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<h1 align=center style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
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margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center'><span
192
style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'>UNCLASSIFIED<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
194
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
195
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Coordinate Reference
196
Frames<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
198
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
199
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>This section describes each of the
200
coordinate reference frame types currently supported by GEOTRANS.</p>
202
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
203
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#geodetic">Geodetic Coordinates</a></p>
205
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
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margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#GEOREF">GEOREF Coordinates</a></p>
208
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
209
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#GARS">Global Area Reference System (GARS)
210
Coordinates</a><span class=MsoHyperlink><o:p></o:p></span></p>
212
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
213
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#geocentric">Geocentric Coordinates</a></p>
215
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
216
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#loccart">Local Cartesian Coordinates</a></p>
218
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
219
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#MGRS">Military Grid Reference System (MGRS)
222
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
223
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#usng">United States National Grid (USNG)
224
Coordinates</a><span class=MsoHyperlink><o:p></o:p></span></p>
226
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
227
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#UTM">Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
230
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
231
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#UPS">Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS)
234
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
235
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#albers">Albers Equal Area Conic Projection</a></p>
237
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
238
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#azeq"><span class=SpellE>Azimuthal</span>
239
Equidistant Projection</a></p>
241
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
242
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#bonne">Bonne Projection</a></p>
244
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
245
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#BNG">British National Grid</a></p>
247
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
248
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#cassini">Cassini Projection</a></p>
250
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
251
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#cyleqa">Cylindrical Equal Area Projection</a></p>
253
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
254
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#eckert4">Eckert IV Projection</a></p>
256
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
257
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#eckert6">Eckert VI Projection</a></p>
259
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
260
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#eqdcyl">Equidistant Cylindrical Projection</a></p>
262
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
263
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#gnomonic">Gnomonic Projection</a></p>
265
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
266
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#lambert_1">Lambert Conformal Conic (1 Standard
267
Parallel) Projection</a><span class=MsoHyperlink><o:p></o:p></span></p>
269
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
270
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#lambert_2">Lambert Conformal Conic (2 Standard
271
Parallel) Projection</a></p>
273
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
274
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#mercator_sp">Mercator (Standard Parallel)
277
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
278
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#mercator_sf">Mercator (Scale Factor)
281
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
282
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#miller">Miller Cylindrical Projection</a></p>
284
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
285
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#mollweide"><span class=SpellE>Mollweide</span>
288
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
289
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#nzmg">New Zealand Map Grid</a></p>
291
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
292
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#neys">Ney's (Modified Lambert Conformal Conic)
295
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
296
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#omerc">Oblique Mercator <span class=GramE>Projection</span></a></p>
298
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
299
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#orthogr">Orthographic Projection</a></p>
301
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
302
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#polarst_sp">Polar Stereographic (Standard
303
Parallel) Projection</a></p>
305
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
306
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#polarst_sf">Polar Stereographic (Scale Factor)
309
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
310
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#polyconic"><span class=SpellE>Polyconic</span>
313
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
314
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#sinusoidal">Sinusoidal Projection</a></p>
316
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
317
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#stereogr">Stereographic Projection</a></p>
319
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
320
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#trcyleqa">Transverse Cylindrical Equal Area
323
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
324
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#tranmerc">Transverse Mercator <span
325
class=GramE>Projection</span></a></p>
327
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
328
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#grinten">Van <span class=SpellE>der</span> <span
329
class=SpellE>Grinten</span> Projection</a></p>
331
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
332
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#F16GRS">F-16 Grid <span class=SpellE>Referense</span>
333
System Coordinates</a></p>
335
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
336
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name=geodetic></a><b>Geodetic
337
Coordinates<o:p></o:p></b></p>
339
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
340
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a
341
href="coordDescriptions.htm#geodetic">Description</a></p>
343
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
344
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
346
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
347
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#heighttype">Height
348
Type</a> � the type of the height values used, which can be:</p>
350
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in;
351
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;
352
tab-stops:list 1.0in 1.5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:Symbol;
353
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
354
style='mso-list:Ignore'>�<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
355
</span></span></span><![endif]>No Height, </p>
357
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in;
358
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;
359
tab-stops:list 1.0in 1.5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:Symbol;
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mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
361
style='mso-list:Ignore'>�<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
362
</span></span></span><![endif]>Ellipsoid Height, <a name="OLE_LINK1"></a><a
363
name="OLE_LINK2"><span style='mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1'></span></a></p>
365
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in;
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margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;
367
tab-stops:list 1.0in 1.5in'><span style='mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK2'><span
368
style='mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK1'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:
369
Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
370
style='mso-list:Ignore'>�<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
371
</span></span></span><![endif]>MSL-EGM96-15M-BL Height (recommended), </span></span></p>
373
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in;
374
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;
375
tab-stops:list 1.0in 1.5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:Symbol;
376
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
377
style='mso-list:Ignore'>�<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
378
</span></span></span><![endif]>MSL-EGM96-VG-NS Height, </p>
380
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in;
381
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;
382
tab-stops:list 1.0in 1.5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:Symbol;
383
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
384
style='mso-list:Ignore'>�<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
385
</span></span></span><![endif]>MSL-EGM84-10D-BL Height, or </p>
387
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in;
388
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;
389
tab-stops:list 1.0in 1.5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:Symbol;
390
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
391
style='mso-list:Ignore'>�<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
392
</span></span></span><![endif]>MSL-EGM84-10D-NS Height,</p>
394
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
395
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
397
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
398
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#latitude">Latitude</a>
399
� the Latitude value, in degrees, degrees/minutes, or degrees/minutes/seconds,</p>
401
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
402
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#longitude">Longitude</a>
403
� the Longitude value, in degrees, degrees/minutes, or degrees/minutes/seconds,
406
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
407
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#height">Height</a>
408
� the height above the reference surface, in meters.</p>
410
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
411
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name=GEOREF></a><b>GEOREF
412
Coordinates<o:p></o:p></b></p>
414
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
415
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="coordDescriptions.htm#GEOREF">Description</a></p>
417
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
418
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
420
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
421
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:.5in'><span class=GramE>None.</span></p>
423
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
424
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
426
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
427
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#GEOREF">GEOREF
428
Coordinate String</a> � an alphanumeric string made up of four letters followed
429
by up to ten digits.</p>
431
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
432
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name=GARS></a><b>GARS Coordinates<o:p></o:p></b></p>
434
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
435
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="coordDescriptions.htm#GARS">Description</a><span
436
class=MsoHyperlink><o:p></o:p></span></p>
438
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
439
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
441
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
442
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:.5in'><span class=GramE>None.</span></p>
