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% Copyright 2002 FUKUI Rei
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% This program may be distributed and/or modified under the
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% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.2
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% of this license or (at your option) any later version.
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% The latest version of this license is in
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% http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
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% and version 1.2 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX
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% version 1999/12/01 or later.
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% This program consists of all files listed in Manifest.txt.
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\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
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\newcommand{\vowelbox}{\raise1ex\hbox to 2.5cm}
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\newenvironment{texsrc}{\begin{minipage}[t]{7cm}}{\end{minipage}}
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\title{Vowel package manual}
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\thanks{{\tt fkr@tooyoo.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp}}\\
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\textit{Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology}\\
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\textit{University of Tokyo}}
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\date{28 October 2001}
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\section{Drawing vowel diagrams}
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\subsection{The {\tt vowel} environment}
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The general format of the {\tt vowel} environment is as follows.
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\verb|\begin{vowel}[|{\it option\/}(,{\it option},...)\verb|]|
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{\it commands for inputting vowels}
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Options and commands for inputting vowels are explained below.
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\subsection{The shapes of the diagram supported}
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The default shape of the vowel diagram is the one used in the recent
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IPA chart, as shown below.
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\begin{minipage}[t]{5.5cm}
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\verb|\begin{vowel}|\\
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In this diagram, the bottom, back, and top sides are in the proportion
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2:3:4, as was prescribed by Daniel Jones.
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In order to change the shape of an diagram, specify the following
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\begin{itemize}\itemsep0pt
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\item \texttt{plain}, \texttt{simple}, \texttt{standard},
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\texttt{ipanew} (=default)
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\item \texttt{rectangle} \quad Draws a rectangular diagram.
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\item \texttt{triangle} \quad Draws a triangular diagram.
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\item \texttt{three} \quad Distinguishes only three levels of vowel
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The first group of options are mutually exclusive, i.e., only one them
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can be selected at a time.
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\begin{minipage}[t]{5.5cm}{\small
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\verb|\begin{vowel}|\\
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\verb|\begin{vowel}[ipanew]|\\
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\begin{minipage}[t]{5.5cm}{\small
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\verb|\begin{vowel}[plain]|\\
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\begin{vowel}[t]\end{vowel} &
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\begin{vowel}[t,plain]\end{vowel}
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\begin{minipage}[t]{5.5cm}{\small
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\verb|\begin{vowel}[simple]|\\
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\begin{minipage}[t]{5.5cm}{\small
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\verb|\begin{vowel}[standard]|\\
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\begin{vowel}[t,simple]\end{vowel} &
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\begin{vowel}[t,standard]\end{vowel}
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Among the other options, \texttt{rectangle}
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and \texttt{triangle} are mutually exclusive but each can be combined
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with one of the options \texttt{plain}, \texttt{simple} or
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\texttt{ipanew}. And the last option \texttt{three} can be combined
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with one of the options \texttt{plain}, \texttt{simple} or
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\texttt{ipanew}, and with one of the options \texttt{rectangle}
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and \texttt{triangle}.
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\begin{minipage}[t]{5.5cm}{\small
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\verb|\begin{vowel}[rectangle]|\\
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\begin{minipage}[t]{5.5cm}{\small
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\verb|\begin{vowel}[plain,rectangle]|\\
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\begin{vowel}[t,rectangle]\end{vowel} &
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\begin{vowel}[t,plain,rectangle]\end{vowel}
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\begin{minipage}[t]{5.5cm}{\small
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\verb|\begin{vowel}[simple,rectangle]|\\
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\begin{minipage}[t]{5.5cm}{\small
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\verb|\begin{vowel}[triangle]|\\
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\begin{vowel}[t,simple,rectangle]\end{vowel} &
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\begin{vowel}[t,triangle]\end{vowel}
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\begin{minipage}[t]{5.5cm}{\small
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\verb|\begin{vowel}[plain,triangle]|\\
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\begin{minipage}[t]{5.5cm}{\small
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\verb|\begin{vowel}[simple,triangle]|\\
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\begin{vowel}[t,plain,triangle]\end{vowel} &
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\begin{vowel}[t,simple,triangle]\end{vowel}
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\begin{minipage}[t]{5cm}{\small
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\verb|\begin{vowel}[simple,three]|\\
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\begin{minipage}[t]{6cm}{\small
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\verb|\begin{vowel}[simple,triangle,three]|\\
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\begin{vowel}[t,simple,three]\end{vowel} &
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\hspace{.5cm}\begin{vowel}[t,simple,triangle,three]\end{vowel}
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\subsection{Placing vowels on a diagram}
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The following commands are prepared in order to place vowels in the
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\item \verb+\putcvowel[l|r]{symbol}{+\emph{cardinal position}\verb+}+
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\item \verb+\putvowel[l|r]{symbol}{x}{y}+
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The former command is used to place a vowel on a {\it cardinal
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position}, and the latter is used to place a vowel on a point specified
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by {\it x} and {\it y}. In each case, an optional argument \verb|[l]|
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or \verb|[r]| can be given, which specifies to put a symbol (usually a
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dot) that indicates the point and a vowel is placed at the left or
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The next table shows a diagram indicating the cardinal positions and
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an example of a vowel diagram containing the \verb|\putcvowel| commands.
