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- Committer: Bazaar Package Importer
- Author(s): Rafael Laboissiere
- Date: 2003-12-11 10:50:58 UTC
- Revision ID: james.westby@ubuntu.com-20031211105058-vq8ttydhah3hdzq1
Tags: upstream-1.2
Import upstream version 1.2
- files added:
- doc
- dvips
- mf
- sty
- tfm
- type1
added
removed
doc/tipaman1.tex
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% tipaman1.tex
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% Copyright 2002 FUKUI Rei
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%
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% This program may be distributed and/or modified under the
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% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.2
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% of this license or (at your option) any later version.
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% The latest version of this license is in
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% http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
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% and version 1.2 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX
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% version 1999/12/01 or later.
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%
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% This program consists of all files listed in Manifest.txt.
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%
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\chapter{Introduction}
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\tipa{}\footnote{\tipa{} stands for \emph{\TeX\ IPA} or \emph{Tokyo
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IPA}. The primary ftp site in which the latest version of \tipa{}
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is placed is \texttt{ftp://tooyoo.L.u-tokyo.ac.jp/pub/TeX/tipa}, and
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also it is mirrored onto the directory \texttt{fonts/tipa} of the
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CTAN archives.} is a system for processing IPA (International
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Phonetic Alphabet) symbols in \LaTeX. It is based on
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\tsipa{}\footnote{\tsipa{} was made in 1992 by Kobayashi Hajime, Fukui
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Rei and Shirakawa Shun. It is available from a CTAN archive.
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One problem with \tsipa{} was that symbols already included in
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\texttt{OT1}, \texttt{T1} or Math fonts are excluded, because of the
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limitation of its 128 character encoding. As a result, a string of
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phonetic representation had to be often composed of symbols from
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different fonts, disabling the possibility of automatic inter-word
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kerning, and also too many symbols had to be realized as macros.}
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but both \MF{} source codes and \LaTeX{} macros have been thoroughly
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rewritten so it can be considered as a new system.
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Among many features of \tipa{}, the following are the new features
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as compared with \tsipa{} or any other existing systems for processing
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IPA symbols.
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\begin{itemize}
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\itemsep0pt
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\item A new 256 character encoding for phonetic symbols
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(`\texttt{T3}'), which includes all the symbols and diacritics found
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in the recent versions of IPA and some non-IPA symbols.
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\item Complete support of \LaTeXe.
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\item A variety of font styles including roman, slanted, bold, bold
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extended, sans serif and typewriter.
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\item Easy input method in the IPA environment.
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\item Extended macros for accents and diacritics.\footnote{These
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macros are now defined in a separate file called
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`\texttt{exaccent.sty}' in order for the authors of other
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packages to be able to make use of them. The idea of separating
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these macros from other ones was suggested by Frank Mittelbach.}
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\item A flexible system of macros for `tone letters'.
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\item An optional package (\texttt{vowel.sty}) for drawing vowel
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diagrams. This package can be used independently from the \tipa{}
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package.\footnote{Documentation is also made separately in
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`\texttt{vowel.tex}' so that no further mention will be made
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here.}
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\item A slightly modified set of fonts that go well when used with
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Times Roman and Helvetica fonts.
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\end{itemize}
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\section{Installation}
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\subsection{Basics}
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In a CTAN site or any other sites that have a copy of the \tipa{}
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package, the directory structure of \tipa{} looks as follows.
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\begin{quote}
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\verb|sty| --- containing \verb|*.sty|, \verb|*.fd|, \verb|*.def|
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files.\\
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\verb|mf | --- containing \MF{} source files.\\
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\verb|tfm| --- containing font metric files.\\
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\verb|doc| --- containing document files.\\
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\verb|dvips| --- containing tipa.map file.\\
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\verb|type1| --- containing PostScript type1 fonts.
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\end{quote}
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If you are using a recent set of \LaTeX2e distribution, all you need
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to do is basically only two things.
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Copy all the files in the \verb|sty| directory into an
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appropriate place.
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\item Copy all the files in the \verb|mf| directory into an
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appropriate place.
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\end{itemize}
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In the case of a popular Unix-like OS, the actual installation
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procedure will look like the following.
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(\verb|$texmf| stands for your \TeX{} system directory; %$
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\verb|/usr/local/share/texmf|, for example).
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\begin{quote}
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\verb|mkdir $texmf/tex/latex/tipa| %$
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--- create a directory for style files.\\
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\verb|cp sty/* $texmf/tex/latex/tipa| %$
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--- copy all the files in \verb|sty|.\\
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\verb|mkdir $texmf/fonts/source/fkr| %$
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--- create a directory for\\
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\verb|mkdir $texmf/fonts/source/fkr/tipa| %$
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\hspace{1em} mf files.\\
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\verb|cp mf/* $texmf/fonts/source/fkr/tipa| %$
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--- copy all the \verb|mf| files.\\
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\verb|mktexlsr| --- update the kpathsea database.
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\end{quote}
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If you are using Windows or Mac, follow the equivalent steps: i.e.,
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create a directory/folder for style files and copy the contents of the
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\tipa{} \verb|sty| directory/folder; then, create a directory/folder
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for \MF{} source files and copy the contents of the
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\tipa{} \verb|mf| directory/folder.
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If you are going to run \tipa{} on the basis of \texttt{pk} files, all
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other things such as \texttt{tfm} files and \texttt{pk} files will be
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generated automatically. That's all for the installation.
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You may optionally copy all the \texttt{tfm} files into an appropriate
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directory which \TeX{} and device driver programs can find. This will
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save time for the automatic font generation.
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\begin{quote}
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\verb|mkdir $texmf/fonts/tfm/fkr| \\%$
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\verb|mkdir $texmf/fonts/tfm/fkr/tipa| \\%$
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\verb|cp tfm/* $texmf/fonts/tfm/fkr/tipa| %$
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\end{quote}
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If your \TeX{} system is not equiped with the automatic font
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generation mechanism, you may have to create and install \texttt{pk}
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files by yourself. For example:
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\begin{quote}
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(generate pk font files; please ask someone how to do this.)\\
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\verb|mkdir $texmf/fonts/pk/ljfour/fkr|\\ %$
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\verb|mkdir $texmf/fonts/pk/ljfour/fkr/tipa|\\ %$
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\verb|cp *pk $texmf/fonts/pk/ljfour/fkr/tipa| %$
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\end{quote}
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\subsection{Installing Type1 fonts}\label{sec:pdf}
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If you want to create a PDF document, you need to install Type1 fonts.
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First, copy the contents of the directories \texttt{dvips} and
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\texttt{type1} onto appropriate directories. For example:
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\begin{quote}
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\verb|cp dvips/tipa.map $texmf/dvips/config|\\ %$
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\verb|mkdir $texmf/fonts/type1/fkr|\\ %$
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\verb|mkdir $texmf/fonts/type1/fkr/tipa|\\ %$
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\verb|cp type1/* $texmf/fonts/type1/fkr/tipa|\\ %$
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\verb|mktexlsr| --- update the kpathsea database.
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\end{quote}
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Then, edit config files for your device driver. In the case
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of \texttt{dvips}, edit \texttt{config.ps} and/or \texttt{config.pdf},
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for example, and insert a line containing:
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\begin{quote}
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\texttt{p +tipa.map}
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\end{quote}
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There are several ways to make PDF documents. The author of this
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document usually uses \texttt{dvips}. For example:
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\begin{quote}
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\texttt{dvips -Ppdf tipaman}
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\end{quote}
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\noindent will produce \texttt{tipaman.ps}. In this case, \texttt{config.pdf}
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has to be modified as explained above. Then, by using Acrobat
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Distiller (this is not free software), you can convert it to a PDF
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file. Alternatively, you can use free software such as
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\texttt{dvipdfm}, \texttt{dvipdf}, \texttt{pdflatex}, and so on.
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In the case of \texttt{pdflatex}, for example, you have to copy the file
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\texttt{tipa.map} onto the following directory.
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\begin{quote}
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\verb|$texmf/pdftex/config|%$
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\end{quote}
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Then, edit \texttt{pdftex.cfg} and insert a line containing:
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\begin{quote}
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\texttt{map +tipa.map}
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\end{quote}
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\section{\tipa{} font families}
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This version of \tipa{} includes two families of IPA fonts,
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\texttt{tipa} and \texttt{xipa}. The former family of fonts is for
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normal use with \LaTeX, and the latter family is intended to be used
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with `\texttt{times.sty}'(PSNFSS). They all have the same \texttt{T3}
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encoding as explained in the previous section.
