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<!ENTITY edubuntu "<phrase>Edubuntu</phrase>">
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<chapter id="introduction" status="review">
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<title>Introduzione</title>
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Welcome to the Edubuntu Handbook. This text has been many release cycles (and many titles) in the making. We, the authors, hope to continue building on this work for the life of the Edubuntu distribution of Linux.
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This version of the Handbook is written for Edubuntu 7.10, the <emphasis>Gutsy Gibbon</emphasis>, released in October 2007.
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Thank you for allowing us to walk you through installing and using Edubuntu. We hope to make it an interesting journey, and we look forward to your feedback.
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<para>Cordiali saluti,</para>
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<para>l''«Edubuntu Documentation Team»</para>
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<!-- ABOUT EDUBUNTU -->
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<title>Informazioni su Edubuntu</title>
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<para><ulink url="http://www.edubuntu.org">Edubuntu</ulink> is an operating system designed with education in mind. It is based on <ulink url="http://www.ubuntu.com">Ubuntu</ulink>, a complete operating system that uses the Linux kernel and is freely available to anyone. As an education-driven operating system, Edubuntu provides a complete solution for:
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<para>Un'organizzazione o un Ministero dell'Educazione che voglia trarre i benefici che il software open source può offrire all'educazione.</para>
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<para>Insegnanti e personale scolastico che desiderano configurare Edubuntu in un ambiente educativo in rete,</para>
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<para>Utenti casalinghi che desiderano avere un computer indipendente incentrato sull'educazione per le persone più piccole del proprio nucleo familiare.</para>
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<para>Edubuntu raccoglie il meglio del software libero e del materiale digitale per l'educazione.</para>
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<para>Dato che Edubuntu è basato su Ubuntu, il team di Edubuntu fa parte della comunità di Ubuntu. La comunità di Ubuntu è incentrata nei principi insiti nella <ulink url="http://www.ubuntu-it.org/index.php?page=Filosofia">filosofia di Ubuntu</ulink>:</para>
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<para>il software deve essere disponibile gratuitamente;</para>
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<para>il software deve essere utilizzabile dalle persone nella loro lingua e senza porre restrizioni agli utenti disabili;</para>
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<para>e che tutte le persone devono avere la libertà di personalizzare e modificare il software per le proprie esigenze o come meglio crede.</para>
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<para>Per questo motivo, Edubuntu sigla questo impegno con tutta la sua comunità: <itemizedlist>
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<para> Edubuntu will always be free of charge, and there is no extra fee for the "enterprise edition;" we make our very best work available to everyone on the same Free terms. </para>
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<para>Comprende il meglio delle infrastrutture per l'accessibilità e per le traduzioni che la comunità del software libero può offrire, così da rendere Edubuntu utilizzabile da più persone possibile.</para>
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<para>Releases are regular and predictable; a new one is made every six months. You can use the current stable or the development release. Each release is supported for at least 18 months and selected ones are supported for up to 3 to 5 years on a Long-Term Support (LTS) basis.</para>
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<para>Il nostro impegno è focalizzato sui principi dello sviluppo del software libero, ne incoraggiamo l'uso, il miglioramento e la condivisione.</para>
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</itemizedlist></para>
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Edubuntu is meant for anyone who wants a computer laboratory that makes good use of free software and the widest variety of hardware. It is designed to be easy to administer and is well documented. It can run on inexpensive, 10-year-old IBM-compatible computers as well as brand new I64-based systems. The growing Edubuntu community is working together to share ideas and solutions for bringing computing and communications power to teachers, students and community members everywhere.
