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<title>doc/rd-draft.rd</title>
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<h1><a name="label-0" id="label-0">RD working draft</a></h1><!-- RDLabel: "RD working draft" -->
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<p>Japanese version is <a href="http://www.ruby-lang.org/~rubikitch/RDP.cgi?cmd=view&name=RD">here</a>.</p>
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<h2><a name="label-1" id="label-1">What is RD?</a></h2><!-- RDLabel: "What is RD?" -->
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<p>RD is Ruby's POD, embeddable documentation format in script file. </p>
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<p>RD is influenced mainly from plain2, a program to translate from plain text to
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some mark-up language. So, RD looks like plain text, and its simpleness and
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neatness make it easy to read and write.</p>
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<h2><a name="label-2" id="label-2">How does the interpreter work for RD?</a></h2><!-- RDLabel: "How does the interpreter work for RD?" -->
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<p>Ruby's interpreter, <code>ruby</code>, simply ignores text between a line beginning
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with "<code>=begin</code>" and one beginning with "<code>=end</code>". So, RD is not only
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embeddable. You can write anything between <code>=begin</code> and <code>=end</code>. RD is
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one of them, but RD will be a standard one.<a name="footmark-1" id="footmark-1" href="#foottext-1"><sup><small>*1</small></sup></a></p>
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<h2><a name="label-3" id="label-3">Concepts and Syntax</a></h2><!-- RDLabel: "Concepts and Syntax" -->
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<h3><a name="label-4" id="label-4">Element, Block and Inline</a></h3><!-- RDLabel: "Element, Block and Inline" -->
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<p>We will use the term "Element" for features of RD which add information
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of document structure to text. In addition, we use a term
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"<a href="#label-5">Block</a>" for Elements for large and global structures, and a term
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"<a href="#label-35">Inline</a>" for ones for small and local decorations.</p>
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<p>Paragraph, headline or list is a kind of Block. RD uses indentation and
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special characters to describe Blocks. You can also write complicated
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structure to nested Blocks. And this style of Block looks naturally like
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plain text format. See <a href="#label-5">Block</a> for details.</p>
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<p>Emphasis, code or reference is a kind of Inline. Parentheses and special
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characters, like ((? ... ?)), are used for Inline. Almost all
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Inline may be nested inside each other. See <a href="#label-35">Inline</a> for more details.</p>
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<h3><a name="label-5" id="label-5">Block</a></h3><!-- RDLabel: "Block" -->
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<h4><a name="label-6" id="label-6">Basic Syntax</a></h4><!-- RDLabel: "Basic Syntax" -->
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<p>Block has line oriented syntax. i.e. each character on the same line belongs to the
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same Block. And the indentation of the line represents nesting level and type of Block.
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The first character of the line represents the type of Block.</p>
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<h5><a name="label-7" id="label-7">Concepts and Terms</a></h5><!-- RDLabel: "Concepts and Terms" -->
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<dt><a name="label-8" id="label-8">Baseline</a></dt><!-- RDLabel: "Baseline" -->
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Baseline is standard depth of indent. Relative depth between indent of one
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line and Baseline affects its Block-type.
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<dt><a name="label-9" id="label-9">Head Char</a></dt><!-- RDLabel: "Head Char" -->
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Head Char is the first character of line, except whitespace.
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<dt><a name="label-10" id="label-10">STRINGLINE</a></dt><!-- RDLabel: "STRINGLINE" -->
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STRINGLINE is line which consists of strings.
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STRINGLINE doesn't have "<code>*</code>", "<code>(<var>num</var>)</code>", "<code>:</code>", "<code>=</code>"
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nor "<code>+</code>" as Head Char. But if the line is indented, "<code>=</code>" and "<code>+</code>"
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<dt><a name="label-11" id="label-11">WHITELINE</a></dt><!-- RDLabel: "WHITELINE" -->
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WHITELINE is a line which consists of whitespace, "<code>\s</code>", "<code>\t</code>" and
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<dt><a name="label-12" id="label-12">Comment</a></dt><!-- RDLabel: "Comment" -->
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A line which is matched with <code>/^#/</code> is regarded as a comment.
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<h5><a name="label-13" id="label-13">How Baseline is defined and how it works</a></h5><!-- RDLabel: "How Baseline is defined and how it works" -->
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<p>At the top level, Baseline is at left end, i.e., indent is 0. In List,
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Baseline is defined by first Block of ListItem. For example,</p>
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<pre>Example: "|" means Baseline
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|Regard this line as one of TextBlock's in top level.
