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<div class="chapter" title="Chapter 4. Writing Tests for PHPUnit"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="writing-tests-for-phpunit"></a>Chapter 4. Writing Tests for PHPUnit</h2></div></div></div>

<a class="xref" href="writing-tests-for-phpunit.html#writing-tests-for-phpunit.examples.StackTest.php" title="Example 4.1: Testing array operations with PHPUnit">Example 4.1</a> shows

how we can write tests using PHPUnit that exercice PHP's array operations.

The example introduces the basic conventions and steps for writing tests

with PHPUnit:

<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem">The tests for a class <code class="literal">Class</code> go into a class <code class="literal">ClassTest</code>.</li><li class="listitem"><code class="literal">ClassTest</code> inherits (most of the time) from <code class="literal">PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase</code>.</li><li class="listitem"><a id="id2553876" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2553881" class="indexterm"></a>The tests are public methods that are named <code class="literal">test*</code>.<a id="id2553896" class="indexterm"></a>Alternatively, you can use the <code class="literal">@test</code> annotation in a method's docblock to mark it as a test method.</li><li class="listitem">Inside the test methods, assertion methods such as <code class="literal">assertEquals()</code> (see <a class="xref" href="api.html#api.assert" title="PHPUnit_Framework_Assert">the section called “PHPUnit_Framework_Assert”</a>) are used to assert that an actual value matches an expected value.</li></ol></div><div class="example"><a id="writing-tests-for-phpunit.examples.StackTest.php"></a>Example 4.1: Testing array operations with PHPUnit<div class="example-contents"><pre class="programlisting"><code><?php require_once 'PHPUnit/Framework.php';   class StackTest extends PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase {     public function testPushAndPop()     {         $stack = array();         $this->assertEquals(0, count($stack));           array_push($stack, 'foo');         $this->assertEquals('foo', $stack[count($stack)-1]);         $this->assertEquals(1, count($stack));           $this->assertEquals('foo', array_pop($stack));         $this->assertEquals(0, count($stack));     } } ?> </code></pre></div></div> <div class="blockquote"><table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="blockquote" summary="Block quote"><tr><td width="10%" valign="top"> </td><td width="80%" valign="top">

<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem">The tests for a class <code class="literal">Class</code> go into a class <code class="literal">ClassTest</code>.</li><li class="listitem"><code class="literal">ClassTest</code> inherits (most of the time) from <code class="literal">PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase</code>.</li><li class="listitem"><a id="id2555574" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id2555580" class="indexterm"></a>The tests are public methods that are named <code class="literal">test*</code>.<a id="id2555596" class="indexterm"></a>Alternatively, you can use the <code class="literal">@test</code> annotation in a method's docblock to mark it as a test method.</li><li class="listitem">Inside the test methods, assertion methods such as <code class="literal">assertEquals()</code> (see <a class="xref" href="api.html#api.assert" title="PHPUnit_Framework_Assert">the section called “PHPUnit_Framework_Assert”</a>) are used to assert that an actual value matches an expected value.</li></ol></div><div class="example"><a id="writing-tests-for-phpunit.examples.StackTest.php"></a>Example 4.1: Testing array operations with PHPUnit<div class="example-contents"><pre class="programlisting"><code><?php class StackTest extends PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase {     public function testPushAndPop()     {         $stack = array();         $this->assertEquals(0, count($stack));           array_push($stack, 'foo');         $this->assertEquals('foo', $stack[count($stack)-1]);         $this->assertEquals(1, count($stack));           $this->assertEquals('foo', array_pop($stack));         $this->assertEquals(0, count($stack));     } } ?> </code></pre></div></div> <div class="blockquote"><table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="blockquote" summary="Block quote"><tr><td width="10%" valign="top"> </td><td width="80%" valign="top">

Whenever you are tempted to type something into a

<code class="literal">print</code> statement or a debugger expression, write it

as a test instead.

there are implicit dependencies between test methods, hidden in the

implementation scenario of a test.

</td><td width="10%" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="10%" valign="top"> </td><td colspan="2" align="right" valign="top">--Adrian Kuhn et. al.</td></tr></table></div>

PHPUnit supports the declaration of explicit dependencies between test

methods. Such dependencies do not define the order in which the test

methods are to be executed but they allow the returning of an instance of

the test fixture by a producer and passing it to the dependent consumers.

<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">A producer is a test method that yields its unit under test as return value.</li><li class="listitem">A consumer is a test method that depends on one or more producers and their return values.</li></ul></div>

<a class="xref" href="writing-tests-for-phpunit.html#writing-tests-for-phpunit.examples.StackTest2.php" title="Example 4.2: Using the @depends annotation to express dependencies">Example 4.2</a> shows

how to use the <code class="literal">@depends</code> annotation to express

dependencies between test methods.

