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% $Id: gpl.tex,v 1.1 2000/07/13 09:10:20 michael Exp $
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% The GNU General Public Licence as a LaTeX section
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% (c) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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% LaTeX markup and minor formatting changes by Mark Wooding
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%----- Revision history -----------------------------------------------------
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% Revision 1.1 2000/07/13 09:10:20 michael
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% Revision 1.1 1998/09/21 10:19:01 michael
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% Initial implementation
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% Revision 1.1 1996/11/19 20:51:14 mdw
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%^^A-------------------------------------------------------------------------
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\gpltoplevel{The GNU General Public Licence}
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The following is the text of the GNU General Public Licence, under the terms
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of which this software is distrubuted.
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\textbf{GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE} \\
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Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. \\
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675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies \\
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of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
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The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to
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share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended
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to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software---to make sure
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the software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies
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to most of the Free Software Foundation's software and to any other program
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whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation
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software is covered by the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You
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can apply it to your programs, too.
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When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our
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General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom
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to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you
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wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you
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can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that
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you know you can do these things.
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To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to
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deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These
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restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute
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copies of the software, or if you modify it.
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For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or
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for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You
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must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you
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must show them these terms so they know their rights.
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We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2)
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offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute
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and/or modify the software.
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Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that
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everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If
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the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its
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recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any
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problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors'
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Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We
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wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will
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individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program
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proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be
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licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
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The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification
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\gplsec{Terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification}
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\makeatletter \setcounter{\@listctr}{-1} \makeatother
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\item [0.] This License applies to any program or other work which contains a
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notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
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under the terms of this General Public License. The ``Program'',
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below, refers to any such program or work, and a ``work based on the
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Program'' means either the Program or any derivative work under
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copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a
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portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated
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into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without
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limitation in the term ``modification''.) Each licensee is addressed
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Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
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covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of
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running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program
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is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Program
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(independent of having been made by running the Program). Whether that
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is true depends on what the Program does.
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\item [1.] You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
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source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
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conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
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copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
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notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;
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and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License
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along with the Program.
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You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and
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you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
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\item [2.] You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
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of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
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distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
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above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
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\item [(a)] You must cause the modified files to carry prominent
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notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any
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\item [(b)] You must cause any work that you distribute or publish,
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that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program
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or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to
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all third parties under the terms of this License.
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\item [(c)] If the modified program normally reads commands
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interactively when run, you must cause it, when started running
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for such interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or
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display an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice
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and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you
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provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program
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under these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy
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of this License. (Exception: if the Program itself is
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interactive but does not normally print such an announcement,
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your work based on the Program is not required to print an
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These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If
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identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,
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and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
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themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those
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sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you
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distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based
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on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of
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this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the
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entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote
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Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest
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your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to
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exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or
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collective works based on the Program.
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In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program
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with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of a
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storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the
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scope of this License.
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\item [3.] You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
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under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
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Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
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\item [(a)] Accompany it with the complete corresponding
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machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under the
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terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for
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software interchange; or,
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\item [(b)] Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
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years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
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cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
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machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
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distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
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customarily used for software interchange; or,
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\item [(c)] Accompany it with the information you received as to the
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offer to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative
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is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
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received the program in object code or executable form with such
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an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
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The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
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making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source
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code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
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associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control
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compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a special
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exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that
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is normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the
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major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system
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on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies
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If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access
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to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to
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copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the
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source code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the
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source along with the object code.
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\item [4.] You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
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except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise
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to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will
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automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
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parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
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License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties
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remain in full compliance.
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\item [5.] You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
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signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
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distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are
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prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by
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modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
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Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and
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all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the
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Program or works based on it.
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\item [6.] Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
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Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
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original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to
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these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further
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restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein.
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You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to
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\item [7.] If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
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infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
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conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
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otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
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excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot
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distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
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License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
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may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent
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license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
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all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
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the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
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refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
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If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
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any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
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apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
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It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
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patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
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such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
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integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
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implemented by public license practices. Many people have made
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generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
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through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
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system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
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to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
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This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
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be a consequence of the rest of this License.
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\item [8.] If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
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certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
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original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may
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add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those
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countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries
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not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the
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limitation as if written in the body of this License.
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\item [9.] The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new
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versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new
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versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
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differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
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Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program
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specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and
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``any later version'', you have the option of following the terms and
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conditions either of that version or of any later version published by
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the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a
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version number of this License, you may choose any version ever
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published by the Free Software Foundation.
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\item [10.] If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
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programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the
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author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the
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Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we
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sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the
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two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free
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software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
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\item [11.] Because the Program is licensed free of charge, there is no
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warranty for the Program, to the extent permitted by applicable law.
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except when otherwise stated in writing the copyright holders and/or
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other parties provide the program ``as is'' without warranty of any
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kind, either expressed or implied, including, but not limited to, the
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implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular
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purpose. The entire risk as to the quality and performance of the
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Program is with you. Should the Program prove defective, you assume
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the cost of all necessary servicing, repair or correction.
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\item [12.] In no event unless required by applicable law or agreed to in
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writing will any copyright holder, or any other party who may modify
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and/or redistribute the program as permitted above, be liable to you
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for damages, including any general, special, incidental or
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consequential damages arising out of the use or inability to use the
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program (including but not limited to loss of data or data being
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rendered inaccurate or losses sustained by you or third parties or a
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failure of the Program to operate with any other programs), even if
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such holder or other party has been advised of the possibility of such
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\textbf{END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS}
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\gplsec{Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs}
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If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible
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use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software
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which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
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To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to
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attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the
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exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the ``copyright''
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line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
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<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
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Copyright (C) 19yy <name of author>
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This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
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it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
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the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
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(at your option) any later version.
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This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
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GNU General Public License for more details.
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You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
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along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
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Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
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If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when
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it starts in an interactive mode:
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Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19yy name of author
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Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
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This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
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under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
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The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
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parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may be
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called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be
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mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.
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You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
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school, if any, to sign a ``copyright disclaimer'' for the program, if
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necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
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Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
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`Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.
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<signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989
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Ty Coon, President of Vice
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This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
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proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may
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consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
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library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General Public
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License instead of this License.