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Viewing changes to xubuntu/desktopguide/ru/introduction.xml

  • Committer: Bazaar Package Importer
  • Author(s): Jani Monoses
  • Date: 2006-05-24 17:36:32 UTC
  • Revision ID: james.westby@ubuntu.com-20060524173632-s7y9hmvzhyr3hr84
Tags: 6.05.5
* Link to the desktop guide from the browser start page
* Install the preliminary translated desktop guides

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xubuntu/desktopguide/ru/introduction.xml
 
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
 
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<!DOCTYPE chapter PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.3//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.3/docbookx.dtd" [
 
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<!ENTITY % globalent SYSTEM "../../../libs/global.ent">
 
4
<!-- NAMES --><!ENTITY canonical-name "Canonical Ltd.">
 
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<!ENTITY project-name "Ubuntu Documentation Project">
 
6
<!ENTITY ubuntu "<phrase>Ubuntu</phrase>">
 
7
<!-- VERSIONS --><!ENTITY distro-version "Dapper Drake">
 
8
<!ENTITY distro-rev "6.06 LTS">
 
9
<!ENTITY distro-release-date "June 2006">
 
10
<!ENTITY linux-kernel-version "2.6.15">
 
11
<!ENTITY gcc-version "4.0.3">
 
12
<!ENTITY glibc-version "2.3.6">
 
13
<!ENTITY python-version "2.4.3">
 
14
<!-- AUTHORS --><!ENTITY author-ubuntu-documentation-project SYSTEM "../common/authors/ubuntu-documentation-project.xml">
 
15
<!ENTITY author-christoph-haas SYSTEM "../common/authors/christoph-haas.xml">
 
16
<!ENTITY author-alexander-poslavsky SYSTEM "../common/authors/alexander-poslavsky.xml">
 
17
<!ENTITY author-alan-hood SYSTEM "../common/authors/alan-hood.xml">
 
18
<!ENTITY author-johnathon-hornbeck SYSTEM "../common/authors/johnathon-hornbeck.xml">
 
19
<!ENTITY author-nick-loeve SYSTEM "../common/authors/nick-loeve.xml">
 
20
<!ENTITY author-gordon-ingram SYSTEM "../common/authors/gordon-ingram.xml">
 
21
<!ENTITY author-sean-wheller SYSTEM "../common/authors/sean-wheller.xml">
 
22
<!ENTITY author-enrico-zini SYSTEM "../common/authors/enrico-zini.xml">
 
23
<!ENTITY author-kevin-muligan SYSTEM "../common/authors/kevin-muligan.xml">
 
24
<!ENTITY author-ari-torhamo SYSTEM "../common/authors/ari-torhamo.xml">
 
25
<!ENTITY author-jeff-schering SYSTEM "../common/authors/jeff-schering.xml">
 
26
<!ENTITY author-corey-burger SYSTEM "../common/authors/corey-burger.xml">
 
27
<!ENTITY author-niel-tallim SYSTEM "../common/authors/niel-tallim.xml">
 
28
<!ENTITY author-henry-meyerding SYSTEM "../common/authors/henry-meyerding.xml">
 
29
<!ENTITY author-matthew-east SYSTEM "../common/authors/matthew-east.xml">
 
30
<!ENTITY author-jerome-gotangco SYSTEM "../common/authors/jerome-gotangco.xml">
 
31
<!ENTITY author-johnathan-jesse SYSTEM "../common/authors/johnathan-jesse.xml">
 
32
<!ENTITY author-greg-taylor SYSTEM "../common/authors/greg-taylor.xml">
 
33
<!ENTITY author-troy-williams SYSTEM "../common/authors/troy-williams.xml">
 
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<!ENTITY author-matt-galvin SYSTEM "../common/authors/matt-galvin.xml">
 
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<!ENTITY author-robert-stoffers SYSTEM "../common/authors/robert-stoffers.xml">
 
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<!ENTITY author-jordan-mantha SYSTEM "../common/authors/jordan-mantha.xml">
 
37
<!ENTITY author-venkat-raghavan SYSTEM "../common/authors/venkat-raghavan.xml">
 
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<!ENTITY author-brian-burger SYSTEM "../common/authors/brian-burger.xml">
 
39
<!ENTITY author-rocco-stanzione SYSTEM "../common/authors/rocco-stanzione.xml">
 
40
<!ENTITY glossary SYSTEM "../common/C/glossary.xml">
 
41
<!-- LEGAL URLs --><!ENTITY gpl-url '<ulink url="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html">GNU General Public License</ulink>'>
 
42
<!ENTITY cc "http://creativecommons.org/">
 
43
<!ENTITY cc-attrib '<ulink url="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/">Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0</ulink>'>
 
44
<!ENTITY cc-fulldeed-url "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/legalcode/">
 
45
<!ENTITY fdl-url '<ulink url="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html">GNU Free Documentation License</ulink>'>
 
46
<!ENTITY cc-disclaimer-url "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/disclaimer-popup?lang=en">
 
47
<!-- CANONICAL URL RESOURCES --><!ENTITY canonical-url "http://www.canonical.com">
 
48
<!-- UBUNTU URL RESOURCES --><!ENTITY ubuntu-packages "http://packages.ubuntu.com">
 
49
<!ENTITY ubuntu-dpkgfile "ubuntu5.10.tar">
 
50
<!ENTITY ubuntu-web "http://www.ubuntu.com">
 
51
<!ENTITY ubuntu-main "http://www.ubuntu.com">
 
52
<!ENTITY ubuntu-download "http://www.ubuntu.com/download">
 
53
<!ENTITY ubuntu-forums "http://www.ubuntu.com/community/forums">
 
54
<!ENTITY ubuntu-components "http://www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/components">
 