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\begin{itemize}
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\item \texttt{tipa}
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\begin{description}
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\item[Roman:]
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\texttt{tipa8}, \texttt{tipa9}, \texttt{tipa10}, \texttt{tipa12},
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\texttt{tipa17}
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\item[Slanted:]
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\texttt{tipasl8}, \texttt{tipasl9}, \texttt{tipasl10},
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\texttt{tipasl12}
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\item[Bold extended:]
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\texttt{tipabx8}, \texttt{tipabx9},
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\texttt{tipabx10}, \texttt{tipabx12}
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\item[Bold extended Slanted:] \texttt{tipabs10}
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\item[Sans serif:]
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\texttt{tipass8}, \texttt{tipass9}, \texttt{tipass10},
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\texttt{tipass12}, \texttt{tipass17}
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\item[Sans serif Bold extended:] \texttt{tipasb10}
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\item[Sans serif Slanted:] \texttt{tipasi10}
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\item[Bold:] \texttt{tipab10}
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\item[Typewriter Text:]
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\texttt{tipatt8}, \texttt{tipatt9}, \texttt{tipatt10},
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\texttt{tipatt12}
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\item[Typewriter Text Slanted:] \texttt{tipats10}
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\end{description}
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\item \texttt{xipa}
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\begin{description}
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\item[Roman:] \texttt{xipa10}
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\item[Slanted:] \texttt{xipasl10}
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\item[Bold:] \texttt{xipab10}
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\item[Bold Slanted:] \texttt{xipabs10}
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\item[Sans serif Bold:] \texttt{xipasb10}
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\item[Sans serif Slanted:] \texttt{xipasi10}
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\end{description}
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\end{itemize}
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All these fonts are made by \MF{}, based on the Computer Modern font
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series. In the case of the \texttt{xipa} series, parameters are
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adjusted so as to look fine when used with Times Roman (in the cases
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of \texttt{xipa10}, \texttt{xipasl10}, \texttt{xipab10}) and Helvetica
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(in the case of \texttt{xipass10}).
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\clearemptydoublepage
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\chapter{TIPA Encoding}
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\section{Selection of symbols}\label{sec:selection}
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\subsection{IPA symbols}
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When the first version of \tipa{} (version 1.0) was released, the
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selection of IPA phonetic symbols was made based on the following
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works.
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\begin{itemize}
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\item \emph{Phonetic Symbol Guide} \citep{PSG:I}.
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\item The official IPA charts of '49, '79, '89 and '93 versions.
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\item Articles published in the
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\emph{JIPA}\footnote{\emph{Journal of the International Phonetic
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Association.}}, such as \cite{IPA:KielConvention},
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\cite{IPA:FurtherReport}, \cite{Esling:ComputerCodes},
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\cite{IPA:CouncilActions}, and so on.
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\item An unpublished paper by J.\ C.\ Wells:
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``Computer-coding the IPA: a proposed extension of SAM\-PA'' \citep{SAMPA}.
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\item Popular textbooks on phonetics.
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\end{itemize}
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More specifically, this first version tried to incorporate all the
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symbols and diacritics defined in the '79, '89 and '93 versions of IPA
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and some non-IPA symbols. And in the case of the '49 version of
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IPA, as was described in the \textit{Principles} \citep{Principles},
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there were too many obsolete symbols and only those symbols that had
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had some popularity at least for some time or for some group of people
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were included.
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Then, soon after the first release, several important works were
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published.
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\begin{itemize}
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\item The second edition of \emph{Phonetic Symbol Guide}
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\citep{PSG:II}. (henceforth abbreviated as \PSG.)
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\item The official IPA chart of '96 version.
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\item ``Preview of the IPA Handbook'' \citep{IPA:Preview}.
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\item \emph{Handbook of the International Phonetic Association}
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\citep{Handbook}. (henceforth abbreviated as \Handbook.)
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\end{itemize}
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The differences between '93 and '96 versions of IPA are very
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few. However, the second edition of \PSG\ contains much more symbols
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than before.
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The current version of tipa{} (version 1.1) is a result of an effort
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to increase the number of symbols as much as possible and to cover
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almost all the symbols included in \PSG. However, the 256 character
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encoding (see next section for detail) used in \tipa{} has been
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already filled with symbols assigned in the first release. Therefore,
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it was necessary to create a set of new auxiliary fonts to include
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new symbols, and the new set of fonts is now called \tipx{}.
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It should be also noted that \tipa{} includes all the necessary
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elements of `tone letters', enabling all the theoretically possible
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combinations of the tone letter system. This system was devised by
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Yuen-Ren Chao \citep{Chao:ToneLetters} and it is now admitted as an
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official way of representing tones in the recent publication of the
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International Phonetic Association.
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But the treatment of tone letters is quite insufficient in that only a
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limited number of combinations is allowed. This is apparently due to
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the fact that there has been no `portable' way of combining symbols
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that can be used across various computer environments. Therefore
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\TeX's productive system of macro is an ideal tool for handling a
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system like tone letters.
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In the process of writing \MF{} source codes for \tipa{} phonetic
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symbols there have been many problems besides the one with the
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selection of symbols. One such problem was that sometimes the
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exact shape of a symbol was unclear. For example, the shapes of the
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symbols such as \textstretchc\ (Stretched C), and \textctj\ (Curly-tail J)
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differ according to sources. This is partly due to the fact that the
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IPA has been continuously revised for the past few decades, and partly
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due to the fact that different ways of computerizing phonetic symbols
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on different systems have resulted in a diversity of the shapes of
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phonetic symbols.
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Although there is no definite answer to such a problem yet, it seems
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to me that it is a privilege of those working with \MF{} to have a
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systematic way of controlling the shapes of phonetic symbols.
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\subsection{Non-IPA symbols}
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Besides IPA symbols, \tipa{} also contains symbols that are useful for
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the following areas of phonetics and linguistics.
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\begin{itemize}
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\itemsep0pt
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\item Symbols used in the American phonetics. (e.g., \textturncelig,
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\textsce, \textscomega, \textlambda, etc.)
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\item Symbols used in the historical study of Indo-European languages.
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(e.g., \textthorn, \textwynn, \texthvlig, \textcommatailz,
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\textsoftsign, \texthardsign, and accents such as \textipa{\'=a},
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\textipa{\.'e}, etc.)
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\item Symbols used in the phonetic description of languages in East Asia.
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(e.g., \textlhtlongi, \textvibyi, \textctd, \textctn, \textctt, etc.)
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\item Diacritics used in `ExtIPA Symbols for Disordered
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Speech' \citep{extIPA} and `VoQS (Voice Quality Symbols)' \citep{VoQS}.
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(e.g., \bibridge{n}, \subdoublevert{f}, \crtilde{m}, etc.)
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\end{itemize}
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\section{Encoding}
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\begin{table}[t]
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\begin{center}\tabcolsep1em
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\def\zerobox#1{\hbox to0pt{\hss #1\hss}}
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\def\MCL#1#2{\multicolumn{#1}{|c|}{#2}}
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\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
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\hline
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&{\it'0}&{\it'1}&{\it'2}&{\it'3}&{\it'4}&{\it'5}&{\it'6}&{\it'7}\\
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\hline
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{\it'00x}& \MCL{8}{} \\
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& \MCL{8}{Accents and diacritics} \\
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{\it'04x}& \MCL{8}{} \\
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\hline
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{\it'05x}& \MCL{8}{Punctuation marks} \\
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\hline
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{\it'06x}& \MCL{8}{Basic IPA symbols I (vowels)} \\
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\cline{4-9}
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{\it'07x}& \MCL{2}{} & \MCL{6}{Diacritics, etc.} \\
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\hline
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{\it'10x}& \MCL{8}{} \\
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& \MCL{8}{Basic IPA symbols II} \\
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& \MCL{8}{} \\
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\cline{5-9}
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{\it'13x}& \MCL{3}{} & \MCL{5}{Diacritics, etc.} \\
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\hline
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{\it'14x}& \MCL{1}{\zerobox{Punct\kern-.1em.}} & \MCL{7}{} \\
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\cline{2-2}
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& \MCL{8}{Basic IPA symbols III} \\
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& \MCL{8}{(lowercase letters)} \\
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\cline{8-9}
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{\it'17x}& \MCL{6}{} & \MCL{2}{\zerobox{Diacritics}}\\
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\hline
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{\it'20x}& \MCL{8}{} \\
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& \MCL{8}{Tone letters and other suprasegmentals} \\
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{\it'23x}& \MCL{8}{} \\
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\hline
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{\it'24x}& \MCL{8}{} \\
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& \MCL{8}{Old IPA, non-IPA symbols} \\
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{\it'27x}& \MCL{8}{} \\
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\hline
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{\it'30x}& \MCL{8}{} \\
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& \MCL{8}{Extended IPA symbols} \\
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\cline{8-9}
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{\it'33x}& \MCL{6}{} & \MCL{2}{\zerobox{Germanic}}\\
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\hline
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{\it'34x}& \MCL{8}{} \\
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& \MCL{8}{Basic IPA symbols IV} \\
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\cline{8-9}
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{\it'37x}& \MCL{6}{} & \MCL{2}{\zerobox{Germanic}}\\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}
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\end{center}
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\caption{Layout of the {\tt T3} encoding}\label{tab:TIPAenc}
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\end{table}
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The 256 character encoding of \tipa{} is now officially called the
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`\texttt{T3}' encoding.\footnote{In a discussion with the \LaTeXe{}
407
team it was suggested that the 128 character encoding used in WSUIPA
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would be referred to as the \texttt{OT3} encoding.} In deciding this
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new encoding, care is taken to harmonize with other existing
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encodings, especially with the \texttt{T1} encoding. Also the easiness
411
of inputting phonetic symbols is taken into consideration in such a
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way that frequently used symbols can be inputted with small number of
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keystrokes.