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|<- So this Baseline is at the left-most position.
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|<- this Baseline is defined by the marked with a (1).
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* |Different Item of List can have different Baseline inside.
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|<- So this Baseline differs from one of this list's first item.</pre>
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<p>|Regard this line as one of TextBlock's in top level.
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|<- So this Baseline is at the left-most position.</p>
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<li>|it is in List. (1)
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|<- this Baseline is defined by the marked with a (1).</li>
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<li>|Different Items in Lists can have different Baselines inside.
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|<- So this Baseline differs from the one of this list's first item.</li>
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<p>If one Block is nested in another Block, the Baseline of the inside Blocks is deeper
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than the Baseline of outside Blocks.</p>
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<p>The relative position between Baseline and indent affects the type of Block.
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If a <a href="#label-10">STRINGLINE</a> has same indent with Baseline, it belongs to
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<a href="#label-20">TextBlock</a>, otherwise, i.e. it has deeper indent than Baseline,
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it belongs to <a href="#label-21">Verbatim</a>.</p>
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<h4><a name="label-14" id="label-14">Types of Block</a></h4><!-- RDLabel: "Types of Block" -->
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<h5><a name="label-15" id="label-15">Headline</a></h5><!-- RDLabel: "Headline" -->
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<p>Headline consists of a line which <a href="#label-9">Head Char</a> is "<code>=</code>" or
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"<code>+</code>". And Headline can't include more than one line. Headline can
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be on only top level.</p>
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|<- Regard this as top level Baseline.
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+ Headline 1.1.1.1.1.</pre>
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<h1><a name="label-16" id="label-16">Headline 1.</a></h1><!-- RDLabel: "Headline 1." -->
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<h3><a name="label-17" id="label-17">Headline 1.1.1.</a></h3><!-- RDLabel: "Headline 1.1.1." -->
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<h5><a name="label-18" id="label-18">Headline 1.1.1.1.1.</a></h5><!-- RDLabel: "Headline 1.1.1.1.1." -->
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<p>Headline Mark represents level of Headline. See following figure. first
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Mark is biggest one, and last Mark has two parts.</p>
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<pre>Fig: Headline Marks
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<p>Text which follows Mark is title of Headline. It is also used as Label of
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<a href="#label-46">Reference</a>.</p>
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<p>Title of Headline can contain <a href="#label-35">Inline</a>s except for <a href="#label-46">Reference</a> and
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<h5><a name="label-19" id="label-19">Include</a></h5><!-- RDLabel: "Include" -->
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<p>Include is a line that line head "<code><<<</code>" and included file name.
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You can input from other file text, both RD and target format, with Include.</p>
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<p>When you include RD file, included file name have to have ".rd" or ".rb" as
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suffix, like "foo.rd", and write full name (not full path) of file after
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"<code><<<</code>". For example,</p>
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<pre><<< foo.rd</pre>
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<p>When you include target format file, include file name have to have suffix
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of target format standard one, for example ".html" in the case of outputting
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HTML, ".texi" in the case of outputting Texinfo, and write base name of file
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after "<code><<<</code>". For example,</p>
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<pre><<< foo</pre>
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<p>RD formatter include "foo.html" to output HTML, and include "foo.texi" to
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output Texinfo. If you want to use Include for target format, you should
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prepare plural type of included file. </p>
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<h5><a name="label-20" id="label-20">TextBlock</a></h5><!-- RDLabel: "TextBlock" -->
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<p>TextBlock is composed of <a href="#label-10">STRINGLINE</a>s, but the <a href="#label-10">STRINGLINE</a>s
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must have same indent with <a href="#label-8">Baseline</a>. If its indent is deeper
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than <a href="#label-8">Baseline</a>, the <a href="#label-10">STRINGLINE</a> belongs to <a href="#label-21">Verbatim</a>.</p>
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<p>TextBlock can include <a href="#label-35">Inline</a> inside.</p>
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Second line of same TextBlock.
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This line is not TextBlock, but Verbatim.
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* And this line is List. (But this line is exactly TextBlock in ListItem.)</pre>
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<p>And this example is formatted such like:</p>
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<p>This is TextBlock.
