3
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
4
"POT-Creation-Date: 2010-03-26 22:58-0500\n"
5
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
6
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
7
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
9
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
10
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
12
#. When image changes, this message will be marked fuzzy or untranslated for you.
13
#. It doesn't matter what you translate it to: it's not used at all.
14
#: cli/C/cli.xml:76(None)
15
msgid "@@image: '../../images/C/konsole.png'; md5=THIS FILE DOESN'T EXIST"
18
#: cli/C/cli.xml:12(title)
19
msgid "Introduction To The Command Line"
22
#: cli/C/cli.xml:3(title)
23
msgid "Credits and License"
26
#: cli/C/cli.xml:4(para)
27
msgid "This document is maintained by the Ubuntu documentation team (https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DocumentationTeam). For a list of contributors, see the <ulink url=\"help:/kubuntu/contributors.html\">contributors page</ulink>"
30
#: cli/C/cli.xml:5(para)
31
msgid "This document is made available under the Creative Commons ShareAlike 2.5 License (CC-BY-SA)."
34
#: cli/C/cli.xml:6(para)
35
msgid "You are free to modify, extend, and improve the Ubuntu documentation source code under the terms of this license. All derivative works must be released under this license."
38
#: cli/C/cli.xml:8(para)
39
msgid "This documentation is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AS DESCRIBED IN THE DISCLAIMER."
42
#: cli/C/cli.xml:11(para)
43
msgid "A copy of the license is available here: <ulink url=\"help:/kubuntu/copyright.html\">Creative Commons ShareAlike License</ulink>."
46
#: cli/C/cli.xml:14(year)
50
#: cli/C/cli.xml:15(ulink)
51
msgid "Ubuntu Documentation Project"
54
#: cli/C/cli.xml:15(holder)
55
msgid "Canonical Ltd. and members of the <placeholder-1/>"
58
#: cli/C/cli.xml:18(publishername)
59
msgid "The Ubuntu Documentation Project"
62
#: cli/C/cli.xml:15(para)
63
msgid "This document provides a brief description of the Linux command line. It is not a complete guide to the command line, but rather an introduction to complement <phrase>Kubuntu</phrase>'s graphical tools."
66
#: cli/C/cli.xml:24(title)
70
#: cli/C/cli.xml:33(emphasis)
74
#: cli/C/cli.xml:27(emphasis)
75
msgid "\"Under Linux there are GUIs (graphical user interfaces), where you can point and click and drag, and hopefully get work done without first reading lots of documentation. The traditional Unix environment is a CLI (command line interface), where you type commands to tell the computer what to do. That is faster and more powerful, but requires finding out what the commands are.\" -- from <placeholder-1/>"
78
#: cli/C/cli.xml:36(para)
79
msgid "This guide describes some basic GNU/Linux shell commands. It is not intended to be a complete guide to the command line, just an introduction to complement <phrase>Kubuntu</phrase>'s graphical tools."
82
#: cli/C/cli.xml:44(para)
83
msgid "All command names, file names or paths to directories will be shown using a <command>monospace font</command>."
86
#: cli/C/cli.xml:49(para)
87
msgid "The commands should be issued from a command prompt within a <application>Terminal</application> and will be shown as: <screen>command to type</screen>"
90
#: cli/C/cli.xml:56(para)
91
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Command Line Linux is case sensitive.</emphasis> User, user, and USER are each different and distinct in Linux."
94
#: cli/C/cli.xml:66(title)
95
msgid "Starting A Terminal"
98
#: cli/C/cli.xml:67(para)
99
msgid "<phrase>Kubuntu</phrase>'s Terminal application is called <application>Konsole</application>, and is opened by going to <menuchoice><guimenu>Kickoff Application Launcher</guimenu><guisubmenu>Applications</guisubmenu><guisubmenu>System</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Terminal (Konsole)</guimenuitem></menuchoice>."