55
<!ENTITY ubuntu-lists "http://lists.ubuntu.com">
 
56
<!ENTITY ubuntu-wiki "http://wiki.ubuntu.com">
 
57
<!ENTITY ubuntu-irc "irc.freenode.net channel #ubuntu">
 
58
<!ENTITY ubuntu-bugzilla "https://launchpad.net/distros/ubuntu/+bugs">
 
59
<!ENTITY ubuntu-doc-bugs "https://launchpad.net/products/ubuntu-doc/+bugs">
 
60
<!ENTITY ubuntu-paidsupport "http://www.ubuntu.com/support/supportoptions/paidsupport">
 
61
<!ENTITY ubuntu-freesupport "http://www.ubuntu.com/support/supportoptions/freesupport">
 
62
<!ENTITY ubuntu-comments "http://www.ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?p=21787">
 
63
<!ENTITY ubuntu-documentation "http://help.ubuntu.com">
 
64
<!ENTITY ubuntu-documentation-repos "https://docteam.ubuntu.com/repos/trunk">
 
65
<!ENTITY ubuntu-doc-team "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DocumentationTeam">
 
66
<!ENTITY ubuntu-doc-list "http://lists.ubuntu.com/mailman/listinfo/ubuntu-doc">
 
67
<!ENTITY ubuntu-shipit "http://shipit.ubuntu.com">
 
68
<!ENTITY ubuntu-launchpad "https://launchpad.ubuntu.com">
 
69
<!ENTITY ubuntu-rosetta "https://launchpad.ubuntu.com/rosetta">
 
70
<!ENTITY ubuntu-planet "http://planet.ubuntu.com">
 
71
<!ENTITY ubuntu-philosophy "http://www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/philosophy">
 
72
<!ENTITY ubuntu-participate "http://www.ubuntu.com/community/participate/">
 
73
<!-- UBUNTU WIKI RESOURCES --><!ENTITY wiki-UserDocumentation "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/UserDocumentation">
 
74
<!ENTITY restricted-formats "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/RestrictedFormats">
 
75
<!ENTITY wiki-RestrictedFormats "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/RestrictedFormats">
 
76
<!ENTITY wiki-XChatHowto "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/XChatHowto">
 
77
<!ENTITY wiki-RootSudo "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/RootSudo">
 
78
<!ENTITY wiki-HowToGetHelp "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/HowToGetHelp">
 
79
<!ENTITY transcode "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DVDRippingandEncoding">
 
80
<!ENTITY wiki-Wine "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Wine">
 
81
<!ENTITY wiki-Cedega "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Cedega">
 
82
<!ENTITY wiki-Nano "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/NanoHowto">
 
83
<!ENTITY wiki-locoteams "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/LoCoTeamList">
 
84
<!ENTITY wiki-BasicCommands "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/BasicCommands">
 
85
<!ENTITY wiki-filepermissions "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/FilePermissions">
 
86
<!-- KUBUNTU URL RESOURCES --><!ENTITY kubuntu-web "http://www.kubuntu.org">
 
87
<!ENTITY kubuntu-main "http://www.kubuntu.org">
 
88
<!ENTITY kubuntu-download "http://releases.ubuntu.com/kubuntu/">
 
89
<!ENTITY kubuntu-packages "http://packages.ubuntu.com/breezy/">
 
90
<!ENTITY kubuntu-cdpackages-nodefault "http://people.ubuntu.com/~cjwatson/seeds/kubuntu-breezy/ship">
 
91
<!ENTITY kubuntu-lists "http://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/kubuntu-users/">
 
92
<!ENTITY kubuntu-lists-users "http://lists.ubuntu.com/mailman/listinfo/kubuntu-users/">
 
93
<!ENTITY kubuntu-lists-devel "http://lists.ubuntu.com/mailman/listinfo/kubuntu-devel/">
 
94
<!ENTITY kubuntu-mirrors "http://distrowatch.com/kubuntu">
 
95
<!ENTITY kubuntu-forums "http://ubuntuforums.org/forumdisplay.php?f=68">
 
96
<!ENTITY kubuntu-forums2 "http://kubuntuforums.net">
 
97
<!ENTITY kubuntu-wiki "http://www.ubuntu.com/wiki/Kubuntu">
 
98
<!ENTITY kubuntu-irc "irc.freenode.net channel kubuntu">
 
99
<!ENTITY kubuntu-documentation-site "http://www.kubuntu.org/documentation.php">
 
100
<!ENTITY kubuntu-wiki-UserDocumentation "https://wiki.kubuntu.com/UserDocumentation">
 
101
<!-- XUBUNTU URL RESOURCES --><!ENTITY xubuntu-irc "irc.freenode.net channel xubuntu">
 
102
<!-- DEBIAN RESOURCES --><!ENTITY debian-apt "http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#apt-howto">
 
103
<!-- EXTERNAL URL RESOURCES --><!ENTITY linmodem "http://www.linmodems.org/">
 
104
<!ENTITY gnome "http://www.gnome.org/">
 
105
<!ENTITY linuxorg "http://www.linux.org/">
 
106
<!ENTITY ooo "http://www.openoffice.org/">
 
107
<!ENTITY kde "http://www.kde.org/">
 
108
<!ENTITY lugww "http://lugww.counter.li.org/">
 
109
<!ENTITY ubuntu-watch "http://distrowatch.com/ubuntu/">
 
110
<!ENTITY realplayer-download "http://www.real.com/linux/">
 
111
<!ENTITY nvu-download "http://www.nvu.com/download.html">
 
112
<!ENTITY sunjava-download "http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/download.jsp">
 
113
<!ENTITY xorg "http://www.x.org">
 
114
<!ENTITY dyndns "http://www.dyndns.org">
 
115
<!ENTITY shoutcast "http://www.shoutcast.com/">
 
116
<!ENTITY freedomtoaster "http://www.freedomtoaster.org/">
 
117
<!-- ubuntu-screenshots TODO --><!ENTITY kubuntu-screenshots "http://shots.osdir.com/slideshows/slideshow.php?release=306&amp;slide=1">
 