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<para>Una delle tecnologie incluse in Edubuntu è «Linux Termina Server Project» (LTSP) che consente di avviare dei "thin client" da un server Edubuntu. Per gli ambienti educativi, LTSP abbassa i costi relativi all'hardware consentendo di utilizzare i computer vecchi o meno performanti come "thin client" e consente di semplificare la gestione della rete di computer avendo solo un server centrale da mantenere. Quando un computer sulla rete si rompe, può essere semplicemente sostituito senza dover installare nuovamente il sistema operativo e senza la perdita di alcun dato.</para>
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</sect1><!-- ABOUT EDUBUNTU -->
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<!-- ABOUT THE EDUBUNTU HANDBOOK -->
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<sect1 id="intro-about" status="draft">
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<title>Riguardo la guida di Edubuntu</title>
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<para>La guida di Edubuntu è un lavoro collaborativo portato avanti da molti membri della comunità. È una guida vera e propria e un riferimento per aiutare i nuovi utenti e amministratori di Edubuntu sia in una installazione normale sia in una configurazione "thin client".</para>
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<para>L'intera comunità ha lavorato molto per cercare di rendere Edubuntu pratico all'uso, le soluzioni adottate potrebbero essere proprio quelle cercate per i propri scopi. Questo è lo spirito di collaborazione libera su cui si sviluppa Edubuntu.</para>
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The ultimate aim of Edubuntu is empowerment: to place state-of-the-art Information and Communication Technology (ICT) within the reach of everyone. However, computers and networks are complicated concepts and simply knowing how to ask the right questions can be very hard if you don't already have a lot of experience. Having the technology at your fingertips should go hand-in-hand with the resources that enable you to know how to use it effectively. This book is intended to provide you with the information necessary to be confident and self-sufficient in working with Edubuntu.
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<title>A chi è rivolta questa guida</title>
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This book will cater to different audiences:
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It will provide a step-by-step guide to get started with an Edubuntu computer lab. Anyone with enough enthusiasm, as well as access to the equipment necessary, can use this book as a blueprint for setting up local community computer labs.
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<para>Fornisce una panoramica su cosa Edubuntu possa offrire per un laboratorio e per capire come mantenerlo in ordine.</para>
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<para>Il livello di competenza nel campo ICT non deve essere necessariamente alto per comprendere il contenuto di questa guida. Questa guida è utile sia agli insegnanti con un livello base di ICT, agli amministratori di sistema all'interno di una scuola senza conoscenze tecniche dei sistemi open source. o anche a un esperto nel campo dell'IT.</para>
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</sect1><!-- ABOUT THE EDUBUNTU HANDBOOK -->
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<!-- THE UBUNTU PHILOSOPHY -->
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<sect1 id="intro-philosophy" status="draft">
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<title>Ubuntu and its Philosophy</title>
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Our work on Ubuntu and Edubuntu is driven by a philosophy of software freedom that we hope will spread and bring the benefits of software technology to all people, everywhere.
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<title>Free and Open Source Software</title>
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Ubuntu is a community-driven project to create an operating system and a full set of applications using free and open source software. At the core of the Ubuntu Philosophy of Software Freedom are these core philosophical ideals:
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<para>Ogni utente deve avere la libertà di eseguire, copiare, distribuire, studiare, condividere, modificare e migliorare il proprio software per qualunque scopo, senza dover pagare diritti di licenza.</para>
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<para>Ogni utente deve poter usare il proprio software nella lingua di propria scelta.</para>
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<para>A ciascun utente deve essere data l'opportunità di usare il software, anche se affetto da handicap</para>
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<para>La nostra filosofia è riflessa nel software che viene prodotto e incluso nella nostra distribuzione. Per questo i termini di licenza del software che viene distribuito sono ponderati sulla base della nostra filosofia, usando la "Ubuntu Licence Policy".</para>
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<para>Quando installate Ubuntu, quasi tutto il software installato riscontra questi ideali e la comunità sta lavorando affinché ogni singola parte di software di cui avete bisogno sia disponibile sotto la licenza che offre queste libertà. Attualmente, specifiche eccezioni vengono effettuate per qualche "driver" disponibile solo in formato binario, senza il quale molti computer non sarebbero in grado di completare l'installazione di Ubuntu. Questi vengono posizionati in una sezione definita "restricted" del nostro sistema, che rende banale la loro rimozione qualora non ne aveste bisogno.</para>
