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GNU make NEWS -*-indented-text-*-
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History of user-visible changes.
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Copyright (C) 1992,93,94,95,96,97,98,1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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See the end for copying conditions.
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All changes mentioned here are more fully described in the GNU make
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manual, which is contained in this distribution as the file make.texinfo.
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Please send GNU make bug reports to bug-make@gnu.org.
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See the README file and the GNU make manual for details on sending bug
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* Two new functions, $(error ...) and $(warning ...) are available. The
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former will cause make to fail and exit immediately upon expansion of
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the function, with the text provided as the error message. The latter
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causes the text provided to be printed as a warning message, but make
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* A new function $(call ...) is available. This allows users to create
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their own parameterized macros and invoke them later. Original
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implementation of this function was provided by Han-Wen Nienhuys
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* A new function $(if ...) is available. It provides if-then-else
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capabilities in a builtin function. Original implementation of this
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function was provided by Han-Wen Nienhuys <hanwen@cs.uu.nl>.
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* Make defines a new variable, .LIBPATTERNS. This variable controls how
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library dependency expansion (dependencies like ``-lfoo'') is performed.
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* Make accepts CRLF sequences as well as traditional LF, for
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compatibility with makefiles created on other operating systems.
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* Make accepts a new option: -R, or --no-builtin-variables. This option
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disables the definition of the rule-specific builtin variables (CC,
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LD, AR, etc.). Specifying this option forces -r (--no-builtin-rules)
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* A "job server" feature, suggested by Howard Chu <hyc@highlandsun.com>.
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On systems that support POSIX pipe(2) semantics, GNU make can now pass
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-jN options to submakes rather than forcing them all to use -j1. The
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top make and all its sub-make processes use a pipe to communicate with
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each other to ensure that no more than N jobs are started across all
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makes. To get the old behavior of -j back, you can configure make
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with the --disable-job-server option.
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* The confusing term "dependency" has been replaced by the more accurate
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and standard term "prerequisite", both in the manual and in all GNU make
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* GNU make supports the "big archive" library format introduced in AIX 4.3.
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* GNU make supports large files on AIX, HP-UX, and IRIX. These changes
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were provided by Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>. (Large file
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support for Solaris and Linux was introduced in 3.77, but the
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configuration had issues: these have also been resolved).
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* The Windows 95/98/NT (W32) version of GNU make now has native support
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for the Cygnus Cygwin release B20.1 shell (bash).
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* The GNU make regression test suite, long available separately "under
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the table", has been integrated into the release. You can invoke it
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by running "make check" in the distribution. Note that it requires
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Perl (either Perl 4 or Perl 5) to run.
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* Implement BSD make's "?=" variable assignment operator. The variable
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is assigned the specified value only if that variable is not already
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* Make defines a new variable, "CURDIR", to contain the current working
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directory (after the -C option, if any, has been processed).
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Modifying this variable has no effect on the operation of make.
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* Make defines a new default RCS rule, for new-style master file
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storage: ``% :: RCS/%'' (note no ``,v'' suffix).
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Make defines new default rules for DOS-style C++ file naming
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conventions, with ``.cpp'' suffixes. All the same rules as for
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``.cc'' and ``.C'' suffixes are provided, along with LINK.cpp and
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COMPILE.cpp macros (which default to the same value as LINK.cc and
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COMPILE.cc). Note CPPFLAGS is still C preprocessor flags! You should
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use CXXFLAGS to change C++ compiler flags.
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* A new feature, "target-specific variable values", has been added.
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This is a large change so please see the appropriate sections of the
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manual for full details. Briefly, syntax like this:
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TARGET: VARIABLE = VALUE
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defines VARIABLE as VALUE within the context of TARGET. This is
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similar to SunOS make's "TARGET := VARIABLE = VALUE" feature. Note
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that the assignment may be of any type, not just recursive, and that
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the override keyword is available.
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COMPATIBILITY: This new syntax means that if you have any rules where
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the first or second dependency has an equal sign (=) in its name,
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you'll have to escape them with a backslash: "foo : bar\=baz".
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Further, if you have any dependencies which already contain "\=",
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you'll have to escape both of them: "foo : bar\\\=baz".
