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% Copyright 2002 FUKUI Rei
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% This program may be distributed and/or modified under the
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% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.2
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% of this license or (at your option) any later version.
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% The latest version of this license is in
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% http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
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% and version 1.2 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX
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% version 1999/12/01 or later.
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% This program consists of all files listed in Manifest.txt.
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\chapter{Recent Changes}
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\section{Changes from Version 1.1 to 1.2}
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\item The following symbols are added to the \texttt{tipx} fonts:
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Varieties of glottal stop symbols and a new symbol:\\
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\textglotstopvari\ (\texttt{\tbs textglotstopvari})\\
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\textglotstopvarii\ (\texttt{\tbs textglotstopvarii})\\
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\textglotstopvariii\ (\texttt{\tbs textglotstopvariii})\\
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\textlfishhookrlig\ (\texttt{\tbs textlfishhookrlig})
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\item Symbol shapes of the \texttt{xipa} and \texttt{xipx} font
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families slightly modified.
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\section{Changes from Version 1.0 to 1.1}
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The following changes have been made since the first release of
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\tipa\footnote{The first release of \tipa{} has been known as
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`beta0624'. I originally intended to change it to
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something like `tipa-1.0' soon after the release but unfortunately
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I didn't have the opportunity to do so.}.
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\item The following typefaces are newly added in Version
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1.1. Font description files (\texttt{*.fd}) modified accordingly.
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Bold Extended Slanted Roman: \textbf{\textipa{[\textsl{""Ekspl@"neIS@n}]}}\\
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Sans Serif Bold Extended: \textbf{\textsf{\textipa{[""Ekspl@"neIS@n]}}}\\
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Sans Serif Slanted: \textsf{\textipa{[\textsl{""Ekspl@"neIS@n}]}}\\
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Typewriter Text: \texttt{\textipa{[\textsl{""Ekspl@"neIS@n}]}}\\
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Typewriter Text Slanted: \textsl{\texttt{\textipa{[\textsl{""Ekspl@"neIS@n}]}}}
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\item Many bugs fixed in the \MF\ source codes; modifications made for
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almost every symbol. The \texttt{xipa} family of fonts now more closely
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simulates Times Roman style.\footnote{%
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I'm not fully satisfied with the result of this simulation and
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further changes will be made in the next release. However, I have
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no intention of simulating too closely in order to avoid any
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possible copyright problems.}
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\item \texttt{t3enc.def} and \texttt{tipa.sty} modified.
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\item New series of fonts, \textbf{tipx} and \textbf{xipx} have been
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created. These fonts are collections of symbols missing in the
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previous version of \tipa{} and cover almost all the symbols that
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appear in the second edition of \emph{PSG} (1996). (Remember that
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\tipa{} was released in 1996 and at the time the second edition of
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\emph{PSG} was not available.) Some of the symbols included in the
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previous version of \tipa{} are now moved into \textbf{tipx} and
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\textbf{xipx}. Thus the T3 encoding is slightly modified.
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In order to use newly created fonts, add the following after the
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declaration of \tipa{}.
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\verb|\usepackage{tipx}|
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For a list of newly created symbols, see next section.
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The encoding of \texttt{tipx} and \texttt{xipx} still has no
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definite name. The style file (\texttt{tipx.sty}) uses the
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U encoding and new family names (tipx and xipx which are arbitrary).
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In the future, it may be possible to use a new encoding name TS3
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(I experimentally put \texttt{ts3enc.def} and \texttt{ts3*.fd} in
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the \texttt{sty} directory of the package. Use
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these files at your own risk, if the system doesn't complain.)
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\item Some new tone letter commands, \verb|\stone| and \verb|\rtone|.
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\item Manual for the \texttt{vowel.sty} completed.
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\item Some diacritic commands added.
