~ricardo-cropalato/ubuntu-desktop-course/ubuntu-desktop-course-pt-br-ricardo-cropalato : revision 128

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<sect1>

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<title>Introduction</title>

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<para>AS discussed in lesson 3, Ubuntu comes with a user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI)

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called GNU Network Object Model Environment (GNOME). Unlike other desktops,

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called GNOME. Unlike other desktops,

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the Ubuntu desktop comes completely clean and free of pre-determined

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icons and buttons. You may want to add icons as per your requirements,

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which implies a need for customisation.</para>

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</sect1>

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<sect1>

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<title>Customising the Desktop</title>

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<para>Ubuntu and its derivatives can be customised through a Graphical User Interface or a Command Line Interface

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(for those who prefer).</para>

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<para>Ubuntu and its derivatives can be customised through a Graphical User Interface or a Command Line Interface.</para>

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<para>The graphical tools for Ubuntu are available as menu options in

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the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis> menu. Point to

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<emphasis role="strong">Preferences</emphasis> on the

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<para>Download the wallpaper of your choice. During the

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download, you can view the screen resolutions available for the

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selected wallpaper. You can download the wallpaper as per the

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screen resolution of your computer, and then save the wallpaper

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to a specified location.</para>

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selected wallpaper. You should download and save the version of your chosen wallpaper

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that matches the screen resolution of your computer.</para>

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</listitem>

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<para>On the <emphasis role="strong">System</emphasis>

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<para>Select a colour or the attributes of a colour such as hue

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and saturation to create a colour of your choice. Click

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<emphasis role="strong">OK</emphasis>. The desktop reflects the new settings immediately.</para>

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<emphasis role="strong">OK</emphasis>. The desktop reflects the new settings immediately.</para>

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<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Specifying Colour</emphasis></title>

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<title>Customising the Theme (Buttons & icons etc)</title>

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<para>The desktop theme controls the visual appearance of the

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buttons, scroll bars, icons, panels, borders etc.

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Ubuntu provides a number of themes to determine the visual

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appearance of the GNOME desktop.</para>

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Ubuntu provides a number of themes you can use to change the

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appearance of the GNOME desktop and applications.</para>

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<para>To select a theme for your desktop:

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<emphasis role="strong">Controls</emphasis> tabbed page

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defines the visual appearance of windows, panels and applets.

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Select a control from the <emphasis role="strong">Controls</emphasis>

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list. You can see a change in the appearance of

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list. You can see an immediate change in the appearance of

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the open windows.</para>

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<para>You can customise the following objects on the screen:</para>

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<para><emphasis role="strong">Window:</emphasis> A

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rectangular area of the screen with a border and a title bar at

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the top. When opened, any application looks like a window.</para>

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the top. All graphical applications run inside windows.</para>

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<para><emphasis role="strong">Panel:</emphasis> An area on

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the desktop from where you can access information

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such as date and time. You can also launch applications and

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add or remove objects from panels. The Ubuntu desktop

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contains two panels, top edge panel at the top edge of the

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screen and bottom edge panel at the bottom edge of the

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contains two panels, the top edge panel at the top of the

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screen and the bottom edge panel at the bottom of the

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screen.</para>

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<para><emphasis role="strong">Applet:</emphasis> A small

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application whose user interface resides within a panel.</para>

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<para><emphasis role="strong">Window Border:</emphasis>

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A window frame that contains the name of the application

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opened with the system controls.</para>

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The border that appears around windows. It has a frame at the top of the window

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that contains the name of the application and the edges that allow you to resize the window.</para>

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<para><emphasis role="strong">Icon:</emphasis> A graphical

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symbol for the applications and options on the panels and

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windows.</para></note>

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</listitem>

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</orderedlist>

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</para>

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<para>If you open any menu or window, you can view the specified

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changes in their appearance.</para>

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<para>If you open a menu or window, you can see the changes in their appearance.</para>

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<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Viewing an Application in Modified Theme</emphasis></title>

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card instead of consuming valuable CPU resources. Almost all modern graphics cards

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have a built-in acceleration to display 3D.</para>

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<para>Ubuntu can utilize the 3D capabilities of a graphics card for desktop effects. An example of

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these effects are the placement of the desktops on a rotating cube, windows have shadows, and motion effects (Compiz Fusion application).</para>

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these effects are the placement of the desktops on a rotating cube, windows have shadows,

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and motion effects.</para>

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<para>The effects are enabled by default and can be controlled from the <emphasis role='strong'>Appearance</emphasis> menu. From here the

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desktop effects can either be completely disabled or enabled. The number of effects can be controlled via the <emphasis role='strong'>normal effects</emphasis>

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and <emphasis role='strong'>extra effects</emphasis> setting.</para>

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<para>If a graphics card does not have 3D capabilities or support for 3D is missing from the Linux drivers for the card, you will be notified that <emphasis role='strong'>desktop effects could not be enabled</emphasis>.</para>

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<para>If a graphics card does not have 3D capabilities or support for 3D is missing from the Linux drivers for the card, you will be notified that <emphasis role='strong'>Desktop effects could not be enabled</emphasis>.</para>

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</sect1>

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<sect1>

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<title>Working with Files Using Nautilus</title>

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the files saved on it.</para>

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</listitem>

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<para><emphasis role="strong">Computer:</emphasis> Contains all drives and file systems;

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<para><emphasis role="strong">Computer:</emphasis> Contains all drives and file systems;

