/fcntl.h , then you
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should simply create an empty fcntl.h in this directory.
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If your compiler then complains about creat and open not
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having a prototype, compile with OPEN_DECL defined.
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On many systems, open and creat are declared in fcntl.h .
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If your system has /usr/include/fcntl.h, you may need to add
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-D_POSIX_SOURCE to the makefile's definition of CFLAGS.
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If your system's sprintf does not work the way ANSI C
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specifies -- specifically, if it does not return the
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number of characters transmitted -- then insert the line
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at the end of fmt.h . This is necessary with
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at least some versions of Sun and DEC software.
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In particular, if you get a warning about an improper
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pointer/integer combination in compiling wref.c, then
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you need to compile with -DUSE_STRLEN .
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If your system's fopen does not like the ANSI binary
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reading and writing modes "rb" and "wb", then you should
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compile open.c with NON_ANSI_RW_MODES #defined.
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If you get error messages about references to cf->_ptr
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and cf->_base when compiling wrtfmt.c and wsfe.c or to
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stderr->_flag when compiling err.c, then insert the line
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#define NON_UNIX_STDIO
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at the beginning of fio.h, and recompile everything (or
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at least those modules that contain NON_UNIX_STDIO).
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Unformatted sequential records consist of a length of record
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contents, the record contents themselves, and the length of
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record contents again (for backspace). Prior to 17 Oct. 1991,
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the length was of type int; now it is of type long, but you
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can change it back to int by inserting
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at the beginning of fio.h. This affects only sue.c and uio.c .
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On VAX, Cray, or Research Tenth-Edition Unix systems, you may
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need to add -DVAX, -DCRAY, or -DV10 (respectively) to CFLAGS
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to make fp.h work correctly. Alternatively, you may need to
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edit fp.h to suit your machine.
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You may need to supply the following non-ANSI routines:
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fstat(int fileds, struct stat *buf) is similar
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to stat(char *name, struct stat *buf), except that
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the first argument, fileds, is the file descriptor
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returned by open rather than the name of the file.
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fstat is used in the system-dependent routine
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canseek (in the libI77 source file err.c), which
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is supposed to return 1 if it's possible to issue
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seeks on the file in question, 0 if it's not; you may
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need to suitably modify err.c . On non-UNIX systems,
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you can avoid references to fstat and stat by compiling
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with NON_UNIX_STDIO defined; in that case, you may need
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to supply access(char *Name,0), which is supposed to
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return 0 if file Name exists, nonzero otherwise.
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char * mktemp(char *buf) is supposed to replace the
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6 trailing X's in buf with a unique number and then
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return buf. The idea is to get a unique name for
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On non-UNIX systems, you may need to change a few other,
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e.g.: the form of name computed by mktemp() in endfile.c and
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open.c; the use of the open(), close(), and creat() system
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calls in endfile.c, err.c, open.c; and the modes in calls on
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fopen() and fdopen() (and perhaps the use of fdopen() itself
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an integer file descriptor) in err.c and open.c (component ufmt
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of struct unit is 1 for formatted I/O -- text mode on some systems
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Compiling with -DNON_UNIX_STDIO omits all references to creat()
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and almost all references to open() and close(), the exception
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being in the function f__isdev() (in open.c).
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For MS-DOS, compile all of libI77 with -DMSDOS (which implies
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-DNON_UNIX_STDIO). You may need to make other compiler-dependent
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adjustments; for example, for Turbo C++ you need to adjust the mktemp
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invocations and to #undef ungetc in lread.c and rsne.c .
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If you want to be able to load against libI77 but not libF77,
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then you will need to add sig_die.o (from libF77) to libI77.
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If you wish to use translated Fortran that has funny notions
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of record length for direct unformatted I/O (i.e., that assumes
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RECL= values in OPEN statements are not bytes but rather counts
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of some other units -- e.g., 4-character words for VMS), then you
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should insert an appropriate #define for url_Adjust at the
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beginning of open.c . For VMS Fortran, for example,
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#define url_Adjust(x) x *= 4
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To check for transmission errors, issue the command
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This assumes you have the xsum program whose source, xsum.c,
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is distributed as part of "all from f2c/src". If you do not
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have xsum, you can obtain xsum.c by sending the following E-mail
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message to netlib@netlib.bell-labs.com
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send xsum.c from f2c/src
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The makefile assumes you have installed f2c.h in a standard
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place (and does not cause recompilation when f2c.h is changed);
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f2c.h comes with "all from f2c" (the source for f2c) and is
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available separately ("f2c.h from f2c").
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By default, Fortran I/O units 5, 6, and 0 are pre-connected to
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stdin, stdout, and stderr, respectively. You can change this
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behavior by changing f_init() in err.c to suit your needs.
