5
Modes of DES - the variants of DES and other crypto algorithms of OpenSSL
9
Several crypto algorithms for OpenSSL can be used in a number of modes. Those
10
are used for using block ciphers in a way similar to stream ciphers, among
15
=head2 Electronic Codebook Mode (ECB)
17
Normally, this is found as the function I<algorithm>_ecb_encrypt().
23
64 bits are enciphered at a time.
27
The order of the blocks can be rearranged without detection.
31
The same plaintext block always produces the same ciphertext block
32
(for the same key) making it vulnerable to a 'dictionary attack'.
36
An error will only affect one ciphertext block.
40
=head2 Cipher Block Chaining Mode (CBC)
42
Normally, this is found as the function I<algorithm>_cbc_encrypt().
43
Be aware that des_cbc_encrypt() is not really DES CBC (it does
44
not update the IV); use des_ncbc_encrypt() instead.
50
a multiple of 64 bits are enciphered at a time.
54
The CBC mode produces the same ciphertext whenever the same
55
plaintext is encrypted using the same key and starting variable.
59
The chaining operation makes the ciphertext blocks dependent on the
60
current and all preceding plaintext blocks and therefore blocks can not
65
The use of different starting variables prevents the same plaintext
66
enciphering to the same ciphertext.
70
An error will affect the current and the following ciphertext blocks.
74
=head2 Cipher Feedback Mode (CFB)
76
Normally, this is found as the function I<algorithm>_cfb_encrypt().
82
a number of bits (j) <= 64 are enciphered at a time.
86
The CFB mode produces the same ciphertext whenever the same
87
plaintext is encrypted using the same key and starting variable.
91
The chaining operation makes the ciphertext variables dependent on the
92
current and all preceding variables and therefore j-bit variables are
93
chained together and can not be rearranged.
97
The use of different starting variables prevents the same plaintext
98
enciphering to the same ciphertext.
102
The strength of the CFB mode depends on the size of k (maximal if
103
j == k). In my implementation this is always the case.
107
Selection of a small value for j will require more cycles through
108
the encipherment algorithm per unit of plaintext and thus cause
109
greater processing overheads.
113
Only multiples of j bits can be enciphered.
117
An error will affect the current and the following ciphertext variables.
121
=head2 Output Feedback Mode (OFB)
123
Normally, this is found as the function I<algorithm>_ofb_encrypt().
130
a number of bits (j) <= 64 are enciphered at a time.
134
The OFB mode produces the same ciphertext whenever the same
135
plaintext enciphered using the same key and starting variable. More
136
over, in the OFB mode the same key stream is produced when the same
137
key and start variable are used. Consequently, for security reasons
138
a specific start variable should be used only once for a given key.
142
The absence of chaining makes the OFB more vulnerable to specific attacks.
146
The use of different start variables values prevents the same
147
plaintext enciphering to the same ciphertext, by producing different
152
Selection of a small value for j will require more cycles through
153
the encipherment algorithm per unit of plaintext and thus cause
154
greater processing overheads.
158
Only multiples of j bits can be enciphered.
162
OFB mode of operation does not extend ciphertext errors in the
163
resultant plaintext output. Every bit error in the ciphertext causes
164
only one bit to be in error in the deciphered plaintext.
168
OFB mode is not self-synchronizing. If the two operation of
169
encipherment and decipherment get out of synchronism, the system needs
170
to be re-initialized.
174
Each re-initialization should use a value of the start variable
175
different from the start variable values used before with the same
176
key. The reason for this is that an identical bit stream would be
177
produced each time from the same parameters. This would be
178
susceptible to a 'known plaintext' attack.
182
=head2 Triple ECB Mode
184
Normally, this is found as the function I<algorithm>_ecb3_encrypt().
190
Encrypt with key1, decrypt with key2 and encrypt with key3 again.
194
As for ECB encryption but increases the key length to 168 bits.
195
There are theoretic attacks that can be used that make the effective
196
key length 112 bits, but this attack also requires 2^56 blocks of
197
memory, not very likely, even for the NSA.
201
If both keys are the same it is equivalent to encrypting once with
206
If the first and last key are the same, the key length is 112 bits.
207
There are attacks that could reduce the effective key strength
208
to only slightly more than 56 bits, but these require a lot of memory.
212
If all 3 keys are the same, this is effectively the same as normal
217
=head2 Triple CBC Mode
219
Normally, this is found as the function I<algorithm>_ede3_cbc_encrypt().
226
Encrypt with key1, decrypt with key2 and then encrypt with key3.
230
As for CBC encryption but increases the key length to 168 bits with
231
the same restrictions as for triple ecb mode.
237
This text was been written in large parts by Eric Young in his original
238
documentation for SSLeay, the predecessor of OpenSSL. In turn, he attributed
243
Electronic funds transfer - Requirements for interfaces,
244
Part 5.2: Modes of operation for an n-bit block cipher algorithm
249
L<blowfish(3)|blowfish(3)>, L<des(3)|des(3)>, L<idea(3)|idea(3)>,