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Table~\ref{tab:TIPAenc} shows the layout of the \texttt{T3} encoding.
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The basic structure of the encoding found in the first half of the
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table (character codes \texttt{'000-'177}) is based on normal text
419
encodings (ASCII, \texttt{OT1} and \texttt{T1}) in that sectioning of
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this area into several groups, such as the section for accents and
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diacritics, the section for punctuation marks, the section for
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numerals, and the sections for uppercase and lowercase letters, is
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basically the same with these encodings.
424
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Note also that the \texttt{T3} encoding contains not only phonetic
426
symbols but also usual punctuation marks that are used with phonetic
427
symbols, and in such cases the same codes are assigned as the normal
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text encodings. However, it is a matter of trade-off to decide which
429
punctuation marks are to be included. For example `:' and `;' might
430
have been preserved in \texttt{T3} but in this case `:' has been
431
traditionally used as a substitute for the length mark `\textipa{:}' so
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that I decided to exclude `:' in favor of the easiness of inputting the
433
length mark by a single keystroke.
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The encoding of the section for accents and diacritics is closely
436
related to \texttt{T1} in that the accents commonly included in
437
\texttt{T1} and \texttt{T3} have the same encoding.
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The sections for numerals and uppercase letters are filled with
440
phonetic symbols that are used frequently in many languages, because
441
numerals and uppercase letters are usually not used as phonetic
442
symbols. Also, the assignments made here are used as the `shortcut
443
characters', which will be explained in section~\ref{sec:OrdinarySymbol}.
444
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As for the section for uppercase letters in the usual text encoding, a
446
series of discussion among the members of the \texttt{ling-tex}
447
mailing list revealed that there seem to be a certain amount of
448
consensus on what symbols are to be assigned to each code. For example,
449
they were almost unanimous for the assignments such as \textipa{A} for
450
\texttt{A}, \textipa{B} for \texttt{B}, \textipa{D} for \texttt{D},
451
\textipa{S} for \texttt{S}, \textipa{T} for \texttt{T}, etc. For more
452
details, see table~\ref{tab:shortcut}.
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\begin{table}[t]
455
\begin{center}
456
\let\:\texttt \let\;\textipa
457
\begin{tabular}{l|cccccccccc}
458
\hline
459
\textit{ASCII}&\:: &\:; &\:" & & & & & & &\\
460
\textit{TIPA} &\;: &\;; &\;" & & & & & & &\\
461
\hline
462
\textit{ASCII}&\:0 &\:1 &\:2 &\:3 &\:4 &\:5 &\:6 &\:7 &\:8 &\:9\\
463
\textit{TIPA} &\;0 &\;1 &\;2 &\;3 &\;4 &\;5 &\;6 &\;7 &\;8 &\;9\\
464
\hline
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\textit{ASCII}&\:@ &\:A &\:B &\:C &\:D &\:E &\:F &\:G &\:H &\:I\\
466
\textit{TIPA} &\;@ &\;A &\;B &\;C &\;D &\;E &\;F &\;G &\;H &\;I\\
467
\hline
468
\textit{ASCII}&\:J &\:K &\:L &\:M &\:N &\:O &\:P &\:Q &\:R &\:S\\
469
\textit{TIPA} &\;J &\;K &\;L &\;M &\;N &\;O &\;P &\;Q &\;R &\;S\\
470
\hline
471
\textit{ASCII}&\:T &\:U &\:V &\:W &\:X &\:Y &\:Z &\:| & &\\
472
\textit{TIPA} &\;T &\;U &\;V &\;W &\;X &\;Y &\;Z &\;| & &\\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}
475
\end{center}
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\caption{\tipa{} shortcut characters}\label{tab:shortcut}
477
\end{table}
478
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The encoding of the section for numerals was more difficult than the
480
above case. One of the possibilities was to assign symbols based on the
481
resemblance of shapes. One can easily think of assignments such as
482
\textipa{3} for \texttt{3}, \texthtb{} for \texttt{6}, etc. But the
483
resemblance of shape alone does not serve as a criteria for all the
484
assignments. So I decided to assign basic vowel symbols to this
485
section.\footnote{This idea was influenced by the above mentioned
486
article by J.\ C.\ Wells \citep{SAMPA}.} Fortunately the resemblance
487
of shape is to some extent maintained as is shown in
488
table~\ref{tab:shortcut}.
489
490
The encoding of the section for lowercase letters poses no problem
491
since they are all used as phonetic symbols. Only one symbol, namely
492
`\textipa{g}', needs some attention because its shape should be
493
`\textipa{g}', rather than `g', as a phonetic symbol.\footnote{%
494
However, it was declared that these two symbols are equivalent in
495
the most recent version of the IPA. Anyway, alternative shape
496
`\textg' is preserved in another section and can be used as
497
\texttt{\tbs textg}. }
498
499
The second half of the table (character codes \texttt{'200-'377}) is
500
divided into four sections. The first section is devoted to the
501
elements of tone letters and other suprasegmental symbols.
502
503
Among the remaining three sections the last section \texttt{'340-'377}
504
contains more basic symbols than the other two sections. This is a
505
result of assigning the same character codes as latin-1 (ISO8859-1)
506
and T1 encodings to the symbols that are commonly included in \tipa{},
507
latin-1 and T1 encoded fonts.\footnote{This is based on a suggestion
508
by J\"org Knappen.} These are the cases of \ae{}, \o, \oe{}, \c{c}
509
and \textthorn. And within each section, symbols are arranged largely
510
in alphabetical order.
511
512
For a table of the \texttt{T3} encoding, see Appendix
513
\ref{sec:FontLayout}.
514
515
516
517
\clearemptydoublepage
518
\chapter{Usage}
519
520
\section{Declaration of \tipa{} package}
521
522
In order to use \tipa{}, first declare \texttt{tipa.sty} package at
523
the preamble of a document.
524
525
\begin{verbatim}
526
\documentclass{article}
527
\usepackage{tipa}
528
\end{verbatim}
529
530
If you want to use an additional set of phonetic symbols, declare
531
\texttt{tipx.sty} after the declaration of \texttt{tipa.sty}.
532
533
\begin{verbatim}
534
\documentclass{article}
535
\usepackage{tipa}
536
\usepackage{tipx}
537
\end{verbatim}
538
539
\subsection{Encoding options}
540
541
The above declaration uses \texttt{OT1} as the default text encoding. If
542
you want to use \tipa{} symbols with \texttt{T1}, specify the option
543
`\texttt{T1}'.
544
545
\begin{verbatim}
546
\documentclass{article}
547
\usepackage[T1]{tipa}
548
\end{verbatim}
549
550
If you want to use a more complex form of encoding, declare the use of
551
\texttt{fontenc} package by yourself and specify the option
552
`\texttt{noenc}'. In this case the option `\texttt{T3}', which represents
553
the \tipa{} encoding, must be included as an option to the
554
\texttt{fontenc} package. For example, if you want to use \tipa{} and
555
the University Washington Cyrillic (\texttt{OT2}) with the \texttt{T1}
556
text encoding, the following command will do this.
557
558
\begin{verbatim}
559
\documentclass{article}
560
\usepackage[T3,OT2,T1]{fontenc}
561
\usepackage[noenc]{tipa}
562
\end{verbatim}
563
564
By default, \tipa{} includes the \texttt{fontenc} package internally but
565
the option \texttt{noenc} suppresses this.