118
<!ENTITY mozilla "http://www.mozilla.org/">
 
119
<!ENTITY mozilla-firefox "http://www.mozilla.org/products/firefox/">
 
120
<!ENTITY gnu "http://www.gnu.org/">
 
121
<!ENTITY gnu-philosophy "http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/">
 
122
<!ENTITY win4lin "http://www.win4lin.com">
 
123
<!ENTITY codeweavers "http://www.codeweavers.com">
 
124
<!ENTITY kernel "http://www.kernel.org">
 
125
<!ENTITY google "http://www.google.com">
 
126
<!ENTITY kdelook " http://www.kde-look.org">
 
127
<!ENTITY lulu-store "http://www.lulu.com/ubuntu-doc">
 
128
<!-- this entity controls the url for addons--><!ENTITY java-download "http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/download.jsp">
 
129
<!ENTITY skype-deb "skype_1.2.0.17-1_i386.deb">
 
130
<!ENTITY skype-download "http://www.skype.com/go/getskype-linux-deb">
 
131
<!ENTITY scanmodem-gz "scanModem.gz">
 
132
<!ENTITY scanmodem-url "http://linmodems.technion.ac.il/packages/scanModem.gz">
 
133
<!ENTITY ext2fs-url "http://www.fs-driver.org/index.html">
 
134
<!ENTITY mvb-tar "mvb_1.6.tgz">
 
135
<!ENTITY mvb-url "http://www.xscd.com/pub/mvb/&mvb-tar;">
 
136
<!-- TLDP --><!ENTITY ldp-pre-install-check "http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Pre-Installation-Checklist/">
 