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* A new appendix listing the most common error and warning messages
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generated by GNU make, with some explanation, has been added to the
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GNU make User's Manual.
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* Updates to the GNU make Customs library support (see README.customs).
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* Updates to the Windows 95/NT port from Rob Tulloh (see README.W32),
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and to the DOS port from Eli Zaretski (see README.DOS).
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* Small (but serious) bug fix. Quick rollout to get into the GNU source CD.
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* GNU make now uses automake to control Makefile.in generation. This
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should make it more consistent with the GNU standards.
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* VPATH functionality has been changed to incorporate the VPATH+ patch,
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previously maintained by Paul Smith <psmith@baynetworks.com>. See the
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* Make defines a new variable, `MAKECMDGOALS', to contain the goals that
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were specified on the command line, if any. Modifying this variable
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has no effect on the operation of make.
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* A new function, `$(wordlist S,E,TEXT)', is available: it returns a
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list of words from number S to number E (inclusive) of TEXT.
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* Instead of an error, detection of future modification times gives a
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warning and continues. The warning is repeated just before GNU make
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exits, so it is less likely to be lost.
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* Fix the $(basename) and $(suffix) functions so they only operate on
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the last filename, not the entire string:
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Command Old Result New Result
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------- ---------- ----------
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$(basename a.b/c) a a.b/c
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$(suffix a.b/c) b/c <empty>
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* The $(strip) function now removes newlines as well as TABs and spaces.
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* The $(shell) function now changes CRLF (\r\n) pairs to a space as well
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* Updates to the Windows 95/NT port from Rob Tulloh (see README.W32).
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* Eli Zaretskii has updated the port to 32-bit protected mode on MSDOS
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and MS-Windows, building with the DJGPP v2 port of GNU C/C++ compiler
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and utilities. See README.DOS for details, and direct all questions
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concerning this port to Eli Zaretskii <eliz@is.elta.co.il> or DJ
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Delorie <dj@delorie.com>.
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* John W. Eaton has updated the VMS port to support libraries and VPATH.
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* The directory messages printed by `-w' and implicitly in sub-makes,
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are now omitted if Make runs no commands and has no other messages to print.
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* Make now detects files that for whatever reason have modification times
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in the future and gives an error. Files with such impossible timestamps
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can result from unsynchronized clocks, or archived distributions
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containing bogus timestamps; they confuse Make's dependency engine
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* The new directive `sinclude' is now recognized as another name for
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`-include', for compatibility with some other Makes.
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* Aaron Digulla has contributed a port to AmigaDOS. See README.Amiga for
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details, and direct all Amiga-related questions to <digulla@fh-konstanz.de>.
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* Rob Tulloh of Tivoli Systems has contributed a port to Windows NT or 95.
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See README.W32 for details, and direct all Windows-related questions to
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<rob_tulloh@tivoli.com>.
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* Converted to use Autoconf version 2, so `configure' has some new options.
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See INSTALL for details.
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* You can now send a SIGUSR1 signal to Make to toggle printing of debugging
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output enabled by -d, at any time during the run.
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* DJ Delorie has ported Make to MS-DOS using the GO32 extender.
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He is maintaining the DOS port, not the GNU Make maintainer;
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please direct bugs and questions for DOS to <djgpp@sun.soe.clarkson.edu>.
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MS-DOS binaries are available for FTP from ftp.simtel.net in
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/pub/simtelnet/gnu/djgpp/.
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* The `MAKEFLAGS' variable (in the environment or in a makefile) can now
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contain variable definitions itself; these are treated just like
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command-line variable definitions. Make will automatically insert any
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variable definitions from the environment value of `MAKEFLAGS' or from
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the command line, into the `MAKEFLAGS' value exported to children. The
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`MAKEOVERRIDES' variable previously included in the value of `$(MAKE)'
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for sub-makes is now included in `MAKEFLAGS' instead. As before, you can
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reset `MAKEOVERRIDES' in your makefile to avoid putting all the variables
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in the environment when its size is limited.
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* If `.DELETE_ON_ERROR' appears as a target, Make will delete the target of
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a rule if it has changed when its commands exit with a nonzero status,
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just as when the commands get a signal.
