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<h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>SQLite Keywords</h2></DIV>
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<p>The SQL standard specifies a huge number of keywords which may not
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be used as the names of tables, indices, columns, databases, user-defined
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functions, collations, virtual table modules, or any other named object.
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The list of keywords is so long that few people can remember them all.
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For most SQL code, your safest bet is to never use any English language
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word as the name of a user-defined object.</p>
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<p>If you want to use a keyword as a name, you need to quote it. There
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are four ways of quoting keywords in SQLite:</p>
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<tr> <td valign="top"><b>'keyword'</b></td><td width="20"></td>
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<td>A keyword in single quotes is a string literal.</td></tr>
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<tr> <td valign="top"><b>"keyword"</b></td><td></td>
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<td>A keyword in double-quotes is an identifier.</td></tr>
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<tr> <td valign="top"><b>[keyword]</b></td><td></td>
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<td>A keyword enclosed in square brackets is
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an identifier. This is not standard SQL. This quoting mechanism
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is used by MS Access and SQL Server and is included in SQLite for
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compatibility.</td></tr>
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<tr> <td valign="top"><b>`keyword`</b></td><td></td>
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<td>A keyword enclosed in grave accents (ASCII code 96) is
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an identifier. This is not standard SQL. This quoting mechanism
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is used by MySQL and is included in SQLite for
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compatibility.</td></tr>
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<p>For resilience when confronted with historical SQL statements, SQLite
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will sometimes bend the quoting rules above:</p>
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<li><p>If a keyword in single
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quotes (ex: <b>'key'</b> or <b>'glob'</b>) is used in a context where
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an identifier is allowed but where a string literal is not allowed, then
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the token is understood to be an identifier instead of a string literal.
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<li><p>If a keyword in double
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quotes (ex: <b>"key"</b> or <b>"glob"</b>) is used in a context where
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it cannot be resolved to an identifier but where a string literal
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is allowed, then the token is understood to be a string literal instead
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of an identifier.</p></li>
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<p>Programmers are cautioned not to use the two exceptions described in
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the previous bullets. We emphasize that they exist only so that old
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and ill-formed SQL statements will run correctly. Future versions of
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SQLite might change to raise errors instead of accepting the malformed
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statements covered by the exceptions above.</p>
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SQLite adds new keywords from time to time when it takes on new features.
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So to prevent your code from being broken by future enhancements, you should
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normally quote any identifier that is an English language word, even if
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The list below shows all possible keywords used by any build of
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SQLite regardless of <a href="compile.html">compile-time options</a>.
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Most reasonable configurations use most or all of these keywords,
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but some keywords may be omitted when SQL language features are
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Regardless of the compile-time configuration, any identifier that is not on
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the following 121 element
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list is not a keyword to the SQL parser in SQLite:
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<table width="100%"><tr>
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<td align="left" valign="top" width="20%">
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</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="20%">CREATE<br>
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CURRENT_TIMESTAMP<br>
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</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="20%">FROM<br>
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</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="20%">NATURAL<br>
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</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="20%">ROW<br>
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</td></tr></table></blockquote>
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