137
<!-- LANGUAGES (sorted by two letter code)--><!ENTITY Afar "aa">
 
138
<!ENTITY Abkhazian "ab">
 
139
<!ENTITY Afrikaans "af">
 
140
<!ENTITY Amharic "af">
 
141
<!ENTITY Arabic "ar">
 
142
<!ENTITY Assamese "as">
 
143
<!ENTITY Aymara "ay">
 
144
<!ENTITY Azerbaijani "az">
 
145
<!ENTITY Bashkir "ba">
 
146
<!ENTITY Byelorussian "be">
 
147
<!ENTITY Bulgarian "bg">
 
148
<!ENTITY Bihari "bh">
 
149
<!ENTITY Bislama "bi">
 
150
<!ENTITY Bangla "bn">
 
151
<!ENTITY Bengali "bn">
 
152
<!ENTITY Tibetan "bo">
 
153
<!ENTITY Breton "br">
 
154
<!ENTITY Catalan "ca">
 
155
<!ENTITY Corsican "co">
 
156
<!ENTITY Czech "cs">
 
157
<!ENTITY Welsh "cy">
 
158
<!ENTITY Danish "da">
 
159
<!ENTITY German "de">
 
160
<!ENTITY Bhutani "dz">
 
161
<!ENTITY Greek "el">
 
162
<!-- <!ENTITY EnglishAmerican 'en'> --><!ENTITY EnglishAmerican "C">
 
163
<!ENTITY Esperanto "eo">
 
164
<!ENTITY Spanish "es">
 
165
<!ENTITY Estonian "et">
 
166
<!ENTITY Basque "eu">
 
167
<!ENTITY Persian "fa">
 
168
<!ENTITY Finnish "fi">
 
169
<!ENTITY Fiji "fj">
 
170
<!ENTITY Faeroese "fo">
 
171
<!ENTITY French "fr">
 
172
<!ENTITY Frisian "fy">
 
173
<!ENTITY Irish "ga">
 
174
<!ENTITY Gaelic "gd">
 
175
<!ENTITY ScotsGaelic "gd">
 
176
<!ENTITY Galician "gl">
 
177
<!ENTITY Guarani "gn">
 
178
<!ENTITY Gujarati "gu">
 
179
<!ENTITY Hausa "ha">
 
180
<!ENTITY Hindi "hi">
 
181
<!ENTITY Croatian "hr">
 
182
<!ENTITY Hungarian "hu">
 
183
<!ENTITY Armenian "hy">
 
184
<!ENTITY Interlingua "ia">
 
185
<!ENTITY Interlingue "ie">
 
186
<!ENTITY Inupiak "ik">
 
187
<!ENTITY Indonesian "in">
 
188
<!ENTITY Icelandic "is">
 
189
<!ENTITY Italian "it">
 
190
<!ENTITY Hebrew "iw">
 
191
<!ENTITY Japanese "ja">
 
192
<!ENTITY Yiddish "ji">
 
193
<!ENTITY Javanese "jw">
 
194
<!ENTITY Georgian "ka">
 
195
<!ENTITY Kazakh "kk">
 
196
<!ENTITY Greenlandic "kl">
 
197
<!ENTITY Cambodian "km">
 
198
<!ENTITY Kannada "kn">
 
199
<!ENTITY Korean "ko">
 
200
<!ENTITY Kashmiri "ks">
 
201
<!ENTITY Kurdish "ku">
 
202
<!ENTITY Kirghiz "ky">
 
203
<!ENTITY Latin "la">
 
204
<!ENTITY Lingala "ln">
 
205
<!ENTITY Laothian "lo">
 
206
<!ENTITY Lithuanian "lt">
 
207
<!ENTITY Latvian "lv">
 
208
<!ENTITY Lettish "lv">
 
209
<!ENTITY Malagasy "mg">
 
210
<!ENTITY Maori "mi">
 
211
<!ENTITY Macedonian "mk">
 
212
<!ENTITY Malayalam "ml">
 
213
<!ENTITY Mongolian "mn">
 
214
<!ENTITY Moldavian "mo">
 
215
<!ENTITY Marathi "mr">
 
216
<!ENTITY Malay "ms">
 
217
<!ENTITY Maltese "mt">
 
218
<!ENTITY Burmese "my">
 
219
<!ENTITY Nauru "na">
 
220
<!ENTITY Nepali "ne">
 
221
<!ENTITY Dutch "nl">
 
222
<!ENTITY Norwegian "no">
 
223
<!ENTITY Occitan "oc">
 
224
<!ENTITY Afan "om">
 
225
<!ENTITY Oromo "om">
 
226
<!ENTITY Oriya "or">
 
227
<!ENTITY Punjabi "pa">
 
228
<!ENTITY Polish "pl">
 
229
<!ENTITY Pushto "ps">
 
230
<!ENTITY Pashto "ps">
 
231
<!ENTITY Portuguese "pt">
 
232
<!ENTITY Quechua "qu">
 
233
<!ENTITY Rhaeto-Romance "rm">
 
234
<!ENTITY Kirundi "rn">
 
235
<!ENTITY Romanian "ro">
 
236
<!ENTITY Russian "ru">
 
237
<!ENTITY Kinyarwanda "rw">
 
238
<!ENTITY Sanskrit "sa">
 
239
<!ENTITY Sindhi "sd">
 
240
<!ENTITY Sangro "sg">
 
241
<!ENTITY Serbo-Croatian "sh">
 
242
<!ENTITY Singhalese "si">
 
243
<!ENTITY Slovak "sk">
 
244
<!ENTITY Slovenian "sl">
 
245
<!ENTITY Samoan "sm">
 
246
<!ENTITY Shona "sn">
 
247
<!ENTITY Somali "so">
 
248
<!ENTITY Albanian "sq">
 
249
<!ENTITY Serbian "sr">
 
250
<!ENTITY Siswati "ss">
 
251
<!ENTITY Sesotho "st">
 
252
<!ENTITY Sudanese "su">
 
253
<!ENTITY Swedish "sv">
 
254
<!ENTITY Swahili "sw">
 
255
<!ENTITY Tamil "ta">
 
256
<!ENTITY Tegulu "te">
 
257
<!ENTITY Tajik "tg">
 
258
<!ENTITY Thai "th">
 
259
<!ENTITY Tigrinya "ti">
 
260
<!ENTITY Turkmen "tk">
 
261
<!ENTITY Tagalog "tl">
 
262
<!ENTITY Setswana "tn">
 
263
<!ENTITY Tonga "to">
 
264
<!ENTITY Turkish "tr">
 
265
<!ENTITY Tsonga "ts">
 
266
<!ENTITY Tatar "tt">
 
267
<!ENTITY Twi "tw">
 
268
<!ENTITY Ukrainian "uk">
 
269
<!ENTITY Urdu "ur">
 
270
<!ENTITY Uzbek "uz">
 
271
<!ENTITY Vietnamese "vi">
 
272
<!ENTITY Volapuk "vo">
 
273
<!ENTITY Wolof "wo">
 
274
<!ENTITY Xhosa "xh">
 
275
<!ENTITY Yoruba "yo">
 
276
<!ENTITY Chinese "zh">
 
277
<!ENTITY Zulu "zu">
 
278
<!ENTITY % cdo-C SYSTEM "../../../libs/cdo-C.ent">
 
279
<!-- COMMON DOC OBJECTS --><!ENTITY copyright SYSTEM "../common/C/copyright.xml">
 
280
<!ENTITY conventions SYSTEM "../common/C/conventions.xml">
 
281
<!ENTITY feedback SYSTEM "../common/C/feedback.xml">
 
282
<!ENTITY publisher SYSTEM "../common/C/publisher.xml">
 
283
<!ENTITY legalnotice SYSTEM "../common/C/legalnotice.xml">
 
284
<!ENTITY disclaimer SYSTEM "../common/C/disclaimer.xml">
 
285
<!ENTITY inline-ubuntu-icon SYSTEM "../common/C/inlinemediaobject-ubuntu-icon.xml">
 
286
<!ENTITY inline-ubuntu-icon-header SYSTEM "../common/C/inlinemediaobject-ubuntu-icon-header.xml">
 
287
<!ENTITY relative-ubuntu-icon SYSTEM "../common/C/mediaobject-relative-ubuntu-icon.xml">
 
288
<!ENTITY ubuntu-icon SYSTEM "../common/C/mediaobject-ubuntu-icon.xml">
 
289
<!ENTITY gpl SYSTEM "../common/C/gpl.xml">
 
290
<!ENTITY fdl SYSTEM "../common/C/fdl.xml">
 
291
<!ENTITY cc-by-sa SYSTEM "../common/C/ccbysa.xml">
 
292
<!ENTITY % xubuntu-ent SYSTEM "../../../xubuntu/libs/xubuntu.ent">
 
293
<!-- VERSIONS --><!ENTITY dg-title "Desktop Guide">
 
294
<!ENTITY xubuntu "<phrase>Xubuntu</phrase>">
 
295
<!ENTITY xubuntu-team "Xubuntu Team">
 
296
<!ENTITY xfce "Xfce">
 
297
<!ENTITY kubuntu "Kubuntu">
 
298
<!-- MENUS --><!-- Please keep entries alphabetical, it makes them much easier to find & use --><!ENTITY abiword SYSTEM "../menus/C/abiword.xml">
 
299
<!ENTITY disks SYSTEM "../menus/C/disks.xml">
 
300
<!ENTITY etherape SYSTEM "../menus/C/etherape.xml">
 
301
<!ENTITY ethereal SYSTEM "../menus/C/ethereal.xml">
 
302
<!ENTITY firefox SYSTEM "../menus/C/firefox.xml">
 
303
<!ENTITY firestarter-firewall-tool SYSTEM "../menus/C/firestarter-firewall-tool.xml">
 