102
#: cli/C/cli.xml:73(title)
103
msgid "<phrase>Kubuntu</phrase>'s terminal - Konsole"
106
#: cli/C/cli.xml:85(title)
107
msgid "File and Directory Commands"
110
#: cli/C/cli.xml:87(title)
111
msgid "pwd - print working directory"
114
#: cli/C/cli.xml:97(para)
115
msgid "<application>Konsole</application> also displays this information in both the tab and title bar of its window."
118
#: cli/C/cli.xml:88(para)
119
msgid "The <command>pwd</command> command displays the directory where the user is currently located (<acronym>pwd</acronym> stands for <quote>print working directory</quote>). For example, typing <screen>pwd</screen> while in the <filename class=\"directory\">Desktop</filename> will show <computeroutput>/home/[username]/Desktop</computeroutput>. <placeholder-1/>"
122
#: cli/C/cli.xml:105(title)
123
msgid "cd - change directory"
126
#: cli/C/cli.xml:106(para)
127
msgid "The <command>cd</command> command changes directories (<acronym>cd</acronym> stands for <quote>change directory</quote>). When a terminal window is opened, it will be located in the user's home directory. Moving around the file system requires the use of <command>cd</command>."
130
#: cli/C/cli.xml:115(para)
131
msgid "To navigate into the root directory, type: <screen>cd /</screen>"
134
#: cli/C/cli.xml:121(para)
135
msgid "To navigate to the current user's home directory, type: <screen>cd</screen> or <screen>cd ~</screen>"
138
#: cli/C/cli.xml:128(para)
139
msgid "The <command>~</command> character represents the current user's home directory. As shown above, <command>cd ~</command> is equivalent to <command>cd /home/username/</command>. However, when running a command as root (using <command>sudo</command>, for example), <command>~</command> points to <filename class=\"directory\">/root</filename>. When running a <command>cd</command> command with <command>sudo</command>, the full path to the home directory must be given."
142
#: cli/C/cli.xml:139(para)
143
msgid "To navigate up one directory level, type: <screen>cd ..</screen>"
146
#: cli/C/cli.xml:145(para)
147
msgid "To navigate up two directory levels, type: <screen>cd ../../</screen>"
150
#: cli/C/cli.xml:151(para)
151
msgid "To navigate to the previous directory (go back), type: <screen>cd -</screen>"
154
#: cli/C/cli.xml:157(para)
155
msgid "To navigate through multiple levels of directories at once, specify the full directory path. For example, type: <screen>cd /var/log</screen> to go directly to the <filename class=\"directory\">/log</filename> subdirectory of <filename class=\"directory\">/var/</filename>. For another example, typing: <screen>cd ~/Desktop</screen> moves to the <filename class=\"directory\">Desktop</filename> subdirectory inside the current user's home directory."
158
#: cli/C/cli.xml:172(title)
159
msgid "ls - list files"
162
#: cli/C/cli.xml:173(para)
163
msgid "The <command>ls</command> command outputs a list of the files in the current directory (<acronym>ls</acronym> is short for <quote>list</quote>). For example, typing <screen>ls ~</screen> will display the files that are in the current user's home directory."
166
#: cli/C/cli.xml:181(para)
167
msgid "Used with the <command>-l</command> option, <command>ls</command> outputs other information along with the filename, such as the permissions on the file, the file's owner, and more."
170
#: cli/C/cli.xml:186(para)
171
msgid "Used with the <command>-al</command> options, <command>ls</command> outputs the information associated with the <command>-l</command> option in addition to showing hidden files (<command>a</command> option)."
174
#: cli/C/cli.xml:194(title)
175
msgid "touch - create empty file"
178
#: cli/C/cli.xml:195(para)
179
msgid "The <command>touch</command> command is used either to change a file's access and modification timestamps or to create a new empty file. For example, <screen>touch foo</screen> will create a new empty file named <filename>foo</filename>. If <filename>foo</filename> is already a file, then using <command>touch</command> will update the timestamps on the file which will show the last time a file was <emphasis>touched</emphasis>."