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\putcvowel{\footnotesize 1}{1}\putcvowel{\footnotesize 2}{2}
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\putcvowel{\footnotesize 3}{3}\putcvowel{\footnotesize 4}{4}
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\putcvowel{\footnotesize 5}{5}\putcvowel{\footnotesize 6}{6}
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\putcvowel{\footnotesize 7}{7}\putcvowel{\footnotesize 8}{8}
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\putcvowel{\footnotesize 9}{9}\putcvowel{\footnotesize 10}{10}
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\putcvowel{\footnotesize 11}{11}\putcvowel{\footnotesize 12}{12}
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\putcvowel{\footnotesize 13}{13}\putcvowel{\footnotesize 14}{14}
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\putcvowel{\footnotesize 15}{15}\putcvowel{\footnotesize 16}{16}
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\putcvowel{i}{1}\putcvowel{e}{2}
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\putcvowel{\textipa{E}}{3}\putcvowel{a}{4}
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\putcvowel{\textipa{6}}{5}\putcvowel{\textipa{O}}{6}
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\putcvowel{o}{7}\putcvowel{u}{8}
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\putcvowel{\textipa{1}}{9}\putcvowel{\textipa{9}}{10}
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\putcvowel{\textipa{@}}{11}\putcvowel{\textipa{3}}{12}
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\putcvowel{\textipa{I}}{13}\putcvowel{\textipa{U}}{14}
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\putcvowel{\textturna}{15}\putcvowel{\ae}{16}
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\begin{minipage}[t]{4cm}
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{\footnotesize\begin{verbatim}
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\putcvowel{\textipa{E}}{3}
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The cardinal positions from 1 through 8 are the same with the numbers
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of cardinal vowels determined by Daniel Jones. And the remaining
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numbers (from 9 through 16) are extended cardinal positions that are
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used to indicate the positions of all the remaining vowels that appear
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in the recent IPA chart, having no relation to the Jonesian system of
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In the case of the second form of the command. i.e., \verb+\putvowel+,
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the origin is the upper left corner. And it is convenient to use the
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basic units, \verb|\vowelhunit| and \verb|\vowelvunit| in specifying a
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point in the $x$--$y$ coordinate. the bottom right corner is indicated
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by a point (\verb|4\vowelhunit|, \verb|3\vowelhunit|). Thus:
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\verb+\putvowel{i}{0pt}{0pt}+ is equivalent to
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\verb+\putcvowel{i}{1}+.
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\verb+\putvowel{\textscripta}{4\vowelhunit}{3\vowelvunit}+ is
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equivalent to \verb+\putcvowel{\textscripta}{5}+.
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\subsection{Changing the size of a diagram}
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The usual commands for changing the size of text fonts such as
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\verb|\small|, \verb|\large|, \verb|\Large|, etc.\ can be used to
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change the size of a vowel diagram.