444
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
445
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
447
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
448
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#GARS">GARS
449
Coordinate String</a> � an alphanumeric string made up of three digits,
450
followed by two letters and two digits.</p>
452
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
453
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name=geocentric></a><b>Geocentric
454
Coordinates<o:p></o:p></b></p>
456
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
457
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a
458
href="coordDescriptions.htm#geocentric">Description</a></p>
460
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
461
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
463
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
464
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><span class=GramE>None.</span></p>
466
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
467
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
469
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
470
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#x">X</a> � <span
471
class=GramE>the</span> X coordinate value, in meters,</p>
473
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
474
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#y">Y</a> � <span
475
class=GramE>the</span> Y coordinate value, in meters, and</p>
477
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
478
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#z">Z</a> � <span
479
class=GramE>the</span> Z coordinate value, in meters.</p>
481
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
482
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name=loccart></a><b>Local
483
Cartesian Coordinates<o:p></o:p></b></p>
485
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
486
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a
487
href="coordDescriptions.htm#loccart">Description</a></p>
489
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
490
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
492
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
493
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><span class=GramE>None.</span></p>
495
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
496
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
498
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
499
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#x">X</a> � <span
500
class=GramE>the</span> X coordinate value, in meters,</p>
502
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
503
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#y">Y</a> � <span
504
class=GramE>the</span> Y coordinate value, in meters, and</p>
506
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
507
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#z">Z</a> � <span
508
class=GramE>the</span> Z coordinate value, in meters.</p>
510
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
511
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name=MGRS></a><b>Military Grid Reference
512
System (MGRS) Coordinates<o:p></o:p></b></p>
514
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
515
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="..coordDescriptions.htm#MGRS">Description</a><span
516
class=MsoHyperlink><o:p></o:p></span></p>
518
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
519
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
521
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
522
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><span class=GramE>None.</span></p>
524
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
525
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
527
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
528
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#MGRS">MGRS
529
Coordinates</a> � an alphanumeric string made up of from zero to two digits,
530
followed by three letters, followed by up to ten digits.</p>
532
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
533
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>MGRS coordinates are in the non-polar
534
(i.e., UTM-based) form between 80˚ S and 84˚ N), and in polar (i.e.,
535
UPS-based) form south of 80˚ S, and north of 84˚ N.<span
536
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span><span class=GramE>MGRS</span> coordinates
537
follow the general rule that the southern and western boundaries of an area are
538
considered to be part of that area, while the northern and eastern boundaries
541
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
542
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name=usng></a><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region
543
w:st="on"><b>United States</b></st1:country-region></st1:place><b> National
544
Grid (USNG) Coordinates<o:p></o:p></b></p>
546
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
547
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="..coordDescriptions.htm#USNG">Description</a><span
548
class=MsoHyperlink><o:p></o:p></span></p>
550
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
551
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
553
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
554
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><span class=GramE>None.</span></p>
556
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
557
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
559
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
560
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#USNG">USNG
561
Coordinates</a> � an alphanumeric string made up of from zero to two digits,
562
followed by three letters, followed by up to ten digits.</p>
564
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
565
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>USNG coordinates are in the non-polar
566
(i.e., UTM-based) form between 80˚ S and 84˚ N), and in polar (i.e.,
567
UPS-based) form south of 80˚ S, and north of 84˚ N.<span
568
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>USNG coordinates follow the general rule that
569
the southern and western boundaries of an area are considered to be part of
570
that area, while the northern and eastern boundaries are not.</p>
572
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
573
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name=UTM></a><b>Universal
574
Transverse Mercator (UTM) Coordinates<o:p></o:p></b></p>
576
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
577
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a
578
href="projectionDescriptions.htm#UTM">Description</a></p>
580
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
581
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
583
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
584
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><span class=GramE>None.</span></p>
586
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
587
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
589
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
590
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#zone">Zone</a> �
591
the UTM zone number,</p>
593
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
594
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#hemisphere">Hemisphere</a>
595
� the hemisphere ('N' or 'S'),</p>
597
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
598
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#easting">Easting/X</a>
599
� the Easting/X coordinate value, in meters, and</p>
601
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
602
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#northing">Northing/Y</a>
603
� the Northing/Y coordinate value, in meters.</p>
605
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
606
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Zone Override:</p>
608
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
609
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#override">Override</a>
610
� In the Output Area, allows you to specify in which UTM zone the output
611
coordinates will be located.</p>
613
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
614
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>UTM coordinates are valid between
615
80.5˚ S and 84.5˚ N, which includes a 0.5˚ overlap area with
616
each of the two <span class=GramE>polar regions</span>. UTM coordinates that
617
are located within either of these two overlap areas will be converted to the
618
polar form of MGRS or USNG coordinates. UTM coordinates follow the general rule
619
that the southern and western boundaries of an area are considered to be part
620
of that area, while the northern and eastern boundaries are not.</p>
622
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
623
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The range of valid UTM easting
624
coordinates is between 100,000m and 900,000m.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�
625
</span>The range of valid UTM northing coordinates is from zero to 10,000,000m.</p>
627
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
628
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The UTM override is valid for the two
629
zones that are adjacent, on either side, to the �natural� zone of the point.</p>
631
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
632
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name=UPS></a><b>Universal Polar
633
Stereographic (UPS) Coordinates<o:p></o:p></b></p>
635
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
636
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a
637
href="projectionDescriptions.htm#UPS">Description</a></p>
639
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
640
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
642
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
643
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><span class=GramE>None.</span></p>
645
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
646
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
648
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
649
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#hemisphere">Hemisphere</a>
650
� the hemisphere ('N' or 'S'),</p>
652
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
653
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#easting">Easting/X</a>
654
� the Easting/X coordinate value, in meters, and</p>
656
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
657
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="..fields.htm#northing">Northing/Y</a>
658
� the Northing/Y coordinate value, in meters.</p>
660
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
661
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>UPS coordinates are valid south of
662
79.5˚ S and north of 83.5˚ N, which includes a 0.5˚ overlap area
663
adjacent to each of the <span class=GramE>polar regions</span>. UPS coordinates
664
that are located within either of these two overlap areas will be converted to
665
the non-polar form of MGRS or USNG coordinates. UPS coordinates follow the
666
general rule that the southern and western boundaries of an area are considered
667
to be part of that area, while the northern and eastern boundaries are not.</p>
669
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
670
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The range of valid UPS easting
671
coordinates is between zero and 4,000,000m.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�
672
</span>The range of valid UPS northing coordinates is also from zero to
675
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
676
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name=albers></a><b>Albers Equal
677
Area Conic Projection<o:p></o:p></b></p>
679
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
680
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a
681
href="projectionDescriptions.htm#albers">Description</a></p>
683
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
684
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
686
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
687
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#centMerid">Central
688
Meridian</a> � a longitude value that specifies the horizontal center of the
691
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
692
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#olat">Origin
693
Latitude</a> � a latitude value that specifies the vertical center of the
696
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
697
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#firstStdParallel">1st
698
Standard Parallel</a> � a latitude value that specifies one of the two the
699
parallels where the point scale factor is 1.0,</p>
701
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
702
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#firstStdParallel">2nd
703
Standard Parallel</a> � a latitude value that specifies one of the two the
704
parallels where the point scale factor is 1.0,</p>
706