304
<!ENTITY gaim SYSTEM "../menus/C/gaim.xml">
 
305
<!ENTITY gimp SYSTEM "../menus/C/gimp.xml">
 
306
<!ENTITY gnumeric SYSTEM "../menus/C/gnumeric.xml">
 
307
<!ENTITY gqview SYSTEM "../menus/C/gqview.xml">
 
308
<!ENTITY home-folder SYSTEM "../menus/C/home-folder.xml">
 
309
<!ENTITY mousepad SYSTEM "../menus/C/mousepad.xml">
 
310
<!ENTITY networking SYSTEM "../menus/C/networking.xml">
 
311
<!ENTITY orage SYSTEM "../menus/C/orage.xml">
 
312
<!ENTITY settings-manager SYSTEM "../menus/C/settings-manager.xml">
 
313
<!ENTITY software-properties SYSTEM "../menus/C/software-properties.xml">
 
314
<!ENTITY synaptic SYSTEM "../menus/C/synaptic.xml">
 
315
<!ENTITY terminal SYSTEM "../menus/C/terminal.xml">
 
316
<!ENTITY text-editor SYSTEM "../menus/C/text-editor.xml">
 
317
<!ENTITY thunar SYSTEM "../menus/C/thunar.xml">
 
318
<!ENTITY thunderbird SYSTEM "../menus/C/thunderbird.xml">
 
319
<!ENTITY tuxtype SYSTEM "../menus/C/tuxtype.xml">
 
320
<!ENTITY update-manager SYSTEM "../menus/C/update-manager.xml">
 
321
<!ENTITY users-groups SYSTEM "../menus/C/users-groups.xml">
 
322
<!ENTITY xfmedia SYSTEM "../menus/C/xfmedia.xml">
 
323
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]>
 
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<chapter id="introduction-chap">
 
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        <chapterinfo>
 
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                <authorblurb>
 
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                        <para/>
 
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                </authorblurb>
 
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        </chapterinfo>
 
350
        <title>Введение</title>
 
351
        <sect1 id="about-xubuntu">
 
352
                <title>О <phrase>Xubuntu</phrase></title>
 
353
                <para>Добро пожаловать в <phrase>Xubuntu</phrase> 6.06 LTS: the Dapper Drake.</para>
 
354
                <para><phrase>Xubuntu</phrase> это изюминка линейки дистрибутивов <phrase>Ubuntu</phrase> Linux основанная на Xfce. Xfce это современная рабочая среда которая отличается своей простотой, элегантностью и быстротой. Можете считать, что Xfce это <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINI_%28BMW%29">BMW MINI </ulink> из всех рабочих столов Linux. В сочетании с <phrase>Ubuntu</phrase> она дает вам полную силу и легкость в использовании, чем славится <phrase>Ubuntu</phrase>, 
 
355
предоставляя шустрый рабочий стол даже для тех, кто работает на старом железе.</para>
 
356
                <para>
 
357
                        The key advantages of <phrase>Xubuntu</phrase> are:
 
358
                        <itemizedlist>
 
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                                <listitem>
 
360
                                        <para>Простота.</para>
 
361
                                </listitem>
 
362
                                <listitem>
 
363
                                        <para>
 
364
                                                Speed. With <phrase>Xubuntu</phrase> you will instantly feel the speed of the Xfce Desktop Environment, which has been built with low system requirements in mind. Don't worry if your hardware is not the latest and greatest - your computer will most likely feel quite fast with <phrase>Xubuntu</phrase>. 
 
365
                                        </para>
 
366
                                </listitem>
 
367
                                <listitem>
 
368
                                        <para>
 
369
                                                Elegance. <phrase>Xubuntu</phrase> comes with a modern, clean Look&amp;Feel. Of course, the Desktop is completly customizable - you may choose among many sets of icons, window borders, color sets, and so on.
 
370
                                        </para>
 
371
                                </listitem>
 
372
                        </itemizedlist>
 
373
                </para>
 
374
                <para>
 
375
                        <phrase>Xubuntu</phrase> shares the same package sources as <phrase>Ubuntu</phrase> and Kubuntu. This has the following advantages:
 
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                        <itemizedlist>
 
377
                                <listitem>
 
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                                        <para>
 
379
                                                All of the thousands of programs in the <phrase>Ubuntu</phrase> Software Archive are easily installable on <phrase>Xubuntu</phrase>.
 
380
                                        </para>
 
381
                                </listitem>
 
382
                                <listitem>
 
383
                                        <para>
 
384
                                                Turn a <phrase>Ubuntu</phrase> into a <phrase>Xubuntu</phrase> System - or vice versa - by simply installing some additional packages.
 
385
                                        </para>
 
386
                                </listitem>
 
387
                        </itemizedlist>
 
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                </para>
 
389
                <para>
 
390
                        Technically, <phrase>Xubuntu</phrase> tries to avoid dependencies to Gnome and KDE libraries by using <emphasis>GTK+ 2 only</emphasis> applications wherever possible.
 
391
                </para>
 
392
        
 
393
                <sect2 id="about-name">
 
394
                        <title>О названии</title>
 
395
                        <para>
 
396
                                The name <phrase>Xubuntu</phrase> indicates the combination of the Xfce Desktop Environment with <phrase>Ubuntu</phrase>. Xfce used to stand for "XForms Common Environment", but since it's not based on XForms anymore, does not mean anything today. <phrase>Ubuntu</phrase> means approximately "humanity towards others" in the languages of Zulu and Xhosa. Combined, it does not really mean anything.
 
397
                        </para>
 
398
                </sect2>
 
399
                <sect2 id="about-ubuntu">
 
400
                <title>О Ubuntu</title>
 
401
                <para>
 
402
                        Ubuntu is an entirely open source operating system built around the 
 
403
                        Linux kernel. You can read all about the <ulink url="http://www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/philosophy">Ubuntu Philosophy</ulink> on the <phrase>Ubuntu</phrase> website. 
 