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Second line of same TextBlock.</p>
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<pre>This line is not TextBlock, but Verbatim.</pre>
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<li>And this line is List. (But this line is exactly TextBlock in ListItem.)</li>
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<h5><a name="label-21" id="label-21">Verbatim</a></h5><!-- RDLabel: "Verbatim" -->
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<p>You can use Verbatim to cite Ruby script. Verbatim is composed of
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<a href="#label-10">STRINGLINE</a>s, and they must be indented deeper than
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<a href="#label-8">Baseline</a>. Verbatim can also include a line whose <a href="#label-9">Head Char</a> is
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"<code>*</code>", "<code>(1)</code>" and "<code>:</code>", But it can't be first line of
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Verbatim, it is regarded as <a href="#label-22">List</a>. Verbatim can't include a line
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which is indented shallower than first line. Verbatim can include
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<a href="#label-11">WHITELINE</a>.</p>
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<p>You can't use <a href="#label-35">Inline</a> in Verbatim.</p>
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Even if a line is indented deeper than first line, it is also in same
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* A line seems like list is also included in Verbatim.
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But if the line is indented shallower, it is not in same Verbatim.
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It is in other Verbatim.</pre>
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<p>And this example is formatted such like:</p>
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<pre>This is Verbatim.
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Even if a line is indented deeper than first line, it is also in same
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* A line seems like list is also included in Verbatim.</pre>
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<pre>But if the line is indented shallower, it is not in same Verbatim.
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It is in other Verbatim.</pre>
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<h5><a name="label-22" id="label-22">List</a></h5><!-- RDLabel: "List" -->
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<p>List is special <a href="#label-5">Block</a>. List is composed of ListItems, and
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ListItem is composed of Blocks. So List can include Blocks inside,
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even also List itself.<a name="footmark-2" id="footmark-2" href="#foottext-2"><sup><small>*2</small></sup></a></p>
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<p>ListItem can include <a href="#label-11">WHITELINE</a>, and <a href="#label-20">TextBlock</a> can't
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include WHITELINE, so when you want to write 2 TextBlock inside
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ListItem, put a WHITELINE between TextBlocks.</p>
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<p>There is 3 type of List, "<a href="#label-23">ItemList</a>", "<a href="#label-24">EnumList</a>",
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"<a href="#label-25">DescList</a>" and "<a href="#label-28">MethodList</a>.</p>
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<h6><a name="label-23" id="label-23">ItemList</a></h6><!-- RDLabel: "ItemList" -->
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<p>ItemList is simple and not numbered List. ItemListItem begins by a line
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whose <a href="#label-9">Head Char</a> is "<code>*</code>", and first Block of ItemListItem must be
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<a href="#label-20">TextBlock</a>.</p>
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* first item of parent list
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* first item of sub list
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* second item of sub list
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text block ( line of first item of parent list)</pre>
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<p>And this example is formatted such like:</p>
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<li><p>first item of parent list</p>
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<li>first item of sub list</li>
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<li>second item of sub list</li>
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<p>text block ( line of first item of parent list)</p></li>
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<h6><a name="label-24" id="label-24">EnumList</a></h6><!-- RDLabel: "EnumList" -->
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<p>EnumList is numbered List. EnumListItem starts with a line whose
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<a href="#label-9">Head Char</a> is "<code>(<var>num</var>)</code>"(<var>num</var> is integer). EnumList
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is same as <a href="#label-23">ItemList</a> on other points.</p>
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(1) first line of parent list
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* first line of sub list(ItemList)
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(2) second list of parent list
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(10) number is ignored...</pre>
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<p>And this example is formatted such like:</p>
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<li>first line of parent list
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<li>first line of sub list(ItemList)</li>
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<li>second list of parent list</li>
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<li>number is ignored...</li>
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<h6><a name="label-25" id="label-25">DescList</a></h6><!-- RDLabel: "DescList" -->
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<p>DescList is List for descriptions. DescListItem has 2 part. One is Term part,
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the other is Description part. Term of DescListItem is also used as Label
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for <a href="#label-46">Reference</a>.</p>
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<p>Term part is composed of a line whose <a href="#label-9">Head Char</a> is "<code>:</code>",
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and Term part is same as <a href="#label-15">Headline</a>, except that a line of Term
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part can be indented.</p>
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<p>Description part is starts with next line of Term part. <a href="#label-8">Baseline</a> of
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Description part must be same or deeper than term of Term part of its pair.