566
567
\subsection{Using \tipa{} with PSNFSS}
568
569
In order to use \tipa{} with \texttt{times.sty}, declare the use of
570
\texttt{times.sty} before declaring \texttt{tipa} packages.
571
572
\begin{verbatim}
573
\documentclass{article}
574
\usepackage{times}
575
\usepackage{tipa}
576
\end{verbatim}
577
578
Font description files \texttt{t3ptm.fd} and \texttt{t3phv.fd}
579
are automatically loaded by the above declaration.
580
581
This manual can be typeset with Times Roman and \textsf{XIPA} fonts by
582
uncommenting a few lines that appear near the top of the file
583
\texttt{tipaman.tex}.
584
585
\subsection{Other options}\label{sec:otheroptions}
586
587
\tipa{} can be extended by the options \texttt{tone}, \texttt{extra}.
588
589
If you want to use the optional package for `tone letters', add
590
`\texttt{tone}' option to the \verb|\usepackage| command that declares
591
\texttt{tipa} package.
592
593
\begin{verbatim}
594
\usepackage[tone]{tipa}
595
\end{verbatim}
596
597
And if you want to use diacritics for extIPA and Vo\-QS, specify
598
`\texttt{extra}' option.
599
600
\begin{verbatim}
601
\usepackage[extra]{tipa}
602
\end{verbatim}
603
604
Finally, there is one more option called `\texttt{safe}', which is used
605
to suppress definitions of some possibly `dangerous' commands of
606
\tipa.
607
608
\begin{verbatim}
609
\usepackage[safe]{tipa}
610
\end{verbatim}
611
612
More specifically, the following commands are suppressed by declaring
613
the \texttt{safe} option. Explanation on the function of each command
614
will be given later.
615
616
\begin{itemize}
617
\itemsep0pt
618
\item \verb|\s| \quad Equivalent to \verb|\textsyllabic|; maybe harmless
619
but too short for a control sequence name.
620
\item \verb|\*| \quad Already defined in plain \TeX; however, many consider
621
its redefinition harmless.
622
\item \verb+\|+, \verb|\:|, \verb|\;|, \verb|\!| \quad Already defined in
623
\LaTeX; these redefinitions are obviously the most dangerous
624
ones. However, remedies are prepared even in `unsafe' mode.
625
There is a command called \verb|\Vert| which has the same meaning as
626
\verb+\|+ and can be used in `unsafe' mode. For the remaining three
627
commands, \tipa{} provides commands called \verb|\tipamedspace|,
628
\verb|\tipathickspace| and \verb|\tipanegthinspace| which retain the
629
meanings of \verb|\:|, \verb|\;| and \verb|\!|, respectively, even in
630
the `unsafe mode'.
631
\end{itemize}\label{unsafemode}
632
633
Despite the above `remedies', you may sometimes want to use the above
634
commands with their original names in the `unsafe' mode. In such
635
cases, a command called \texttt{\tbs tipasafemode} can be used. For
636
example:
637
638
\begin{tipaexample}
639
\yitem
640
\verb+\textipa{[\!b] [\:r] [\;B]}\quad{\tipasafemode+\\
641
\verb+ $ a\:a\quad b\;b\quad c\!c\quad\| $}\quad+\\
642
\verb+\textipa{[\!b] [\:r] [\;B] (back again!)}+
643
\yitem
644
\textipa{[\!b] [\:r] [\;B]}\quad
645
{\tipasafemode $ a\:a\quad b\;b\quad c\!c\quad\| $}\quad
646
\textipa{[\!b] [\:r] [\;B] (back again!)}
647
\end{tipaexample}
648
649
As is shown in this example, \texttt{\tbs tipasafemode} must be used
650
within a group. Otherwise, the meanings of \tipa{}'s special macros
651
are lost.
652
653
Finally, more than one options can be specified at the same
654
time, by separating a comma. For example:
655
656
\begin{verbatim}
657
\usepackage[tone,extra,safe]{tipa}
658
\end{verbatim}
659
660
\section{Input commands for phonetic symbols}
661
\subsection{Ordinary phonetic symbols}\label{sec:OrdinarySymbol}
662
663
\tipa{} phonetic symbols can be inputted by the following two ways.
664
665
\begin{enumerate}
666
\itemsep0pt
667
\item Input macro names in the normal text environment.
668
\item Input macro names or \emph{shortcut characters} with\-in the
669
following groups or environment.
670
\begin{itemize}
671
\item \verb|\textipa{...}|\footnote{I personally prefer a slightly
672
shorter name like \texttt{\tbs ipa} rather than \texttt{\tbs
673
textipa} so that I usually put a command \texttt{\tbs let\tbs
674
ipa\tbs textipa} somewhere in my style file. However, this
675
command was named after the general convention of \LaTeXe. The
676
same can be said for all the symbol names beginning with
677
\texttt{\tbs text}.}
678
\item \verb|{\tipaencoding ...}|
679
\item \verb|\begin{IPA} ... \end{IPA}|
680
\end{itemize}
681
(These groups and environment will be henceforth referred to as the
682
\textsl{IPA environment}.)
683
\end{enumerate}
684
685
A shortcut character refers to a single character that is assigned to
686
a specific phonetic symbol and that can be directly inputted by an
687
ordinary keyboard. In \tipa{} fonts, the character codes for numerals
688
and uppercase letters in the normal ASCII encoding are assigned to such
689
shortcut characters, because numerals and uppercase letters are
690
usually not used as phonetic symbols. Additional shortcut
691
characters for symbols such as \ae{}, \oe{}, \o{} may also be used if
692
you are using a T1 encoded font and an appropriate input system for
693
it.
694
695
The following pair of examples show the same phonetic transcription of
696
an English word that are inputted by the above mentioned two input methods.
697
698
\begin{tipaexample}
699
\xitem
700
\verb|[\textsecstress\textepsilon kspl\textschwa|\\
701
\verb|\textprimstress ne\textsci\textesh\textschwa n]|
702
\xitem {[\textsecstress\textepsilon kspl\textschwa\textprimstress
703
ne\textsci\textesh\textschwa n]}
704
\xitem \verb|\textipa{[""Ekspl@"neIS@n]}|
705
\xitem \textipa{[""Ekspl@"neIS@n]}
706
\end{tipaexample}
707
708
It is apparent that inputting shortcut characters in the IPA
709
environment is far easier than inputting lengthy symbol names in the
710
normal text environment.
711
712
Moreover, although the outputs of the above examples look
713
almost the same, they are \textsl{not\/} identical, exactly
714
speaking. This is because in the IPA environment automatic kerning
715
between neighboring symbols is enabled, as is illustrated by the
716
following pair of examples.
717
718
\begin{tipaexample}
719
\xitem \verb|v\textturnv v w\textsca w |
720
\verb|y\textturny y [\textesh]|
721
\xitem v\textturnv v w\textsca w y\textturny y [\textesh]
722
\xitem \verb|\textipa{v2v w\textsca w yLy [S]}|
723
\xitem \textipa{v2v w\textsca w yLy [S]}
724
\end{tipaexample}
725
726
In the next example, \emph{Input 2} is far better theen \emph{Input 1},
727
for the same reason.
728
729
\begin{tipaexample}
730
\xitem \verb|[\textipa{S}]|
731
\xitem [\textipa{S}]
732
\xitem \verb|\textipa{[S]}|
733
\xitem \textipa{[S]}
734
\end{tipaexample}
735
736
Therefore, it is recommended to use \texttt{\tbs textipa} or other IPA
737
environments as much as possible.
738
739
Table~\ref{tab:shortcut} shows most of the shortcut characters that
740
can be used in the IPA environment, together with the corresponding
741
characters in the ASCII encoding.
