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.\" MAN PAGE COMMENTS to
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.\" Information Network Services
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.\" Case Western Reserve University
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.\" Last Change: Mon Jun 13 20:06:14 EDT 1994
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.TH READLINE 3 "1994 June 13" GNU
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.\" File Name macro. This used to be `.PN', for Path Name,
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.\" but Sun doesn't seem to like that very much.
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readline \- get a line from a user with editing
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typedef int Function ();
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char *readline (prompt)
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int rl_add_defun (name, function, key)
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int rl_bind_key (key, function)
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int rl_unbind_key (key)
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int rl_bind_key_in_map (key, function, keymap)
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int rl_unbind_key_in_map (key, keymap)
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int rl_macro_bind (keyseq, macro, keymap)
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int rl_variable_bind (variable, value)
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char *variable, *value;
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int rl_parse_and_bind (line)
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int rl_translate_keyseq (keyseq, array, len)
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char *keyseq, *array;
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Function *rl_named_function (command)
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Function *rl_function_of_keyseq (keyseq, keymap, type)
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char **rl_invoking_keyseqs (function)
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char **rl_invoking_keyseqs_in_map (function, keymap)
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void rl_function_dumper (readable)
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char **rl_funmap_names ()
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.if n Readline is Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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.if t Readline is Copyright \(co 1989, 1991 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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will read a line from the terminal
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is null, no prompt is issued. The line returned is allocated with
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so the caller must free it when finished. The line returned
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has the final newline removed, so only the text of the line
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offers editing capabilities while the user is entering the
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By default, the line editing commands
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are similar to those of emacs.
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A vi\-style line editing interface is also available.
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In the following descriptions,
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can be one of \fIemacs_keymap, emacs_meta_keymap, emacs_ctlx_keymap,
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vi_insertion_keymap, or vi_movement_keymap\fP.
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appear as a bindable readline command, and makes
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be the function called when that command is invoked. If
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is not \-1, it is bound to
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in the current keymap.
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The binding is made in the current keymap.
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removes the binding for
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in the current keymap.
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.B rl_bind_key_in_map
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.B rl_unbind_key_in_map
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removes the binding for
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The binding is performed in
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sets the value of the readline variable
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takes as an argument a line of the same form as the readline startup
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.B INITIALIZATION FILE
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below) and executes the commands therein.
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.B rl_translate_keyseq
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into a new string, storing the result in
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This translates control and meta prefixes and the readline
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character escape sequences (see
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below). The length of the translated sequence is returned in
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returns the function that is executed when the readline
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.B rl_function_of_keyseq
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returns the function that is executed when
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is the current keymap.
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is set to indicate whether the return value corresponds to a
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function, macro, or auxiliary keymap.
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.B rl_invoking_keyseqs
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returns all of the key sequences in the current keymap that
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.B rl_invoking_keyseqs_in_map
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returns all of the key sequences in
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.B rl_function_dumper
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prints all of the readline functions and their bindings to the
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readline output stream. If
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is non\-zero, the output is formattted so that it can be read
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back in to restore the bindings.
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returns an array of all known readline bindable function names.
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returns the text of the line read. A blank line
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returns the empty string. If
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is encountered while reading a line, and the line is empty,
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is read with a non\-empty line, it is
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treated as a newline.
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Unless otherwise stated,
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the other functions return 0 on success and non\-zero on failure.
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An emacs\-style notation is used to denote
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keystrokes. Control keys are denoted by C\-\fIkey\fR, e.g., C\-n
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means Control\-N. Similarly,
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keys are denoted by M\-\fIkey\fR, so M\-x means Meta\-X. (On keyboards
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key, M\-\fIx\fP means ESC \fIx\fP, i.e., press the Escape key
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key. This makes ESC the \fImeta prefix\fP.
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The combination M\-C\-\fIx\fP means ESC\-Control\-\fIx\fP,
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or press the Escape key
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then hold the Control key while pressing the
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Readline commands may be given numeric
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which normally act as a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the
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sign of the argument that is significant. Passing a negative argument
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to a command that acts in the forward direction (e.g., \fBkill\-line\fP)
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causes that command to act in a backward direction. Commands whose
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behavior with arguments deviates from this are noted.
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When a command is described as \fIkilling\fP text, the text
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deleted is saved for possible future retrieval
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(\fIyanking\fP). The killed text is saved in a
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\fIkill\-ring\fP. Consecutive kills cause the text to be
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accumulated into one unit, which can be yanked all at once.
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Commands which do not kill text separate the chunks of text
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.SH INITIALIZATION FILE
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Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization
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file. The name of this file is taken from the value of the
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variable. If that variable is unset, the default is
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When a program which uses the readline library starts up, the
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init file is read, and the key bindings and variables are set.