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<title>Software libero</title>
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<para>Per Ubuntu, software libero è inteso come libertà, non gratis, benché Ubuntu sarà sempre gratis. L'aspetto più importante di Ubuntu non è il suo costo nullo, ma il fatto che conferisca i diritti del software libero alle persone che lo installano e lo usano. Sono queste libertà che hanno consentito e consentono alla comunità di Ubuntu di crescere, di condividere le proprie esperienze per migliorare Ubuntu e renderlo utilizzabile in nuovi paesi e nuove opportunità commerciali.</para>
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<para>Citando la Free Software Foundation, i principi alla base del software libero sono definiti come:</para>
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<para>La libertà di eseguire il programma, per qualsiasi scopo.</para>
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<para>La libertà di studiare il funzionamento del programma e adattarlo alle proprie esigenze.</para>
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<para>La libertà di distribuire copie per aiutare gli altri.</para>
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<para>La libertà di migliorare il programma e rilasciare questi miglioramenti cosicché tutti ne possano trarre beneficio.</para>
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Free software has been a coherent social movement for more than two decades. This movement has produced millions of lines of code, documentation, and a vibrant community of which Ubuntu is proud to be a part.
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<title>Open source</title>
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<para>Open source è un termine coniato nel 1998 per togliere l'ambiguità dovuta alla parola inglese "free". La «Open Source Initiative» descrive il software open source nella «Open Source Definition». Il movimento dell'open source sta avendo molto successo ed è ampiamente riconosciuto.</para>
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<para>Ubuntu è felice di chiamarsi open source. Alcuni si riferisco ai movimenti del software libero e open source come a movimenti con scopi differenti. Noi non li vediamo così. I membri della comunità di Ubuntu comprendono persone che si identificano con il software libero o open source e persone che si identificano con entrambi.</para>
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<para>Il nostro lavoro per Ubuntu è ispirato da una filosofia <emphasis role="bold">basata</emphasis> sulla libertà del software che speriamo si espanderà, portando i benefici di queste tecnologie in tutto il mondo.</para>
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<!-- WHY EDUBUNTU -->
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<sect1 id="intro-why" status="draft">
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<title>Perché Edubuntu?</title>
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<sect2 id="intro-why-compatible" status="draft">
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<title>Compatibile</title>
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Most educational computer networks are heterogeneous, consisting of various operating systems, and it is sometimes difficult to configure them to work together. Edubuntu plays well with others.
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<para>I server di Edubuntu possono facilmente coesistere sulla stessa rete di altri sistemi operativi. OpenOffice.org può aprire e salvare molti formati dei pacchetti d'ufficio commerciali. È possibile installare Edubuntu e un altro sistema operativo sullo stesso computer. E se è necessario condividere file tra Edubuntu e un altro sistema operativo o collegare un server a distanza? Edubuntu può gestire anche quello.</para>
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The Edubuntu developers work hard to make sure that Edubuntu is the most compatible operating system you can find in schools today.
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<sect2 id="intro-why-secure" status="draft">
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<title>Sicuro</title>
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<para>La sicurezza è diventata un aspetto importante per gli educatori, e il team di Edubuntu ne ha preso atto. Spesso, le scuole non presentano personale specializzato nell'IT o non dispongono di tempo sufficiente per mettere in sicurezza i propri computer.</para>
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Edubuntu, being a Linux-based operating system, enjoys the
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security advantages of its Unix-like and open source heritages. This translates
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into higher quality code and less spyware and viruses than plague other
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operating systems. In addition, it has a strict, proactive security
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policy which means that many common problems, such as open ports or misconfigured
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software, never make it into the released product. Finally, it is a true multi-user
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operating system, making it easy to allow users to complete their tasks without
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having a level of access that could compromise the system.