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For example, following style is illegal.</p>
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<p>Description part can include <a href="#label-5">Block</a>s. <a href="#label-22">List</a> can be first
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Block of Description part. Term part can contain <a href="#label-35">Inline</a>s except
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for <a href="#label-46">Reference</a> and <!-- Reference, RDLabel "Footnote" doesn't exist --><em class="label-not-found">Footnote</em><!-- Reference end -->.</p>
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first line of Description
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second line of Description
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<p>And this example is formatted such like:</p>
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<dt><a name="label-26" id="label-26">Term</a></dt><!-- RDLabel: "Term" -->
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first line of definition.
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second line of definition
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<dt><a name="label-27" id="label-27">Term2</a></dt><!-- RDLabel: "Term2" -->
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<li>also include list</li>
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<h6><a name="label-28" id="label-28">MethodList</a></h6><!-- RDLabel: "MethodList" -->
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<p>MethodList is the special type of <a href="#label-25">DescList</a> for explanation
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methods of your classes. MethodList is similar with <a href="#label-25">DescList</a> in
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almost all part, but it is labeled differently. RD formatters know it
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is some kind of program code, e.g. method or constants of class in
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Ruby or function prototype in C..., which is on Term part of
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MethodList. So, MethodList is labeled without the part which seems to
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be parameters of methods. See <a href="#label-44">Label and Reference</a> for more
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<p>Each item of MethodList has Term part and Description part like
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<a href="#label-25">DescList</a>. And its Term part start with its <a href="#label-9">Head Char</a>,
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"<code>---</code>". Its Description part can contain <a href="#label-20">TextBlock</a>,
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<a href="#label-21">Verbatim</a> and <a href="#label-22">List</a>. But you shouldn't write MethodList
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in any kind of <a href="#label-22">List</a>. RD will come to deny it possibly in
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--- Array#each {|i| ... } # => labeled as "Array#each"
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yield block for each item.
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--- Array#index(val) # => labeled as "Array#index"
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return index of first item which equals with ((|val|)). if it hasn't
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same item, return (({nil})).</pre>
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<p>And this example is formatted such like:</p>
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<dt><a name="label-29" id="label-29"><code>Array#each {|<var>i</var>| ... }</code></a></dt><!-- RDLabel: "Array#each" -->
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yield block for each item.</dd>
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<dt><a name="label-30" id="label-30"><code>Array#index(<var>val</var>)</code></a></dt><!-- RDLabel: "Array#index" -->
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return index of first item which equals with <var>val</var>. if it hasn't
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same item, return <code>nil</code>.</dd>
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<p>Some formatter assumes it is Ruby's methods, constants or etc. which
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is in Term part of MethodList. it can format term part of MethodList
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intelligently, but you have to write according as specific formula
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to make the best of its feature. </p>
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<p>Standard Ruby class reference formula is suggested such like: </p>
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<dt><a name="label-31" id="label-31">instance method</a></dt><!-- RDLabel: "instance method" -->
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<p>instance method <var>method</var> of class <var>Class</var></p>
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<pre>Class#method(its params ...) { parameter block }</pre>
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<dt><a name="label-32" id="label-32">class method (class singleton method)</a></dt><!-- RDLabel: "class method (class singleton method)" -->
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<p>class method <var>method</var> of class <var>Class</var></p>
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<pre>Class.method(its params ...) { parameter block }</pre>
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<dt><a name="label-33" id="label-33">class constants</a></dt><!-- RDLabel: "class constants" -->
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<p>constant <var>Const</var> of class <var>Class</var></p>
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<pre>Class::Const</pre>
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<dt><a name="label-34" id="label-34">functions (private methods on top level)</a></dt><!-- RDLabel: "functions (private methods on top level)" -->
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<p>function <var>func</var></p>
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<pre>function#func(its params ...) { parameter block }</pre>
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<p>Ruby use some symbol characters (e.g. [], []=, +, - or <<) for the names
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of methods. ruby, Ruby interpreter, parses them with different manner from
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normal methods, but write them as same as others in this formula.</p>
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return value which in at index ((|key|)).
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--- Array#[]=(key, value)
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put ((|value|)) into cell of index ((|key|)).
