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Dies ist hello.info, hergestellt von Makeinfo Version 4.2 aus
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This file documents the GNU `hello' command for printing a greeting
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Copyright (C) 1992, 1993, 1996, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
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manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
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preserved on all copies.
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Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of
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this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that
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the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
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permission notice identical to this one.
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Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
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manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
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versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a
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translation approved by the Foundation.
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INFO-DIR-SECTION Greeting Printing Program
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INFO-DIR-SECTION Mail Reader
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INFO-DIR-SECTION Programming
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* Hello, world!: (hello). GNU `Hello, world'.
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File: hello.info, Node: Top, Up: (dir)
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This file documents the the GNU `hello' command to print a greeting
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* Instructions:: How to read this manual.
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* Copying:: How you can copy and share `hello'.
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* Overview:: Preliminary information.
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* Sample:: Sample output from `hello'.
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* Invoking hello:: How to run `hello'.
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* Problems:: Reporting bugs.
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* Concept Index:: Index of concepts.
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File: hello.info, Node: Instructions, Next: Copying, Up: Top
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How to Read This Manual
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***********************
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To read this manual, begin at the beginning, reading from left to
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right and top to bottom, until you get to the end. Then stop. You may
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pause for a beer anywhere in the middle as well, if you wish. (Please
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note, however, that The King strongly advises against heavy use of
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prescription pharmaceuticals, based on his extensive personal and
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professional experience.)
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File: hello.info, Node: Copying, Next: Overview, Prev: Instructions, Up: Top
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GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
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**************************
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Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
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Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
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of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
74
The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
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freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public
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License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
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software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This
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General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
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Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
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using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
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the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to
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When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
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price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
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have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
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this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
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if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in
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new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
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To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
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anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
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These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
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distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
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For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
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gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
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you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
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source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their
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We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software,
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and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
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distribute and/or modify the software.
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Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
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that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
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want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
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Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
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program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any
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patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
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The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
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TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
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0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a
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notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
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under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program,"
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below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on
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the Program" means either the Program or any derivative work under
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copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a
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portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or
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translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is
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included without limitation in the term "modification.") Each
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licensee is addressed as "you."
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Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are
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not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act
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of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the
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Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on
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the Program (independent of having been made by running the
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Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
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1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
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source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
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conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
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copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
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notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any
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warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of
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this License along with the Program.
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You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy,
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and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange
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2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
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of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
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distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
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above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
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a. You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
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stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
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b. You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that
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in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program
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or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge
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to all third parties under the terms of this License.
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c. If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
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when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
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interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display
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an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and
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a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you
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provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the
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program under these conditions, and telling the user how to
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view a copy of this License. (Exception: if the Program
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itself is interactive but does not normally print such an
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announcement, your work based on the Program is not required
176
to print an announcement.)
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These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If
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identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the
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Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate
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works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not
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apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate
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works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a
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whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of
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the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions
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for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each
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and every part regardless of who wrote it.
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Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or
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contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the
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intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of
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derivative or collective works based on the Program.
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In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the
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Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on
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a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the
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other work under the scope of this License.
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3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
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under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms
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of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the
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a. Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
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source code, which must be distributed under the terms of
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Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for
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software interchange; or,
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b. Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
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years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
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cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
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machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
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distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a
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medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
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c. Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
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to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is
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allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
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received the program in object code or executable form with
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such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
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The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
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making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete
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source code means all the source code for all modules it contains,
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plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts
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used to control compilation and installation of the executable.
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However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need
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not include anything that is normally distributed (in either
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source or binary form) with the major components (compiler,
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kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable
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runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable.
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If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
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access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
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access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
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distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
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compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
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4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
240
except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
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otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
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void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this
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License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights,
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from you under this License will not have their licenses
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terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
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5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
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signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify
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or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions
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are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License.
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Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work
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based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this
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License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying,
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distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it.
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6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
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Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
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original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program
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subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any
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further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights
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granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance
262
by third parties to this License.
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7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
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infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent
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issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order,
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agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this
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License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this
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License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously
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your obligations under this License and any other pertinent
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obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the
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Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit
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royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who
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receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only
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way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain
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entirely from distribution of the Program.
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If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable
279
under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is
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intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply
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in other circumstances.
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It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
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patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of
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any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting
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the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
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implemented by public license practices. Many people have made
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generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
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through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
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system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is
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willing to distribute software through any other system and a
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licensee cannot impose that choice.