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There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the
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readline init file. Blank lines are ignored.
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Lines beginning with a \fB#\fP are comments.
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Lines beginning with a \fB$\fP indicate conditional
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constructs. Other lines
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denote key bindings and variable settings.
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Each program using this library may add its own commands
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M\-Control\-u: universal\-argument
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C\-Meta\-u: universal\-argument
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would make M\-C\-u execute the readline command
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.IR universal\-argument .
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The following symbolic character names are recognized while
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processing key bindings:
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In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound
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to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a \fImacro\fP).
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The syntax for controlling key bindings in the
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file is simple. All that is required is the name of the
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command or the text of a macro and a key sequence to which
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it should be bound. The name may be specified in one of two ways:
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as a symbolic key name, possibly with \fIMeta\-\fP or \fIControl\-\fP
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prefixes, or as a key sequence.
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When using the form \fBkeyname\fP:\fIfunction-name\fP or \fImacro\fP,
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is the name of a key spelled out in English. For example:
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Control\-u: universal\-argument
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Meta\-Rubout: backward\-kill\-word
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Control\-o: ">&output"
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In the above example,
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is bound to the function
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.BR universal\-argument ,
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is bound to the function
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.BR backward\-kill\-word ,
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is bound to run the macro
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expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text
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In the second form, \fB"keyseq"\fP:\fIfunction\-name\fP or \fImacro\fP,
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above in that strings denoting
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an entire key sequence may be specified by placing the sequence
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within double quotes. Some GNU Emacs style key escapes can be
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used, as in the following example.
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"\eC\-u": universal\-argument
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"\eC\-x\eC\-r": re\-read\-init\-file
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"\ee[11~": "Function Key 1"
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is again bound to the function
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.BR universal\-argument .
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is bound to the function
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.BR re\-read\-init\-file ,
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is bound to insert the text
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.BR "Function Key 1" .
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The full set of escape sequences is
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When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes should
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be used to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text
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is assumed to be a function name. Backslash
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will quote any character in the macro text, including " and '.
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allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modified
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builtin command. The editing mode may be switched during interactive
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builtin command. Other programs using this library provide
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similar mechanisms. The
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file may be edited and re\-read if a program does not provide
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any other means to incorporate new bindings.
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Readline has variables that can be used to further customize its
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behavior. A variable may be set in the
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file with a statement of the form
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\fBset\fP \fIvariable\-name\fP \fIvalue\fP
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Except where noted, readline variables can take the values
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The variables and their default values are:
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.B horizontal\-scroll\-mode (Off)
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When set to \fBOn\fP, makes readline use a single line for display,
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scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it
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becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a new line.
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.B editing\-mode (emacs)
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Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings similar
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to \fIemacs\fP or \fIvi\fP.
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.B mark\-modified\-lines (Off)
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If set to \fBOn\fP, history lines that have been modified are displayed
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with a preceding asterisk (\fB*\fP).
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.B bell\-style (audible)
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Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal bell.
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If set to \fBnone\fP, readline never rings the bell. If set to
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\fBvisible\fP, readline uses a visible bell if one is available.
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If set to \fBaudible\fP, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell.
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.B comment\-begin (``#'')
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The string that is inserted in \fBvi\fP mode when the
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If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is,
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it will not strip the high bit from the characters it reads),
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regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.
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.B convert\-meta (On)
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If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will convert characters with the
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eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence
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by stripping the eighth bit and prepending an
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escape character (in effect, using escape as the \fImeta prefix\fP).
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.B output\-meta (Off)
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If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will display characters with the
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eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
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.B completion\-query\-items (100)
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This determines when the user is queried about viewing
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the number of possible completions
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generated by the \fBpossible\-completions\fP command.
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It may be set to any integer value greater than or equal to
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zero. If the number of possible completions is greater than
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or equal to the value of this variable, the user is asked whether
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or not he wishes to view them; otherwise they are simply listed
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Set the current readline keymap. The set of legal keymap names is
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\fIemacs, emacs-standard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi, vi-move,
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\fIvi\fP is equivalent to \fIvi-command\fP; \fIemacs\fP is
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equivalent to \fIemacs-standard\fP. The default value is
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also affects the default keymap.
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.B show\-all\-if\-ambiguous (Off)
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This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. If
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words which have more than one possible completion cause the
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matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.
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.B expand\-tilde (Off)
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If set to \fBon\fP, tilde expansion is performed when readline
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attempts word completion.
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.SS Conditional Constructs
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Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
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compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key
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bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result
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of tests. There are three parser directives used.