<div class="example"><a id="writing-tests-for-phpunit.examples.StackTest2.php"></a>Example 4.2: Using the <code class="literal">@depends</code> annotation to express dependencies<div class="example-contents"><pre class="programlisting"><code><?php class StackTest extends PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase {     public function testEmpty()     {         $stack = array();         $this->assertTrue(empty($stack));           return $stack;     }       /**      * @depends testEmpty      */     public function testPush(array $stack)     {         array_push($stack, 'foo');         $this->assertEquals('foo', $stack[count($stack)-1]);         $this->assertFalse(empty($stack));           return $stack;     }       /**      * @depends testPush      */     public function testPop(array $stack)     {         $this->assertEquals('foo', array_pop($stack));         $this->assertTrue(empty($stack));     } } ?> </code></pre></div></div>

<div class="example"><a id="writing-tests-for-phpunit.examples.StackTest2.php"></a>Example 4.2: Using the <code class="literal">@depends</code> annotation to express dependencies<div class="example-contents"><pre class="programlisting"><code><?php class StackTest extends PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase {     public function testEmpty()     {         $stack = array();         $this->assertEmpty($stack);           return $stack;     }       /**      * @depends testEmpty      */     public function testPush(array $stack)     {         array_push($stack, 'foo');         $this->assertEquals('foo', $stack[count($stack)-1]);         $this->assertNotEmpty($stack);           return $stack;     }       /**      * @depends testPush      */     public function testPop(array $stack)     {         $this->assertEquals('foo', array_pop($stack));         $this->assertEmpty($stack);     } } ?> </code></pre></div></div>

In the example above, the first test, <code class="literal">testEmpty()</code>,

creates a new array and asserts that it is empty. The test then returns

the fixture as its result. The second test, <code class="literal">testPush()</code>,

depended-upon test as its argument. Finally, <code class="literal">testPop()</code>

depends upons <code class="literal">testPush()</code>.

To quickly localize defects, we want our attention to be focussed on

relevant failing tests. This is why PHPUnit skips the execution of a test

exploiting the dependencies between tests as shown in

<a class="xref" href="writing-tests-for-phpunit.html#writing-tests-for-phpunit.examples.DependencyFailureTest.php" title="Example 4.3: Exploiting the dependencies between tests">Example 4.3</a>.

<div class="example"><a id="writing-tests-for-phpunit.examples.DependencyFailureTest.php"></a>Example 4.3: Exploiting the dependencies between tests<div class="example-contents"><pre class="programlisting"><code><?php class DependencyFailureTest extends PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase {     public function testOne()     {         $this->assertTrue(FALSE);     }       /**      * @depends testOne      */     public function testTwo()     {     } } ?> </code></pre><pre class="screen"><code>phpunit --verbose DependencyFailureTest</code>

PHPUnit 3.4.2 by Sebastian Bergmann.

PHPUnit 3.5.0 by Sebastian Bergmann.

DependencyFailureTest

ensure that the dependencies of a test can actually be met before the test

is run.

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</div><div class="section" title="Data Providers"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="writing-tests-for-phpunit.data-providers"></a>Data Providers</h2></div></div></div>

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A test method can accept arbitrary arguments. These arguments are to be

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provided by a data provider method (<code class="literal">provider()</code> in

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<a class="xref" href="writing-tests-for-phpunit.html#writing-tests-for-phpunit.data-providers.examples.DataTest.php" title="Example 4.4: Using data providers">Example 4.4</a>).

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is part of the collection the test method will be called with the contents

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of the array as its arguments.

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<div class="example"><a id="writing-tests-for-phpunit.data-providers.examples.DataTest.php"></a>Example 4.4: Using data providers<div class="example-contents"><pre class="programlisting"><code><?php class DataTest extends PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase {     /**      * @dataProvider provider      */     public function testAdd($a, $b, $c)     {         $this->assertEquals($c, $a + $b);     }       public function provider()     {         return array(           array(0, 0, 0),           array(0, 1, 1),           array(1, 0, 1),           array(1, 1, 3)         );     } } ?> </code></pre><pre class="screen"><code>phpunit DataTest</code>

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PHPUnit 3.4.2 by Sebastian Bergmann.

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PHPUnit 3.5.0 by Sebastian Bergmann.

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...F

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FAILURES!

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Tests: 4, Assertions: 4, Failures: 1.

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</pre></div></div> <div class="note" title="Note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3>

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When a test receives input from both a <code class="literal">@dataProvider</code>

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method and from one or more tests it <code class="literal">@depends</code> on, the

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arguments from the data provider will come before the ones from

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depended-upon tests.

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</div><div class="note" title="Note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3>

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When a test depends on a test that uses data providers, the depending

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test will be executed when the test it depends upon is successful for at

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least one data set. The result of a test that uses data providers cannot

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be injected into a depending test.

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</div></div><div class="section" title="Testing Exceptions"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="writing-tests-for-phpunit.exceptions"></a>Testing Exceptions</h2></div></div></div>

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<a class="xref" href="writing-tests-for-phpunit.html#writing-tests-for-phpunit.exceptions.examples.ExceptionTest.php" title="Example 4.5: Using the @expectedException annotation">Example 4.5</a>

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shows how to use the <code class="literal">@expectedException</code> annotation to

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test whether an exception is thrown inside the tested code.