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\begin{minipage}{3.2cm}
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{\small\begin{verbatim}
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\begin{minipage}{3.2cm}
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{\small\begin{verbatim}
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\begin{minipage}{3.2cm}
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{\small\begin{verbatim}
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{\small \begin{vowel}
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\putcvowel{i}{1}\putcvowel{e}{2}
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\putcvowel{\textepsilon}{3}\putcvowel{a}{4}
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\putcvowel{\textscripta}{5}\putcvowel{\textopeno}{6}
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\putcvowel{o}{7}\putcvowel{u}{8}
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\putcvowel{i}{1}\putcvowel{e}{2}
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\putcvowel{\textepsilon}{3}\putcvowel{a}{4}
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\putcvowel{\textscripta}{5}\putcvowel{\textopeno}{6}
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\putcvowel{o}{7}\putcvowel{u}{8}
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{\large \begin{vowel}
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\putcvowel{i}{1}\putcvowel{e}{2}
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\putcvowel{\textepsilon}{3}\putcvowel{a}{4}
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\putcvowel{\textscripta}{5}\putcvowel{\textopeno}{6}
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\putcvowel{o}{7}\putcvowel{u}{8}
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It is also possible to change the size of a vowel symbol and the
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size of a diagram independently.
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In order to change only the size of a vowel symbol, use the commands
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such as \verb|\small|, \verb|\large|, etc.\ within the
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\verb|\putcvowel| command.
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And in order to change only the size of a diagram, give appropriate
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values to the parameters \verb|\vowelhunit| and \verb|\vowelvunit|.
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\verb|\vowelhunit| stands for the horizontal unit length, and
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\verb|\vowelvunit| the vertical unit length. By default both
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\verb|\vowelhunit| and \verb|\vowelvunit| are equal to 2em. And if
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only the former is modified by an user, the latter is automatically
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adjusted to the same length.
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\putcvowel{\large e}{2}
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\putcvowel{\Large\textipa{E}}{3}
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\putcvowel{\huge a}{4}
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\putcvowel{\large e}{2}
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\putcvowel{\Large\textipa{E}}{3}
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\putcvowel{\huge a}{4}
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\putcvowel{\textipa{E}}{3}
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\putcvowel{\textipa{E}}{3}
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%In the later works of Daniel Jones, it is reported that he had used
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%such a diagram that the angle of the upper-left corner is 60
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%degrees. In this case, the bottom, right, and top sides are in the
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%proportion of 2:\(\sqrt{12}\):4. %See Ashby.
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The next example shows the IPA vowel chart (updated 1996).
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% \putcvowel[l]{i}{1}
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\putvowel[l]{i}{0pt}{0pt}
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\putcvowel[l]{\textepsilon}{3}
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\putcvowel[r]{\oe}{3}
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\putcvowel[r]{\textscoelig}{4}
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\putcvowel[l]{\textscripta}{5}
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\putcvowel[r]{\textturnscripta}{5}
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\putcvowel[l]{\textturnv}{6}
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\putcvowel[r]{\textopeno}{6}
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\putcvowel[l]{\textramshorns}{7}
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\putcvowel[l]{\textturnm}{8}
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\putcvowel[l]{\textbari}{9}
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\putcvowel[r]{\textbaru}{9}
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\putcvowel[l]{\textreve}{10}
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\putcvowel[r]{\textbaro}{10}
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\putcvowel{\textschwa}{11}
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\putcvowel[l]{\textrevepsilon}{12}
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\putcvowel[r]{\textcloserevepsilon}{12}
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\putcvowel{\textsci\ \textscy}{13}
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\putcvowel{\textupsilon}{14}
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\putcvowel{\textturna}{15}
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\putcvowel[l]{\textepsilon}{3}
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\putcvowel[r]{\oe}{3}
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\putcvowel[r]{\textscoelig}{4}
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\putcvowel[l]{\textscripta}{5}
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\putcvowel[r]{\textturnscripta}{5}
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\putcvowel[l]{\textturnv}{6}
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\putcvowel[r]{\textopeno}{6}
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\putcvowel[l]{\textramshorns}{7}
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\putcvowel[l]{\textturnm}{8}
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\putcvowel[l]{\textbari}{9}
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\putcvowel[r]{\textbaru}{9}
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\putcvowel[l]{\textreve}{10}
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\putcvowel[r]{\textbaro}{10}
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\putcvowel{\textschwa}{11}
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\putcvowel[l]{\textrevepsilon}{12}
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\putcvowel[r]{\textcloserevepsilon}{12}
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\putcvowel{\textsci\ \textscy}{13}
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\putcvowel{\textupsilon}{14}
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\putcvowel{\textturna}{15}