404
                </para>
 
405
                <para>The Ubuntu project is entirely committed to the principles of open source software development; people are encouraged to use open source software, improve it, and pass it on. This means that Ubuntu is and will always be free of charge.
 
406
                </para>
 
407
                </sect2>
 
408
        </sect1>
 
409
        <sect1 id="linux-basics">
 
410
                <title>Linux Basics</title>
 
411
                <para>Linux is inspired by the Unix operating system which first appeared in 1969, and has been in continous use and development ever since. Many of the design conventions behind Unix also exist in Linux and are central to understanding the basics of the system.
 
412
                </para>
 
413
                <para>Unix was primarily oriented towards the command line interface, and that legacy is carried on in Linux. Thus, the graphical user interface with its windows, icons and menus are built on top of a basic command line interface. Furthermore, this means that the Linux file system is structured to be easily manageable and accessible from the command line.
 
414
                </para>
 
415
                <sect2 id="directories-file-systems">
 
416
                        <title>Directories and File Systems</title>
 
417
                        <para>Linux and Unix file systems are organised in a hierarchical, tree-like structure.  The highest level of the file system is the <filename>/</filename> or <emphasis>root directory</emphasis>.  In the Unix and Linux design philosophy, everything is considered a file - including hard disks, partitions and removable media. This means that all other files and directories (including other disks and partitions) exist under the root directory.
 
418
                        </para>
 
419
                        <para>For example, <filename>/home/jebediah/cheeses.odt</filename> shows the correct full path to the <filename>cheeses.odt</filename> file that exists in the <filename>jebediah</filename> directory which is under the <filename>home</filename> directory, which in turn, is under the root (<filename>/</filename>) directory.
 
420
                        </para>
 
421
                        <para>Underneath the root (<filename>/</filename>) directory, there is a set of important system directories that are common across most Linux distributions that are used.  The following is a listing of common directories that are directly under the root (<filename>/</filename>) directory:
 
422
                        </para>
 
423
                        <itemizedlist>
 
424
                                <listitem>
 
425
                                        <para><filename>/bin</filename> - important <emphasis>bin</emphasis>ary applications
 
426
                                        </para>
 
427
                                </listitem>
 
428
                                <listitem>
 
429
                                        <para><filename>/boot</filename> - <emphasis>boot</emphasis> configuration files
 
430
                                        </para>
 
431
                                </listitem>
 
432
                                <listitem>
 
433
                                        <para><filename>/dev</filename> - the <emphasis>dev</emphasis>ice files
 
434
                                        </para>
 
435
                                </listitem>
 
436
                                <listitem>
 
437
                                        <para><filename>/etc</filename> - configuration files, startup scripts, <emphasis>etc</emphasis>...
 
438
                                        </para>
 
439
                                </listitem>
 
440
                                <listitem>
 
441
                                        <para><filename>/home</filename> - local users' <emphasis>home</emphasis> directories
 
442
                                        </para>
 
443
                                </listitem>
 
444
                                <listitem>
 
445
                                        <para><filename>/lib</filename> - system <emphasis>lib</emphasis>raries
 
446
                                        </para>
 
447
                                </listitem>
 
448
                                <listitem>
 
449
                                        <para><filename>/lost+found</filename> - provides a <emphasis>lost+found</emphasis> system for files that exist under the root (<filename>/</filename>) directory
 
450
                                        </para>
 
451
                                </listitem>
 
452
                                <listitem>
 
453
                                        <para><filename>/media</filename> - mounted (loaded) removable <emphasis>media</emphasis> such as CDs, digital cameras, etc...
 
454
                                        </para>
 
455
                                </listitem>
 
456
                                <listitem>
 
457
                                        <para><filename>/mnt</filename> - <emphasis>m</emphasis>ou<emphasis>nt</emphasis>ed filesystems
 
458
                                        </para>
 
459
                                </listitem>
 
460
                                <listitem>
 
461
                                        <para><filename>/opt</filename> - provides a location for <emphasis>opt</emphasis>ional applications to be installed
 
462
                                        </para>
 
463
                                </listitem>
 
464
                                <listitem>
 
465
                                        <para><filename>/proc</filename> - special dynamic directory that maintains information about the state of the system, including currently running <emphasis>proc</emphasis>esses
 
466
                                        </para>
 
467
                                </listitem>
 
468
                                <listitem>
 
469
                                        <para><filename>/root</filename> - <emphasis>root</emphasis> user home directory, pronounced 'slash-root'
 
470
                                        </para>
 
471
                                </listitem>
 
472
                                <listitem>
 
473
                                        <para><filename>/sbin</filename> - important <emphasis>s</emphasis>ystem <emphasis>bin</emphasis>aries
 
474
                                        </para>
 
475
                                </listitem>
 
476
                                <listitem>
 
477
                                        <para><filename>/sys</filename> - <emphasis>sys</emphasis>tem files
 
478
                                        </para>
 
479
                                </listitem>
 
480
                                <listitem>
 
481
                                        <para><filename>/tmp</filename> - <emphasis>t</emphasis>e<emphasis>mp</emphasis>orary files
 
482
                                        </para>
 
483
                                </listitem>
 
484
                                <listitem>
 
485
                                        <para><filename>/usr</filename> - applications and files that are mostly available for all <emphasis>us</emphasis>e<emphasis>r</emphasis>s to access
 
486
                                        </para>
 
487
                                </listitem>
 
488
                                <listitem>
 
489
                                        <para><filename>/var</filename> - <emphasis>var</emphasis>iable files such as logs and databases
 
490
                                        </para>
 
491
                                </listitem> 
 
492
                        </itemizedlist>
 
493
                </sect2>
 
494
                
 
495
                <sect2 id="permissions">
 
496
                        <title>Permissions</title>
 
497
                        <para>All of the files on a Linux system have permissions that allow or prevent others from viewing, modifying or executing. The super user "root" has the ability to access any file on the system. Each file has access restrictions, user restrictions and have an owner/group association.
 