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<div class="example"><a id="writing-tests-for-phpunit.exceptions.examples.ExceptionTest.php"></a>Example 4.5: Using the @expectedException annotation<div class="example-contents"><pre class="programlisting"><code><?php require_once 'PHPUnit/Framework.php';   class ExceptionTest extends PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase {     /**      * @expectedException InvalidArgumentException      */     public function testException()     {     } } ?> </code></pre><pre class="screen"><code>phpunit ExceptionTest</code>

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PHPUnit 3.4.2 by Sebastian Bergmann.

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<div class="example"><a id="writing-tests-for-phpunit.exceptions.examples.ExceptionTest.php"></a>Example 4.5: Using the @expectedException annotation<div class="example-contents"><pre class="programlisting"><code><?php class ExceptionTest extends PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase {     /**      * @expectedException InvalidArgumentException      */     public function testException()     {     } } ?> </code></pre><pre class="screen"><code>phpunit ExceptionTest</code>

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PHPUnit 3.5.0 by Sebastian Bergmann.

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Tests: 1, Assertions: 1, Failures: 1.</pre></div></div>

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Alternatively, you can use the <code class="literal">setExpectedException()</code>

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method to set the expected exception as shown in <a class="xref" href="writing-tests-for-phpunit.html#writing-tests-for-phpunit.exceptions.examples.ExceptionTest2.php" title="Example 4.6: Expecting an exception to be raised by the tested code">Example 4.6</a>.

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<div class="example"><a id="writing-tests-for-phpunit.exceptions.examples.ExceptionTest2.php"></a>Example 4.6: Expecting an exception to be raised by the tested code<div class="example-contents"><pre class="programlisting"><code><?php require_once 'PHPUnit/Framework.php';   class ExceptionTest extends PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase {     public function testException()     {         $this->setExpectedException('InvalidArgumentException');     } } ?> </code></pre><pre class="screen"><code>phpunit ExceptionTest</code>

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PHPUnit 3.4.2 by Sebastian Bergmann.

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<div class="example"><a id="writing-tests-for-phpunit.exceptions.examples.ExceptionTest2.php"></a>Example 4.6: Expecting an exception to be raised by the tested code<div class="example-contents"><pre class="programlisting"><code><?php class ExceptionTest extends PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase {     public function testException()     {         $this->setExpectedException('InvalidArgumentException');     } } ?> </code></pre><pre class="screen"><code>phpunit ExceptionTest</code>

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PHPUnit 3.5.0 by Sebastian Bergmann.

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You can also use the approach shown in

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<a class="xref" href="writing-tests-for-phpunit.html#writing-tests-for-phpunit.exceptions.examples.ExceptionTest3.php" title="Example 4.7: Alternative approach to testing exceptions">Example 4.7</a>

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to test exceptions.

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<div class="example"><a id="writing-tests-for-phpunit.exceptions.examples.ExceptionTest3.php"></a>Example 4.7: Alternative approach to testing exceptions<div class="example-contents"><pre class="programlisting"><code><?php require_once 'PHPUnit/Framework.php';   class ExceptionTest extends PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase {     public function testException() {         try {             // ... Code that is expected to raise an exception ...         }           catch (InvalidArgumentException $expected) {             return;         }           $this->fail('An expected exception has not been raised.');     } } ?> </code></pre></div></div>

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<div class="example"><a id="writing-tests-for-phpunit.exceptions.examples.ExceptionTest3.php"></a>Example 4.7: Alternative approach to testing exceptions<div class="example-contents"><pre class="programlisting"><code><?php class ExceptionTest extends PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase {     public function testException() {         try {             // ... Code that is expected to raise an exception ...         }           catch (InvalidArgumentException $expected) {             return;         }           $this->fail('An expected exception has not been raised.');     } } ?> </code></pre></div></div>

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If the code that is expected to raise an exception in

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<a class="xref" href="writing-tests-for-phpunit.html#writing-tests-for-phpunit.exceptions.examples.ExceptionTest3.php" title="Example 4.7: Alternative approach to testing exceptions">Example 4.7</a>

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does not raise the expected exception, the subsequent call to

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<code class="literal">fail()</code> (see

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<a class="xref" href="api.html#api.assert.tables.bottleneck-methods" title="Table 22.2. Bottleneck Methods">Table 22.2</a>) will halt the

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<a class="xref" href="api.html#api.assert.tables.bottleneck-methods" title="Table 21.2. Bottleneck Methods">Table 21.2</a>) will halt the

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test and signal a problem with the test. If the expected exception is

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test will end successfully.

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</div><div class="section" title="Testing PHP Errors"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="writing-tests-for-phpunit.errors"></a>Testing PHP Errors</h2></div></div></div>

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By default, PHPUnit converts PHP errors, warnings, and notices that are

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triggered during the execution of a test to an exception. Using these

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exceptions, you can, for instance, expect a test to trigger a PHP error as

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shown in <a class="xref" href="writing-tests-for-phpunit.html#writing-tests-for-phpunit.exceptions.examples.ErrorTest.php" title="Example 4.8: Expecting a PHP error using @expectedException">Example 4.8</a>.