182
#: cli/C/cli.xml:206(title)
183
msgid "mkdir - make directory"
186
#: cli/C/cli.xml:207(para)
187
msgid "The <command>mkdir</command> command is used to create a new directory (<acronym>mkdir</acronym> stands for <quote>make directory</quote>). To create a new directory named <filename class=\"directory\">foobar</filename>, type: <screen>mkdir foobar</screen>"
190
#: cli/C/cli.xml:214(title)
191
msgid "cp - copy files or directories"
194
#: cli/C/cli.xml:215(para)
195
msgid "The <command>cp</command> command makes a copy of a file or directory (<acronym>cp</acronym> is short for <quote>copy</quote>). To make an exact copy of <filename>foo</filename> and name it <filename>bar</filename>, type: <screen>cp foo bar</screen> To make an exact copy of the <filename class=\"directory\">foo_dir</filename> directory and name it <filename class=\"directory\">bar_dir</filename>, type: <screen>cp -r foo_dir bar_dir</screen>"
198
#: cli/C/cli.xml:226(title)
199
msgid "mv - move files or directories"
202
#: cli/C/cli.xml:227(para)
203
msgid "The <command>mv</command> command moves a file or directory to a different location or will rename a file or directory (<acronym>mv</acronym> is short for <quote>move</quote>). To rename the file <filename>foo</filename> to <filename>bar</filename>, type: <screen>mv foo bar</screen> To move the file <filename>foo</filename> into the current user's <filename class=\"directory\">Desktop</filename> directory, type: <screen>mv foo ~/Desktop</screen> This will not rename <filename>foo</filename> to <filename>Desktop</filename> because <filename>foo</filename> is a file and <filename class=\"directory\">Desktop</filename> is a directory."
206
#: cli/C/cli.xml:242(title)
207
msgid "rm - remove files or directories"
210
#: cli/C/cli.xml:243(para)
211
msgid "The <command>rm</command> command is used to delete files and directories (<acronym>rm</acronym> is short for <quote>remove</quote>). To delete the file <filename>foo</filename> for the current directory, type: <screen>rm foo</screen>"
214
#: cli/C/cli.xml:248(para)
215
msgid "By default, <command>rm</command> will not remove directories. To remove a directory, you must use the <command>-r</command> option (also can be entered as either <command>-R</command> or <command>--recursive</command>). For example, <screen>rm -r foobar</screen> or <screen>rm -R foobar</screen> or <screen>rm --recursive foobar</screen> will remove the directory <filename class=\"directory\">foobar</filename>, <emphasis role=\"strong\"> and all of its contents!</emphasis>"
218
#: cli/C/cli.xml:264(title)
219
msgid "System Information Commands"
222
#: cli/C/cli.xml:266(title)
223
msgid "df - display amount of disk space"
226
#: cli/C/cli.xml:267(para)
227
msgid "The <command>df</command> command displays filesystem disk space usage for all partitions (<acronym>df</acronym> stands for <quote>disk free</quote>). <screen>df -h</screen> will give information using megabytes (<abbrev>M</abbrev>) and gigabytes (<abbrev>G</abbrev>) instead of blocks (<command>-h</command> means <quote>human readable</quote>)."
230
#: cli/C/cli.xml:277(title)
231
msgid "free - display amount of free and used memory"
234
#: cli/C/cli.xml:278(para)
235
msgid "The <command>free</command> command displays the amount of free and used memory in the system. <screen>free -m</screen> will give the information using megabytes, which is probably the most useful for current computers."
238
#: cli/C/cli.xml:287(title)
239
msgid "top - display top consuming processes"
242
#: cli/C/cli.xml:288(para)
243
msgid "The <command>top</command> command displays information on the Linux system - processes that are running, system resources including <acronym>CPU</acronym>, <acronym>RAM</acronym> & swap usage, and the total number of tasks being run. To exit <command>top</command>, press <keycap>q</keycap>."
246
#: cli/C/cli.xml:297(title)
247
msgid "uname - print details about the current machine"
250
#: cli/C/cli.xml:298(para)
251
msgid "The <command>uname</command> command with the <command>-a</command> options displays all system information, including machine name, kernel name & version, and other details. This command is useful for checking which kernel is in use (<abbrev>uname</abbrev> is short for <quote>unix name</quote>)."