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construct allows bindings to be made based on the
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editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
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readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line;
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no characters are required to isolate it.
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The \fBmode=\fP form of the \fB$if\fP directive is used to test
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whether readline is in emacs or vi mode.
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This may be used in conjunction
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with the \fBset keymap\fP command, for instance, to set bindings in
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the \fIemacs-standard\fP and \fIemacs-ctlx\fP keymaps only if
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readline is starting out in emacs mode.
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The \fBterm=\fP form may be used to include terminal-specific
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key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the
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terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the
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is tested against the full name of the terminal and the portion
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of the terminal name before the first \fB\-\fP. This allows
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.IP \fBapplication\fP
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The \fBapplication\fP construct is used to include
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application\-specific settings. Each program using the readline
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library sets the \fIapplication name\fP, and an initialization
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file can test for a particular value.
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This could be used to bind key sequences to functions useful for
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a specific program. For instance, the following command adds a
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key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in Bash:
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# Quote the current or previous word
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"\eC-xq": "\eeb\e"\eef\e""
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This command, as you saw in the previous example, terminates an
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Commands in this branch of the \fB$if\fP directive are executed if
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The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default
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key sequences to which they are bound.
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.SS Commands for Moving
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.B beginning\-of\-line (C\-a)
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Move to the start of the current line.
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.B end\-of\-line (C\-e)
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Move to the end of the line.
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.B forward\-char (C\-f)
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Move forward a character.
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.B backward\-char (C\-b)
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Move back a character.
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.B forward\-word (M\-f)
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Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of
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alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
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.B backward\-word (M\-b)
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Move back to the start of this, or the previous, word. Words are
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composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
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.B clear\-screen (C\-l)
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Clear the screen leaving the current line at the top of the screen.
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With an argument, refresh the current line without clearing the
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.B redraw\-current\-line
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Refresh the current line. By default, this is unbound.
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.SS Commands for Manipulating the History
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.B accept\-line (Newline, Return)
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Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line is
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non\-empty, add it to the history list. If the line is a modified
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history line, then restore the history line to its original state.
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.B previous\-history (C\-p)
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Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in
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.B next\-history (C\-n)
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Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in the
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.B beginning\-of\-history (M\-<)
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Move to the first line in the history.
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.B end\-of\-history (M\->)
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Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently being
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.B reverse\-search\-history (C\-r)
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Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' through
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the history as necessary. This is an incremental search.
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.B forward\-search\-history (C\-s)
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Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' through
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the history as necessary. This is an incremental search.
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.B non\-incremental\-reverse\-search\-history (M\-p)
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Search backward through the history starting at the current line
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using a non\-incremental search for a string supplied by the user.
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.B non\-incremental\-forward\-search\-history (M\-n)
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Search forward through the history using a non\-incremental search
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for a string supplied by the user.
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.B history\-search\-forward
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Search forward through the history for the string of characters
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between the start of the current line and the current point. This
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is a non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound.
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.B history\-search\-backward
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Search backward through the history for the string of characters
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between the start of the current line and the current point. This
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is a non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound.
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.B yank\-nth\-arg (M\-C\-y)
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Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually
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the second word on the previous line) at point (the current
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cursor position). With an argument
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insert the \fIn\fPth word from the previous command (the words
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in the previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument
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inserts the \fIn\fPth word from the end of the previous command.
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.SS Commands for Changing Text
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.B delete\-char (C\-d)
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Delete the character under the cursor. If point is at the
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beginning of the line, there are no characters in the line, and
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the last character typed was not
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.B backward\-delete\-char (Rubout)
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Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric argument,
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save the deleted text on the kill\-ring.
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.B quoted\-insert (C\-q, C\-v)
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Add the next character that you type to the line verbatim. This is
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how to insert characters like \fBC\-q\fP, for example.
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.B tab\-insert (M-TAB)
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Insert a tab character.
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.B self\-insert (a,\ b,\ A,\ 1,\ !,\ ...)
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Insert the character typed.
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.B transpose\-chars (C\-t)
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Drag the character before point forward over the character at point.
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Point moves forward as well. If point is at the end of the line, then
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transpose the two characters before point. Negative arguments don't work.
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.B transpose\-words (M\-t)
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Drag the word behind the cursor past the word in front of the cursor
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moving the cursor over that word as well.
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.B upcase\-word (M\-u)
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Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument,
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do the previous word, but do not move point.
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.B downcase\-word (M\-l)
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Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument,
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do the previous word, but do not move point.
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.B capitalize\-word (M\-c)
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Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative argument,
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do the previous word, but do not move point.