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<div class="example"><a id="writing-tests-for-phpunit.exceptions.examples.ErrorTest.php"></a>Example 4.8: Expecting a PHP error using @expectedException<div class="example-contents"><pre class="programlisting"><code><?php class ExpectedErrorTest extends PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase {     /**      * @expectedException PHPUnit_Framework_Error      */     public function testFailingInclude()     {         include 'not_existing_file.php';     } } ?> </code></pre><pre class="screen"><code>phpunit ExpectedErrorTest</code>

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OK (1 test, 1 assertion)</pre></div></div>

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</table>

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</div>

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<dl><dt><a href="automating-tests.html">1. Automating Tests</a></dt><dt><a href="goals.html">2. PHPUnit's Goals</a></dt><dt><a href="installation.html">3. Installing PHPUnit</a></dt><dt><a href="writing-tests-for-phpunit.html" class="active">4. Writing Tests for PHPUnit</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="writing-tests-for-phpunit.html#writing-tests-for-phpunit.test-dependencies">Test Dependencies</a></dt><dt><a href="writing-tests-for-phpunit.html#writing-tests-for-phpunit.data-providers">Data Providers</a></dt><dt><a href="writing-tests-for-phpunit.html#writing-tests-for-phpunit.exceptions">Testing Exceptions</a></dt><dt><a href="writing-tests-for-phpunit.html#writing-tests-for-phpunit.errors">Testing PHP Errors</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="textui.html">5. The Command-Line Test Runner</a></dt><dt><a href="fixtures.html">6. Fixtures</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="fixtures.html#fixtures.more-setup-than-teardown">More setUp() than tearDown()</a></dt><dt><a href="fixtures.html#fixtures.variations">Variations</a></dt><dt><a href="fixtures.html#fixtures.sharing-fixture">Sharing Fixture</a></dt><dt><a href="fixtures.html#fixtures.global-state">Global State</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="organizing-tests.html">7. Organizing Tests</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="organizing-tests.html#organizing-tests.filesystem">Composing a Test Suite Using the Filesystem</a></dt><dt><a href="organizing-tests.html#organizing-tests.xml-configuration">Composing a Test Suite Using XML Configuration</a></dt><dt><a href="organizing-tests.html#organizing-tests.testsuite">Using the TestSuite Class</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="testcase-extensions.html">8. TestCase Extensions</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="testcase-extensions.html#testcase-extensions.output">Testing Output</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="database.html">9. Database Testing</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="database.html#database.datasets">Data Sets</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="database.html#database.datasets.flatxml">Flat XML Data Set</a></dt><dt><a href="database.html#database.datasets.xml">XML Data Set</a></dt><dt><a href="database.html#database.datasets.csv">CSV Data Set</a></dt><dt><a href="database.html#database.datasets.replacement">Replacement Data Set</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="database.html#database.operations">Operations</a></dt><dt><a href="database.html#database.bestpractices">Database Testing Best Practices</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="incomplete-and-skipped-tests.html">10. Incomplete and Skipped Tests</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="incomplete-and-skipped-tests.html#incomplete-and-skipped-tests.incomplete-tests">Incomplete Tests</a></dt><dt><a href="incomplete-and-skipped-tests.html#incomplete-and-skipped-tests.skipping-tests">Skipping Tests</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="test-doubles.html">11. Test Doubles</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="test-doubles.html#test-doubles.stubs">Stubs</a></dt><dt><a href="test-doubles.html#test-doubles.mock-objects">Mock Objects</a></dt><dt><a href="test-doubles.html#test-doubles.stubbing-and-mocking-web-services">Stubbing and Mocking Web Services</a></dt><dt><a href="test-doubles.html#test-doubles.mocking-the-filesystem">Mocking the Filesystem</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="testing-practices.html">12. Testing Practices</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="testing-practices.html#testing-practices.during-development">During Development</a></dt><dt><a href="testing-practices.html#testing-practices.during-debugging">During Debugging</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="test-driven-development.html">13. Test-Driven Development</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="test-driven-development.html#test-driven-development.bankaccount-example">BankAccount Example</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="behaviour-driven-development.html">14. Behaviour-Driven Development</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="behaviour-driven-development.html#behaviour-driven-development.bowlinggame-example">BowlingGame Example</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="code-coverage-analysis.html">15. Code Coverage Analysis</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="code-coverage-analysis.html#code-coverage-analysis.specifying-covered-methods">Specifying Covered Methods</a></dt><dt><a href="code-coverage-analysis.html#code-coverage-analysis.ignoring-code-blocks">Ignoring Code Blocks</a></dt><dt><a href="code-coverage-analysis.html#code-coverage-analysis.including-excluding-files">Including and Excluding Files</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="other-uses-for-tests.html">16. Other Uses for Tests</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="other-uses-for-tests.html#other-uses-for-tests.agile-documentation">Agile Documentation</a></dt><dt><a href="other-uses-for-tests.html#other-uses-for-tests.cross-team-tests">Cross-Team Tests</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="skeleton-generator.html">17. Skeleton Generator</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="skeleton-generator.html#skeleton-generator.test">Generating a Test Case Class Skeleton</a></dt><dt><a href="skeleton-generator.html#skeleton-generator.class">Generating a Class Skeleton from a Test Case Class</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="selenium.html">18. PHPUnit and Selenium</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="selenium.html#selenium.selenium-rc">Selenium RC</a></dt><dt><a href="selenium.html#selenium.seleniumtestcase">PHPUnit_Extensions_SeleniumTestCase</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="logging.html">19. Logging</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="logging.html#logging.xml">Test Results (XML)</a></dt><dt><a href="logging.html#logging.tap">Test Results (TAP)</a></dt><dt><a href="logging.html#logging.json">Test Results (JSON)</a></dt><dt><a href="logging.html#logging.codecoverage">Code Coverage (XML)</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="build-automation.html">20. Build Automation</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="build-automation.html#build-automation.ant">Apache Ant</a></dt><dt><a href="build-automation.html#build-automation.maven">Apache Maven</a></dt><dt><a href="build-automation.html#build-automation.phing">Phing</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="continuous-integration.html">21. Continuous Integration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="continuous-integration.html#continuous-integration.atlassian-bamboo">Atlassian Bamboo</a></dt><dt><a href="continuous-integration.html#continuous-integration.cruisecontrol">CruiseControl</a></dt><dt><a href="continuous-integration.html#continuous-integration.phpUnderControl">phpUnderControl</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="api.html">22. PHPUnit API</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="api.html#api.overview">Overview</a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert">PHPUnit_Framework_Assert</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertArrayHasKey"><code class="literal">assertArrayHasKey()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertClassHasAttribute"><code class="literal">assertClassHasAttribute()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertClassHasStaticAttribute"><code