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* The automatic variable `$+' is new. It lists all the dependencies like
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`$^', but preserves duplicates listed in the makefile. This is useful
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for linking rules, where library files sometimes need to be listed twice
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* You can now specify the `.IGNORE' and `.SILENT' special targets with
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dependencies to limit their effects to those files. If a file appears as
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a dependency of `.IGNORE', then errors will be ignored while running the
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commands to update that file. Likewise if a file appears as a dependency
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of `.SILENT', then the commands to update that file will not be printed
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before they are run. (This change was made to conform to POSIX.2.)
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* The automatic variables `$(@D)', `$(%D)', `$(*D)', `$(<D)', `$(?D)', and
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`$(^D)' now omit the trailing slash from the directory name. (This change
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was made to comply with POSIX.2.)
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* The source distribution now includes the Info files for the Make manual.
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There is no longer a separate distribution containing Info and DVI files.
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* You can now set the variables `binprefix' and/or `manprefix' in
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Makefile.in (or on the command line when installing) to install GNU make
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under a name other than `make' (i.e., ``make binprefix=g install''
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installs GNU make as `gmake').
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* The built-in Texinfo rules use the new variables `TEXI2DVI_FLAGS' for
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flags to the `texi2dvi' script, and `MAKEINFO_FLAGS' for flags to the
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* The exit status of Make when it runs into errors is now 2 instead of 1.
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The exit status is 1 only when using -q and some target is not up to date.
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(This change was made to comply with POSIX.2.)
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* It is no longer a fatal error to have a NUL character in a makefile.
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You should never put a NUL in a makefile because it can have strange
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results, but otherwise empty lines full of NULs (such as produced by
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the `xmkmf' program) will always work fine.
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* The error messages for nonexistent included makefiles now refer to the
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makefile name and line number where the `include' appeared, so Emacs's
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C-x ` command takes you there (in case it's a typo you need to fix).
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* Implicit rule search for archive member references is now done in the
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opposite order from previous versions: the whole target name `LIB(MEM)'
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first, and just the member name and parentheses `(MEM)' second.
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* Make now gives an error for an unterminated variable or function reference.
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For example, `$(foo' with no matching `)' or `${bar' with no matching `}'.
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* The new default variable `MAKE_VERSION' gives the version number of
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Make, and a string describing the remote job support compiled in (if any).
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Thus the value (in this release) is something like `3.69' or `3.69-Customs'.
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* Commands in an invocation of the `shell' function are no longer run with
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a modified environment like target commands are. As in versions before
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3.68, they now run with the environment that `make' started with. We
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have reversed the change made in version 3.68 because it turned out to
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cause a paradoxical situation in cases like:
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export variable = $(shell echo value)
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When Make attempted to put this variable in the environment for a target
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command, it would try expand the value by running the shell command
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`echo value'. In version 3.68, because it constructed an environment
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for that shell command in the same way, Make would begin to go into an
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infinite loop and then get a fatal error when it detected the loop.
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* The commands given for `.DEFAULT' are now used for phony targets with no
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* You can list several archive member names inside parenthesis:
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`lib(mem1 mem2 mem3)' is equivalent to `lib(mem1) lib(mem2) lib(mem3)'.
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* You can use wildcards inside archive member references. For example,
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`lib(*.o)' expands to all existing members of `lib' whose names end in
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`.o' (e.g. `lib(a.o) lib(b.o)'); `*.a(*.o)' expands to all such members
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of all existing files whose names end in `.a' (e.g. `foo.a(a.o)
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foo.a(b.o) bar.a(c.o) bar.a(d.o)'.
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* A suffix rule `.X.a' now produces two pattern rules:
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(%.o): %.X # Previous versions produced only this.
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%.a: %.X # Now produces this as well, just like other suffixes.
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* The new flag `--warn-undefined-variables' says to issue a warning message
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whenever Make expands a reference to an undefined variable.
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* The new `-include' directive is just like `include' except that there is
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no error (not even a warning) for a nonexistent makefile.
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* Commands in an invocation of the `shell' function are now run with a
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modified environment like target commands are, so you can use `export' et
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al to set up variables for them. They used to run with the environment
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that `make' started with.