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makes document backup onto CD and DVD really simple.</para>

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</listitem>

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<para>Konqueror is KDE equivalent of Nautilus file manager,

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which is used in the Kubuntu derivative of Ubuntu. It is a

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multi-purpose application that can act as a file manager, Web browser

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and universal viewer. As well as allowing you to browse Web sites, this application provides basic file management and can many view different file types.</para></tip>

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and universal viewer. As well as allowing you to browse Web sites,

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this application provides basic file management and can many view different file types.</para></tip>

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</listitem>

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</orderedlist>

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</sect2>

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</sect1>

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<sect1>

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<title>Package Managers</title>

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<para>Similar to other operating systems, most packages in Ubuntu

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depend on a number of shared libraries and fail to install, uninstall and

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work if the associated libraries are missing. Therefore, to simplify the

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task of managing the packages, Ubuntu provides package managers,

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which are tools that automate the process of installing, upgrading,

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configuring and removing software packages from a computer. These

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package managers maintain a database of packages installed and

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available on a computer and the libraries required. Package managers

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also resolve dependencies automatically. They download the package, if

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required, from the Internet and install it.</para>

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<para>One of the biggest differences between Ubuntu and Microsoft Windows is

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how you install and uninstall programs and applications. In Microsoft Windows,

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most applications provide their own installation and removal methods.

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Some applications provide a method to keep themselves up to date, but others

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do not and there is no easy way to ensure that everything on your computer is

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up to date. Keeping track of all the programs that have been installed and

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keeping all those programs updated is largely up to you.</para>

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<para>Ubuntu is not like that. Instead, Ubuntu has a sophisticated

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<emphasis role="strong">package management framework</emphasis> that keeps

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track of all the software installed in Ubuntu, automates

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the process of installing and removing applications, and ensures that

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all the software is kept up to date with the latest enhancements and fixes.

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All you have to do is decide what applications you want installed, and then

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use a <emphasis role="strong">package manager</emphasis> to tell Ubuntu to

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install them.</para>

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<sect2>

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<title>Types of Package Managers</title>

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<para>Ubuntu includes a few package managers by default and

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If you want to add or remove more applications, click

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<emphasis role="strong">Add/Remove More Applications</emphasis> or else

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click <emphasis role="strong">Close</emphasis> in the

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<emphasis role="strong">New application has been installed</emphasis> dialogue box. The following figure shows

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<emphasis role="strong">New application has been installed</emphasis> dialogue box. The following figure shows

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<emphasis role="strong">Atomix</emphasis>, which has been installed by

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performing this procedure.</para>

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<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Launching the Installed Application - Atomix</emphasis></title>

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</figure>

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</listitem>

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<para>If the package that you choose to remove or install depends on other packages.

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You are notified about the

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dependencies. To continue making the required changes, click

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<para>If the package that you choose to remove or install depends on other packages,

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you will be notified about the dependencies. To continue making changes, click

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<figure><title><emphasis role="italic">Confirming Additional Changes</emphasis></title>

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<para>Tarballs: Zipped archive files that contain the source code of

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a program. This source code needs to be compiled before use.

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When you compile a tarball, its source code converts into an

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executable file. Gunzip and bunzip are the most commonly used

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tarballs and are available with the tar.gz and tar.bz2 suffixes.</para>

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Installing programs by compiling them from source is not covered by this course.</para>

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</listitem>

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</itemizedlist>

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<para>Compiling and installing programs from source tarballs can often be quite

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<title>Software Repositories</title>

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<para>A software repository is a library of software from where you can

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download and install packages (applications) over the Internet. The Ubuntu software

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repository contains thousands of packages that are freely available for

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repository contains tens of thousands of packages that are freely available for

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installation over the Internet. It is easy to install these packages because

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they are specially built for Ubuntu.</para>

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<instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">This section is a recap

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<!-- <instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">This section is a recap

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of section 1. However, it is very critical to understand the concept of software repositories.</emphasis></para>

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</instructornote>

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</instructornote> -->

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<sect2>

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<title>Software Repository Categories</title>

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<para>Based on the level of support that software development teams

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<para>Ubuntu repositories are categorised into

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four groups based on the level of support that software development teams

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provide for a program and the level of compliance the program has with

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the free software philosophy, Ubuntu repositories are categorised into

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four groups. These have already been outlined in lesson 1, but to re-iterate:</para>

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the free software philosophy. </para>

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support for these packages. The packages in this component are

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maintained by the community.</para>

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<instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">It could be

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considered risky to use packages from the Universe component, especially because the availability of security

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updates is not guaranteed.</emphasis></para>

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considered risky to use packages from the Universe component,

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especially because the lack of guaranteed security updates.</emphasis></para>

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</instructornote>

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<para><emphasis role="strong">The Multiverse Component</emphasis></para>

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<para>The multiverse component contains packages of non-free

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and comply with their licensing terms. The packages in this component

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do not come with any support or security updates. Examples of these

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packages include VLC and the Adobe Flash plugin.</para>

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<instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">Software from the Multiverse component could be

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<instructornote><title>Instructor Notes:</title><para><emphasis role="italic">

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Software from the Multiverse component could be

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hindered by patents or other forms of restriction on usage and distribution.

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It is the user's responsibility to determine if the software can be

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used in its jurisdiction and complies with local laws.</emphasis></para></instructornote>