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\subsection{Newly created symbols}\label{sec:newsymbols}
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The following two symbols are newly adopted in the \texttt{tipa}
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Hooktop right-tail D --- \texthtrtaild\\
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Left-hooktop long Y --- \textlhtlongy
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The following command was realized by a macro in the previous version
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but now is assigned a code of its own in the \texttt{tipa} encoding
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Crossed lambda --- \textcrlambda
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The following symbols are (mostly) newly created symbols in the
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\texttt{tipx} fonts. (Note that some are moved from the \texttt{tipa}
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because of the encoding change.)
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Right-hook A --- \textrhooka\\
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Left-hook four --- \textlhookfour\\
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Inverted script A --- \textinvscripta\\
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A-O ligature --- \textaolig\\
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Inverted small capital A --- \textinvsca\\
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Small capital A-O ligature --- \textscaolig\\
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Stretched C (original form) --- \textstretchcvar\\
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Curly-tail stretched C --- \textctstretchc\\
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Curly-tail stretched C (original form) --- \textctstretchcvar\\
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Front-hook D --- \textfrhookd\\
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Front-hook D (Original) --- \textfrhookdvar\\
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D-B ligature --- \textdblig\\
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Small capital delta --- \textscdelta\\
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Right-hook E --- \textrhooke\\
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Right-hook epsilon --- \textrhookepsilon\\
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Small capital F --- \textscf\\
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Greek gamma --- \textgrgamma\\
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Front-tail gamma --- \textfrtailgamma\\
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Back-tail gamma --- \textbktailgamma\\
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Right-tail hooktop H --- \textrtailhth\\
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Curly-tail J (a variety found in 1996 IPA) --- \textctjvar\\
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Hooktop barred dotless J (a variety) --- \texthtbardotlessjvar\\
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Small capital K --- \textsck\\
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Turned small capital K --- \textturnsck\\
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Reversed small capital L --- \textrevscl\\
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H-M ligature --- \texthmlig\\
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Small capital M --- \textscm\\
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Front-bar N --- \textfrbarn\\
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Right leg N --- \textnrleg\\
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Bull's eye (an old version) --- \textObullseye\\
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Female sign --- \textfemale\\
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Uncrossed female sign --- \textuncrfemale\\
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Right-hook open O --- \textrhookopeno\\
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Inverted omega --- \textinvomega\\
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Left-hook P --- \textlhookp\\
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Small capital P --- \textscp\\
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A variety of thorn (1) --- \textthornvari\\
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A variety of thorn (2) --- \textthornvarii\\
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A variety of thorn (3) --- \textthornvariii\\
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A variety of thorn (4) --- \textthornvariv\\
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Q-P ligature --- \textqplig\\
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Reversed small capital R --- \textrevscr\\
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Reversed esh with top loop --- \textlooptoprevesh\\
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Front-hook T --- \textfrhookt\\
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Curly-tail turned T --- \textctturnt\\
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Turned small capital U --- \textturnscu\\
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Turned two --- \textturntwo\\
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Bent-tail yogh --- \textbenttailyogh\\
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Turned three --- \textturnthree\\
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Curly-tail inverted glottal stop --- \textctinvglotstop\\
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Turned glottal stop (PSG 1996:211) --- \textturnglotstop\\
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Pipe (a variety with no descender) --- \textpipevar\\
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Double pipe (a variety with no descender) --- \textdoublepipevar\\
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Double-barred pipe (a variety with no descender) --- \textdoublebarpipevar\\
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Superscript left arrow --- \textspleftarrow\\
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Down full arrow --- \textdownfullarrow\\
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Up full arrow --- \textupfullarrow\\
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Subscript right arrow --- \textsubrightarrow\\
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Subscript double arrow --- \textsubdoublearrow\\
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Reversed Polish hook --- an accent command e.g., \textrevpolhook{o}\\
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Retracting sign (a variety) --- \textretractingvar\\
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Right hook (long) --- \textrthooklong\\
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Palatalization hook (long) --- \textpalhooklong\\
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Palatalization hook (a variety) --- \textpalhookvar
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\subsection{Symbol shape changes}
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Shapes of the following symbols have been modified from the first
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version to the present.