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return concatenated (({Array})).</pre>
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<h3><a name="label-35" id="label-35">Inline</a></h3><!-- RDLabel: "Inline" -->
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<p>You can use Inline in <a href="#label-20">TextBlock</a>, <a href="#label-15">Headline</a> and Term part of
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<a href="#label-25">DescList</a>. Common style of parentheses is used for Inline. Inline
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can nest each other.</p>
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<p>in following list of Inlines, preformatted text is on left hand side
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and postformatted text is on right hand side.</p>
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<dt><a name="label-36" id="label-36">((*Em*)) => <em>Em</em></a></dt><!-- RDLabel: "((*Em*)) => Em" -->
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<dt><a name="label-37" id="label-37">(({while gets...})) => <code>while gets...</code></a></dt><!-- RDLabel: "(({while gets...})) => while gets..." -->
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<dt><a name="label-38" id="label-38">((|var|)) => <var>var</var></a></dt><!-- RDLabel: "((|var|)) => var" -->
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Var.<a name="footmark-3" id="footmark-3" href="#foottext-3"><sup><small>*3</small></sup></a>
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<dt><a name="label-39" id="label-39">((%ruby -v%)) => <kbd>ruby -v</kbd></a></dt><!-- RDLabel: "((%ruby -v%)) => ruby -v" -->
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<dt><a name="label-40" id="label-40">((:Term:))</a></dt><!-- RDLabel: "((:Term:))" -->
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<p>=> <a name="index-0" id="index-0">Term</a></p>
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<p>Term of Index.</p>
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<dt><a name="label-41" id="label-41">((<Identity or URL>))</a></dt><!-- RDLabel: "((<Identity or URL>))" -->
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<p>=> <!-- Reference, RDLabel "Identity or URL" doesn't exist --><em class="label-not-found">Identity or URL</em><!-- Reference end --></p>
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<p>Link, Reference. See <a href="RD">Label and Reference</a> for more detail.</p>
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<dt><a name="label-42" id="label-42">((-Footnote-))</a></dt><!-- RDLabel: "((-Footnote-))" -->
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<p>=> <a name="footmark-4" id="footmark-4" href="#foottext-4"><sup><small>*4</small></sup></a></p>
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<dt><a name="label-43" id="label-43">(('verb')) => verb</a></dt><!-- RDLabel: "(('verb')) => verb" -->
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<h4><a name="label-44" id="label-44">Label and Reference</a></h4><!-- RDLabel: "Label and Reference" -->
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<p>Reference needs Label. In RD, only title of <a href="#label-15">Headline</a> and Term of
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<a href="#label-25">DescList</a> and <a href="#label-28">MethodList</a> is regarded as Label. So, you must
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choose different titles for different <a href="#label-15">Headline</a>s. This problem
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has not resolved yet.</p>
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<h5><a name="label-45" id="label-45">How to RD generates Label from Headline, DescList or MethodList</a></h5><!-- RDLabel: "How to RD generates Label from Headline, DescList or MethodList" -->
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<p>Title of <a href="#label-15">Headline</a> and Term part of <a href="#label-25">DescList</a> and <a href="#label-28">MethodList</a>
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are regarded as Label. But they can contain <a href="#label-35">Inline</a>s, so the situation
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<p>First, <a href="#label-28">MethodList</a> is special in the part of Labeling. Term part of
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<a href="#label-28">MethodList</a> can't contain <a href="#label-35">Inline</a>s, and RD assumes it is method
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reference or such thing which is in Term part of <a href="#label-28">MethodList</a>. So
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it is Labeled under following rules.</p>
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<li>It is regarded as Label which is before a character of "<code>(</code>" or
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"<code>{</code>".<a name="footmark-5" id="footmark-5" href="#foottext-5"><sup><small>*5</small></sup></a></li>
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<p>Following example will help you to understand how this rule works. the Label
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which is generated from the term part of <a href="#label-28">MethodList</a> is after mark of
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"<code># =></code>".</p>
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--- Array.new([size[, val]]) # => Array.new
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--- Array#[]=(key, val) # => Array#[]=
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--- Array#each { ... } # => Array#each
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--- void rb_define_method(VALUE class, ...) # => void rb_define_method</pre>
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<p>Second, in the case of title of <a href="#label-15">Headline</a> or term part of <a href="#label-25">DescList</a>,
394
there is not such a special rule. But you can use <a href="#label-35">Inline</a>s for text on
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them, so there are rules to strip <a href="#label-35">Inline</a> mark-ups from text.</p>