742
743
744
\begin{table}
745
\begin{center}\tabcolsep1em
746
\begin{tabular}{llc}
747
\hline
748
\emph{Symbol name} & \emph{Macro name} & \emph{Symbol}\\
749
\hline
750
Turned A & \verb|\textturna| & \textturna \\
751
Glottal stop & \verb|\textglotstop| & \textglotstop \\
752
Right-tail D & \verb|\textrtaild| & \textrtaild \\
753
Small capital G & \verb|\textscg| & \textscg \\
754
Hooktop B & \verb|\texthtb| & \texthtb \\
755
Curly-tail C & \verb|\textctc| & \textctc \\
756
Crossed H & \verb|\textcrh| & \textcrh \\
757
Old L-Yogh ligature & \verb|\textOlyoghlig| & \textOlyoghlig \\
758
Beta & \verb|\textbeta| & \textbeta \\
759
\hline
760
\end{tabular}
761
\end{center}
762
\caption{Naming of \tipa{} symbols}\label{tab:naming}
763
\end{table}
764
765
\subsection{Naming of phonetic symbols}
766
767
Every \tipa{} phonetic symbol has a unique symbol name, such as
768
\textsl{Turned A, Hooktop B, Schwa}. Also each symbol has a
769
corresponding macro name, such as \verb|\textturna|, \verb|\texthtb|,
770
\verb|\textschwa|. The naming was made based on the literature listed
771
in section~\ref{sec:selection}. Among them, \PSG{} is particularly
772
important because it gives several explicit principles on naming. As
773
an example, the three terms `turned', `inverted' and `reversed' are
774
distinguished in the following way (p.\ xxvii):
775
776
\begin{quote}
777
\begin{description}\itemsep0pt
778
\item[Turned] rotated by 180 degrees (e.g., \textipa{t} vs. \textipa{\*t})
779
\item[Inverted] vertical mirror image (e.g., \textipa{\;R} vs. \textipa{K})
780
\item[Reversed] horizontal mirror image (e.g., \textipa{P} vs. \textipa{Q})
781
\end{description}
782
\end{quote}
783
784
The name used as a control sequence is usually an abbreviated form of
785
the corresponding symbol name with a prefix \verb|\text|. The
786
conventions used in the abbreviation can be summarized as follows.
787
788
\begin{itemize}
789
\itemsep0pt
790
\item Suffixes and endings such as `-ive', `-al', `-ed' are omitted.
791
\item `right', `left' are abbreviated to \texttt{r}, \texttt{l} respectively.
792
\item For `small capital' symbols, prefix \texttt{sc} is added.
793
\item A symbol with a hooktop is abbreviated as \texttt{ht}...
794
\item A symbol with a curly-tail is abbreviated as \texttt{ct}...
795
\item A `crossed' symbol is abbreviated as \texttt{cr}...
796
\item A ligature is abbreviated as ...\texttt{lig}.
797
\item For an old version of a symbol, prefix \texttt{O} is added.
798
\end{itemize}
799
800
Note that the prefix \texttt{O} (old) should be given in uppercase
801
letter.
802
803
Table~\ref{tab:naming} shows some examples of correspondence between
804
symbol names and control sequence names.
805
806
\subsection{Ligatures}
807
808
Just like the symbols such as ``, '', --, ---, fi, ff are realized as
809
ligatures by inputting \verb|``|, \verb|''|, \verb|--|, \verb|---|,
810
\verb|fi|, \verb|ff| in \TeX{}, two of the \tipa{} symbols, namely
811
\textsl{Secondary Stress} and \textsl{Double Pipe}, and double
812
quotation marks\footnote{Although \tipa{} fonts do not include the
813
symbols `` and '', a negative value of kerning is automatically
814
inserted between ` and `, ' and ', so that the same results can be
815
obtained as in the case of the normal text font.} can be inputted as
816
ligatures in the IPA environment.
817
818
\begin{tipaexample}
819
\yitem \verb+\textipa{" "" | || `` ''}+
820
\yitem \textipa{" "" | || `` ''}
821
\end{tipaexample}
822
823
\subsection{Special macros {\tt\tbs*}, {\tt\tbs;}, {\tt\tbs:} and
824
{\tt\tbs!}}\label{sec:specialmacros}
825
826
\tipa{} defines {\tt\tbs*}, {\tt\tbs:}, {\tt\tbs;} and {\tt\tbs!} as
827
special macros in order to easily input phonetic symbols that do not
828
have a shortcut character explained above. Before explaining how to
829
use these macros, it is necessary to note that these macros are
830
primarily intended to be used by linguists who usually do not care
831
about things in math mode. And they can be `dangerous' in that they
832
override existing \LaTeX{} commands used in the math mode. So if you
833
want to preserve the original meaning of these commands, declare the
834
option `\texttt{safe}' at the preamble.
835
(However, \tipa{} provides cammands called \verb|\tipamedspace|,
836
\verb|\tipathickspace| and \verb|\tipanegthinspace|, having the same
837
meanings as {\tt\tbs:}, {\tt\tbs;} and {\tt\tbs!}, respectively. These
838
can be used even in `unsafe' mode.)
839
840
841
The macro \verb|\*| is used in three different ways. First, when this
842
macro is followed by one of the letters f, k, r, t or w, it results in
843
a turned symbol.\footnote{This idea was pointed out by J\"org
844
Knappen.}
845
846
\begin{tipaexample}
847
\yitem \verb|\textipa{\*f \*k \*r \*t \*w}|
848
\yitem \textipa{\*f \*k \*r \*t \*w}
849
\end{tipaexample}
850
851
Secondly, when this macro is followed by one of the letters j, n, h,
852
l or z, it results in a frequently used symbol that otherwise has no
853
easy way to input.
854
855
\begin{tipaexample}
856
\yitem \verb|\textipa{\*j \*n \*h \*l \*z}|
857
\yitem \textipa{\*j \*n \*h \*l \*z}
858
\end{tipaexample}
859
860
Thirdly, when this macro is followed by letters other than the above
861
cases, they are turned into the symbols of the default text font. This
862
is useful in the IPA environment to select symbols temporarily from
863
the normal text font.
864
865
\begin{tipaexample}
866
\yitem \verb|\textipa{\*A dOg, \*B k\ae{}t, |
867
\verb|ma\super{\*{214}}}|
868
\yitem \textipa{\*A dOg, \*B k\ae{}t, ma\super{\*{214}}}
869
\end{tipaexample}
870
871
The remaining macros {\tt\tbs;}, {\tt\tbs:} and {\tt\tbs!} are
872
used to make small capital symbols, retroflex symbols, and implosives
873
or clicks, respectively.
874
875
\begin{tipaexample}
876
\yitem \verb|\textipa{\;B \;E \;A \;H \;L \;R}|
877
\yitem \textipa{\;B \;E \;A \;H \;L \;R}
878
\yitem \verb|\textipa{\:d \:l \:n \:r \:s \:z}|
879
\yitem \textipa{\:d \:l \:n \:r \:s \:z}
880
\yitem \verb|\textipa{\!b \!d \!g \!j \!G \!o}|
881
\yitem \textipa{\!b \!d \!g \!j \!G \!o}
882
\end{tipaexample}
883
884
\subsection{Punctuation marks}
885
886
The following punctuation marks and text symbols that are
887
normally included in the text encoding are also included in the
888
\texttt{T3} encoding so that they can be directly inputted in the IPA
889
environment.
890
891
\begin{tipaexample}
892
\yitem \verb|\textipa{! ' ( ) * + , - . / = ? [ ] `}|
893
\yitem \textipa{! ' ( ) * + , - .\ / = ? [ ] `}
894
\end{tipaexample}
895
896
All the other punctuation marks and text symbols that are not included
897
in \texttt{T3} need to be inputted with a prefix \verb|\*| explained in
898
the last section when they appear in the IPA environment.
899
900
\begin{tipaexample}
901
\yitem
902
\verb|\textipa{\*; \*: \*@ \*\# \*\$ \*\& \*\% \*\{ \*\}}|
903
\yitem \textipa{\*; \*: \*@ \*\# \*\$ \*\& \*\% \*\{ \*\}}
904
\end{tipaexample}
905
906
\subsection{Accents and diacritics}
907
908
Table~\ref{tab:accent} shows how to input accents and diacritics in
909
\tipa{} with some examples. Here again, there are two kinds of input
910
methods; one for the normal text environment, and the other for the
911
IPA environment.