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<sect2 id="intro-why-manageable" status="draft">
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<title>Gestibile</title>
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With teachers and school IT departments deploying and administering an increasing number of computers, it is difficult to find time to manage individual machines. Edubuntu, with the option of using LTSP thin client technology, makes deployment and management simple and easy. A single server is all that is needed to set up, manage and administrate an entire network. The Edubuntu team also recognizes that not every school's setup is the same, so they've made Edubuntu easy to customize for your unique needs.
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<sect2 id="intro-why-cost" status="draft">
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<title>Economico</title>
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With ever-increasing demands on school budgets, expensive technology is often
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last on the list. Edubuntu can help you offer what your students increasingly
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require from computer technology, without breaking the bank. Edubuntu is and
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always will be free to acquire, use and modify.
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Need to set up another machine? Or another 100? Just install them! With Edubuntu
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you'll have no more expensive OS upgrades and licenses, and having specialized
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programs on only some computers will become a thing of the past. When you build
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your network on Open Source software, you are freed to seek support for
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your computers from whomever you wish.
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<para>Con Edubuntu è possibile ridurre le spese relative all'hardware, consentendo di riutilizzare vecchi computer come thin-client attraverso l'uso della tecnologia LTSP.</para>
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<sect2 id="intro-why-support" status="draft">
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<title>Ben supportato</title>
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Edubuntu support is available from both the Edubuntu community and the larger Ubuntu community. Many of the authors of the software included in Edubuntu, including the Edubuntu developers themselves, can be contacted directly via mailing lists and IRC channels.
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There are many forms of support available, including mailing lists, Wiki websites, IRC channels, and bug trackers. There is also a special support group for using Edubuntu in schools. Should you want paid support, Canonical, the company which funds Edubuntu and Ubuntu development, can offer assistance, or you can find a local company who offer similar services. In fact, some of the money that would have gone to purchasing software can instead be spent to hire local experts to help train you, and to help you support your network. Edubuntu can help you take more control over your network while also benefitting your local economy. With Edubuntu, these choices are yours.
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<sect2 id="intro-why-education" status="draft">
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<title>Creato per l'educazione</title>
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Above all, Edubuntu is set apart from other operating systems by its unwavering focus on the educational needs of learners all over the world. Edubuntu's motto is "Linux for Young Human Beings" and every development decision and application has that goal in mind.
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Edubuntu comes with translations for many languages and localization features that allow people from all over the world to enjoy their computing experience. Edubuntu's accessibility features strive to provide a pleasant, high-quality computing experience to disabled users. The Edubuntu LiveCD makes it easy for pupils to boot their home computers temporarily into Edubuntu and use exactly the same applications that they are using at school. The LTSP server software allows teachers and administrators to create a low cost computer lab so that students can have access to the educational opportunities that Edubuntu and the Internet can provide.
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<!-- INSTALL TYPE -->
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<sect1 id="intro-installtype" status="draft">
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<title>Scegliere la corretta installazione</title>
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Edubuntu can be installed or configured in two primary forms:
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<para>Workstation or Stand-Alone install, just like an ordinary desktop PC fine-tuned for educational purposes.</para>
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<para>un server, con un ambiente LTSP configurato in modo predefinito e veri strumenti di rete e collaborativi.</para>
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<para>La scelta del metodo di installazione, quindi, dipende dal tipo di configurazione di rete che si desidera.</para>
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<!-- BASIC CONCEPTS - NETWORKS & NETWORKING -->
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<sect1 id="intro-concepts" status="draft">
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<title>Concetti base delle reti e dei servizi di rete</title>
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<para>Ci sono due componenti in una rete: hardware e software. Questa sezione presenta un'introduzione a entrambi.</para>
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<title>Hardware</title>
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Networking works by breaking files and other data into little packets of information. These packets are transfered over a network. The difference between various types of networks is how they transfer packets.