class="literal">assertClassHasStaticAttribute()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertContains"><code class="literal">assertContains()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertContainsOnly"><code class="literal">assertContainsOnly()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertEqualXMLStructure"><code class="literal">assertEqualXMLStructure()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertEquals"><code class="literal">assertEquals()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertFalse"><code class="literal">assertFalse()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertFileEquals"><code class="literal">assertFileEquals()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertFileExists"><code class="literal">assertFileExists()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertGreaterThan"><code class="literal">assertGreaterThan()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertGreaterThanOrEqual"><code class="literal">assertGreaterThanOrEqual()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertLessThan"><code class="literal">assertLessThan()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertLessThanOrEqual"><code class="literal">assertLessThanOrEqual()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertNull"><code class="literal">assertNull()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertObjectHasAttribute"><code class="literal">assertObjectHasAttribute()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertRegExp"><code class="literal">assertRegExp()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertSame"><code class="literal">assertSame()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertSelectCount"><code class="literal">assertSelectCount()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertSelectEquals"><code class="literal">assertSelectEquals()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertSelectRegExp"><code class="literal">assertSelectRegExp()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertStringEndsWith"><code class="literal">assertStringEndsWith()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertStringEqualsFile"><code class="literal">assertStringEqualsFile()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertStringStartsWith"><code class="literal">assertStringStartsWith()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertTag"><code class="literal">assertTag()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertThat"><code class="literal">assertThat()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertTrue"><code class="literal">assertTrue()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertType"><code class="literal">assertType()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertXmlFileEqualsXmlFile"><code class="literal">assertXmlFileEqualsXmlFile()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertXmlStringEqualsXmlFile"><code class="literal">assertXmlStringEqualsXmlFile()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertXmlStringEqualsXmlString"><code class="literal">assertXmlStringEqualsXmlString()</code></a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="api.html#api.test">PHPUnit_Framework_Test</a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.testcase">PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase</a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.testsuite">PHPUnit_Framework_TestSuite</a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.testresult">PHPUnit_Framework_TestResult</a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.package-structure">Package Structure</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="extending-phpunit.html">23. Extending PHPUnit</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="extending-phpunit.html#extending-phpunit.PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase">Subclass PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase</a></dt><dt><a href="extending-phpunit.html#extending-phpunit.Assert">Assert Classes</a></dt><dt><a href="extending-phpunit.html#extending-phpunit.PHPUnit_Extensions_TestDecorator">Subclass PHPUnit_Extensions_TestDecorator</a></dt><dt><a href="extending-phpunit.html#extending-phpunit.PHPUnit_Framework_Test">Implement PHPUnit_Framework_Test</a></dt><dt><a href="extending-phpunit.html#extending-phpunit.PHPUnit_Framework_TestResult">Subclass PHPUnit_Framework_TestResult</a></dt><dt><a href="extending-phpunit.html#extending-phpunit.PHPUnit_Framework_TestListener">Implement PHPUnit_Framework_TestListener</a></dt><dt><a href="extending-phpunit.html#extending-phpunit.TestRunner">New Test Runner</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="appendixes.assertions.html">A. Assertions</a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.annotations.html">B. Annotations</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="appendixes.annotations.html#appendixes.annotations.assert"><code class="literal">@assert</code></a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.annotations.html#appendixes.annotations.backupGlobals"><code class="literal">@backupGlobals</code></a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.annotations.html#appendixes.annotations.backupStaticAttributes"><code class="literal">@backupStaticAttributes</code></a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.annotations.html#appendixes.annotations.covers"><code class="literal">@covers</code></a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.annotations.html#appendixes.annotations.dataProvider"><code class="literal">@dataProvider</code></a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.annotations.html#appendixes.annotations.depends"><code class="literal">@depends</code></a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.annotations.html#appendixes.annotations.expectedException"><code class="literal">@expectedException</code></a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.annotations.html#appendixes.annotations.group"><code class="literal">@group</code></a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.annotations.html#appendixes.annotations.outputBuffering"><code class="literal">@outputBuffering</code></a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.annotations.html#appendixes.annotations.runTestsInSeparateProcesses"><code class="literal">@runTestsInSeparateProcesses</code></a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.annotations.html#appendixes.annotations.runInSeparateProcess"><code class="literal">@runInSeparateProcess</code></a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.annotations.html#appendixes.annotations.test"><code class="literal">@test</code></a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.annotations.html#appendixes.annotations.testdox"><code class="literal">@testdox</code></a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.annotations.html#appendixes.annotations.ticket"><code class="literal">@ticket</code></a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="appendixes.configuration.html">C. The XML Configuration File</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="appendixes.configuration.html#appendixes.configuration.phpunit">PHPUnit</a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.configuration.html#appendixes.configuration.testsuites">Test Suites</a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.configuration.html#appendixes.configuration.groups">Groups</a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.configuration.html#appendixes.configuration.blacklist-whitelist">Including and Excluding Files for Code Coverage</a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.configuration.html#appendixes.configuration.logging">Logging</a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.configuration.html#appendixes.configuration.test-listeners">Test Listeners</a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.configuration.html#appendixes.configuration.php-ini-constants-variables">Setting PHP INI settings, Constants and Global Variables</a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.configuration.html#appendixes.configuration.selenium-rc">Configuring Browsers for Selenium RC</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="appendixes.index.html">D. Index</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="appendixes.index.html#appendixes.index.index"></a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="appendixes.bibliography.html">E. Bibliography</a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.copyright.html">F. Copyright</a></dt></dl>