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* `make --version' (or `make -v') now exits immediately after printing
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* Make now supports long-named members in `ar' archive files.
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* Make now supports the `+=' syntax for a variable definition which appends
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to the variable's previous value. See the section `Appending More Text
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to Variables' in the manual for full details.
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* The new option `--no-print-directory' inhibits the `-w' or
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`--print-directory' feature. Make turns on `--print-directory'
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automatically if you use `-C' or `--directory', and in sub-makes; some
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users have found this behavior undesirable.
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* The built-in implicit rules now support the alternative extension
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`.txinfo' for Texinfo files, just like `.texinfo' and `.texi'.
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* Make now uses a standard GNU `configure' script. See the new file
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INSTALL for the new (and much simpler) installation procedure.
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* There is now a shell script to build Make the first time, if you have no
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other `make' program. `build.sh' is created by `configure'; see README.
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* GNU Make now completely conforms to the POSIX.2 specification for `make'.
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* Elements of the `$^' and `$?' automatic variables that are archive
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member references now list only the member name, as in Unix and POSIX.2.
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* You should no longer ever need to specify the `-w' switch, which prints
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the current directory before and after Make runs. The `-C' switch to
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change directory, and recursive use of Make, now set `-w' automatically.
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* Multiple double-colon rules for the same target will no longer have their
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commands run simultaneously under -j, as this could result in the two
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commands trying to change the file at the same time and interfering with
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* The `SHELL' variable is now never taken from the environment.
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Each makefile that wants a shell other than the default (/bin/sh) must
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set SHELL itself. SHELL is always exported to child processes.
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This change was made for compatibility with POSIX.2.
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* Make now accepts long options. There is now an informative usage message
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that tells you what all the options are and what they do. Try `make --help'.
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* There are two new directives: `export' and `unexport'. All variables are
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no longer automatically put into the environments of the commands that
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Make runs. Instead, only variables specified on the command line or in
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the environment are exported by default. To export others, use:
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or you can define variables with:
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export VARIABLE = VALUE
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export VARIABLE := VALUE
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.EXPORT_ALL_VARIABLES:
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to get the old behavior. See the node `Variables/Recursion' in the manual
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for a full description.
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* The commands from the `.DEFAULT' special target are only applied to
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targets which have no rules at all, not all targets with no commands.
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This change was made for compatibility with Unix make.
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* All fatal error messages now contain `***', so they are easy to find in
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* Dependency file names like `-lNAME' are now replaced with the actual file
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name found, as with files found by normal directory search (VPATH).
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The library file `libNAME.a' may now be found in the current directory,
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which is checked before VPATH; the standard set of directories (/lib,
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/usr/lib, /usr/local/lib) is now checked last.
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See the node `Libraries/Search' in the manual for full details.
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* A single `include' directive can now specify more than one makefile to
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You can also use shell file name patterns in an `include' directive:
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* The default directories to search for included makefiles, and for
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libraries specified with `-lNAME', are now set by configuration.
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* You can now use blanks as well as colons to separate the directories in a
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search path for the `vpath' directive or the `VPATH' variable.
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* You can now use variables and functions in the left hand side of a
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variable assignment, as in "$(foo)bar = value".
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* The `MAKE' variable is always defined as `$(MAKE_COMMAND) $(MAKEOVERRIDES)'.
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The `MAKE_COMMAND' variable is now defined to the name with which make
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* The built-in rules for C++ compilation now use the variables `$(CXX)' and
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`$(CXXFLAGS)' instead of `$(C++)' and `$(C++FLAGS)'. The old names had
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problems with shells that cannot have `+' in environment variable names.
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* The value of a recursively expanded variable is now expanded when putting
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it into the environment for child processes. This change was made for
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compatibility with Unix make.
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* A rule with no targets before the `:' is now accepted and ignored.
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This change was made for compatibility with SunOS 4 make.
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We do not recommend that you write your makefiles to take advantage of this.
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* The `-I' switch can now be used in MAKEFLAGS, and are put there
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automatically just like other switches.
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* Built-in rules for C++ source files with the `.C' suffix.