498
                        </para>
 
499
                        <para>Every file is secured by the following three sets of permissions, in order of importance:
 
500
                        </para>
 
501
                        <itemizedlist>
 
502
                                <listitem>
 
503
                                        <para><emphasis>user</emphasis></para>
 
504
                                        <para>applies to the user who is the owner of the file</para>
 
505
                                </listitem>
 
506
                                <listitem>
 
507
                                        <para><emphasis>group</emphasis></para>
 
508
                                        <para>applies to the group that is associated with the file</para>
 
509
                                </listitem>
 
510
                                <listitem>
 
511
                                        <para><emphasis>other</emphasis></para>
 
512
                                        <para>applies to all other users</para>
 
513
                                </listitem>
 
514
                        </itemizedlist>
 
515
                        <para>Inside each of the three sets of permissions are the actual permissons.  The permissions, along with the way they apply differently to files and directories, are outlined below:
 
516
                        </para>
 
517
                        <itemizedlist>
 
518
                                <listitem>
 
519
                                        <para><emphasis>read</emphasis></para>
 
520
                                        <para>files can be displayed/opened</para>
 
521
                                        <para>directory contents can be displayed</para>
 
522
                                </listitem>
 
523
                                <listitem>
 
524
                                        <para><emphasis>write</emphasis></para>
 
525
                                        <para>files can be edited or deleted</para>
 
526
                                        <para>directory contents can be modified</para>
 
527
                                </listitem>
 
528
                                <listitem>
 
529
                                        <para><emphasis>execute</emphasis></para>
 
530
                                        <para>executable files can be run as a program</para>
 
531
                                        <para>directories can be entered</para>
 
532
                                </listitem>
 
533
                        </itemizedlist>
 
534
                        <para>To view and edit the permissions on files and directories, open the <phrase>
 
535
<menuchoice>
 
536
        <guimenu>Applications</guimenu>
 
537
        <guimenuitem>Accessories</guimenuitem>
 
538
        <guimenuitem>Home Folder</guimenuitem>
 
539
</menuchoice>
 
540
</phrase> and right-click on a file or directory. Then select <guimenu>Properties</guimenu>. The permissions exist under the <guilabel>Permissions</guilabel> tab and allow for the editing of all permission levels, if you are the owner of the file.
 
541
                        </para>
 
542
                        <para>To learn more about file permissions in Linux, read the <ulink url="https://wiki.ubuntu.com/FilePermissions">file permissions page</ulink> in the Ubuntu Wiki.
 
543
                        </para>
 
544
                </sect2>
 
545
                
 
546
                <sect2 id="terminals">
 
547
                        <title>Terminals</title>
 
548
                        <para>Working at the command line is not as daunting a task as you would think. There is no special knowledge needed to know
 
549
                                how to use the command line, it is a program like everything else. Most things in Linux can be done using the command line,
 
550
                                although there are graphical tools for most programs, sometimes they are just not enough. This is where the command line comes
 
551
                                in handy.
 
552
                        </para>
 
553
                        <para>The <application>Terminal</application> is located in 
 
554
<menuchoice>
 
555
    <guimenu>Applications</guimenu>
 
556
    <guimenuitem>Terminal</guimenuitem>
 
557
</menuchoice>
 
558
. The terminal is often called the command prompt or the shell.  In days gone by, this was the way the user interacted with the computer, however Linux users have found that the use of the shell can be quicker than a graphical method and still holds some merit today. Here you will learn how to use the terminal.
 
559
                        </para>
 
560
                        <para>The original use of the terminal was a file browser and indeed it is still used as a file browser, in the event of
 
561
                                the graphical environment failing.  You can use the terminal as a file browser to navigate your files and undo the
 
562
                                changes that have been made.
 
563
                        </para>
 
564
                        <sect3 id="common-commands">
 
565
                                <title>Common Commands</title>
 
566
                                <variablelist>
 
567
                                        <varlistentry>
 
568
                                                <term>View Directories: - ls
 
569
                                                </term>
 
570
                                                <listitem><para>The <application>ls</application> (LiSt) lists files in different colors with full formatted text</para></listitem>
 
571
                                        </varlistentry>
 
572
                                        <varlistentry>
 
573
                                                <term>Create Directories: - mkdir (directory name)
 
574
                                                </term>
 
575
                                                <listitem><para>The <application>mkdir</application> (MaKeDIRectory) command will create a directory.</para></listitem>
 
576
                                        </varlistentry>
 
577
                                        <varlistentry>
 
578
                                                <term>Change Directories: - cd (/directory/location)
 
579
                                                </term>
 
580
                                                <listitem><para>The <application>cd</application> (ChangeDirectory) command will change from your current directory to any directory you specify.</para>
 
581
                                                </listitem>
 
582
                                        </varlistentry>
 
583
                                        <varlistentry>
 
584
                                                <term>Copy Files/Directories: - cp (file or directory name) (to directory or filename)
 
585
                                                </term>
 
586
                                                <listitem><para>The <application>cp</application> (CoPy) command will copy any files you specify. The <application>cp -r</application> command will copy any directories you specify.</para>
 
587
                                                </listitem>
 
588
                                        </varlistentry>
 
589
                                        <varlistentry>
 
590
                                                <term>Remove Files/Directories: - rm (file or directory name)</term>
 
591
                                                <listitem><para>The <application>rm</application> (ReMove) command will delete any filename you specify. The <application>rm -rf</application> command will remove any directory you specify.</para></listitem>
 
592
                                        </varlistentry>
 
593
                                        <varlistentry>
 
594
                                                <term>Rename Files/Directories: - mv (file or directory name)</term>
 
595
                                                <listitem><para>The <application>mv</application> (MoVe) command will rename/move any file or directory you specify.</para>
 
596
                                                </listitem>
 
597
                                        </varlistentry>
 
598
                                        <varlistentry>
 
599
                                                <term>Find Files/Directories: - locate (file or directory name)</term>
 
600
                                                <listitem><para>The <application>locate</application> command will search your computer for any filename you specify. It uses an index of the files on your system to work quickly: to update this index run the command <application>updatedb</application>. This command is run automatically each day, if you leave your computer on. It needs to be run with administrative privileges (see <xref linkend="root-and-sudo"/>).</para>
 
601
                                                </listitem>
 
602
                                        </varlistentry>
 
603
                                </variablelist>
 
604
                                <para>You can also use wildcards to match one or more files, such as "*" (for all files) or "?" 
 