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
707
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseEasting">False
708
Easting</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Easting/X
709
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the <st1:place w:st="on">Central
710
Meridian</st1:place>), and</p>
712
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
713
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseNorthing">False
714
Northing</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Northing/Y
715
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the Origin Latitude).</p>
717
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
718
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The two standard parallels cannot
719
both be zero, and cannot be equal latitudes in opposite hemispheres, and this
720
would cause the projection surface to become a cylinder.</p>
722
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
723
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
725
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
726
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#easting">Easting/X</a>
727
� the Easting/X coordinate value, in meters, and</p>
729
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
730
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#northing">Northing/Y</a>
731
� the Northing/Y coordinate value, in meters.</p>
733
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
734
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The ranges of valid Albers Equal Area
735
Conic easting and northing coordinates are between zero and 40,000,000m from
736
the projection origin.</p>
738
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
739
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name=azeq></a><span class=SpellE><b>Azimuthal</b></span><b>
740
Equidistant Projection<o:p></o:p></b></p>
742
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
743
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a
744
href="projectionDescriptions.htm#azeq">Description</a></p>
746
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
747
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
749
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
750
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#centMerid">Central
751
Meridian</a> � a longitude value that specifies the horizontal center of the
754
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
755
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#olat">Origin
756
Latitude</a> � a latitude value that specifies the vertical center of the
759
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
760
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseEasting">False
761
Easting</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Easting/X
762
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the <st1:place w:st="on">Central
763
Meridian</st1:place>), and</p>
765
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
766
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseNorthing">False
767
Northing</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Northing/Y
768
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the Origin Latitude).</p>
770
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
771
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Because the <span class=SpellE>Azimuthal</span>
772
Equidistant projection is only defined for a sphere, GEOTRANS uses an <span
773
class=SpellE>authalic</span> sphere, i.e., a sphere with the same surface area
774
as the ellipsoid associated with the specified datum.</p>
776
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
777
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
779
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
780
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#easting">Easting/X</a>
781
� the Easting/X coordinate value, in meters, and</p>
783
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
784
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#northing">Northing/Y</a>
785
� the Northing/Y coordinate value, in meters.</p>
787
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
788
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The range of valid <span
789
class=SpellE>Azimuthal</span> Equidistant easting and northing coordinates
790
depends on the ellipsoid parameters, but is roughly between zero and
791
20,000,000m from the projection origin.</p>
793
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
794
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name=bonne></a><b>Bonne Projection<o:p></o:p></b></p>
796
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
797
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a
798
href="projectionDescriptions.htm#bonne">Description</a></p>
800
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
801
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
803
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
804
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#centMerid">Central
805
Meridian</a> � a longitude value that specifies the horizontal center of the
808
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
809
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#olat">Origin
810
Latitude</a> � a latitude value that specifies the vertical center of the
813
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
814
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseEasting">False
815
Easting</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Easting/X
816
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the <st1:place w:st="on">Central
817
Meridian</st1:place>), and</p>
819
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
820
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseNorthing">False
821
Northing</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Northing/Y
822
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the Origin Latitude).</p>
824
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
825
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
827
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
828
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#easting">Easting/X</a>
829
� the Easting/X coordinate value, in meters, and</p>
831
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
832
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#northing">Northing/Y</a>
833
� the Northing/Y coordinate value, in meters.</p>
835
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
836
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The range of valid Bonne easting
837
coordinates depends on the ellipsoid parameters, but is roughly between zero
838
and 20,500,000m from the projection origin defined. The range of valid Bonne
839
northing coordinates depends on the ellipsoid parameters, but is roughly
840
between zero and 23,500,000m from the projection origin.</p>
842
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
843
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name=BNG></a><b>British National
844
Grid<o:p></o:p></b></p>
846
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
847
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a
848
href="projectionDescriptions.htm#BNG">Description</a></p>
850
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
851
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
853
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
854
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><span class=GramE>None.</span></p>
856
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
857
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The British National Grid can only be
858
used with the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain 1936 (OGB) family of <span
859
class=SpellE>datums</span>, which are based on the Airy ellipsoid.</p>
861
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
862
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
864
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
865
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#BNGCoordStr">BNG
866
Coordinate String</a> � an alphanumeric string made up of two letters followed
867
by up to ten digits.</p>
869
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
870
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>GEOTRANS limits the latitude values
871
for British National Grid to between 49.5� N and 61.5� N. Longitude values are
872
limited to between 10� W and 3.5� E. The valid range of easting values is from
873
-133134.0 to 759961.0.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>The valid range
874
of northing values is from -14829.0 to 1257875.0.</p>
876
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
877
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name=cassini></a><b>Cassini
878
Projection<o:p></o:p></b></p>
880
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
881
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a
882
href="projectionDescriptions.htm#cassini">Description</a></p>
884
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
885
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
887
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
888
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#centMerid">Central
889
Meridian</a> � a longitude value that specifies the horizontal center of the
892
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
893
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#olat">Origin
894
Latitude</a> � a latitude value that specifies the vertical center of the
897
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
898
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseEasting">False
899
Easting</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Easting/X
900
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the <st1:place w:st="on">Central
901
Meridian</st1:place>), and</p>
903
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
904
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseNorthing">False
905
Northing</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Northing/Y
906
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the Origin Latitude).</p>
908
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
909
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
911
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
912
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#easting">Easting/X</a>
913
� the Easting/X coordinate value, in meters, and</p>
915
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
916
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#northing">Northing/Y</a>
917
� the Northing/Y coordinate value, in meters.</p>
919
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
920
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The range of valid Cassini easting
921
coordinates depends on the ellipsoid parameters, but is roughly between zero
922
and 20,000,000m from the projection origin. The range of valid Cassini northing
923
coordinates depends on the ellipsoid parameters, but is roughly between zero
924
and 57,000,000m from the projection origin.</p>
926
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
927
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>GEOTRANS issues a distortion warning
928
for points located more than 4˚ of longitude from the <st1:place w:st="on">Central
929
Meridian</st1:place>.</p>
931
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
932
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name=cyleqa></a><b>Cylindrical
933
Equal Area Projection<o:p></o:p></b></p>
935
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
936
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a
937
href="projectionDescriptions.htm#cyleqa">Description</a></p>
939
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
940
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
942
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
943
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#centMerid">Central
944
Meridian</a> � a longitude value that specifies the horizontal center of the
947
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
948
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#olat">Origin
949
Latitude</a> � a latitude value that specifies the vertical center of the
952
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
953
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseEasting">False
954
Easting</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Easting/X
955
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the <st1:place w:st="on">Central
956
Meridian</st1:place>), and</p>
958
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
959
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseNorthing">False
960
Northing</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Northing/Y
961
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the Origin Latitude).</p>
963
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
964
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
966
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
967
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#easting">Easting/X</a>
968
� the Easting/X coordinate value, in meters, and</p>