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Note that f2c assumes READ(*... means READ(5... and WRITE(*...
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means WRITE(6... . Moreover, an OPEN(n,... statement that does
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not specify a file name (and does not specify STATUS='SCRATCH')
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assumes FILE='fort.n' . You can change this by editing open.c
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and endfile.c suitably.
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Unless you adjust the "#define MXUNIT" line in fio.h, Fortran units
139
0, 1, ..., 99 are available, i.e., the highest allowed unit number
142
Lines protected from compilation by #ifdef Allow_TYQUAD
143
are for a possible extension to 64-bit integers in which
144
integer = int = 32 bits and longint = long = 64 bits.
146
Extensions (Feb. 1993) to NAMELIST processing:
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1. Reading a ? instead of &name (the start of a namelist) causes
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the namelist being sought to be written to stdout (unit 6);
149
to omit this feature, compile rsne.c with -DNo_Namelist_Questions.
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2. Reading the wrong namelist name now leads to an error message
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and an attempt to skip input until the right namelist name is found;
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to omit this feature, compile rsne.c with -DNo_Bad_Namelist_Skip.
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3. Namelist writes now insert newlines before each variable; to omit
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this feature, compile xwsne.c with -DNo_Extra_Namelist_Newlines.
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4. (Sept. 1995) When looking for the &name that starts namelist
156
input, lines whose first non-blank character is something other
157
than &, $, or ? are treated as comment lines and ignored, unless
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rsne.c is compiled with -DNo_Namelist_Comments.
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Nonstandard extension (Feb. 1993) to open: for sequential files,
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ACCESS='APPEND' (or access='anything else starting with "A" or "a"')
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causes the file to be positioned at end-of-file, so a write will
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Some buggy Fortran programs use unformatted direct I/O to write
166
an incomplete record and later read more from that record than
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they have written. For records other than the last, the unwritten
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portion of the record reads as binary zeros. The last record is
169
a special case: attempting to read more from it than was written
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gives end-of-file -- which may help one find a bug. Some other
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Fortran I/O libraries treat the last record no differently than
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others and thus give no help in finding the bug of reading more
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than was written. If you wish to have this behavior, compile
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uio.c with -DPad_UDread .
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If you want to be able to catch write failures (e.g., due to a
177
disk being full) with an ERR= specifier, compile dfe.c, due.c,
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sfe.c, sue.c, and wsle.c with -DALWAYS_FLUSH. This will lead to
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slower execution and more I/O, but should make ERR= work as
180
expected, provided fflush returns an error return when its
181
physical write fails.
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Carriage controls are meant to be interpreted by the UNIX col
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program (or a similar program). Sometimes it's convenient to use
185
only ' ' as the carriage control character (normal single spacing).
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If you compile lwrite.c and wsfe.c with -DOMIT_BLANK_CC, formatted
187
external output lines will have an initial ' ' quietly omitted,
188
making use of the col program unnecessary with output that only
189
has ' ' for carriage control.
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The Fortran 77 Standard leaves it up to the implementation whether
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formatted writes of floating-point numbers of absolute value < 1 have
193
a zero before the decimal point. By default, libI77 omits such
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superfluous zeros, but you can cause them to appear by compiling
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lwrite.c, wref.c, and wrtfmt.c with -DWANT_LEAD_0 .
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If your system lacks a ranlib command, you don't need it.
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Either comment out the makefile's ranlib invocation, or install
199
a harmless "ranlib" command somewhere in your PATH, such as the
200
one-line shell script
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exec /usr/bin/ar lts $1 >/dev/null
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Most of the routines in libI77 are support routines for Fortran
209
I/O. There are a few exceptions, summarized below -- I/O related
210
functions and subroutines that appear to your program as ordinary
211
external Fortran routines.
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1. CALL FLUSH flushes all buffers.
215
2. FTELL(i) is an INTEGER function that returns the current
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offset of Fortran unit i (or -1 if unit i is not open).
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3. CALL FSEEK(i, offset, whence, *errlab) attemps to move
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Fortran unit i to the specified offset: absolute offset
220
if whence = 0; relative to the current offset if whence = 1;
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relative to the end of the file if whence = 2. It branches
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to label errlab if unit i is not open or if the call
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Nowadays most Unix and Linux systems have function
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int ftruncate(int fildes, off_t len);
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defined in system header file unistd.h that adjusts the length of file
228
descriptor fildes to length len. Unless endfile.c is compiled with
229
-DNO_TRUNCATE, endfile.c #includes "unistd.h" and calls ftruncate() if
230
necessary to shorten files. If your system lacks ftruncate(), compile
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endfile.c with -DNO_TRUNCATE to make endfile.c use the older and more
232
portable scheme of shortening a file by copying to a temporary file
added
removed
libI77/README