254
#: cli/C/cli.xml:306(title)
255
msgid "lsb_release - print details about current Linux release"
258
#: cli/C/cli.xml:307(para)
259
msgid "The <command>lsb_release</command> with the <command>-a</command> option prints version information for the Linux release in use. For example, typing: <screen>lsb_release -a</screen> will display: <screen>No LSB modules are available.\nDistributer ID: Ubuntu\nDescription: Ubuntu 10.04\nRelease: 10.04\nCodename: lucid\n</screen>"
262
#: cli/C/cli.xml:323(title)
263
msgid "Executing Commands with Elevated Privileges"
266
#: cli/C/cli.xml:324(para)
267
msgid "The following commands must be prefaced with the <command>sudo</command> command. Please see <ulink url=\"https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RootSudo\">RootSudo</ulink> for information on using <command>sudo</command> (<abbrev>sudo</abbrev> is short for <quote>superuser do</quote>)."
270
#: cli/C/cli.xml:332(title)
271
msgid "Adding a New Group"
274
#: cli/C/cli.xml:333(para)
275
msgid "The <command>addgroup</command> command is used to create a new group in the system. To create a new group, type: <screen>sudo addgroup foobar</screen> The above command will create a new group called <emphasis role=\"strong\">foobar</emphasis>."
278
#: cli/C/cli.xml:342(title)
279
msgid "Adding a New User"
282
#: cli/C/cli.xml:343(para)
283
msgid "The <command>adduser</command> command is used to create a new user on the system. To create a new user, type: <screen>adduser foobar</screen> which will create a new user called <emphasis role=\"strong\">foobar</emphasis>."
286
#: cli/C/cli.xml:351(title)
287
msgid "Add or Change a User Password"
290
#: cli/C/cli.xml:352(para)
291
msgid "The <command>passwd</command> command is used to assign a new password to a new user or to change the current password for an existing user. To add a password or change the password for the user <emphasis role=\"strong\">foobar</emphasis>, type: <screen>passwd foobar</screen> For new users, this will generate a prompt to enter the new password. For an existing user, there will be a prompt for the existing password before the prompt for a new password."
294
#: cli/C/cli.xml:366(title)
295
msgid "Assign User to Group"
298
#: cli/C/cli.xml:367(para)
299
msgid "To assign the user <emphasis role=\"strong\">foobar</emphasis> to the group <emphasis role=\"strong\">barfoo</emphasis>, type: <screen>adduser foobar barfoo</screen>"
302
#: cli/C/cli.xml:377(title)
306
#: cli/C/cli.xml:378(para)
307
msgid "The default behavior for a command may usually be modified by adding <command>--option</command> to the command. For example, the <link linkend=\"ls\"><command>ls</command></link> command has an <command>-s</command> option. The <command>ls -s</command> will include file sizes in the listing. There is also a <command>-h</command> option to display file sizes in a <quote>human readable</quote> format."
310
#: cli/C/cli.xml:385(para)
311
msgid "Options can be grouped in clusters, so <screen>ls -sh</screen> is the same command as <screen> ls -s -h</screen> Most options have a long version, prefixed with two dashes instead of one, so <screen>ls --size --human-readable</screen> is also the same command as <screen>ls -sh</screen>"
314
#: cli/C/cli.xml:399(title)
315
msgid "<quote>Man</quote> and Getting Help"
318
#: cli/C/cli.xml:400(para)
319
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\"><emphasis>command</emphasis> --help</emphasis> and <command>man</command><emphasis role=\"strong\"><emphasis>command</emphasis></emphasis> are the two most important tools at the command line."
322
#: cli/C/cli.xml:406(para)
323
msgid "Virtually all commands understand the <command>-h</command> (or <command>--help</command>) option which will produce a short usage description of the command and its options, then exit back to the command prompt. Type: <screen>man -h</screen> or <screen>man --help</screen> to see this in action."