970
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
971
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#northing">Northing/Y</a>
972
� the Northing/Y coordinate value, in meters.</p>
974
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
975
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The range of valid Cylindrical Equal
976
Area easting coordinates depends on the ellipsoid parameters, but is roughly
977
between zero and 20,000,000m from the projection origin. The range of valid
978
Cylindrical Equal Area northing coordinates depends on the ellipsoid
979
parameters, but is roughly between zero and 6,000,000m from the projection
982
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
983
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name=eckert4></a><b>Eckert IV
984
Projection<o:p></o:p></b></p>
986
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
987
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a
988
href="projectionDescriptions.htm#eckert4">Description</a></p>
990
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
991
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
993
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
994
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#centMerid">Central
995
Meridian</a> � a longitude value that specifies the horizontal center of the
998
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
999
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseEasting">False
1000
Easting</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Easting/X
1001
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the <st1:place w:st="on">Central
1002
Meridian</st1:place>), and</p>
1004
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1005
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseNorthing">False
1006
Northing</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Northing/Y
1007
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the Origin Latitude).</p>
1009
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1010
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The Origin Latitude of the Eckert IV
1011
projection is fixed at the Equator.</p>
1013
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1014
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Because the Eckert IV projection is
1015
only defined for a sphere, GEOTRANS uses an <span class=SpellE>authalic</span>
1016
sphere, i.e., a sphere with the same surface area as the ellipsoid associated
1017
with the specified datum.</p>
1019
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1020
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
1022
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1023
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#easting">Easting/X</a>
1024
� the Easting/X coordinate value, in meters, and</p>
1026
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1027
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#northing">Northing/Y</a>
1028
� the Northing/Y coordinate value, in meters.</p>
1030
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1031
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The range of valid Eckert IV easting
1032
coordinates depends on the ellipsoid parameters, but is roughly between zero
1033
and 17,000,000m from the projection origin. The range of valid Eckert IV northing
1034
coordinates depends on the ellipsoid parameters, but is roughly between zero
1035
and 8,000,000m from the projection origin.</p>
1037
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1038
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name=eckert6></a><b>Eckert VI
1039
Projection<o:p></o:p></b></p>
1041
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1042
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a
1043
href="projectionDescriptions.htm#eckert6">Description</a></p>
1045
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1046
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
1048
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1049
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#centMerid">Central
1050
Meridian</a> � a longitude value that specifies the horizontal center of the
1053
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1054
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseEasting">False
1055
Easting</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Easting/X
1056
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the <st1:place w:st="on">Central
1057
Meridian</st1:place>), and</p>
1059
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1060
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseNorthing">False
1061
Northing</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Northing/Y
1062
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the Origin Latitude).</p>
1064
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1065
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The Origin Latitude of the Eckert VI
1066
projection is fixed at the Equator.</p>
1068
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1069
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Because the Eckert VI projection is
1070
only defined for a sphere, GEOTRANS uses an <span class=SpellE>authalic</span>
1071
sphere, i.e., a sphere with the same surface area as the ellipsoid associated
1072
with the specified datum.</p>
1074
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1075
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
1077
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1078
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#easting">Easting/X</a>
1079
� the Easting/X coordinate value, in meters, and</p>
1081
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1082
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#northing">Northing/Y</a>
1083
� the Northing/Y coordinate value, in meters.</p>
1085
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1086
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The range of valid Eckert VI easting
1087
coordinates depends on the ellipsoid parameters, but is roughly between zero
1088
and 18,000,000m from the projection origin. The range of valid Eckert VI
1089
northing coordinates depends on the ellipsoid parameters, but is roughly
1090
between zero and 8,000,000m from the projection origin.</p>
1092
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1093
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name=eqdcyl></a><b>Equidistant
1094
Cylindrical Projection<o:p></o:p></b></p>
1096
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1097
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a
1098
href="projectionDescriptions.htm#eqdcyl">Description</a></p>
1100
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1101
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
1103
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1104
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#centMerid">Central
1105
Meridian</a> � a longitude value that specifies the horizontal center of the
1108
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1109
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#olat">Origin
1110
Latitude</a> � a latitude value that specifies the vertical center of the
1113
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1114
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseEasting">False
1115
Easting</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Easting/X coordinate
1116
at the origin of the projection (i.e., the <st1:place w:st="on">Central
1117
Meridian</st1:place>), and</p>
1119
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1120
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseNorthing">False
1121
Northing</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Northing/Y
1122
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the Origin Latitude).</p>
1124
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1125
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Because the Equidistant Cylindrical
1126
projection is only defined for a sphere, GEOTRANS uses an <span class=SpellE>authalic</span>
1127
sphere, i.e., a sphere with the same surface area as the ellipsoid associated
1128
with the specified datum.</p>
1130
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1131
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
1133
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1134
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#easting">Easting/X</a>
1135
� the Easting/X coordinate value, in meters, and</p>
1137
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1138
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#northing">Northing/Y</a>
1139
� the Northing/Y coordinate value, in meters.</p>
1141
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1142
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The range of valid Equidistant
1143
Cylindrical easting coordinates depends on the ellipsoid parameters, but is
1144
roughly between zero and 20,000,000m from the projection origin. The range of
1145
valid Equidistant Cylindrical northing coordinates depends on the ellipsoid
1146
parameters, but is roughly between zero and 10,000,000m from the projection
1149
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1150
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name=gnomonic></a><b>Gnomonic
1151
Projection<o:p></o:p></b></p>
1153
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1154
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a
1155
href="projectionDescriptions.htm#gnomonic">Description</a></p>
1157
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1158
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
1160
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1161
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#centMerid">Central
1162
Meridian</a> � a longitude value that specifies the horizontal center of the
1165
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1166
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#olat">Origin
1167
Latitude</a> � a latitude value that specifies the vertical center of the
1170
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1171
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseEasting">False
1172
Easting</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Easting/X
1173
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the <st1:place w:st="on">Central
1174
Meridian</st1:place>), and</p>
1176
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1177
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseNorthing">False
1178
Northing</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Northing/Y
1179
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the Origin Latitude).</p>
1181
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1182
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Because the Gnomonic projection is
1183
only defined for a sphere, GEOTRANS uses an <span class=SpellE>authalic</span>
1184
sphere, i.e., a sphere with the same surface area as the ellipsoid associated
1185
with the specified datum.</p>
1187
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1188
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
1190
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1191
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#easting">Easting/X</a>
1192
� the Easting/X coordinate value, in meters, and</p>
1194
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1195
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#northing">Northing/Y</a>
1196
� the Northing/Y coordinate value, in meters.</p>
1198
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1199
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The ranges of valid Gnomonic easting
1200
and northing coordinates are between zero and 40,000,000m from the projection
1203
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1204
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name="lambert_1"></a><b>Lambert
1205
Conformal Conic (1 Standard Parallel) Projection<o:p></o:p></b></p>
1207
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1208
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a
1209
href="projectionDescriptions.htm#lambert">Description</a></p>
1211
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1212
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
1214
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1215
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#centMerid">Central
1216
Meridian</a> � a longitude value that specifies the horizontal center of the
1219
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1220
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#olat">Origin
1221
Latitude</a> � a latitude value that specifies the vertical center of the
1224
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1225
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#scaleFactor">Scale
1226
Factor</a> � a real number between 0.3 and 3.0 that specifies the projection
1227
scale factor, the ratio between distances in the projection and distances on
1228
the surface of the reference ellipsoid, at the Origin Latitude,</p>
1230
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1231