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<dl><dt><a href="automating-tests.html">1. Automating Tests</a></dt><dt><a href="goals.html">2. PHPUnit's Goals</a></dt><dt><a href="installation.html">3. Installing PHPUnit</a></dt><dt><a href="writing-tests-for-phpunit.html" class="active">4. Writing Tests for PHPUnit</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="writing-tests-for-phpunit.html#writing-tests-for-phpunit.test-dependencies">Test Dependencies</a></dt><dt><a href="writing-tests-for-phpunit.html#writing-tests-for-phpunit.data-providers">Data Providers</a></dt><dt><a href="writing-tests-for-phpunit.html#writing-tests-for-phpunit.exceptions">Testing Exceptions</a></dt><dt><a href="writing-tests-for-phpunit.html#writing-tests-for-phpunit.errors">Testing PHP Errors</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="textui.html">5. The Command-Line Test Runner</a></dt><dt><a href="fixtures.html">6. Fixtures</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="fixtures.html#fixtures.more-setup-than-teardown">More setUp() than tearDown()</a></dt><dt><a href="fixtures.html#fixtures.variations">Variations</a></dt><dt><a href="fixtures.html#fixtures.sharing-fixture">Sharing Fixture</a></dt><dt><a href="fixtures.html#fixtures.global-state">Global State</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="organizing-tests.html">7. Organizing Tests</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="organizing-tests.html#organizing-tests.filesystem">Composing a Test Suite Using the Filesystem</a></dt><dt><a href="organizing-tests.html#organizing-tests.xml-configuration">Composing a Test Suite Using XML Configuration</a></dt><dt><a href="organizing-tests.html#organizing-tests.testsuite">Using the TestSuite Class</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="testcase-extensions.html">8. TestCase Extensions</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="testcase-extensions.html#testcase-extensions.output">Testing Output</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="database.html">9. Database Testing</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="database.html#database.datasets">Data Sets</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="database.html#database.datasets.flatxml">Flat XML Data Set</a></dt><dt><a href="database.html#database.datasets.xml">XML Data Set</a></dt><dt><a href="database.html#database.datasets.csv">CSV Data Set</a></dt><dt><a href="database.html#database.datasets.replacement">Replacement Data Set</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="database.html#database.operations">Operations</a></dt><dt><a href="database.html#database.bestpractices">Database Testing Best Practices</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="incomplete-and-skipped-tests.html">10. Incomplete and Skipped Tests</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="incomplete-and-skipped-tests.html#incomplete-and-skipped-tests.incomplete-tests">Incomplete Tests</a></dt><dt><a href="incomplete-and-skipped-tests.html#incomplete-and-skipped-tests.skipping-tests">Skipping Tests</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="test-doubles.html">11. Test Doubles</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="test-doubles.html#test-doubles.stubs">Stubs</a></dt><dt><a href="test-doubles.html#test-doubles.mock-objects">Mock Objects</a></dt><dt><a href="test-doubles.html#test-doubles.stubbing-and-mocking-web-services">Stubbing and Mocking Web Services</a></dt><dt><a href="test-doubles.html#test-doubles.mocking-the-filesystem">Mocking the Filesystem</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="testing-practices.html">12. Testing Practices</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="testing-practices.html#testing-practices.during-development">During Development</a></dt><dt><a href="testing-practices.html#testing-practices.during-debugging">During Debugging</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="test-driven-development.html">13. Test-Driven Development</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="test-driven-development.html#test-driven-development.bankaccount-example">BankAccount Example</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="code-coverage-analysis.html">14. Code Coverage Analysis</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="code-coverage-analysis.html#code-coverage-analysis.specifying-covered-methods">Specifying Covered Methods</a></dt><dt><a href="code-coverage-analysis.html#code-coverage-analysis.ignoring-code-blocks">Ignoring Code Blocks</a></dt><dt><a href="code-coverage-analysis.html#code-coverage-analysis.including-excluding-files">Including and Excluding Files</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="other-uses-for-tests.html">15. Other Uses for Tests</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="other-uses-for-tests.html#other-uses-for-tests.agile-documentation">Agile Documentation</a></dt><dt><a href="other-uses-for-tests.html#other-uses-for-tests.cross-team-tests">Cross-Team Tests</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="skeleton-generator.html">16. Skeleton Generator</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="skeleton-generator.html#skeleton-generator.test">Generating a Test Case Class Skeleton</a></dt><dt><a href="skeleton-generator.html#skeleton-generator.class">Generating a Class Skeleton from a Test Case Class</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="selenium.html">17. PHPUnit and Selenium</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="selenium.html#selenium.selenium-rc">Selenium RC</a></dt><dt><a