912
913
\begin{table}
914
\begin{center}\tabcolsep1em
915
\def\TblShrt#1{\hbox to 2em{#1\hss}}
916
\def\TblMvRt#1{\kern 2em #1}
917
\begin{tabular}{llc}
918
\hline
919
\textit{Input in the normal}& \textit{Input in the IPA} & \textit{Output} \\
920
\textit{text environment} & \textit{environment} & \\
921
\hline
922
\TblShrt{\Tt{'a}} & \TblMvRt{\Tt{'a}} &\textipa{\'a} \\
923
\TblShrt{\Tt{"a}} & \TblMvRt{\Tt{"a}} &\textipa{\"a} \\
924
\TblShrt{\Tt{~a}} & \TblMvRt{\Tt{\ttilde a}} &\textipa{\~a} \\
925
\TblShrt{\Td{r}{a}} & \TblMvRt{\Td{r}{a}} &\textipa{\r{a}}\\
926
\TblShrt{\Td{textsyllabic}{m}} & \TblMvRt{\Td{s}{m}} &\textipa{\s{m}}\\
927
\TblShrt{\Td{textsubumlaut}{a}} & \TblMvRt{\Tt{"*a}} &\textipa{\"*a}\\
928
\TblShrt{\Td{textsubtilde}{a}} & \TblMvRt{\Tt{\ttilde*a}} &\textipa{\~*a}\\
929
\TblShrt{\Td{textsubring}{a}} & \TblMvRt{\Tt{r*a}} &\textipa{\r*a}\\
930
\TblShrt{\Td{textdotacute}{e}} & \TblMvRt{\Tt{.'e}} &\textipa{\.'e}\\
931
\TblShrt{\Td{textgravedot}{e}} & \TblMvRt{\Tt{`.e}} &\textipa{\`.e}\\
932
\TblShrt{\Td{textacutemacron}{a}}& \TblMvRt{\Tt{'=a}} &\textipa{\'=a}\\
933
\TblShrt{\Td{textcircumdot}{a}} & \TblMvRt{\Tt{\tcircum.a}}&\textipa{\^.a}\\
934
\TblShrt{\Td{texttildedot}{a}} & \TblMvRt{\Tt{\ttilde.a}} &\textipa{\~.a}\\
935
\TblShrt{\Td{textbrevemacron}{a}}& \TblMvRt{\Tt{u=a}} &\textipa{\u=a}\\
936
%\Td{}{a} & \Tt{} &\textipa{}\\
937
\hline
938
\end{tabular}
939
\end{center}
940
\caption{Examples of inputting accents and diacritics}\label{tab:accent}
941
\end{table}
942
943
In the IPA environment, most of the accents and diacritics can be
944
inputted more easily than in the normal text environment, especially in
945
the cases of subscript symbols that are normally placed over a symbol
946
and in the cases of combined accents, as shown in the table.
947
948
As can be seen by the above examples, most of the accents that are
949
normally placed over a symbol can be placed under a symbol by adding
950
an \texttt{*} to the corresponding accent command in the IPA environment.
951
952
The advantage of IPA environment is further exemplified by the
953
all-purpose accent \verb+\|+, which is used as a macro prefix to
954
provide shortcut inputs for the diacritics that otherwise have to be
955
inputted by lengthy macro names. Table~\ref{tab:accprefix} shows examples
956
of such accents. Note that the macro \verb+\|+ is also `dangerous' in
957
that it has been already defined as a math symbol of \LaTeX{}. So if
958
you want to preserve the original meaning of this macro, declare
959
`\texttt{safe}' option at the preamble.
960
(However, there is an alternative command called \verb+\Vert+
961
(originally defined in plain \TeX) which has the same meaning as
962
\verb+\|+ and can be used even if the \texttt{safe} option is not
963
specified.)
964
965
\begin{table}
966
\begin{center}\tabcolsep1em
967
\def\TblShrt#1{\hbox to 2em{#1\hss}}
968
\def\TblMvRt#1{\kern 2em #1}
969
\begin{tabular}{llc}
970
\hline
971
\textit{Input in the normal}& \textit{Input in the IPA} & \textit{Output} \\
972
\textit{text environment} & \textit{environment} & \\
973
\hline
974
\TblShrt{\Td{textsubbridge}{t}} & \TblMvRt{\Tt{|[t}} & \textipa{\|[t}\\
975
\TblShrt{\Td{textinvsubbridge}{t}}& \TblMvRt{\Tt{|]t}} & \textipa{\|]t}\\
976
\TblShrt{\Td{textsublhalfring}{a}}& \TblMvRt{\Tt{|(a}} & \textipa{\|(a}\\
977
\TblShrt{\Td{textsubrhalfring}{a}}& \TblMvRt{\Tt{|)a}} & \textipa{\|)a}\\
978
\TblShrt{\Td{textroundcap}{k}} & \TblMvRt{\Td{|c}{k}} & \textipa{\|c{k}}\\
979
\TblShrt{\Td{textsubplus}{o}} & \TblMvRt{\Tt{|+o}} & \textipa{\|+o}\\
980
\TblShrt{\Td{textraising}{e}} & \TblMvRt{\Tt{|'e}} & \textipa{\|'e}\\
981
\TblShrt{\Td{textlowering}{e}} & \TblMvRt{\Tt{|`e}} & \textipa{\|`e}\\
982
\TblShrt{\Td{textadvancing}{o}} & \TblMvRt{\Tt{|<o}} & \textipa{\|<o}\\
983
\TblShrt{\Td{textretracting}{a}} & \TblMvRt{\Tt{|>a}} & \textipa{\|>a}\\
984
\TblShrt{\Td{textovercross}{e}} & \TblMvRt{\Td{|x}{e}} & \textipa{\|x{e}}\\
985
\TblShrt{\Td{textsubw}{k}} & \TblMvRt{\Td{|w}{k}} & \textipa{\|w{k}}\\
986
\TblShrt{\Td{textseagull}{t}} & \TblMvRt{\Td{|m}{t}} & \textipa{\|m{t}}\\
987
\hline
988
\end{tabular}
989
\end{center}
990
\caption{Examples of the accent prefix {\tt \tbs|}}\label{tab:accprefix}
991
\end{table}
992
993
Finally, examples of words with complex accents that are inputted in the
994
IPA environment are shown below.
995
996
\begin{tipaexample}
997
\yitem \verb+\textipa{*\|c{k}\r*mt\'om +
998
\verb+*bhr\'=at\=er}+
999
\yitem \textipa{*\|c{k}\r*mt\'om *bhr\'=at\=er}
1000
\end{tipaexample}
1001
1002
For a full list of accents and diacritics, see Appendix~A.
1003
1004
\subsection{Superscript symbols}
1005
1006
In the normal text environment, superscript symbols can be inputted by a
1007
\LaTeX{} macro called \verb|\textsuperscript|. This macro takes one
1008
argument which can be either a symbol or a string of symbols, and can
1009
be nested.
1010
1011
Since the name of this macro is too long, \tipa{} provides an
1012
abbreviated form of this macro called \verb|\super|.
1013
1014
\begin{tipaexample}
1015
\xitem
1016
\verb|t\textsuperscript h |
1017
\verb|k\textsuperscript w|\\
1018
\verb|a\textsuperscript{bc}|\\
1019
\verb|a\textsuperscript{b\textsuperscript{c}}|
1020
\xitem
1021
t\textsuperscript h k\textsuperscript w a\textsuperscript{bc}
1022
a\textsuperscript{b\textsuperscript{c}}
1023
\xitem
1024
\verb|\textipa{t\super{h} k\super{w}|\\
1025
\verb| a\super{bc} a\super{b\super{c}}}|
1026
\xitem
1027
\textipa{\textipa{t\super{h} k\super{w} a\super{bc}
1028
a\super{b\super{c}}}}
1029
\end{tipaexample}
1030
1031
\noindent
1032
(A quiz question: A careful reader may have noticed that the above
1033
\textit{Output1} and \textit{Output2} slightly differ. Explain the
1034
reason.)
1035
1036
\medskip
1037
1038
These macros automatically select the correct size of superscript font
1039
no matter what size of text font is used.
1040
1041
\subsection{Tone letters}\label{sec:tone}
1042
1043
\tipa{} provides a flexible system of macros for `tone letters'. A
1044
tone letter is represented by a macro called `\verb|\tone|', which
1045
takes one argument consisting of a string of numbers ranging from 1 to
1046
5. These numbers denote pitch levels, 1 being the lowest and 5, the
1047
highest. Within this range, any combination is allowed and there is no
1048
limit in the length of combination.
1049
1050
As an example of the usage of the tone letter macro, the four tones of
1051
Chinese are shown below.
1052
1053
\begin{tipaexample}
1054
\yitem
1055
\verb|\tone{55}ma ``mother'', |
1056
\verb|\tone{35}ma ``hemp'',|\\
1057
\verb|\tone{214}ma ``horse'', |
1058
\verb|\tone{51}ma ``scold''|
1059
\yitem
1060
ma\tone{55} ``mother'', ma\tone{35} ``hemp'',
1061
ma\tone{214} ``horse'', ma\tone{51} ``scold''
1062
\end{tipaexample}
1063
1064
The next example looks ridiculous but shows capabilities of the tone
1065
letter macro.
1066
1067
\begin{tipaexample}
1068
\yitem
1069
\verb|\tone{15253545}|
1070
\yitem
1071
\tone{15253545}
1072
\end{tipaexample}
1073
1074
\subsubsection{{\tt\tbs stone}}
1075
1076
In some languages, length distinctions accompany the tone letter
1077
description. In such cases a command called \verb|\stone| can be used
1078
to represent a tone letter that is shorter than a usual one. The next
1079
example from Cantonese illustrates this (look at the examples for
1080
\emph{entering tones}).