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\begin{center}\tabcolsep.2em
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\begin{tabular}{llccl}
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Name & Macro name & New & Old & Old symbol name\\
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Pipe & \Tt{textpipe} & \textpipe
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& \textpipevar & \Tt{textpipevar}\\
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Double pipe & \Tt{textdoublepipe} & \textdoublepipe
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& \textdoublepipevar & \Tt{textdoublepipevar}\\
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Double-barred pipe & \Tt{textdoublebarpipe}& \textdoublebarpipe
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& \textdoublebarpipevar & \Tt{textdoublebarpipevar}\\
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Down arrow & \Tt{textdownstep} & \textdownstep
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& \textdownfullarrow & \Tt{textdownfullarrow}\\
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Up arrow & \Tt{textupstep} & \textupstep
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& \textupfullarrow & \Tt{textupfullarrow}\\
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Bull's eye & \Tt{textbullseye} & \textbullseye
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& \textObullseye & \Tt{textObullseye}\\
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Hooktop barred & \Tt{texthtbardotlessj}& \texthtbardotlessj
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& \texthtbardotlessjvar & \Tt{texthtbardotlessjvar}\\
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For each symbol, the old shape is preserved in the \texttt{tipx} fonts
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and can be accessed by a new name (in most cases \texttt{var} or
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\texttt{O} is attached) indicated at the rightmost column of the above
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\clearemptydoublepage
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\chapter{Symbols not included in TIPA}
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Although the present version of \tipa{} includes almost all the
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symbols found in \PSG\ and \Handbook, there are still some symbols not
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included or defined in \tipa{}.
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Some such symbols can be realized by writing appropriate
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macros, while some others cannot be realized without resorting to
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This section discusses these problems by classifying such symbols into
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three categories, as shown below.
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\item Symbols that can be realized by \TeX{}'s macro level and/or by using
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symbols from other fonts.
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\item Symbols that can be imitated by \TeX{}'s macro level and/or by using
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symbols from other fonts (but may not look quite satisfactory).
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\item Symbols that cannot be realized at all, without creating a new
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With the addition of the \tipx{} fonts, symbols that belong to the
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third category are virtually non-existent now.
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As for the symbols that belong to the first and second categories,
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\tipa{} provides a variety of macros and parts of symbols that can be
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used to compose a desired symbol if you can write an appropriate
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The following table shows symbols that belong to the first category.
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For each symbol, an example of input method and its output is also
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given. Note that barred or crossed symbols can be easily made by
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\tipa{}'s \verb|\ipabar| macro.
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x \=xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx \=xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx \= \kill
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x \=xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx \=xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx \= \kill
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\> Barred small capital I
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\SecLine \verb|\ipabar{\textsci}{.5ex}{1.1}{}{}| \>
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\ipabar{\textsci}{.5ex}{1.1}{}{} \\
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\SecLine \verb|\ipabar{j}{.5ex}{1.1}{}{}| \>
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\ipabar{j}{.5ex}{1.1}{}{} \\
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\SecLine \verb|\ipabar{k}{1.2ex}{.6}{}{.4}| \>
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\ipabar{k}{1.2ex}{.6}{}{.4} \\
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\SecLine \verb|\ipabar{\textopeno}{.5ex}{.6}{.4}{}| \>
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\ipabar{\textopeno}{.5ex}{.5}{.5}{} \\
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\> Barred small capital omega
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\SecLine \verb|\ipabar{\textscomega}{.5ex}{1.1}{}{}| \>
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\ipabar{\textscomega}{.5ex}{1.1}{}{} \\
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\SecLine \verb|\ipabar{p}{.5ex}{1.1}{}{}| \>
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\ipabar{p}{.5ex}{1.1}{}{} \\
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\SecLine \verb|\ipabar{u}{.5ex}{.5}{}{.5}| \>
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\ipabar{u}{.5ex}{.5}{}{.5} \\
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\> Barred small capital U
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\SecLine \verb|\ipabar{\textscu}{.5ex}{1.1}{}{}| \>