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<li><p>Any <a href="#label-35">Inline</a> mark-ups makes any difference to Label. So, both</p>
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<pre>= ((*Headline*))</pre>
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<pre>= Headline</pre>
401
<p>are Labeled as "Headline".</p></li>
402
<li><p>But white spaces which is after open parenthesis and before close
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parenthesis of <a href="#label-35">Inline</a> are striped when RD generates Label from
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<pre>= ((* Headline *))</pre>
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<pre>= ((*Headline*))</pre>
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<p>are Labeled as "Headline".</p></li>
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<h5><a name="label-46" id="label-46">Reference</a></h5><!-- RDLabel: "Reference" -->
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<p>You can refer Labeled element with Reference which is a kind of <a href="#label-35">Inline</a>
412
marked up with ((<...>)).</p>
413
<p>Most simple use of Reference is to write Label inside parenthesis.</p>
414
<pre>((<Label>))</pre>
415
<p>This works as reference to Label of "Label" and text "Label" is used
416
also for display such like: <!-- Reference, RDLabel "Label" doesn't exist --><em class="label-not-found">Label</em><!-- Reference end -->.<a name="footmark-6" id="footmark-6" href="#foottext-6"><sup><small>*6</small></sup></a></p>
417
<p>When you want to refer a resource pointed with URL, write such like:</p>
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<pre>((<URL:http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/raa.html>))</pre>
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<p>RD formatter will format it as hyper-link to its URL if possible
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such like:<a href="http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/raa.html"><URL:http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/raa.html></a>.</p>
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<p>When you want to use other text than Label for display, write such like:</p>
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<pre>((<Text for display|Label>))</pre>
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<p>"Text for display" is used for display and "Label" is used as Label to
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refer such like: <!-- Reference, RDLabel "Label" doesn't exist --><em class="label-not-found">Text for display</em><!-- Reference end --></p>
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<p>Text for display can contain some <a href="#label-35">Inline</a>, except for Footnotes and
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<p>In Reference, "|" and "/" are syntax keywords. So if you will write them
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inside Reference, you have to double-quote the part it's inside, such like:</p>
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<pre>((<"Bar | inside display text"|Label>))</pre>
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<p><!-- Reference, RDLabel "Label" doesn't exist --><em class="label-not-found">Bar | inside display text</em><!-- Reference end --></p>
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<p>The situations are same whether you will write them inside Substitution
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part, Filename part and Label part.</p>
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<p>Of course, you can use the text for the display for Reference to URL resource.</p>
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<pre>((<Ruby Application Archive|URL:http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/raa.html>))</pre>
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<p><a href="http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/raa.html">Ruby Application Archive</a></p>
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<p>When the text for the display is omitted, you can use <a href="#label-35">Inline</a> for Label.</p>
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<pre>((<((*Label*))>))</pre>
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<p><!-- Reference, RDLabel "Label" doesn't exist --><em class="label-not-found"><em>Label</em></em><!-- Reference end --></p>
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<a name="foottext-1" id="foottext-1" href="#footmark-1"><sup><small>*1</small></sup></a><small> If you are interested in others,
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<a href="http://www.ueda.info.waseda.ac.jp/~igarashi/ruby/xml.html#rubyapi2"><URL:http://www.ueda.info.waseda.ac.jp/~igarashi/ruby/xml.html#rubyapi2></a>
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for example. </small><br />
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<a name="foottext-2" id="foottext-2" href="#footmark-2"><sup><small>*2</small></sup></a><small> But List can't include <a href="#label-15">Headline</a>
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nor <a href="#label-19">Include</a>. </small><br />
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<a name="foottext-3" id="foottext-3" href="#footmark-3"><sup><small>*3</small></sup></a><small> You can read very good explanation about Var in texinfo.info. </small><br />
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<a name="foottext-4" id="foottext-4" href="#footmark-4"><sup><small>*4</small></sup></a><small>Footnote</small><br />
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<a name="foottext-5" id="foottext-5" href="#footmark-5"><sup><small>*5</small></sup></a><small> text inside "<code>(...)</code>" is regarded as parameters
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of method, and text inside "<code>{...}</code>" is regarded as parameter
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block of methods.</small><br />
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<a name="foottext-6" id="foottext-6" href="#footmark-6"><sup><small>*6</small></sup></a><small> There is no element Labeled
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"Label", so it doesn't seems to be Reference probably. </small><br />