1081
1082
\begin{center}
1083
\begin{tabular}{l|c|c}
1084
\emph{Tone name} & \emph{Input} & \emph{Output} \\
1085
\hline
1086
high level & \verb|\tone{53}| or \verb|\tone{55}|&\tone{53} or \tone{55}\\
1087
low level & \verb|\tone{21}| or \verb|\tone{22}|&\tone{21} or \tone{22}\\
1088
\hline
1089
high rising & \verb|\tone{35}| & \tone{35} \\
1090
low rising & \verb|\tone{24}| & \tone{24} \\
1091
\hline
1092
high departing & \verb|\tone{44}| & \tone{44} \\
1093
low departing & \verb|\tone{33}| & \tone{33} \\
1094
\hline
1095
high entering & \verb|\stone{55}| & \stone{55} \\
1096
mid entering & \verb|\stone{44}| & \stone{44} \\
1097
low entering & \verb|\stone{33}| & \stone{33} \\
1098
\end{tabular}
1099
\end{center}
1100
1101
\subsubsection{{\tt\tbs rtone}}
1102
1103
In some languages, the level/contour bars are placed at the right hand
1104
side of the vertical bar. In such cases a command called \verb|\rtone|
1105
is used instead of \verb|\tone|. The next example is from the Kyoto
1106
Japanese.
1107
1108
\begin{tipaexample}
1109
\yitem
1110
\verb|\textipa{[\rtone{11}a\rtone{53}me]} `rain'|
1111
\yitem
1112
\textipa{[\rtone{11}a\rtone{53}me]} `rain'
1113
\end{tipaexample}
1114
1115
1116
\section{How easy is it to input phonetic symbols?}
1117
1118
Let us briefly estimate here how easy (or difficult) it is to input
1119
phonetic symbols with \tipa{} in terms of the number of keystrokes.
1120
1121
The following table shows statistics for all the phonetic symbols that
1122
appear in the '93 version of IPA chart (diacritics and symbols for
1123
su\-pra\-seg\-men\-tals excluded). It is assumed here that each symbol
1124
is inputted within the IPA environment and the \texttt{safe} option is
1125
not specified.
1126
1127
\begin{center}
1128
\begin{tabular}{c|c|l}
1129
\emph{keystrokes} & \emph{number} & \emph{examples} \\
1130
\hline
1131
1 & 65 & \textipa{a, b, @, A, B, etc.} \\
1132
2 & 2 & \textipa{\o, ||} \\
1133
3 & 30 & \textipa{\ae, \:t, \;B, \!b, etc.} \\
1134
5 & 1 & \textipa{\c{c}} \\
1135
more than 5 & 7 & \textipa{\textcloseepsilon, \textbarglotstop,
1136
\textdoublebarpipe, \textturnmrleg, etc.}
1137
\end{tabular}
1138
\end{center}
1139
1140
As is shown in the table, about 92\% of the symbols can be inputted
1141
within three keystrokes.
1142
1143
\section{Changing font styles}
1144
1145
\begin{table}
1146
\begin{center}
1147
\begin{tabular}{@{\hspace{0pt}}lll}
1148
\hline
1149
\textit{Font style}& \textit{Input in the IPA environment}& \textit{Output} \\
1150
\hline
1151
\emph{Roman}&\verb|\textipa{f@"nEtIks}| &\textipa{f@"nEtIks} \\
1152
\emph{Slanted}&\verb|\textipa{\slshape f@"nEtIks}|&\textipa{\slshape f@"nEtIks}\\
1153
or &\verb|\textipa{\textsl{f@"nEtIks}|&\textipa{\textsl{f@"nEtIks}}\\
1154
or &\verb|\textsl{\textipa{f@"nEtIks}|&\textsl{\textipa{f@"nEtIks}}\\
1155
\emph{Bold extended} & \verb|\textipa{\bfseries f@"nEtIks}| &
1156
\textipa{\bfseries f@"nEtIks}\\
1157
or &\verb|\textipa{\textbf{f@"nEtIks}|&\textipa{\textbf{f@"nEtIks}}\\
1158
or &\verb|\textbf{\textipa{f@"nEtIks}|&\textbf{\textipa{f@"nEtIks}}\\
1159
\emph{Sans serif}& \verb|\textipa{\sffamily f@"nEtIks}| &
1160
\textipa{\sffamily f@"nEtIks}\\
1161
or &\verb|\textipa{\textsf{f@"nEtIks}|&\textipa{\textsf{f@"nEtIks}}\\
1162
or &\verb|\textsf{\textipa{f@"nEtIks}|&\textsf{\textipa{f@"nEtIks}}\\
1163
\emph{Typewriter Text}& \verb|\textipa{\ttfamily f@"nEtIks}| &
1164
\textipa{\ttfamily f@"nEtIks}\\
1165
or &\verb|\textipa{\texttt{f@"nEtIks}|&\textipa{\texttt{f@"nEtIks}}\\
1166
or &\verb|\texttt{\textipa{f@"nEtIks}|&\texttt{\textipa{f@"nEtIks}}\\
1167
\hline
1168
\end{tabular}
1169
\end{center}
1170
\caption{Examples of font switching}\label{tab:fontswitch}
1171
\end{table}
1172
1173
This version of \tipa{} includes five styles of fonts, i.e., roman,
1174
slanted, bold, bold extended, sans serif and typewriter. These styles can be
1175
switched in much the same way as in the normal text fonts (see
1176
table~\ref{tab:fontswitch}).
1177
1178
The bold fonts are usually not used within the standard \LaTeX{} class
1179
packages so that if you want to use them, it is necessary to use
1180
low-level font selection commands of \LaTeXe.
1181
1182
\begin{tipaexample}
1183
\yitem \verb|{\fontseries{b}\selectfont|
1184
\verb|abcdefg \textipa{ABCDEFG}}|
1185
\yitem {\fontseries{b}\selectfont abcdefg \textipa{ABCDEFG}}
1186
\end{tipaexample}
1187
1188
Note also that slanting of \tipa{} symbols should correctly work even
1189
in the cases of nested accents and in the cases of symbols made up
1190
by macros.
1191
1192
\begin{tipaexample}
1193
\yitem \verb|\textsl{\textipa{\'{\"{\u*{e}}}}}|
1194
\yitem \textsl{\textipa{\'{\"{\u*{e}}}}}
1195
\yitem \verb|\textsl{\textdoublebaresh}|
1196
\yitem \textsl{\textdoublebaresh\/} {\small(This symbol is
1197
composed by a macro.)}
1198
\end{tipaexample}
1199
1200
1201
\clearemptydoublepage
1202
\chapter{Customizing TIPA}
1203
1204
1205
\section{Internal commands}
1206
1207
Some of the internal commands of \tipa{} are defined without the
1208
letter \texttt{@} in order to allow a user to extend the capability of
1209
\tipa{}.
1210
1211
\subsection{{\tt\tbs ipabar}}
1212
1213
Some \tipa{} symbols such as \verb|\textbarb| \textbarb,
1214
\verb|\textcrtwo| \textcrtwo{} are defined by using an internal macro
1215
command \verb|\ipabar|. This command is useful when you want to make
1216
barred or crossed symbols not defined in \tipa{}.
1217
1218
This command requires the following five parameters to control the
1219
position and length of the bar.
1220
1221
\begin{itemize}
1222
\itemsep0pt
1223
\item {\tt\#1} the symbol to be barred
1224
\item {\tt\#2} the height of the bar (in dimen)
1225
\item {\tt\#3} bar width
1226
\item {\tt\#4} left kern added to the bar
1227
\item {\tt\#5} right kern added to the bar
1228
\end{itemize}
1229
1230
Parameters \texttt{\#3}, \texttt{\#4}, \texttt{\#5} are to be given in
1231
a scaling factor to the width of the symbol, which is equal to 1 if
1232
the bar has the same width as the symbol in question. For example,
1233
the following command states a barred b (\textbarb) of which the bar
1234
position in the y-coordinate is \verb|.5ex| and the width of the bar
1235
is slightly larger than that of the letter b.
1236
1237
\begin{verbatim}
1238
% Barred B
1239
\newcommand\textbarb{%
1240
\ipabar{{\tipaencoding b}}{.5ex}{1.1}{}{}}
1241
\end{verbatim}
1242
1243
Note that the parameters \texttt{\#4} and \texttt{\#5} can be left
1244
blank if the value is equal to 0.