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<para>Ci sono due tipologie differenti di hardware per i servizi di rete: cablato e senza fili (wireless).</para>
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<para>Un aspetto importante da tenere in considerazione riguardo una rete, è la sua velocità: sarà sempre veloce quanto la sua parte più lenta. Se si dispone di una rete cablata molto veloce, ma un rete senza fili abbastanza lenta, la velocità dei client wireless sarà vincolata dalla velocità della rete senza fili.</para>
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<title>Reti cablate</title>
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Wired networking transfers packets over a cable that resembles a telephone cord, but with more wires. Wired networks can transfer packets at one of three possible speeds: 10 Mbit/sec, 100 Mbit/sec, or (Gigabit) 1000 Mbit/sec.
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<para>Una rete è utile quando può connettere diversi computer. Esistono hardware differenti che consentono la connessione di computer in una rete; sembrano simili, ma funzionano in modo diverso e lavorano a velocità diverse.</para>
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<para>Uno hub è il metodo più semplice per connettere diversi computer. Presenta molte porte e molte luci in corrispondenza di ciascuna porta. Quando riceve un messaggio su una porta, lo re-invia a tutte le altre porte. In questo modo, solo una porta alla volta risulta attiva.</para>
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<title>Switch</title>
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A switch looks a lot like a hub; it has a lot of ports in the front and usually has several small lights corresponding to each port. However, a switch is unlike a hub because it only makes a connection between the ports it needs to. A switch can have multiple connections at the same time. This allows a switch to be faster than a hub.
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<title>Router</title>
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A router is used to make a connection between two networks.
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Routers are also commonly used to connect a LAN (local area network) to the Internet.
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<title>Reti senza fili</title>
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<para>Esistono quattro tipi di reti senza fili (wireless).</para>
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Three types use the 2.4Ghz band of the radio frequency spectrum:
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<para>802.11b - 11 Mbit/sec</para>
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<para>802.11g - 56 Mbit/sec</para>
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<para>Pre-802.11n - ~200 Mbit/sec</para>
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One type uses the 5Ghz band:
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<title>Software</title>
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<para>I servizi più comuni per le infrastrutture di rete comprendono:</para>
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<title>DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)</title>
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Each computer on a network needs a unique identifier called an IP address. The IP address allows packets to be directed to the computer, much like a street address allows mail to be delivered to the correct house. An IP address follows a specific form: four groups of digits forming a number from 0 to 255. For example, a local IP address might be 192.168.2.50.
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For convenience, a computer's IP address can be given by a server running the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) service. DHCP automatically provides network settings to the computers on the network. With DHCP, there is no need to keep track of each computer's IP address.
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<title>DNS (Domain Name System)</title>
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DNS is a service that runs on a server, and it is like a phone book for computers, except that it stores IP addresses instead of phone numbers. Your computer talks to a DNS server every time you refer to another computer system with a name instead of an IP address. For example: www.edubuntu.org, wikipedia.org, and google.com are all DNS hostnames.
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<title>NTP (Network Time Protocol)</title>
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NTP is a service that runs on a server and allows other computers to synchronize their clocks. The server synchronizes with an extremely accurate atomic clock, and then the clients synchronize with the server.
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<title>Server Web</title>
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A Web server answers queries using protocols such as HTTP, and sends content such as web pages back to clients. Your Web browser almost exclusively talks to Web servers.
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<title>Proxy Web</title>
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A Web proxy is a service that runs on a server and accesses Web sites on behalf of the clients. A proxy can cache some data to allow faster repeated access to commonly accessed pages. A proxy can also restrict access to content that you deem inappropriate.
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<title>Firewall</title>
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A firewall can be a service on the server or a separate piece of hardware that runs a similar service. A firewall can protect your server (and clients) by restricting computers on the Internet from initiating connections into your server or network.
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