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseEasting">False
1232
Easting</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Easting/X
1233
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the <st1:place w:st="on">Central
1234
Meridian</st1:place>), and</p>
1236
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1237
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseNorthing">False
1238
Northing</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Northing/Y
1239
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the Origin Latitude).</p>
1241
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1242
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>With this method of specifying the
1243
Lambert Conformal Conic parameters, the Origin Latitude is also the single
1244
Standard Parallel.</p>
1246
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1247
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>GEOTRANS limits the Origin Latitude
1248
to latitude values between 89 59 59.0� S and 89 59 59.0� N.</p>
1250
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1251
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
1253
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1254
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#easting">Easting/X</a>
1255
� the Easting/X coordinate value, in meters, and</p>
1257
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1258
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#northing">Northing/Y</a>
1259
� the Northing/Y coordinate value, in meters.</p>
1261
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1262
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The ranges of valid Lambert <span
1263
class=SpellE>Conformic</span> Conic easting and northing coordinates are
1264
between zero and 400,000,000m from the projection origin.</p>
1266
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1267
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name="lambert_2"></a><b>Lambert
1268
Conformal Conic (2 Standard Parallel) Projection<o:p></o:p></b></p>
1270
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1271
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a
1272
href="projectionDescriptions.htm#lambert">Description</a></p>
1274
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1275
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
1277
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1278
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#centMerid">Central
1279
Meridian</a> � a longitude value that specifies the horizontal center of the
1282
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1283
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#olat">Origin
1284
Latitude</a> � a latitude value that specifies the vertical center of the
1287
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1288
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#firstStdParallel">1st
1289
Standard Parallel</a> � a latitude value that specifies one of the two the
1290
parallels where the point scale factor is 1.0,</p>
1292
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1293
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#firstStdParallel">2nd
1294
Standard Parallel</a> � a latitude value that specifies one of the two the
1295
parallels where the point scale factor is 1.0,</p>
1297
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1298
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseEasting">False
1299
Easting</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Easting/X
1300
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the <st1:place w:st="on">Central
1301
Meridian</st1:place>), and</p>
1303
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1304
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseNorthing">False
1305
Northing</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Northing/Y
1306
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the Origin Latitude).</p>
1308
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1309
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>GEOTRANS limits the Origin Latitude
1310
and both Standard Parallel values to between 89 59 59.0� S and 89 59 59.0� N.</p>
1312
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1313
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The two standard parallels cannot
1314
both be zero, and cannot be equal latitudes in opposite hemispheres, and this
1315
would cause the projection surface to become a cylinder.</p>
1317
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt;text-align:justify;line-height:18.0pt'>When
1318
the two standard parallels are both set to the same latitude value, the result
1319
is a Lambert Conformal Conic projection with one standard parallel at the
1320
specified latitude, and with a Scale Factor of 1.0.<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:
1321
10.0pt;font-family:Times'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1323
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1324
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
1326
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1327
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#easting">Easting/X</a>
1328
� the Easting/X coordinate value, in meters, and</p>
1330
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1331
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#northing">Northing/Y</a>
1332
� the Northing/Y coordinate value, in meters.</p>
1334
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1335
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The ranges of valid Lambert <span
1336
class=SpellE>Conformic</span> Conic easting and northing coordinates are between
1337
zero and 400,000,000m from the projection origin.</p>
1339
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1340
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name="mercator_sp"></a><b>Mercator
1341
(Standard Parallel) Projection<o:p></o:p></b></p>
1343
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1344
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a
1345
href="projectionDescriptions.htm#mercator">Description</a></p>
1347
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1348
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
1350
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1351
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#centMerid">Central
1352
Meridian</a> � a longitude value that specifies the horizontal center of the
1355
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1356
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#standardParallel">Standard
1357
Parallel</a> � a latitude value that specifies the parallel where the point
1358
scale factor is 1.0,</p>
1360
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1361
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseEasting">False
1362
Easting</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Easting/X
1363
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the <st1:place w:st="on">Central
1364
Meridian</st1:place>), and</p>
1366
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1367
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseNorthing">False
1368
Northing</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Northing/Y
1369
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the Equator).</p>
1371
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1372
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The Origin Latitude of the Mercator
1373
projection is fixed at the Equator.</p>
1375
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1376
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Note: The <a
1377
href="fields.htm#scaleFactor">Scale Factor</a> field is an <u>output</u> field
1378
that gives the point scale factor at the Equator. The Scale Factor value is
1379
calculated and displayed based on the ellipsoid parameters and the Standard
1382
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1383
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
1385
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1386
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#easting">Easting/X</a>
1387
� the Easting/X coordinate value, in meters, and</p>
1389
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1390
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#northing">Northing/Y</a>
1391
� the Northing/Y coordinate value, in meters.</p>
1393
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1394
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The range of valid Mercator easting
1395
coordinates depends on the ellipsoid parameters, but is roughly between zero
1396
and 20,500,000m from the projection origin. The range of valid Mercator
1397
northing coordinates depends on the ellipsoid parameters, but is roughly
1398
between zero and 23,500,000m from the projection origin.</p>
1400
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1401
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name="mercator_sf"></a><b>Mercator
1402
(Scale Factor) Projection<o:p></o:p></b></p>
1404
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1405
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a
1406
href="projectionDescriptions.htm#mercator">Description</a></p>
1408
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1409
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
1411
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1412
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#centMerid">Central
1413
Meridian</a> � a longitude value that specifies the horizontal center of the
1416
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1417
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#scaleFactor">Scale
1418
Factor</a> � a real number between 0.3 and 3.0 that specifies the projection
1419
scale factor, the ratio between distances in the projection and distances on
1420
the surface of the reference ellipsoid, at the Equator,</p>
1422
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1423
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseEasting">False
1424
Easting</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Easting/X
1425
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the <st1:place w:st="on">Central
1426
Meridian</st1:place>), and</p>
1428
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1429
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseNorthing">False
1430
Northing</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Northing/Y
1431
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the Equator).</p>
1433
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1434
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The Origin Latitude of the Mercator
1435
projection is fixed at the Equator.</p>
1437
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1438
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
1440
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1441
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#easting">Easting/X</a>
1442
� the Easting/X coordinate value, in meters, and</p>
1444
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1445
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#northing">Northing/Y</a>
1446
� the Northing/Y coordinate value, in meters.</p>
1448
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1449
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The range of valid Mercator easting
1450
coordinates depends on the ellipsoid parameters, but is roughly between zero
1451
and 20,500,000m from the projection origin. The range of valid Mercator
1452
northing coordinates depends on the ellipsoid parameters, but is roughly
1453
between zero and 23,500,000m from the projection origin.</p>
1455
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1456
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name=miller></a><b>Miller
1457
Cylindrical Projection<o:p></o:p></b></p>
1459
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1460
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a
1461
href="projectionDescriptions.htm#miller">Description</a></p>
1463
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1464
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
1466
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1467
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#centMerid">Central
1468
Meridian</a> � a longitude value that specifies the horizontal center of the
1471
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1472
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseEasting">False
1473
Easting</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Easting/X
1474
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the <st1:place w:st="on">Central
1475
Meridian</st1:place>), and</p>
1477
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1478
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseNorthing">False
1479
Northing</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Northing/Y
1480
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the Origin Latitude).</p>
1482
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1483
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The Origin Latitude of the Miller