href="selenium.html#selenium.seleniumtestcase">PHPUnit_Extensions_SeleniumTestCase</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="logging.html">18. Logging</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="logging.html#logging.xml">Test Results (XML)</a></dt><dt><a href="logging.html#logging.tap">Test Results (TAP)</a></dt><dt><a href="logging.html#logging.json">Test Results (JSON)</a></dt><dt><a href="logging.html#logging.codecoverage">Code Coverage (XML)</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="build-automation.html">19. Build Automation</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="build-automation.html#build-automation.ant">Apache Ant</a></dt><dt><a href="build-automation.html#build-automation.maven">Apache Maven</a></dt><dt><a href="build-automation.html#build-automation.phing">Phing</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="continuous-integration.html">20. Continuous Integration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="continuous-integration.html#continuous-integration.atlassian-bamboo">Atlassian Bamboo</a></dt><dt><a href="continuous-integration.html#continuous-integration.cruisecontrol">CruiseControl</a></dt><dt><a href="continuous-integration.html#continuous-integration.phpUnderControl">phpUnderControl</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="api.html">21. PHPUnit API</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="api.html#api.overview">Overview</a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert">PHPUnit_Framework_Assert</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertArrayHasKey"><code class="literal">assertArrayHasKey()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertClassHasAttribute"><code class="literal">assertClassHasAttribute()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertClassHasStaticAttribute"><code class="literal">assertClassHasStaticAttribute()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertContains"><code class="literal">assertContains()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertContainsOnly"><code class="literal">assertContainsOnly()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertEmpty"><code class="literal">assertEmpty()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertEqualXMLStructure"><code class="literal">assertEqualXMLStructure()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertEquals"><code class="literal">assertEquals()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertFalse"><code class="literal">assertFalse()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertFileEquals"><code class="literal">assertFileEquals()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertFileExists"><code class="literal">assertFileExists()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertGreaterThan"><code class="literal">assertGreaterThan()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertGreaterThanOrEqual"><code class="literal">assertGreaterThanOrEqual()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertInstanceOf"><code class="literal">assertInstanceOf()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertInternalType"><code class="literal">assertInternalType()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertLessThan"><code class="literal">assertLessThan()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertLessThanOrEqual"><code class="literal">assertLessThanOrEqual()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertNull"><code class="literal">assertNull()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertObjectHasAttribute"><code class="literal">assertObjectHasAttribute()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertRegExp"><code class="literal">assertRegExp()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertStringMatchesFormat"><code class="literal">assertStringMatchesFormat()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertStringMatchesFormatFile"><code class="literal">assertStringMatchesFormatFile()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertSame"><code class="literal">assertSame()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertSelectCount"><code class="literal">assertSelectCount()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertSelectEquals"><code class="literal">assertSelectEquals()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertSelectRegExp"><code class="literal">assertSelectRegExp()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertStringEndsWith"><code class="literal">assertStringEndsWith()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertStringEqualsFile"><code class="literal">assertStringEqualsFile()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertStringStartsWith"><code class="literal">assertStringStartsWith()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertTag"><code class="literal">assertTag()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertThat"><code class="literal">assertThat()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertTrue"><code class="literal">assertTrue()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertType"><code class="literal">assertType()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertXmlFileEqualsXmlFile"><code class="literal">assertXmlFileEqualsXmlFile()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertXmlStringEqualsXmlFile"><code class="literal">assertXmlStringEqualsXmlFile()</code></a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.assert.assertXmlStringEqualsXmlString"><code class="literal">assertXmlStringEqualsXmlString()</code></a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="api.html#api.test">PHPUnit_Framework_Test</a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.testcase">PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase</a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.testsuite">PHPUnit_Framework_TestSuite</a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.testresult">PHPUnit_Framework_TestResult</a></dt><dt><a