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\ipabar{\textscu}{.5ex}{1.1}{}{} \\
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\SecLine \verb|/\kern-.1em/| \>
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\SecLine \verb|/\kern-.1em/\kern-.1em/| \>
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/\kern-.1em/\kern-.1em/
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\SecLine \verb|/\kern-.25em/| \>
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\SecLine \verb|/\kern-.25em/\kern-.25em/| \>
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/\kern-.25em/\kern-.25em/
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The next definitions attach a tiny `left hook' (which shows
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palatalization) to a symbol. For example:
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\newcommand\textlhookb{{\tipaencoding
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b\hspace{-.1em}\raisebox{.0ex}{\textpalhookvar}}}
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\newcommand\textlhookm{{\tipaencoding
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m\hspace{-.1em}\raisebox{.0ex}{\textpalhook}}}
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\newcommand\textlhookb{{\tipaencoding
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b\hspace{-.1em}\raisebox{.0ex}{\textpalhookvar}}}
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\newcommand\textlhookm{{\tipaencoding
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m\hspace{-.1em}\raisebox{.0ex}{\textpalhook}}}
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\newcommand\textlhookb{{\tipaencoding
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b\hspace{-.15em}\raisebox{.0ex}{\textpalhookvar}}}
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\newcommand\textlhookm{{\tipaencoding
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m\hspace{-.15em}\raisebox{.0ex}{\textpalhook}}}
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\newcommand\textlhookb{{\tipaencoding
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b\hspace{-.15em}\raisebox{.0ex}{\textpalhookvar}}}
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\newcommand\textlhookm{{\tipaencoding
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m\hspace{-.15em}\raisebox{.0ex}{\textpalhook}}}
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The former example uses a left-hook called \Tt{textpalhookvar},
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(\KK\textpalhookvar\KK) and the latter uses a hook called \Tt{textpalhook},
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(\KK\textpalhook\KK).
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Left-hook B --- \textlhookb \\
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Left-hook M --- \textlhookm
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Symbols that belong to the second category are shown below. Note that
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slashed symbols can be in fact easily made by a macro. For example, a
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slashed b i.e., \ipaclap{\textipa{b}}{\textipa{/}} can be made by
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\verb|\ipaclap{\textipa{b}}{\textipa{/}}|. The reason why slashed
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symbols are not included in \tipa{} is as follows: first, a simple
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overlapping of a symbol and a slash does not always result in a good
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shape, and secondly, it doesn't seem significant to devise fine-tuned
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macros for symbols which were created essentially for typewriters.
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xxxx \=xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx \= \kill
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\ipaclap{\textipa{b}}{\textipa{/}} \\
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\ipaclap{\textipa{c}}{\textipa{/}} \\
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\ipaclap{\textipa{d}}{\textipa{/}} \\
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\ipaclap{\textipa{u}}{\textipa{/}} \\
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\ipaclap{\textipa{w}}{\textipa{/}}
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\clearemptydoublepage
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\newcount\FAQcnt \FAQcnt=0
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\newcommand\QandA[2]{{\par\bigskip\parindent0pt
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\global\advance\FAQcnt 1
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\hangindent2em\hangafter1 \textbf{Q\the\FAQcnt:} #1\par\medskip
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\hangindent2em\hangafter1 \textbf{A\the\FAQcnt:} #2\par\medskip}}
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\newcommand\NextPar{\par\hangindent2em\hangafter0\relax}
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\QandA {I have installed all the \tipa{} fonts. But the system can't
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find them. What's wrong?}{Please don't forget to run the command
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\texttt{mktexlsr} after the installation. Also, try to run the
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command:\par\begin{quote}\texttt{kpsewhich tipa10.mf}\end{quote}
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\NextPar If the system shows nothing in return, you must have
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installed them in a wrong place.}
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\QandA {I'm using shortcut letters but there are still many symbols
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which have no shortcut letters. What can I do? Do I have to use all
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these long names?}{You are free to define shorter names. \LaTeX's
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\texttt{\tbs newcommand} is a safe way to do this. For example:
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\texttt{\tbs newcommand\tbi\tbs vef\tbii\tbi\tbs textbarrevglotstop\tbii}
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\yitem \texttt{[\tbs vef] is a voiced epiglottal fricative.}
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\yitem \textipa{\let\vef\textbarrevglotstop [\vef]} is a
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voiced epiglottal fricative.