1484
Cylindrical projection is fixed at the Equator.</p>
1486
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1487
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Because the Miller Cylindrical
1488
projection is only defined for a sphere, GEOTRANS uses an <span class=SpellE>authalic</span>
1489
sphere, i.e., a sphere with the same surface area as the ellipsoid associated
1490
with the specified datum.</p>
1492
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1493
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
1495
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1496
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#easting">Easting/X</a>
1497
� the Easting/X coordinate value, in meters, and</p>
1499
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1500
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#northing">Northing/Y</a>
1501
� the Northing/Y coordinate value, in meters.</p>
1503
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1504
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The range of valid Miller Cylindrical
1505
easting coordinates depends on the ellipsoid parameters, but is roughly between
1506
zero and 20,000,000m from the projection origin. The range of valid Miller Cylindrical
1507
northing coordinates depends on the ellipsoid parameters, but is roughly
1508
between zero and 14,000,000m from the projection origin.</p>
1510
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1511
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name=mollweide></a><span
1512
class=SpellE><b>Mollweide</b></span><b> Projection<o:p></o:p></b></p>
1514
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1515
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a
1516
href="projectionDescriptions.htm#mollweide">Description</a></p>
1518
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1519
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
1521
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1522
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#centMerid">Central
1523
Meridian</a> � a longitude value that specifies the horizontal center of the
1526
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1527
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseEasting">False
1528
Easting</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Easting/X
1529
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the <st1:place w:st="on">Central
1530
Meridian</st1:place>), and</p>
1532
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1533
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseNorthing">False
1534
Northing</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Northing/Y
1535
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the Origin Latitude).</p>
1537
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1538
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The Origin Latitude of the <span
1539
class=SpellE>Mollweide</span> projection is fixed at the Equator.</p>
1541
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1542
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Because the <span class=SpellE>Mollweide</span>
1543
projection is only defined for a sphere, GEOTRANS uses an <span class=SpellE>authalic</span>
1544
sphere, i.e., a sphere with the same surface area as the ellipsoid associated
1545
with the specified datum.</p>
1547
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1548
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
1550
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1551
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#easting">Easting/X</a>
1552
� the Easting/X coordinate value, in meters, and</p>
1554
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1555
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#northing">Northing/Y</a>
1556
� the Northing/Y coordinate value, in meters.</p>
1558
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1559
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The range of valid <span
1560
class=SpellE>Mollweide</span> easting coordinates depends on the ellipsoid
1561
parameters, but is roughly between zero and 18,000,000m from the projection
1562
origin. The range of valid <span class=SpellE>Mollweide</span> northing
1563
coordinates depends on the ellipsoid parameters, but is roughly between zero
1564
and 9,000,000m from the projection origin.</p>
1566
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1567
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name=nzmg></a><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region
1568
w:st="on"><b>New Zealand</b></st1:country-region></st1:place><b> Map Grid<o:p></o:p></b></p>
1570
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1571
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a
1572
href="projectionDescriptions.htm#nzmg">Description</a></p>
1574
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1575
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
1577
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1578
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><span class=GramE>None.</span></p>
1580
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1581
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The New Zealand Map Grid can only be
1582
used with the Geodetic Datum 1949 for <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region
1583
w:st="on">New Zealand</st1:country-region></st1:place>, which uses the
1584
International ellipsoid.</p>
1586
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1587
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
1589
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1590
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#easting">Easting/X</a>
1591
� the Easting/X coordinate value, in meters, and</p>
1593
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1594
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#northing">Northing/Y</a>
1595
� the Northing/Y coordinate value, in meters.</p>
1597
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1598
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The range of valid latitude values for
1599
the New Zealand Map Grid is from 33.5� S to 48.5� S. The range of valid
1600
longitude values for the New Zealand Map Grid is from 165.5� E to 180� E.</p>
1602
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1603
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The range of valid New Zealand Map
1604
Grid easting coordinates is from 1,810,000m to 3,170,000m. The range of valid
1605
New Zealand Map Grid coordinates is from 5,160,000m to 6,900,000m.</p>
1607
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1608
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name=neys></a><b>Ney's (Modified
1609
Lambert Conformal Conic) Projection<o:p></o:p></b></p>
1611
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1612
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a
1613
href="projectionDescriptions.htm#neys">Description</a></p>
1615
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1616
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
1618
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1619
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#centMerid">Central
1620
Meridian</a> � a longitude value that specifies the horizontal center of the
1623
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1624
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#olat">Origin
1625
Latitude</a> � a latitude value that specifies the vertical center of the
1628
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1629
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#firstStdParallel">1st
1630
Standard Parallel</a> � a latitude value that specifies one of the two the
1631
parallels where the point scale factor is 1.0,</p>
1633
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1634
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseEasting">False
1635
Easting</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Easting/X
1636
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the <st1:place w:st="on">Central
1637
Meridian</st1:place>), and</p>
1639
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1640
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseNorthing">False
1641
Northing</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Northing/Y
1642
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the Origin Latitude).</p>
1644
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1645
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>GEOTRANS limits the Origin Latitude
1646
value to between 89 59 59.0� S and 89 59 59.0� N.</p>
1648
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1649
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The 1st Standard Parallel value is
1650
limited to either 71� or 74�. The 2nd Standard Parallel value is fixed at 89�
1651
59� 58.0�.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>The hemisphere of the two
1652
Standard Parallels is the same as the hemisphere of the Origin Latitude.</p>
1654
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1655
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
1657
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1658
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#easting">Easting/X</a>
1659
� the Easting/X coordinate value, in meters, and</p>
1661
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1662
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#northing">Northing/Y</a>
1663
� the Northing/Y coordinate value, in meters.</p>
1665
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1666
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The ranges of valid Ney�s easting and
1667
northing coordinates are between zero and 400,000,000m from the projection
1670
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1671
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name=omerc></a><b>Oblique Mercator
1672
<span class=GramE>Projection</span><o:p></o:p></b></p>
1674
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1675
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a
1676
href="projectionDescriptions.htm#omerc">Description</a></p>
1678
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1679
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
1681
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1682
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#olat">Origin
1683
Latitude</a> � a latitude value that specifies the vertical center of the
1686
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1687
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#firstLat">Latitude
1688
1</a> � latitude of the first point lying on the central line of the
1691
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1692
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#firstLon">Longitude
1693
1</a> � longitude of the first point lying on the central line of the
1696
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1697
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#firstLat">Latitude
1698
2</a> � latitude of the second point lying on the central line of the
1701
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1702
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#firstLon">Longitude
1703
2</a> � longitude of the second point lying on the central line of the
1706
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1707
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name="OLE_LINK3"></a><a
1708
name="OLE_LINK4"><span style='mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK3'></span></a><a
1709
href="fields.htm#scaleFactor"><span style='mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK4'><span
1710
style='mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK3'>Scale Factor</span></span><span
1711
style='mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK4'><span style='mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK3'></span></span></a><span
1712
style='mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK4'><span style='mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK3'> � a real
1713
number between 0.3 and 3.0 that specifies the projection scale factor, the ratio
1714
between distances in the projection and distances on the surface of the
1715
reference ellipsoid,</span></span></p>
1717
<span style='mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK3'></span><span style='mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK4'></span>
1719
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1720
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseEasting">False
1721
Easting</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Easting/X
1722
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the <st1:place w:st="on">Central
1723
Meridian</st1:place>), and</p>
1725
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1726
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseNorthing">False
1727
Northing</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Northing/Y
1728
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the Origin Latitude).</p>
1730
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1731
