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consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
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library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General
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Public License instead of this License.
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GNU Free Documentation License
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Version 1.2, November 2002
347
Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
348
51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
349
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
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of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
354
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional
355
and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the
356
effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it,
357
either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for
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the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being
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considered responsible for modifications made by others.
361
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the
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document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU
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General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.
365
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software,
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because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with
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manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is
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not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work,
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regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We
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recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or
373
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
375
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains
376
a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the
377
terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free license,
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unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The
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"Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public
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is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you copy,
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modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright
384
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the Document or
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a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or
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translated into another language.
388
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the
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Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or
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authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related
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matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall
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subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a
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Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a
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matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of
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legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.
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The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are
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designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that
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the Document is released under this License. If a section does not fit the
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above definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as
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Invariant. The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document
402
does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.
404
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as
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Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the
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Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5
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words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
409
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented
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in a format whose specification is available to the general public, that is
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suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors
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or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings)
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some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text
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formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for
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input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format
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whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage
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subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is not
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Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not
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"Transparent" is called "Opaque".
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Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without
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markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly
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available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed
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for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF
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and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and edited
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only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
427
processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML,
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PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes only.
430
The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such
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following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License
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requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have
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any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent
434
appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
436
A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose title
437
either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that
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translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section
439
name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", "Dedications",
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"Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when
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you modify the Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ"
442
according to this definition.
444
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states
445
that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are
446
considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards
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disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers
448
may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License.
452
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or
453
noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the
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license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in
455
all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this
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License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
457
or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may
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accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
459
number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
461
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may
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publicly display copies.
464
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
466
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed
467
covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document's license
468
notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry,
469
clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front
470
cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly
471
and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must
472
present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
473
visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with
474
changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the
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Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in
478
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you
479
should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual
480
cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.
482
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than
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100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each
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Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location
485
from which the general network-using public has access to download using
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public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document,
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free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably
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prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to
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ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
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location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque
491
copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the
494
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document
495
well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to
496
provide you with an updated version of the Document.
500
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the
501
conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified
502
Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role
503
of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified
504
Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things
505
in the Modified Version:
507
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from
508
that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should,
509
if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document).
510
You may use the same title as a previous version if the original
511
publisher of that version gives permission.
512
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
513
responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version,
514
together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document
515
(all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they
516
release you from this requirement.
517
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified
518
Version, as the publisher.
519
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
520
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to
521
the other copyright notices.
522
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
523
giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms
524
of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
525
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and
526
required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
527
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
528
I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add to
529
it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher
530
of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no
531
section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating the
532
title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its
533
Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated
534
in the previous sentence.
535
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public
536
access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network
537
locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on.
538
These may be placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network
539
location for a work that was published at least four years before the
540
Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers
542
K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve
543
the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance
544
and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications
546
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their
547
text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not
548
considered part of the section titles.
549
M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be
550
included in the Modified Version.
551
N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or to
552
conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
553
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
555
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that
556
qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document,
557
you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To
558
do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified
559
Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section
562
You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but
563
endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example,
564
statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization
565
as the authoritative definition of a standard.
567
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage
568
of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in
569
the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover
570
Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the
571
Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by
572
you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you
573
may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission
574
from the previous publisher that added the old one.
576
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give
577
permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply
578
endorsement of any Modified Version.
580
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
582
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License,
583
under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that
584
you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the
585
original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
586
combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty
589
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple
590
identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are
591
multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the
592
title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses,
593
the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else
594
a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
595
Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
597
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the
598
various original documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise
599
combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled
600
"Dedications". You must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."
602
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
604
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
605
released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License
606
in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection,
607
provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each
608
of the documents in all other respects.
610
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it
611
individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into
612
the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding
613
verbatim copying of that document.
615
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
617
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and
618
independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution
619
medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting from the compilation
620
is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the
621
individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
622
License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not
623
themselves derivative works of the Document.
625
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the
626
Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate,
627
the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document
628
within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is
629
in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
634
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute
635
translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant
636
Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright
637
holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in
638
addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
639
translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and
640
any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English
641
version of this License and the original versions of those notices and
642
disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original
643
version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
646
If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", or
647
"History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will
648
typically require changing the actual title.
652
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as
653
expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify,
654
sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate
655
your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or
656
rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so
657
long as such parties remain in full compliance.
659
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
661
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free
662
Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in
663
spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems
664
or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
666
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the
667
Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any
668
later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and
669
conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has
670
been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document
671
does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version
672
ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. How to use
673
this License for your documents
675
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the
676
License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just
677
after the title page:
679
Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
680
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
681
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
682
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
683
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
684
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
685
Free Documentation License".
687
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace
688
the "with...Texts." line with this:
690
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
691
Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
693
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of
694
the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.
696
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend
697
releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license,
698
such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.