href="api.html#api.package-structure">Package Structure</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="extending-phpunit.html">22. Extending PHPUnit</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="extending-phpunit.html#extending-phpunit.PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase">Subclass PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase</a></dt><dt><a href="extending-phpunit.html#extending-phpunit.Assert">Assert Classes</a></dt><dt><a href="extending-phpunit.html#extending-phpunit.PHPUnit_Extensions_TestDecorator">Subclass PHPUnit_Extensions_TestDecorator</a></dt><dt><a href="extending-phpunit.html#extending-phpunit.PHPUnit_Framework_Test">Implement PHPUnit_Framework_Test</a></dt><dt><a href="extending-phpunit.html#extending-phpunit.PHPUnit_Framework_TestResult">Subclass PHPUnit_Framework_TestResult</a></dt><dt><a href="extending-phpunit.html#extending-phpunit.PHPUnit_Framework_TestListener">Implement PHPUnit_Framework_TestListener</a></dt><dt><a href="extending-phpunit.html#extending-phpunit.TestRunner">New Test Runner</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="appendixes.assertions.html">A. Assertions</a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.annotations.html">B. Annotations</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="appendixes.annotations.html#appendixes.annotations.assert"><code class="literal">@assert</code></a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.annotations.html#appendixes.annotations.author"><code class="literal">@author</code></a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.annotations.html#appendixes.annotations.backupGlobals"><code class="literal">@backupGlobals</code></a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.annotations.html#appendixes.annotations.backupStaticAttributes"><code class="literal">@backupStaticAttributes</code></a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.annotations.html#appendixes.annotations.covers"><code class="literal">@covers</code></a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.annotations.html#appendixes.annotations.dataProvider"><code class="literal">@dataProvider</code></a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.annotations.html#appendixes.annotations.depends"><code class="literal">@depends</code></a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.annotations.html#appendixes.annotations.expectedException"><code class="literal">@expectedException</code></a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.annotations.html#appendixes.annotations.expectedExceptionCode"><code class="literal">@expectedExceptionCode</code></a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.annotations.html#appendixes.annotations.expectedExceptionMessage"><code class="literal">@expectedExceptionMessage</code></a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.annotations.html#appendixes.annotations.group"><code class="literal">@group</code></a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.annotations.html#appendixes.annotations.outputBuffering"><code class="literal">@outputBuffering</code></a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.annotations.html#appendixes.annotations.runTestsInSeparateProcesses"><code class="literal">@runTestsInSeparateProcesses</code></a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.annotations.html#appendixes.annotations.runInSeparateProcess"><code class="literal">@runInSeparateProcess</code></a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.annotations.html#appendixes.annotations.test"><code class="literal">@test</code></a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.annotations.html#appendixes.annotations.testdox"><code class="literal">@testdox</code></a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.annotations.html#appendixes.annotations.ticket"><code class="literal">@ticket</code></a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="appendixes.configuration.html">C. The XML Configuration File</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="appendixes.configuration.html#appendixes.configuration.phpunit">PHPUnit</a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.configuration.html#appendixes.configuration.testsuites">Test Suites</a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.configuration.html#appendixes.configuration.groups">Groups</a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.configuration.html#appendixes.configuration.blacklist-whitelist">Including and Excluding Files for Code Coverage</a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.configuration.html#appendixes.configuration.logging">Logging</a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.configuration.html#appendixes.configuration.test-listeners">Test Listeners</a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.configuration.html#appendixes.configuration.php-ini-constants-variables">Setting PHP INI settings, Constants and Global Variables</a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.configuration.html#appendixes.configuration.selenium-rc">Configuring Browsers for Selenium RC</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="appendixes.index.html">D. Index</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="appendixes.index.html#appendixes.index.index"></a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="appendixes.bibliography.html">E. Bibliography</a></dt><dt><a href="appendixes.copyright.html">F. Copyright</a></dt></dl>

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