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>GEOTRANS limits the Origin Latitude,
1732
Latitude 1, and Latitude 2 values to between 89� S and 89� N.</p>
1734
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1735
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The Latitude 1 and Latitude 2 values
1736
cannot have the same value, and cannot be located in different hemispheres.</p>
1738
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1739
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
1741
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1742
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#easting">Easting/X</a>
1743
� the Easting/X coordinate value, in meters, and</p>
1745
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1746
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#northing">Northing/Y</a>
1747
� the Northing/Y coordinate value, in meters.</p>
1749
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1750
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The ranges of valid Oblique Mercator easting
1751
and northing coordinates are between zero and 40,000,000m from the projection
1754
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1755
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name=orthogr></a><b>Orthographic
1756
Projection<o:p></o:p></b></p>
1758
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1759
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a
1760
href="projectionDescriptions.htm#orthogr">Description</a></p>
1762
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1763
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
1765
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1766
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#centMerid">Central
1767
Meridian</a> � a longitude value that specifies the horizontal center of the
1770
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1771
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#olat">Origin
1772
Latitude</a> � a latitude value that specifies the vertical center of the
1775
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1776
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseEasting">False
1777
Easting</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Easting/X
1778
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the <st1:place w:st="on">Central
1779
Meridian</st1:place>), and</p>
1781
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1782
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseNorthing">False
1783
Northing</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Northing/Y
1784
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the Origin Latitude).</p>
1786
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1787
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Because the Orthographic projection
1788
is only defined for a sphere, GEOTRANS uses an <span class=SpellE>authalic</span>
1789
sphere, i.e., a sphere with the same surface area as the ellipsoid associated
1790
with the specified datum.</p>
1792
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1793
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
1795
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1796
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#easting">Easting/X</a>
1797
� the Easting/X coordinate value, in meters, and</p>
1799
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1800
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#northing">Northing/Y</a>
1801
� the Northing/Y coordinate value, in meters.</p>
1803
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1804
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>GEOTRANS returns an error if the
1805
geodetic point being projected is on the opposite side of the Earth from the
1806
projection origin.</p>
1808
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1809
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The range of valid Orthographic
1810
easting coordinates depends on the ellipsoid parameters, but is roughly between
1811
zero and 6,500,000m from the projection origin. The range of valid Orthographic
1812
northing coordinates depends on the ellipsoid parameters, but is roughly
1813
between zero and 6,500,000m from the projection origin.</p>
1815
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1816
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name="polarst_sp"></a><b>Polar
1817
Stereographic (Standard Parallel) Projection<o:p></o:p></b></p>
1819
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1820
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a
1821
href="projectionDescriptions.htm#polarst">Description</a></p>
1823
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1824
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
1826
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1827
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#centMerid">Central
1828
Meridian</a> � a longitude value that specifies the orientation of the
1831
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1832
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#standardParallel">Standard
1833
Parallel</a> � the <span class=GramE>latitude</span> at which the scale factor
1836
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1837
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseEasting">False
1838
Easting</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Easting/X
1839
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the pole), and</p>
1841
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1842
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseNorthing">False
1843
Northing</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Northing/Y
1844
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the pole).</p>
1846
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1847
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The <st1:place w:st="on">Central
1848
Meridian</st1:place> parameter controls the orientation of the projection,
1849
with the specified meridian pointing downward from the pole.</p>
1851
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1852
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The Standard Parallel value
1853
identifies which pole is the origin of the projection.</p>
1855
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1856
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
1858
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1859
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#easting">Easting/X</a>
1860
� the Easting/X coordinate value, in meters, and</p>
1862
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1863
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#northing">Northing/Y</a>
1864
� the Northing/Y coordinate value, in meters.</p>
1866
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1867
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>GEOTRANS returns an error if the
1868
geodetic point being projected is on the opposite side of the Earth from the
1869
pole that is the projection origin.</p>
1871
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1872
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The ranges of valid Polar
1873
Stereographic easting and northing coordinates are between zero and 12,700,000m
1874
from the projection origin at the pole.</p>
1876
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1877
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name="polarst_sf"></a><b>Polar
1878
Stereographic (Scale Factor) Projection<o:p></o:p></b></p>
1880
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1881
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a
1882
href="projectionDescriptions.htm#polarst">Description</a></p>
1884
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1885
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
1887
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1888
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#centMerid">Central
1889
Meridian</a> � a longitude value that specifies the orientation of the
1892
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1893
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#scaleFactor">Scale
1894
Factor</a> � a real number between 0.3 and 3.0 that specifies the projection
1895
scale factor, the ratio between distances in the projection and distances on
1896
the surface of the reference ellipsoid, at the pole,</p>
1898
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1899
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#hemisphere">Hemisphere</a>
1900
� the hemisphere ('N' or 'S'), which identifies which pole is the origin of the
1903
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1904
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseEasting">False
1905
Easting</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Easting/X
1906
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the pole), and</p>
1908
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1909
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseNorthing">False
1910
Northing</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Northing/Y
1911
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the pole).</p>
1913
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1914
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The <st1:place w:st="on">Central
1915
Meridian</st1:place> parameter controls the orientation of the projection,
1916
with the specified meridian pointing downward from the pole.</p>
1918
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1919
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
1921
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1922
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#easting">Easting/X</a>
1923
� the Easting/X coordinate value, in meters, and</p>
1925
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1926
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#northing">Northing/Y</a>
1927
� the Northing/Y coordinate value, in meters.</p>
1929
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1930
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>GEOTRANS returns an error if the
1931
geodetic point being projected is on the opposite side of the Earth from the
1932
pole that is the projection origin.</p>
1934
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1935
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The ranges of valid Polar
1936
Stereographic easting and northing coordinates are between zero and 12,700,000m
1937
from the projection origin at the pole.</p>
1939
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1940
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name=polyconic></a><span
1941
class=SpellE><b>Polyconic</b></span><b> Projection<o:p></o:p></b></p>
1943
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1944
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a
1945
href="projectionDescriptions.htm#polyconic">Description</a></p>
1947
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1948
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
1950
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1951
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#centMerid">Central
1952
Meridian</a> � a longitude value that specifies the horizontal center of the
1955
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1956
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#olat">Origin
1957
Latitude</a> � a latitude value that specifies the vertical center of the
1960
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1961
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseEasting">False
1962
Easting</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Easting/X
1963
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the <st1:place w:st="on">Central
1964
Meridian</st1:place>), and</p>
1966
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1967
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseNorthing">False
1968
Northing</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Northing/Y
1969
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the Origin Latitude).</p>
1971
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1972
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
1974
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1975
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#easting">Easting/X</a>
1976
� the Easting/X coordinate value, in meters, and</p>
1978
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
1979
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#northing">Northing/Y</a>
1980
� the Northing/Y coordinate value, in meters.</p>
1982
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1983
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>GEOTRANS issues a distortion warning
1984
for points located more than 90˚ of longitude from the <st1:place w:st="on">Central
1985
Meridian</st1:place>.</p>
1987
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1988
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The range of valid <span
1989
class=SpellE>Polyconic</span> easting coordinates depends on the ellipsoid
1990
parameters, but is roughly between zero and 20,500,000m from the projection origin.