326
#: cli/C/cli.xml:415(para)
327
msgid "Every command and nearly every application in Linux has a <abbrev>man</abbrev> (manual) file. It is as simple as typing <command>man command</command> to bring up a longer manual entry for the specified command. For example: <screen>man mv</screen> brings up the <command>mv</command> manual."
330
#: cli/C/cli.xml:423(para)
331
msgid "Move up and down the man file with the arrow keys, and quit back to the command prompt with <keycap>q</keycap>."
334
#: cli/C/cli.xml:427(para)
335
msgid "<screen>man man</screen> brings up the manual entry for the <command>man</command> command, which is a good place to start."
338
#: cli/C/cli.xml:432(para)
339
msgid "<screen>man intro</screen> is especially useful. It displays the <quote>introduction to user commands</quote> which is a well-written, brief introduction to the Linux command line."
342
#: cli/C/cli.xml:438(para)
343
msgid "There are also <command>info</command> pages, which generally go into more detail than <command>man</command> pages. Try: <screen>info info</screen> for the introduction to info pages."
346
#: cli/C/cli.xml:445(title)
347
msgid "Searching for man files"
350
#: cli/C/cli.xml:446(para)
351
msgid "If you aren't sure which command or application you need to use, you can search the <command>man</command> files."
354
#: cli/C/cli.xml:450(para)
355
msgid "To search the <command>man</command> files for <command>konsole</command>, try: <screen>man -k konsole</screen>"
358
#: cli/C/cli.xml:455(para)
359
msgid "This is the same as the <command>apropos</command> command."
362
#: cli/C/cli.xml:459(para)
363
msgid "To search only the titles of your system's <command>man</command> files, try: <screen>man -f kde</screen>"
366
#: cli/C/cli.xml:464(para)
367
msgid "This is the same as the <command>whatis</command> command."
370
#: cli/C/cli.xml:473(title)
371
msgid "Cutting and Pasting"
374
#: cli/C/cli.xml:474(para)
375
msgid "There are often situations that require text to be pasted into the terminal."
378
#: cli/C/cli.xml:477(para)
379
msgid "Text copied from a web page using <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>C</keycap></keycombo> won't paste with <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>V</keycap></keycombo> as it does in other applications because the terminal uses a different combination for paste, <keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>Insert</keycap></keycombo>. Pasting can also be done using the mouse by <mousebutton>right-clicking</mousebutton> in the terminal and selecting <guimenuitem>Paste</guimenuitem> from the menu."
382
#: cli/C/cli.xml:487(para)
383
msgid "Text can also be copied by selecting (highlighting) the text to be copied. Clicking the <mousebutton>middle</mousebutton> button on the mouse (or both buttons simultaneously on a two-button mouse) in the terminal pastes the selected text."
386
#: cli/C/cli.xml:494(para)
387
msgid "These actions may work differently in other terminal emulators than <application>Konsole</application>. Consult your terminal emulator's documentation for details."
390
#: cli/C/cli.xml:503(title)
394
#: cli/C/cli.xml:504(title)
395
msgid "Save on Typing"
398
#: cli/C/cli.xml:506(term)
399
msgid "<keycap>Up Arrow</keycap> or <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>p</keycap></keycombo>"
402
#: cli/C/cli.xml:511(para)
403
msgid "Scrolls backwards through the commands entered previously"
406
#: cli/C/cli.xml:517(term)
407
msgid "<keycap>Down Arrow</keycap> or <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>n</keycap></keycombo>"
410
#: cli/C/cli.xml:522(para)
411
msgid "Scrolls forward through previous commands"
414
#: cli/C/cli.xml:529(keycap)
418
#: cli/C/cli.xml:532(para)
419
msgid "Executes the command selected"
422
#: cli/C/cli.xml:539(keycap)
426
#: cli/C/cli.xml:542(para)
427
msgid "Tab is a useful feature. It autocompletes any commands or filenames if there is one option, otherwise it displays a list of options that fit the information entered. Using tab in this way reduces typing errors."
430
#: cli/C/cli.xml:551(title)
431
msgid "Change the Text"
434
#: cli/C/cli.xml:553(para)
435
msgid "The mouse won't work to position the cursor in a command line entry. Use the <keycap>Left Arrow</keycap> or the <keycap>Right Arrow</keycap> keys to move within the line."