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We still recommend that you use `.cc' instead.
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* If commands are given too many times for a single target,
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the last set given is used, and a warning message is printed.
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* Error messages about makefiles are in standard GNU error format,
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so C-x ` in Emacs works on them.
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* Dependencies of pattern rules which contain no % need not actually exist
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if they can be created (just like dependencies which do have a %).
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* A message is always printed when Make decides there is nothing to be done.
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It used to be that no message was printed for top-level phony targets
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(because "`phony' is up to date" isn't quite right). Now a different
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message "Nothing to be done for `phony'" is printed in that case.
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* Archives on AIX now supposedly work.
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* When the commands specified for .DEFAULT are used to update a target,
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the $< automatic variable is given the same value as $@ for that target.
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This is how Unix make behaves, and this behavior is mandated by POSIX.2.
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* The -n, -q, and -t options are not put in the `MAKEFLAGS' and `MFLAG'
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variables while remaking makefiles, so recursive makes done while remaking
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makefiles will behave properly.
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* If the special target `.NOEXPORT' is specified in a makefile,
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only variables that came from the environment and variables
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defined on the command line are exported.
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* Suffix rules may have dependencies (which are ignored).
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* Dependencies of the form `-lLIB' are searched for as /usr/local/lib/libLIB.a
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as well as libLIB.a in /usr/lib, /lib, the current directory, and VPATH.
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* There is now a Unix man page for GNU Make. It is certainly not a replacement
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for the Texinfo manual, but it documents the basic functionality and the
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switches. For full documentation, you should still read the Texinfo manual.
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Thanks to Dennis Morse of Stanford University for contributing the initial
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* Variables which are defined by default (e.g., `CC') will no longer be put
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into the environment for child processes. (If these variables are reset by the
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environment, makefiles, or the command line, they will still go into the
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* Makefiles which have commands but no dependencies (and thus are always
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considered out of date and in need of remaking), will not be remade (if they
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were being remade only because they were makefiles). This means that GNU
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Make will no longer go into an infinite loop when fed the makefiles that
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`imake' (necessary to build X Windows) produces.
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* There is no longer a warning for using the `vpath' directive with an explicit
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pathname (instead of a `%' pattern).
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* When removing intermediate files, only one `rm' command line is printed,
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listing all file names.
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* There are now automatic variables `$(^D)', `$(^F)', `$(?D)', and `$(?F)'.
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These are the directory-only and file-only versions of `$^' and `$?'.
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* Library dependencies given as `-lNAME' will use "libNAME.a" in the current
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directory if it exists.
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* The automatic variable `$($/)' is no longer defined.
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* Leading `+' characters on a command line make that line be executed even
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under -n, -t, or -q (as if the line contained `$(MAKE)').
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* For command lines containing `$(MAKE)', `${MAKE}', or leading `+' characters,
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only those lines are executed, not their entire rules.
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(This is how Unix make behaves for lines containing `$(MAKE)' or `${MAKE}'.)
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* Filenames in rules will now have ~ and ~USER expanded.
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* The `-p' output has been changed so it can be used as a makefile.
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(All information that isn't specified by makefiles is prefaced with comment
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* The % character can be quoted with backslash in implicit pattern rules,
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static pattern rules, `vpath' directives, and `patsubst', `filter', and
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`filter-out' functions. A warning is issued if a `vpath' directive's
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pattern contains no %.
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* The `wildcard' variable expansion function now expands ~ and ~USER.
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* Messages indicating failed commands now contain the target name:
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make: *** [target] Error 1
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* The `-p' output format has been changed somewhat to look more like
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makefile rules and to give all information that Make has about files.
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* The `-l' switch with no argument removes any previous load-average limit.
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* When the `-w' switch is in effect, and Make has updated makefiles,
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it will write a `Leaving directory' messagfe before re-executing itself.
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This makes the `directory change tracking' changes to Emacs's compilation
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commands work properly.
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* The automatic variable `$*' is now defined for explicit rules,
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as it is in Unix make.
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* The `-j' switch is now put in the MAKEFLAGS and MFLAGS variables when
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specified without an argument (indicating infinite jobs).