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.SS Killing and Yanking
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Kill the text from the current cursor position to the end of the line.
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.B backward\-kill\-line (C\-x Rubout)
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Kill backward to the beginning of the line.
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.B unix\-line\-discard (C\-u)
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Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line.
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.\" There is no real difference between this and backward-kill-line
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Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where the
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cursor is. By default, this is unbound.
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Kill from the cursor to the end of the current word, or if between
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words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same as
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those used by \fBforward\-word\fP.
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.B backward\-kill\-word (M\-Rubout)
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Kill the word behind the cursor. Word boundaries are the same as
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those used by \fBbackward\-word\fP.
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.B unix\-word\-rubout (C\-w)
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Kill the word behind the cursor, using white space as a word boundary.
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The word boundaries are different from
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.BR backward\-kill\-word .
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.B delete\-horizontal\-space
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Delete all spaces and tabs around point. By default, this is unbound.
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Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at the cursor.
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Rotate the kill\-ring, and yank the new top. Only works following
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.SS Numeric Arguments
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.B digit\-argument (M\-0, M\-1, ..., M\-\-)
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Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new
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argument. M\-\- starts a negative argument.
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.B universal\-argument
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Each time this is executed, the argument count is multiplied by four.
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The argument count is initially one, so executing this function the
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first time makes the argument count four. By default, this is not
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Attempt to perform completion on the text before point.
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The actual completion performed is application-specific.
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for instance, attempts completion treating the text as a variable
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(if the text begins with \fB$\fP), username (if the text begins with
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\fB~\fP), hostname (if the text begins with \fB@\fP), or
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command (including aliases and functions) in turn. If none
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of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted.
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allows completion of program functions and variables, and
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only attempts filename completion under certain circumstances.
865
.B possible\-completions (M-?)
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List the possible completions of the text before point.
868
.B insert\-completions
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Insert all completions of the text before point
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that would have been generated by
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\fBpossible\-completions\fP. By default, this
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is not bound to a key.
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.B start\-kbd\-macro (C-x (\^)
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Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro.
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.B end\-kbd\-macro (C-x )\^)
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Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro
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and save the definition.
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.B call\-last\-kbd\-macro (C-x e)
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Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the characters
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in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard.
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.B re-read-init-file (C\-x C\-r)
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Read in the contents of your init file, and incorporate
895
any bindings or variable assignments found there.
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Abort the current editing command and
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ring the terminal's bell (subject to the setting of
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.B do\-uppercase\-version (M\-a, M\-b, ...)
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Run the command that is bound to the corresponding uppercase
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.B prefix\-meta (ESC)
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Metafy the next character typed.
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.B undo (C\-_, C\-x C\-u)
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Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
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.B revert\-line (M\-r)
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Undo all changes made to this line. This is like typing the
920
command enough times to return the line to its initial state.
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.B tilde\-expand (M\-~)
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Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
926
Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the
927
readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied,
928
the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
929
of an \fIinputrc\fP file.
931
.B emacs\-editing\-mode (C\-e)
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editing mode, this causes a switch to
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.B vi\-editing\-mode (M\-C\-j)
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editing mode, this causes a switch to
945
.SH DEFAULT KEY BINDINGS
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The following is a list of the default emacs and vi bindings.
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Characters with the 8th bit set are written as M-<character>, and
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The printable ASCII characters not mentioned in the list of emacs
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standard bindings are bound to the
955
function, which just inserts the given character into the input line.
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In vi insertion mode, all characters not specifically mentioned are
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Characters assigned to signal generation by
961
or the terminal driver, such as C-Z or C-C,
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retain that function.