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This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed
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to be a consequence of the rest of this License.
297
8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
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certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces,
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the original copyright holder who places the Program under this
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License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation
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excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only
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in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this
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License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of
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9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new
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versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such
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new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but
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may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
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Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the
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Program specifies a version number of this License which applies
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to it and "any later version," you have the option of following
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the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later
315
version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program
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does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose
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any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
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10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
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programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the
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author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted
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by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software
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Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision
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will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of
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all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing
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and reuse of software generally.
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11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO
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WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE
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LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
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HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT
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WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT
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NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND
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FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE
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QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE
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PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY
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SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
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12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN
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WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY
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MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE
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LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL,
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INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR
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INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
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DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU
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OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY
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OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN
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ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
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END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
354
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
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=============================================
357
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
358
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
359
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these
362
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
363
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
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convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
365
the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
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ONE LINE TO GIVE THE PROGRAM'S NAME AND AN IDEA OF WHAT IT DOES.
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Copyright (C) 19YY NAME OF AUTHOR
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This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
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modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
372
as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
373
of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
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This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
378
GNU General Public License for more details.
380
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
381
with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
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59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
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Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper
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If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like
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this when it starts in an interactive mode:
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Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 20YY NAME OF AUTHOR
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Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details
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type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome
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to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c'
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The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the
397
appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the
398
commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show
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c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your
402
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or
403
your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program,
404
if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
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Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright
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interest in the program `Gnomovision'
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(which makes passes at compilers) written
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SIGNATURE OF TY COON, 1 April 1989
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Ty Coon, President of Vice
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This General Public License does not permit incorporating your
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program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine
416
library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary
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applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the
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GNU Library General Public License instead of this License.
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File: hello.info, Node: Overview, Next: Sample, Prev: Copying, Up: Top
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The GNU `hello' program produces a familiar, friendly greeting. It
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allows nonprogrammers to use a classic computer science tool which
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would otherwise be unavailable to them. Because it is protected by the
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GNU General Public License, users are free to share and change it.
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GNU `hello' was written by Mike Haertel, David MacKenzie, Jan
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Brittenson, Charles Hannum, Roland McGrath, Noah Friedman, Karl
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Eichwalder, and The King.
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File: hello.info, Node: Sample, Next: Invoking hello, Prev: Overview, Up: Top
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Here are some realistic examples of running GNU `hello'.
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This is the output of the command `hello':
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This is the output of the command `hello --help':
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This is GNU Hello, THE greeting printing program.
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Usage: hello [OPTION]
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-h, --help display this help and exit
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-v, --version display version information and exit
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-t, --traditional use traditional greeting format
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-m, --mail print your mail
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Report bugs to bug-gnu-hello@gnu.org.
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This is the output of the command `hello --traditional':
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File: hello.info, Node: Invoking hello, Next: Problems, Prev: Sample, Up: Top
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The format for running the `hello' program is:
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`hello' supports the following options:
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Print an informative help message describing the options and then
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Print the version number of `hello' on the standard error output
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Use the traditional greeting message `hello, world' rather than
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the more modern `Hello, world!'.
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Print your mail on the standard output.
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File: hello.info, Node: Problems, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Invoking hello, Up: Top
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If you find a bug in GNU `hello', please send electronic mail to
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<bug-gnu-hello@gnu.org>. Include the version number, which you can
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find by running `hello --version'. Also include in your message the
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output that the program produced and the output you expected.
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If you have other questions, comments or suggestions about GNU
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`hello', contact The King via electronic mail to
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<elvis@graceland.gnu.ai.mit.edu>. The King will try to help you out,
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although he may not have time to fix your problems.
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File: hello.info, Node: Concept Index, Prev: Problems, Up: Top
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* creature, feeping: Invoking hello.
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* creeping feature: Invoking hello.
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* feature, creeping: Invoking hello.
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* feeping creature: Invoking hello.
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* getting help: Invoking hello.
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* greetings: Overview.
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* help: Invoking hello.
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* how to read: Instructions.
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* invoking: Invoking hello.
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* mail: Invoking hello.
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* manual, how to read: Instructions.
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* modern: Invoking hello.
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* options: Invoking hello.
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* overview: Overview.
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* problems: Problems.
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* reading: Instructions.
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* tail recursion: Concept Index.
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* traditional: Invoking hello.
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* usage: Invoking hello.
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* version: Invoking hello.
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Node: Instructions1489
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Node: Invoking hello22428
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Node: Concept Index23689
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