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The `-l' switch is not always put in the MAKEFLAGS and MFLAGS variables.
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* Make no longer checks hashed directories after running commands.
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The behavior implemented in 3.41 caused too much slowdown.
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* A dependency is NOT considered newer than its dependent if
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they have the same modification time. The behavior implemented
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in 3.43 conflicts with RCS.
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* Dependency loops are no longer fatal errors.
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* A dependency is considered newer than its dependent if
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they have the same modification time.
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* The variables F77 and F77FLAGS are now set by default to $(FC) and
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$(FFLAGS). Makefiles designed for System V make may use these variables in
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explicit rules and expect them to be set. Unfortunately, there is no way to
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make setting these affect the Fortran implicit rules unless FC and FFLAGS
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are not used (and these are used by BSD make).
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* Make now checks to see if its hashed directories are changed by commands.
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Other makes that hash directories (Sun, 4.3 BSD) don't do this.
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* The `shell' function no longer captures standard error output.
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* A file beginning with a dot can be the default target if it also contains
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a slash (e.g., `../bin/foo'). (Unix make allows this as well.)
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* Archive member names are truncated to 15 characters.
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* Yet more USG stuff.
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* Minimal support for Microport System V (a 16-bit machine and a
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brain-damaged compiler). This has even lower priority than other USG
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support, so if it gets beyond trivial, I will take it out completely.
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* Revamped default implicit rules (not much visible change).
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* The -d and -p options can come from the environment.
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* Improved support for USG and HPUX (hopefully).
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* A variable reference like `$(foo:a=b)', if `a' contains a `%', is
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equivalent to `$(patsubst a,b,$(foo))'.
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* Defining .DEFAULT with no deps or commands clears its commands.
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* New default implicit rules for .S (cpp, then as), and .sh (copy and make
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executable). All default implicit rules that use cpp (even indirectly), use
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* Giving the -j option with no arguments gives you infinite jobs.
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* New option: "-l LOAD" says not to start any new jobs while others are
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running if the load average is not below LOAD (a floating-point number).
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* There is support in place for implementations of remote command execution
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in Make. See the file remote.c.
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* No more than 10 directories will be kept open at once.
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(This number can be changed by redefining MAX_OPEN_DIRECTORIES in dir.c.)
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* Archive files will have their modification times recorded before doing
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anything that might change their modification times by updating an archive
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* The `MAKELEVEL' variable is defined for use by makefiles.
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* The recursion level indications in error messages are much shorter than
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they were in version 3.14.
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* Leading spaces before directives are ignored (as documented).
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* Included makefiles can determine the default goal target.
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(System V Make does it this way, so we are being compatible).
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* Variables that are defaults built into Make will not be put in the
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environment for children. This just saves some environment space and,
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except under -e, will be transparent to sub-makes.
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* Error messages from sub-makes will indicate the level of recursion.
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* Hopefully some speed-up for large directories due to a change in the
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directory hashing scheme.
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* One child will always get a standard input that is usable.
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* Default makefiles that don't exist will be remade and read in.
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* Count parentheses inside expansion function calls so you can
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have nested calls: `$(sort $(foreach x,a b,$(x)))'.
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* Several bug fixes, including USG and Sun386i support.
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* `shell' function to expand shell commands a la `
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* If the `-d' flag is given, version information will be printed.
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* The `-c' option has been renamed to `-C' for compatibility with tar.
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* The `-p' option no longer inhibits other normal operation.
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* Makefiles will be updated and re-read if necessary.
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* Can now run several commands at once (parallelism), -j option.
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* Error messages will contain the level of Make recursion, if any.
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* The `MAKEFLAGS' and `MFLAGS' variables will be scanned for options after
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* A double-colon rule with no dependencies will always have its commands run.
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(This is how both the BSD and System V versions of Make do it.)
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(Changes from versions 1 through 3.05 were never recorded. Sorry.)
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----------------------------------------------------------------------
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Copyright information:
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Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
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of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
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copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved, thus
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giving the recipient permission to redistribute in turn.
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Permission is granted to distribute modified versions of this
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document, or of portions of it, under the above conditions, provided
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also that they carry prominent notices stating who last changed them.