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\QandA {I want to use the \LaTeX\ command \texttt{\tbs |} in the IPA
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environment. But I don't want to specify the \texttt{safe}
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option. Is it possible?}{Use a command called \texttt{\tbs Vert}
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instead of \texttt{\tbs |}. It has the same meaning. Other possibly
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dangerous commands such as \texttt{\tbs:}, \texttt{\tbs:} and
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\texttt{\tbs!} have a similar substitute command. For more
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details, see page~\pageref{unsafemode}.}
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\QandA {I can't input Eng (\texttt{\tbs ng})
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properly. Why?}{Use \texttt{\tbs textipa\tbi N\tbii}. Technically
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speaking, this is a matter of priority among the \texttt{OT1},
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\texttt{T1} and \texttt{T3} encodings. But may be called a bug. I'll
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work out this problem in the next release.}
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\QandA {How can I input \emph{capital letters}, I mean real capital
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letters, not small capitals, within the IPA environment?}{Use the
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command \texttt{\tbs*}. For example:
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\yitem \texttt{\tbs textipa\tbi["pI\tbs *Di]\tbii}
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\yitem \textipa{["pI\*Di]}
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\end{tipaexample}\NextPar This command is explained in
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section~\ref{sec:specialmacros}.}
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\QandA {How can I output an accent or diacritic symbol alone? For
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example, I want to print the umlaut symbol alone, in order to
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explain the usage of this symbol.}{Try to add an empty argument
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to the umlaut command.
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\yitem \texttt{\tbs texipa\tbi[\tbs"\tbi\tbii]\tbii}
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\yitem \textipa{[\"{}]}
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\QandA {Are there only a limited number of tone letters?}
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{Absolutely not! Please read section \ref{sec:tone} carefully.}
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\QandA {How to create a PDF file?} {You can find a few examples in
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section \ref{sec:pdf}.}
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\QandA {I have succeeded in creating a PDF document. But \tipa{} fonts
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don't look good (jaggy). What's wrong?}{Type1 fonts are not
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embedded in your document and pk fonts are used instead. Install
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Type1 font files and/or map file correctly.}
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\QandA {I have succeeded in creating a PDF document with Type1 fonts
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embedded. But some symbols are missing. Why?}{In some versions of
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\texttt{dvips}, the character shifting switch is turned on by
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default. In order to prevent this, try to invoke \texttt{dvips} in
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the following way.\par
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\begin{quote}\texttt{dvips -Ppdf -G0} \textsl{filename}\end{quote}}
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\QandA {I find no description on hyphenation of phonetic texts in this
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manual.}{I haven't seen any description on hyphenation in \Handbook\
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nor in \emph{Principles}. }
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\QandA {Why is italic font not included in \tipa? Slanted fonts can be
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used as substitutes. But I want real italic fonts.}{It isn't
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difficult to create italic shapes for a limited number of symbols
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such as Schwa, Turned script A, and so on. However, creating a whole
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set of IPA symbols in italic is quite a different story. It is
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difficult to distinguish, for example, Lower-case A and Script A in
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italic. In the IPA's \emph{Principles}, it is recommended
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that the IPA symbols should be roman, excluding italic shapes in
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some of the examples. Another point that should be made is that
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there exist several systems of phonetic symbols in which all the
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symbols appear in italic. These are the ones mainly used in
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Scandinavian countries, and the problem is, there is no one-to-one
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correspondences between such systems and the IPA. Aside from the
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strictly phonetic use of symbols, however, there is a practical need
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for italic versions of symbols such as italic Schwa. Therefore, it
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may be helpful to create a new auxiliary font containing limited
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number of italic symbols.}
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\QandA {Which is the first name of the author of \tipa? I'm confused.}
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{Rei is his first name.}
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doc/tipaman3.tex