1991
The range of valid <span class=SpellE>Polyconic</span> northing coordinates
1992
depends on the ellipsoid parameters, but is roughly between zero and 15,500,000m
1993
from the projection origin.</p>
1995
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
1996
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name=sinusoidal></a><b>Sinusoidal
1997
Projection<o:p></o:p></b></p>
1999
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
2000
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a
2001
href="projectionDescriptions.htm#sinusoidal">Description</a></p>
2003
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
2004
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
2006
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
2007
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#centMerid">Central
2008
Meridian</a> � a longitude value that specifies the horizontal center of the
2011
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
2012
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseEasting">False
2013
Easting</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Easting/X
2014
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the <st1:place w:st="on">Central
2015
Meridian</st1:place>), and</p>
2017
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
2018
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseNorthing">False
2019
Northing</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Northing/Y
2020
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the Origin Latitude).</p>
2022
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
2023
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The Origin Latitude of the Sinusoidal
2024
projection is fixed at the Equator.</p>
2026
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
2027
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
2029
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
2030
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#easting">Easting/X</a>
2031
� the Easting/X coordinate value, in meters, and</p>
2033
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
2034
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#northing">Northing/Y</a>
2035
� the Northing/Y coordinate value, in meters.</p>
2037
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
2038
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The range of valid Sinusoidal easting
2039
coordinates depends on the ellipsoid parameters, but is roughly between zero
2040
and 20,000,000m from the projection origin. The range of valid Sinusoidal northing
2041
coordinates depends on the ellipsoid parameters, but is roughly between zero
2042
and 10,000,000m from the projection origin.</p>
2044
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
2045
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name=stereogr></a><b>Stereographic
2046
Projection<o:p></o:p></b></p>
2048
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
2049
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a
2050
href="projectionDescriptions.htm#stereogr">Description</a></p>
2052
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
2053
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
2055
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
2056
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#centMerid">Central
2057
Meridian</a> � a longitude value that specifies the horizontal center of the
2060
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
2061
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#olat">Origin
2062
Latitude</a> � a latitude value that specifies the vertical center of the
2065
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
2066
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseEasting">False
2067
Easting</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Easting/X
2068
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the <st1:place w:st="on">Central
2069
Meridian</st1:place>), and</p>
2071
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
2072
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseNorthing">False
2073
Northing</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Northing/Y
2074
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the Origin Latitude).</p>
2076
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
2077
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Because the Stereographic projection
2078
is only defined for a sphere, GEOTRANS uses an <span class=SpellE>authalic</span>
2079
sphere, i.e., a sphere with the same surface area as the ellipsoid associated
2080
with the specified datum.</p>
2082
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
2083
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
2085
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
2086
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#easting">Easting/X</a>
2087
� the Easting/X coordinate value, in meters, and</p>
2089
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
2090
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#northing">Northing/Y</a>
2091
� the Northing/Y coordinate value, in meters.</p>
2093
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
2094
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The ranges of valid Stereographic
2095
easting and northing coordinates depend on the ellipsoid parameters, but are
2096
roughly between zero and 1,460,000,000m from the projection origin.</p>
2098
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
2099
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name=trcyleqa></a><b>Transverse
2100
Cylindrical Equal Area Projection<o:p></o:p></b></p>
2102
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
2103
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a
2104
href="projectionDescriptions.htm#trcyleqa">Description</a></p>
2106
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
2107
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
2109
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
2110
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#centMerid">Central
2111
Meridian</a> � a longitude value that specifies the horizontal center of the
2114
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
2115
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#olat">Origin
2116
Latitude</a> � a latitude value that specifies the vertical center of the
2119
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
2120
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#scaleFactor">Scale
2121
Factor</a> � a real number between 0.3 and 3.0 that specifies the projection scale
2122
factor, the ratio between distances in the projection and distances on the
2123
surface of the reference ellipsoid, along the Central Meridian,</p>
2125
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
2126
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseEasting">False
2127
Easting</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Easting/X coordinate
2128
at the origin of the projection (i.e., the <st1:place w:st="on">Central
2129
Meridian</st1:place>), and</p>
2131
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
2132
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseNorthing">False
2133
Northing</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Northing/Y
2134
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the Origin Latitude).</p>
2136
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
2137
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
2139
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
2140
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#easting">Easting/X</a>
2141
� the Easting/X coordinate value, in meters, and</p>
2143
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
2144
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#northing">Northing/Y</a>
2145
� the Northing/Y coordinate value, in meters.</p>
2147
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
2148
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>GEOTRANS issues a distortion warning
2149
for points located more than 90˚ of longitude from the <st1:place w:st="on">Central
2150
Meridian</st1:place>.</p>
2152
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
2153
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The range of valid Transverse
2154
Cylindrical Equal Area easting coordinates depends on the ellipsoid parameters,
2155
but is roughly between zero and 6,500,000m from the projection origin. The
2156
range of valid Transverse Cylindrical Equal Area northing coordinates depends
2157
on the ellipsoid parameters, but is roughly between zero and 20,000,000m from
2158
the projection origin.</p>
2160
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
2161
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name=tranmerc></a><b>Transverse
2162
Mercator <span class=GramE>Projection</span><o:p></o:p></b></p>
2164
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
2165
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a
2166
href="projectionDescriptions.htm#tranmerc">Description</a></p>
2168
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
2169
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
2171
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
2172
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#centMerid">Central
2173
Meridian</a> � a longitude value that specifies the horizontal center of the
2176
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
2177
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#olat">Origin
2178
Latitude</a> � a latitude value that specifies the parallel where the point
2179
scale factor is 1.0,</p>
2181
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
2182
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#scaleFactor">Scale
2183
Factor</a> � a real number between 0.3 and 3.0 that specifies the projection
2184
scale factor, the ratio between distances in the projection and distances on
2185
the surface of the reference ellipsoid, along the Central Meridian,</p>
2187
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
2188
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseEasting">False
2189
Easting</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Easting/X
2190
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the <st1:place w:st="on">Central
2191
Meridian</st1:place>), and</p>
2193
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
2194
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseNorthing">False
2195
Northing</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Northing/Y
2196
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the Equator).</p>
2198
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
2199
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
2201
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
2202
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#easting">Easting/X</a>
2203
� the Easting/X coordinate value, in meters, and</p>
2205
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
2206
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#northing">Northing/Y</a>
2207
� the Northing/Y coordinate value, in meters.</p>
2209
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
2210
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>GEOTRANS issues a distortion warning
2211
for points located more than 9˚ of longitude from the <st1:place w:st="on">Central
2212
Meridian</st1:place>.</p>
2214
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
2215
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The ranges of valid Transverse
2216
Mercator easting and northing coordinates depend on the ellipsoid parameters,
2217
but are roughly between zero and 40,000,000m from the projection origin.</p>
2219
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
2220
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name=grinten></a><b>Van <span
2221
class=SpellE>der</span> <span class=SpellE>Grinten</span> Projection<o:p></o:p></b></p>
2223
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
2224
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a
2225
href="projectionDescriptions.htm#grinten">Description</a></p>
2227
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
2228
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
2230
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
2231
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#centMerid">Central
2232
Meridian</a> � a longitude value that specifies the horizontal center of the
2235
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
2236
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseEasting">False
2237
Easting</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Easting/X
2238
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the <st1:place w:st="on">Central
2239
Meridian</st1:place>), and</p>
2241
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
2242
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#falseNorthing">False
2243
Northing</a> � a coordinate value in meters that specifies the Northing/Y
2244
coordinate at the origin of the projection (i.e., the Origin Latitude).</p>
2246
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
2247
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The Origin Latitude of the Van <span
2248
class=SpellE>der</span> Grinten projection is fixed at the Equator.</p>
2250
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
2251
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
2253
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
2254
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#easting">Easting/X</a>
2255
� the Easting/X coordinate value, in meters, and</p>
2257
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
2258
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#northing">Northing/Y</a>
2259
� the Northing/Y coordinate value, in meters.</p>
2261
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
2262
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>The ranges of valid Van <span
2263
class=SpellE>der</span> <span class=SpellE>Grinten</span> easting and northing
2264
coordinates depend on the ellipsoid parameters, but are roughly between zero
2265
and 20,000,000m from the projection origin.</p>
2267
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
2268
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a name=F16GRS></a><b>F-16 Grid
2269
Reference System Coordinates<o:p></o:p></b></p>
2271
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
2272
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="coordDescriptions.htm#F16GRS">Description</a></p>
2274
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
2275
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Parameters:</p>
2277
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
2278
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><span class=GramE>None.</span></p>
2280
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
2281
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'>Coordinates:</p>
2283
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
2284
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><a href="fields.htm#F16GRS">F-16 GRS
2285
Coordinates</a> - an alphanumeric string made up of from zero to two digits, followed
2286
by three letters, followed by up to ten digits.</p>
2288
<h1 align=center style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
2289
margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center'><span
2290
style='font-size:16.0pt;color:black'>UNCLASSIFIED<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
2292
<p style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;
2293
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify'><o:p> </o:p></p>