1245
1246
And the next example declares a barred c (\textbarc) of which the bar
1247
width is a little more than half as large as the letter c and it has
1248
the same amount of kerning at the right.
1249
1250
\begin{verbatim}
1251
% Barred C
1252
\newcommand\textbarc{%
1253
\ipabar{{\tipaencoding c}}{.5ex}{.55}{}{.55}}
1254
\end{verbatim}
1255
1256
More complex examples with the \verb|\ipabar| command are found in
1257
\texttt{T3enc.def}.
1258
1259
\subsection{{\tt\tbs tipaloweraccent}, {\tt\tbs tipaupperaccent}}
1260
1261
These two commands are used in the definitions of \tipa{} accents and
1262
diacritics. They are special forms of the commands \verb|\loweraccent|
1263
and \verb|\upperaccent| that are defined in \texttt{exaccent.sty}. The
1264
difference between the commands with the prefix \verb|tipa| and the
1265
ones without it is that the former commands select accents from a T3
1266
encoded font while the latter ones do so from the current text font.
1267
1268
These commands take two parameters, the code of the accent (in
1269
decimal, octal or hexadecimal number) and the
1270
symbol to be accented, as shown below.
1271
1272
\begin{tipaexample}
1273
\yitem \verb|\tipaupperaccent{0}{a}|
1274
\yitem \tipaupperaccent{0}{a}
1275
\end{tipaexample}
1276
1277
Optionally, these commands can take an extra parameter to adjust the
1278
vertical position of the accent. Such an adjustment is sometimes
1279
necessary in the definition of a nested accent. The next example shows
1280
\tipa's definition of the `Circumflex Dot Accent' (e.g.,
1281
\textcircumdot{a}).
1282
1283
\begin{verbatim}
1284
% Circumflex Dot Accent
1285
\newcommand\textcircumdot[1]{\tipaupperaccent[-.2ex]{2}%
1286
{\tipaupperaccent[-.1ex]{10}{#1}}}
1287
\end{verbatim}
1288
1289
This definition states that a dot accent is placed over a symbol
1290
thereby reducing the vertical distance between the symbol and the dot
1291
by \texttt{.1ex}, and a circumflex accent is placed over the dot and
1292
the distance between the two accents is reduced by \texttt{.2ex}.
1293
1294
If you want to make a combined accent not included in \tipa{}, you can
1295
do so fairly easily by using these two commands together with the
1296
optional parameter. For more examples of these commands, see
1297
\verb|tipa.sty| and \verb|extraipa.sty|.
1298
1299
\subsection{{\tt\tbs tipaLoweraccent}, {\tt\tbs tipaUpperaccent}}
1300
1301
These two commands differ from the two commands explained above in that
1302
the first parameter should be a symbol (or any other thing, typically
1303
an \verb|\hbox|), rather than the code of the accent. They are special
1304
cases of the commands \verb|\Loweraccent| and \verb|\Upperaccent| and
1305
the difference between the two pairs of commands is the same as before.
1306
1307
The next example makes a schwa an accent.
1308
1309
\begin{tipaexample}
1310
\yitem
1311
\verb|\tipaUpperaccent[.2ex]%|\\
1312
\verb| {\lower.8ex\hbox{\textipa{\super@}}}{a}|
1313
\yitem
1314
\tipaUpperaccent[.2ex]{\lower.8ex\hbox{\textipa{\super@}}}{a}
1315
\end{tipaexample}
1316
1317
The next example is an interesting application of this command for the
1318
Middle High German (This macro and the example below are provided
1319
by Christian Folini and now included in \texttt{tipa.sty}).
1320
1321
\begin{verbatim}
1322
\newcommand{\sups}[2]{\textipa{\tipaUpperaccent[.2ex]{%
1323
\lower.8ex\hbox{\super{#2}}}{#1}}}
1324
\end{verbatim}
1325
1326
\begin{quote}
1327
Und swer dc mit flis t\sups{u}{o}t, so stat das gelt und \sups{o}{v}ch
1328
d\`{u} g\sups{u}{e}ter in deste bessere behabn\`{u}sse und
1329
beh\`{u}gde. (1330 AD.\ Translation: And if this is done with
1330
diligence, the money and the affairs will be in better shape.)
1331
\end{quote}
1332
1333
In this example, t\sups{u}{o}t is inputted as \verb|t\sups{u}{o}t| and so
1334
on.
1335
1336
\subsection{{\tt\tbs ipaclap}}
1337
1338
This command is useful if you need to compose a new symbol by
1339
overlapping two symbols. This command is different from \TeX's
1340
commands \texttt{\tbs llap} and \texttt{\tbs rlap} in that the
1341
alignment is made at the center of each symbol.
1342
1343
The next example shows how to make a Slashed B.
1344
1345
\begin{tipaexample}
1346
\yitem \verb|\ipaclap{\textipa{b}}{\textipa{/}}|
1347
\yitem \ipaclap{\textipa{b}}{\textipa{/}}
1348
\end{tipaexample}
1349
1350
1351
\section{Manual Kerning}
1352
1353
The shapes of phonetic symbols are sometimes \emph{nasty} in the sense
1354
that they can have a leftward or rightward protrusion that cannot
1355
be found in the case of normal text fonts. In such cases it is
1356
sometimes necessary to input kerning commands manually.
1357
1358
One way to do this is to prepare a set of kerning commands like the
1359
following:
1360
1361
\begin{verbatim}
1362
\newcommand\K{\kern.05em} % small amount of kerning
1363
\newcommand\KK{\kern.1em} % middle amount of kerning
1364
\newcommand\KKK{\kern.2em} % big amount of kerning
1365
\end{verbatim}
1366
1367
\newcommand\K{\kern.05em} % small amount of kerning
1368
\newcommand\KK{\kern.1em} % middle amount of kerning
1369
\newcommand\KKK{\kern.2em} % big amount of kerning
1370
1371
And then to put these commands whenever necessary. For example:
1372
1373
\begin{tipaexample}
1374
\yitem \verb|\textipa{[\textrhooke r]}|
1375
\yitem \textipa{[\textrhooke r]} --- This is OK but
1376
\yitem \verb|\textipa{[\textrhooke]}|
1377
\yitem \textipa{[\textrhooke]} --- this doesn't look good so that
1378
\yitem \verb|\textipa{[\textrhooke\KK]}|
1379
\yitem \textipa{[\textrhooke\KK]} --- manually fixed like this.
1380
\end{tipaexample}
1381
1382
\clearemptydoublepage
1383
\chapter*{Acknowledgments}
1384
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Acknowledgments}
1385
1386
First of all, many thanks are due to the co-authors of \tsipa{},
1387
Kobayashi Hajime and Shirakawa Shun. Ko\-ba\-yashi Hajime was the main
1388
font designer of \tsipa{}. Shirakawa Shun worked very hard in deciding
1389
encoding, checking the shapes of symbols and writing the Japanese
1390
version of the document. \tipa{} was impossible without \tsipa{}.
1391
1392
I would like to thank also J\"org Knappen whose insightful comments
1393
greatly helped the development of \tipa{} in many ways. I was also
1394
helped and encouraged by Christina Thiele, Martin Haase, Kirk Sullivan
1395
and many other members of the \texttt{ling-tex} mailing list.
1396
1397
At the last stage of the development of \tipa{}, Frank Mittelbach gave
1398
me precious comments on how to incorporate various \tipa{} commands
1399
into the NFSS. I would like to thank also Barbara Beeton who kindly
1400
read over the preliminary draft of this document and gave me useful
1401
comments.
1402
1403
After the first release, I also received useful comments from:
1404
Dominique Unruh, Peter Zimmermann, Rafael Laboissi\`ere, Yoshinari
1405
Fujino, Walter Schmidt, Dirk Janssen, Joachim Becker, Christian
1406
Folini, Conrado Badenas, Alexis Dimitriadis, John Frampton and
1407
probably from many others. I am very sorry that I haven't recorded all
1408
the names. Please let me know if your name is missing. I am also sorry
1409
that I sometimes have been unable to follow all the advice simply
1410
because of lack of time. Finally, Donna Erickson kindly read over the
1411
draft of the present version and corrected my English. All remaining
1412
errors are, of course, my own.
1413
1414
\clearemptydoublepage
1415
\bibliographystyle{plainnat}
1416
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Bibliography}
1417
\bibliography{tipa}
1418
1419
%%% Local Variables:
1420
%%% mode: latex
1421
%%% TeX-master: "tipaman"
1422
%%% End:
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