438
#: cli/C/cli.xml:560(para)
439
msgid "Typing at the cursor <emphasis>inserts</emphasis> text there. It doesn't overwrite what is already there."
442
#: cli/C/cli.xml:566(term)
443
msgid "<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>a</keycap></keycombo> or <keycap>Home</keycap>"
446
#: cli/C/cli.xml:571(para)
447
msgid "Moves the cursor to the <emphasis>start</emphasis> of the line"
450
#: cli/C/cli.xml:577(term)
451
msgid "<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>e</keycap></keycombo> or <keycap>End</keycap>"
454
#: cli/C/cli.xml:582(para)
455
msgid "Moves the cursor to the <emphasis>end</emphasis> of the line"
458
#: cli/C/cli.xml:589(keycap) cli/C/cli.xml:599(keycap) cli/C/cli.xml:609(keycap)
462
#: cli/C/cli.xml:589(keycap)
466
#: cli/C/cli.xml:592(para)
467
msgid "Deletes from the current cursor position to the end of the line"
470
#: cli/C/cli.xml:599(keycap)
474
#: cli/C/cli.xml:602(para)
475
msgid "Deletes the entire current line"
478
#: cli/C/cli.xml:609(keycap)
482
#: cli/C/cli.xml:612(para)
483
msgid "Deletes the word before the cursor"
486
#: cli/C/cli.xml:622(title)
487
msgid "More Information"
490
#: cli/C/cli.xml:623(para)
491
msgid "The following online guides are available:"
494
#: cli/C/cli.xml:628(para)
495
msgid "<ulink url=\"https://help.ubuntu.com/community/AptGetHowto\">AptGetHowto</ulink> - using <command>apt-get</command> to install packages from the command line."
498
#: cli/C/cli.xml:634(para)
499
msgid "<ulink url=\"https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Repositories/CommandLine\">Commandline Repository Editing</ulink> - managing software repositories through the command line."
502
#: cli/C/cli.xml:642(para)
503
msgid "<ulink url=\"https://help.ubuntu.com/community/grep\"><command>grep</command> Howto</ulink> - <command>grep</command> is a powerful command line search tool."
506
#: cli/C/cli.xml:648(para)
507
msgid "<ulink url=\"https://help.ubuntu.com/community/find\"><command>find</command></ulink> - locate files from the command line."
510
#: cli/C/cli.xml:655(para)
511
msgid "<ulink url=\"https://help.ubuntu.com/community/CommandlineHowto\">Commandline Howto</ulink> - longer and more complete than this basic guide; still not finished however."
514
#: cli/C/cli.xml:662(para)
515
msgid "<ulink url=\"https://help.ubuntu.com/community/HowToReadline\">Howto Readline</ulink> - information on more advanced customization for the command line."
518
#: cli/C/cli.xml:669(para)
519
msgid "For more detailed tutorials on the Linux command line, please see:"
522
#: cli/C/cli.xml:674(para)
523
msgid "<ulink url=\"http://ss64.com/bash/\"/> - an A-Z index of the Bash command line for Linux."
526
#: cli/C/cli.xml:680(para)
527
msgid "<ulink url=\"http://linuxcommand.org/\"/> - basic <acronym>BASH</acronym> tutorials, including <acronym>BASH</acronym> scripting."
530
#: cli/C/cli.xml:686(para)
531
msgid "<ulink url=\"http://linuxsurvival.com/index.php\"/> - Java-based tutorials."
534
#: cli/C/cli.xml:691(para)
535
msgid "<ulink url=\"http://rute.2038bug.com/index.html.gz\"/> - a massive online book about system administration, almost all from the command line."
538
#: cli/C/cli.xml:697(para)
539
msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.commandlinefu.com/\"/> - a place to record command-line gems and view other's gems as well."
542
#. Put one translator per line, in the form of NAME <EMAIL>, YEAR1, YEAR2
543
#: cli/C/cli.xml:0(None)
544
msgid "translator-credits"