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module ActionController # :nodoc:
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# Represents an HTTP response generated by a controller action. One can use
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# an ActionController::Response object to retrieve the current state
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# of the response, or customize the response. An Response object can
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# either represent a "real" HTTP response (i.e. one that is meant to be sent
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# back to the web browser) or a test response (i.e. one that is generated
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# from integration tests). See CgiResponse and TestResponse, respectively.
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# Response is mostly a Ruby on Rails framework implement detail, and
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# should never be used directly in controllers. Controllers should use the
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# methods defined in ActionController::Base instead. For example, if you want
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# to set the HTTP response's content MIME type, then use
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# ActionControllerBase#headers instead of Response#headers.
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# Nevertheless, integration tests may want to inspect controller responses in
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# more detail, and that's when Response can be useful for application
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# developers. Integration test methods such as
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# ActionController::Integration::Session#get and
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# ActionController::Integration::Session#post return objects of type
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# TestResponse (which are of course also of type Response).
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# For example, the following demo integration "test" prints the body of the
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# controller response to the console:
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# class DemoControllerTest < ActionController::IntegrationTest
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# def test_print_root_path_to_console
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class Response < Rack::Response
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DEFAULT_HEADERS = { "Cache-Control" => "no-cache" }
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attr_accessor :request
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attr_accessor :session, :assigns, :template, :layout
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attr_accessor :redirected_to, :redirected_to_method_params
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delegate :default_charset, :to => 'ActionController::Base'
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@header = Rack::Utils::HeaderHash.new(DEFAULT_HEADERS)
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@writer = lambda { |x| @body << x }
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def location; headers['Location'] end
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def location=(url) headers['Location'] = url end
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# Sets the HTTP response's content MIME type. For example, in the controller
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# you could write this:
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# response.content_type = "text/plain"
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# If a character set has been defined for this response (see charset=) then
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# the character set information will also be included in the content type
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def content_type=(mime_type)
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self.headers["Content-Type"] =
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if mime_type =~ /charset/ || (c = charset).nil?
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"#{mime_type}; charset=#{c}"
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# Returns the response's content MIME type, or nil if content type has been set.
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content_type = String(headers["Content-Type"] || headers["type"]).split(";")[0]
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content_type.blank? ? nil : content_type
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# Set the charset of the Content-Type header. Set to nil to remove it.
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# If no content type is set, it defaults to HTML.
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headers["Content-Type"] =
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"#{content_type || Mime::HTML}; charset=#{charset}"
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content_type || Mime::HTML.to_s
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charset = String(headers["Content-Type"] || headers["type"]).split(";")[1]
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charset.blank? ? nil : charset.strip.split("=")[1]
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if last = headers['Last-Modified']
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headers.include?('Last-Modified')
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def last_modified=(utc_time)
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headers['Last-Modified'] = utc_time.httpdate
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headers.include?('ETag')
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headers.delete('ETag')
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headers['ETag'] = %("#{Digest::MD5.hexdigest(ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key(etag))}")
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def redirect(url, status)
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self.location = url.gsub(/[\r\n]/, '')
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self.body = "<html><body>You are being <a href=\"#{CGI.escapeHTML(url)}\">redirected</a>.</body></html>"
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headers["Content-Transfer-Encoding"] == "binary"
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def assign_default_content_type_and_charset!
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self.content_type ||= Mime::HTML
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self.charset ||= default_charset unless sending_file?
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assign_default_content_type_and_charset!
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handle_conditional_get!
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convert_content_type!
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if @body.respond_to?(:call)
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@writer = lambda { |x| callback.call(x) }
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@body.call(self, self)
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elsif @body.respond_to?(:to_str)
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@body.each(&callback)
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@block.call(self) if @block
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@writer.call str.to_s
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ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(
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'Calling output.flush is no longer needed for streaming output ' +
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'because ActionController::Response automatically handles it', caller)
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def set_cookie(key, value)
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if value.has_key?(:http_only)
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ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(
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"The :http_only option in ActionController::Response#set_cookie " +
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"has been renamed. Please use :httponly instead.", caller)
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value[:httponly] ||= value.delete(:http_only)
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def handle_conditional_get!
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if etag? || last_modified?
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set_conditional_cache_control!
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elsif nonempty_ok_response?
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if request && request.etag_matches?(etag)
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self.status = '304 Not Modified'
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set_conditional_cache_control!
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def nonempty_ok_response?
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ok = !status || status.to_s[0..2] == '200'
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ok && body.is_a?(String) && !body.empty?
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def set_conditional_cache_control!
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if headers['Cache-Control'] == DEFAULT_HEADERS['Cache-Control']
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headers['Cache-Control'] = 'private, max-age=0, must-revalidate'
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def convert_content_type!
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headers['Content-Type'] ||= "text/html"
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headers['Content-Type'] += "; charset=" + headers.delete('charset') if headers['charset']
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# Don't set the Content-Length for block-based bodies as that would mean
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# reading it all into memory. Not nice for, say, a 2GB streaming file.
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def set_content_length!
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if status && status.to_s[0..2] == '204'
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headers.delete('Content-Length')
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elsif length = headers['Content-Length']
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headers['Content-Length'] = length.to_s
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elsif !body.respond_to?(:call) && (!status || status.to_s[0..2] != '304')
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headers["Content-Length"] = (body.respond_to?(:bytesize) ? body.bytesize : body.size).to_s
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def convert_language!
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headers["Content-Language"] = headers.delete("language") if headers["language"]
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headers['Set-Cookie'] = Array(headers['Set-Cookie']).compact