605
                                        (to match one character).
 
606
                                </para>
 
607
                                <para>For a more thorough introduction to the Linux command line, please read the <ulink url="https://wiki.ubuntu.com/BasicCommands">command line introduction</ulink> on the Ubuntu wiki.
 
608
                                </para>
 
609
                        </sect3>
 
610
                </sect2>
 
611
                
 
612
                <sect2 id="text-editing">
 
613
                        <title>Text Editing</title>
 
614
                        <para>All of the configurations and settings in Linux are saved in text files. Even though you most often can edit configurations through the graphical interface, you may occasionally have to edit them by hand. <application>Mousepad</application> is the default <phrase>Xubuntu</phrase> text editor, which you can launch by clicking 
 
615
<menuchoice>
 
616
    <guimenu>Applications</guimenu>
 
617
        <guimenuitem>Accessories</guimenuitem>
 
618
        <guimenuitem>Mousepad</guimenuitem>
 
619
</menuchoice> on the desktop menu system.
 
620
                        </para>
 
621
                        <para>At times in this guide, <application>Mousepad</application> is run from the command line using <application>gksudo</application>, which runs <application>Mousepad</application> with administrative privileges, in order to modify configuration files.
 
622
                        </para>
 
623
                        <para>If you need to use a text editor from the command line, you can use <application>nano</application>, which is a simple to use text editor. When running it from the command line, always use the following command, which ensures that the editor will not introduce line breaks:<screen>nano -w</screen>
 
624
                        </para>
 
625
                        <para>For more information about how to use <application>nano</application>, refer to the <ulink url="https://wiki.ubuntu.com/NanoHowto">guide on the wiki</ulink>.
 
626
                        </para>
 
627
                        <para>There are also quite a few other terminal-based editors available in Ubuntu, popular ones include <application>VIM</application> and <application>Emacs</application> (the pros and cons of each are cause for much friendly debate within the Linux community). These are often more complex to use than <application>nano</application>, but are also more powerful.
 
628
                        </para>
 
629
                </sect2>
 
630
                
 
631
                
 
632
                <sect2 id="root-and-sudo">
 
633
                        <title>Root And Sudo</title>
 
634
                        <para>The root user in GNU/Linux is the user which has administrative access to your system. Normal users do not have this access for security reasons. However, Ubuntu does not include the root user. Instead, administrative access is given to individual users, who may use the "sudo" application to perform administrative tasks. The first user account you created on your system during installation will, by default, have access to sudo. You can restrict and enable sudo access to users with the <application>Users and Groups</application> application (see <xref linkend="users-and-groups"/> for more information).
 
635
                        </para>
 
636
                        <para>When you run an application that requires root privileges, sudo will ask you to input your normal user password. This ensures that rogue applications cannot damage your system, and serves as a reminder that you are about to perform administrative actions which require you to be careful!
 
637
                        </para>
 
638
                        <para>To use sudo when using the command line, simply type "sudo" before the command you wish to run. Sudo will then prompt you for your password.
 
639
                        </para>
 
640
                        <para>Sudo will remember your password for a set amount of time. This feature was designed to allow users to perform multiple administrative tasks without being asked for a password each time.
 
641
                        </para>
 
642
                        <note>
 
643
                                <para>Be careful when doing administrative tasks, you might damage your system!
 
644
                                </para>
 
645
                        </note>
 
646
                        <para>Some other tips to using sudo include:
 
647
                        </para>
 
648
                        <itemizedlist>
 
649
                                <listitem>
 
650
                                        <para>To use a "root" terminal, type "sudo -i" at the command line.
 
651
                                        </para>
 
652
                                </listitem>
 
653
                                <listitem>
 
654
                                        <para>The entire group of default graphical configuration tools in Ubuntu already use sudo, so they will prompt you for your password if needed.
 
655
                                        </para>
 
656
                                </listitem>
 
657
                                <listitem>
 
658
                                        <para>When starting graphical tools with "sudo", run it with "gksudo" instead. This will open a small graphical window that prompts the user for his password. "gksudo" is convenient if you want to set up a launcher for <application>Synaptic</application> on your panel, or something similar, where you would normaly not have the possiblity to enter your password. 
 
659
                                        </para>
 
660
                                </listitem>
 
661
                                <listitem>
 
662
                                        <para>For more information on the <application>sudo</application> program and the absence of a root user in Ubuntu, read the <ulink url="https://wiki.ubuntu.com/RootSudo">sudo page</ulink> on the Ubuntu wiki.
 
663
                                        </para>
 
664
                                </listitem>
 
665
                                
 
666
                        </itemizedlist>
 
667
                </sect2>        
 
668
                <sect2 id="more-help">
 
669
                        <title>More Help</title>
 
670
                        <para>An incredible amount of information about Linux is available on the Internet. To get started, I recommend the excellent and comprehensive tutorial <ulink url="http://www.linux.org/lessons/beginner/index.html">Getting Started with Linux</ulink>. 
 
671
                        </para>
 
672
                        <para>
 
673
                                For people who already know the basics, the tutorial <ulink url="http://www.linux.org/lessons/interm/index.html">Intermediate Level User Linux Course</ulink> is a good read.
 
674
                        </para>
 
675
                </sect2>
 
676
        </sect1>        
 
677
</chapter>