965
characters are bound to the same function in the emacs mode
967
The remaining characters are unbound, which causes readline
968
to ring the bell (subject to the setting of the
976
Emacs Standard bindings
978
"C-A" -> beginning-of-line
979
"C-B" -> backward-char
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"C-F" -> forward-char
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"C-H" -> backward-delete-char
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"C-L" -> clear-screen
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"C-N" -> next-history
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"C-P" -> previous-history
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"C-Q" -> quoted-insert
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"C-R" -> reverse-search-history
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"C-S" -> forward-search-history
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"C-T" -> transpose-chars
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"C-U" -> unix-line-discard
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"C-V" -> quoted-insert
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"C-W" -> unix-word-rubout
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"\^ " to "/" -> self-insert
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"0" to "9" -> self-insert
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":" to "~" -> self-insert
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"C-?" -> backward-delete-char
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"M-C-H" -> backward-kill-word
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"M-C-I" -> tab-insert
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"M-C-J" -> vi-editing-mode
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"M-C-M" -> vi-editing-mode
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"M-C-R" -> revert-line
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"M-C-Y" -> yank-nth-arg
1015
"M-&" -> tilde-expand
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"M--" -> digit-argument
1017
"M-0" -> digit-argument
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"M-1" -> digit-argument
1019
"M-2" -> digit-argument
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"M-3" -> digit-argument
1021
"M-4" -> digit-argument
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"M-5" -> digit-argument
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"M-6" -> digit-argument
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"M-7" -> digit-argument
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"M-8" -> digit-argument
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"M-9" -> digit-argument
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"M-<" -> beginning-of-history
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"M->" -> end-of-history
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"M-?" -> possible-completions
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"M-B" -> backward-word
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"M-C" -> capitalize-word
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"M-F" -> forward-word
1034
"M-L" -> downcase-word
1035
"M-N" -> non-incremental-forward-search-history
1036
"M-O" -> arrow-key-prefix
1037
"M-P" -> non-incremental-reverse-search-history
1038
"M-R" -> revert-line
1039
"M-T" -> transpose-words
1040
"M-U" -> upcase-word
1042
"M-C-Y" -> yank-nth-arg
1043
"M-C-?" -> backward-delete-word
1045
Emacs Control-X bindings
1048
"C-XC-R" -> re-read-init-file
1050
"C-X(" -> start-kbd-macro
1051
"C-X)" -> end-kbd-macro
1052
"C-Xe" -> call-last-kbd-macro
1053
"C-XC-?" -> backward-kill-line
1056
.SS VI Mode bindings
1062
VI Insert Mode functions
1064
"C-D" -> vi-eof-maybe
1065
"C-H" -> backward-delete-char
1067
"C-J" -> accept-line
1069
"C-L" -> clear-screen
1070
"C-M" -> accept-line
1071
"C-N" -> next-history
1072
"C-P" -> previous-history
1073
"C-Q" -> quoted-insert
1074
"C-R" -> reverse-search-history
1075
"C-S" -> forward-search-history
1076
"C-T" -> transpose-chars
1077
"C-U" -> unix-line-discard
1078
"C-V" -> quoted-insert
1079
"C-W" -> unix-word-rubout
1081
"C-[" -> vi-movement-mode
1082
"\^ " to "~" -> self-insert
1083
"C-?" -> backward-delete-char
1085
VI Command Mode functions
1087
"C-D" -> vi-eof-maybe
1088
"C-E" -> emacs-editing-mode
1090
"C-H" -> backward-char
1091
"C-J" -> accept-line
1093
"C-L" -> clear-screen
1094
"C-M" -> accept-line
1095
"C-N" -> next-history
1096
"C-P" -> previous-history
1097
"C-Q" -> quoted-insert
1098
"C-R" -> reverse-search-history
1099
"C-S" -> forward-search-history
1100
"C-T" -> transpose-chars
1101
"C-U" -> unix-line-discard
1102
"C-V" -> quoted-insert
1103
"C-W" -> unix-word-rubout
1106
"\^ " -> forward-char
1110
"&" -> vi-tilde-expand
1113
"," -> vi-char-search
1114
"-" -> previous-history
1117
"0" -> beginning-of-line
1118
"1" to "9" -> vi-arg-digit
1119
";" -> vi-char-search
1123
"A" -> vi-append-eol
1128
"F" -> vi-char-search
1129
"I" -> vi-insert-beg
1130
"N" -> vi-search-again
1134
"T" -> vi-char-search
1137
"X" -> backward-delete-char
1140
"^" -> vi-first-print
1142
"a" -> vi-append-mode
1147
"f" -> vi-char-search
1148
"h" -> backward-char
1149
"i" -> vi-insertion-mode
1153
"n" -> vi-search-again
1154
"r" -> vi-change-char
1156
"t" -> vi-char-search
1162
"~" -> vi-change-case
1167
\fIThe Gnu Readline Library\fP, Brian Fox
1169
\fIThe Gnu History Library\fP, Brian Fox
1177
Individual \fBreadline\fP initialization file
1181
Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation (primary author)
1185
Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University
1189
If you find a bug in
1191
you should report it. But first, you should
1192
make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
1195
library that you have.
1197
Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, mail a
1198
bug report to \fIbash\-maintainers\fP@\fIprep.ai.MIT.Edu\fP.
1199
If you have a fix, you are welcome to mail that
1200
as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may be mailed
1201
to \fPbug-bash\fP@\fIprep.ai.MIT.Edu\fP or posted to the Usenet
1205
Comments and bug reports concerning
1206
this manual page should be directed to
1207
.IR chet@ins.CWRU.Edu .
1210
It's too big and too slow.